NAICS Subsector 323: Printing and Related Support Activities
Subsector
Definition
Industries in the Printing and Related Support Activities subsector print products, such as newspapers, books, labels, business cards, stationery, business forms, and other materials, and perform support activities, such as data imaging, platemaking services, and bookbinding. The support activities included here are an integral part of the printing industry, and a product (a printing plate, a bound book, or a computer disk or file) that is an integral part of the printing industry is almost always provided by these operations.
Read the full definition
Processes used in printing include a variety of methods used to transfer an image from a plate, screen, film, or computer file to some medium, such as paper, plastics, metal, textile articles, or wood. The printing processes employed include, but are not limited to, lithographic, gravure, screen, flexographic, digital, and letterpress. In contrast to many other classification systems that locate publishing of printed materials in manufacturing, NAICS classifies the publishing of printed products in Subsector 513, Publishing Industries.
Though printing and publishing are often carried out by the same enterprise, it is less and less the case that these distinct activities are carried out in the same establishment. When publishing and printing are done in the same establishment, the establishment is classified in Subsector 513, Publishing Industries, in the appropriate NAICS industry even if the receipts for printing exceed those for publishing. This subsector includes printing on clothing because the production process for that activity is printing, not clothing manufacturing.
For instance, the printing of T-shirts is included in this subsector. In contrast, printing on fabric (or grey goods) is not included. This activity is part of the process of finishing the fabric and is included in Industry 31331, Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills. Excluded from this subsector are establishment primarily engaged in manufacturing bare printed circuit boards.
These establishments print, perforate, plate, screen, etch, or photoprint interconnecting pathways for electric current on laminates and are classified in Industry 33441, Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing. Establishments primarily providing printing brokerage services are classified in Industry 56199, All Other Support Services.
Code facts
- Part of
-
- 31-33
- Codes under it
- 1
- Contract awards
- 5,926 In the last 12 months
- Contract obligations
- $58,297,619 In FY2025
NAICS codes and definitions come from the U.S. Census Bureau and contract spending from SAM.gov/FPDS.
Contract obligations by fiscal year
| Fiscal year | Obligated |
|---|---|
| FY2027 To date | $507,996 |
| FY2026 | $64,365,509 |
| FY2025 | $58,297,619 |
| FY2024 | $51,495,034 |
| FY2023 | $48,746,330 |
Top contractors by obligations
| Rank | Contractor | Obligated, FY2026–FY2027 | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Xerox Corporation | $14,126,082 | |
| 2 | Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation | $11,484,806 | |
| 3 | JTF Business Systems Corporation | $9,342,908 | |
| 4 | Cox Subscriptions, Inc. | $4,673,316 | |
| 5 | Kratos Technology & Training Solutions, Inc. | $2,977,051 | |
| 6 | Koniag It Systems, LLC | $2,056,883 | |
| 7 | Federal Prison Industries, Inc. | $1,624,813 | |
| 8 | Pubco Produits Internationals Inc. | $1,571,948 | |
| 9 | DLA Document Services | $1,096,380 | |
| 10 | Chase, Carson & White, L.L.C. | $951,752 |
See the full FY2025 ranking of NAICS 323 contractors, by parent company.
Top funding agencies by obligations
| Rank | Agency | Obligated, FY2026–FY2027 | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Department of the Treasury | $17,816,263 | |
| 2 | Department of the Army | $12,805,506 | |
| 3 | Department of Health and Human Services | $5,660,927 | |
| 4 | Social Security Administration | $4,953,518 | |
| 5 | Air Force | $4,213,420 | |
| 6 | Department of Homeland Security | $3,940,487 | |
| 7 | Defense Logistics Agency | $3,866,356 | |
| 8 | General Services Administration | $2,558,580 | |
| 9 | Department of Transportation | $2,423,159 | |
| 10 | Defense Health Agency | $1,386,068 |
Top PSC codes by obligations
| Rank | PSC code | Obligated, FY2026–FY2027 | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DE01 IT and Telecom – End User: Help Desk; Tier 1-2, Workspace, Print, Output, Productivity Tools (Labor) | $14,417,690 | |
| 2 | 1520 Aircraft, Rotary Wing | $11,484,806 | |
| 3 | 7630 Newspapers and Periodicals | $4,820,841 | |
| 4 | 7690 Miscellaneous Printed Matter | $4,499,027 | |
| 5 |
U008 Training/ |
$3,067,407 | |
| 6 | R799 Other Management Support Services | $3,008,635 | |
| 7 | W074 Lease or Rental of Equipment: Office Machines, Text Processing Systems and Visible Record Equipment | $2,638,405 | |
| 8 | 3610 Printing, Duplicating, and Bookbinding Equipment | $1,735,667 | |
| 9 | 7540 Standard Forms | $1,624,813 | |
| 10 | 7C20 IT and Telecom – Data Center Products (Hardware and Perpetual License Software) | $1,600,501 |
Contract obligations by state
| Rank | Place of performance | Obligated, last 12 months | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Maryland | $18,803,225 | |
| 2 | Connecticut | $11,565,193 | |
| 3 | Virginia | $5,896,117 | |
| 4 | North Carolina | $5,726,529 | |
| 5 | District of Columbia | $3,376,011 | |
| 6 | Wyoming | $2,990,287 | |
| 7 | Pennsylvania | $2,546,574 | |
| 8 | Kansas | $1,919,586 | |
| 9 | Florida | $1,628,643 | |
| 10 | California | $1,462,458 | |
| 11 | Oklahoma | $1,065,905 | |
| 12 | Ohio | $445,604 | |
| 13 | Texas | $400,065 | |
| 14 | Georgia | $267,410 | |
| 15 | Oregon | $256,180 | |
| 16 | Michigan | $222,975 | |
| 17 | Illinois | $219,449 | |
| 18 | South Carolina | $191,837 | |
| 19 | New York | $179,969 | |
| 20 | Tennessee | $152,481 | |
| 21 | New Jersey | $143,650 | |
| 22 | Guam | $132,317 | |
| 23 | Colorado | $115,750 | |
| 24 | New Hampshire | $95,076 | |
| 25 | New Mexico | $93,153 | |
| 26 | Nevada | $89,521 | |
| 27 | Utah | $81,000 | |
| 28 | Arizona | $75,018 | |
| 29 | Indiana | $66,164 | |
| 30 | Kentucky | $65,884 | |
| 31 | Rhode Island | $63,745 | |
| 32 | Alabama | $57,291 | |
| 33 | Minnesota | $45,205 | |
| 34 | Massachusetts | $44,883 | |
| 35 | Missouri | $39,243 | |
| 36 | Wisconsin | $37,344 | |
| 37 | Alaska | $30,607 | |
| 38 | Nebraska | $25,291 | |
| 39 | Iowa | $22,933 | |
| 40 | North Dakota | $22,503 | |
| 41 | Puerto Rico | $21,939 | |
| 42 | Washington | $19,440 | |
| 43 | Montana | $19,004 | |
| 44 | Hawaii | $16,787 | |
| 45 | Delaware | $16,620 | |
| 46 | South Dakota | $15,000 | |
| 47 | Mississippi | $14,100 | |
| 48 | Louisiana | $11,430 | |
| 49 | Idaho | $11,225 | |
| 50 | Vermont | $4,584 |
Show all 50
Shares are of everything obligated under NAICS 323 in the last 12 months before deobligations, including work performed abroad or with no place of performance on record.
Contract opportunities
Show 40 more
Latest 50 of 6,552 listed here. See the rest on GovTribe.
Codes under 323
| NAICS code |
|---|
| 3231 Printing and Related Support Activities |
Quick answers
What is NAICS 323?
NAICS 323 is Printing and Related Support Activities, a subsector in NAICS 31-33, Manufacturing.
What codes are under NAICS 323?
NAICS 323 has one code under it with its own GovTribe page, 3231 Printing and Related Support Activities.
How much do federal agencies spend under NAICS 323?
Federal contracts under NAICS 323 obligated $58,297,619 in fiscal year 2025 and $223,412,488 in fiscal years 2023 through 2027.
Who are the largest contractors under NAICS 323?
The contractors with the most obligated under NAICS 323 in fiscal years 2026 and 2027 are Xerox Corporation ($14,126,082), Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation ($11,484,806) and JTF Business Systems Corporation ($9,342,908).
Which agencies buy the most under NAICS 323?
The agencies that obligated the most under NAICS 323 in fiscal years 2026 and 2027 are Department of the Treasury ($17,816,263), Department of the Army ($12,805,506) and Department of Health and Human Services ($5,660,927).
Which PSC codes are used with NAICS 323?
The PSC codes with the most obligated under NAICS 323 in fiscal years 2026 and 2027 are DE01 IT and Telecom – End User: Help Desk; Tier 1-2, Workspace, Print, Output, Productivity Tools (Labor); 1520 Aircraft, Rotary Wing; and 7630 Newspapers and Periodicals.
Where is the work under NAICS 323 performed?
By place of performance, the states with the most contract obligations under NAICS 323 over the last 12 months are Maryland ($18,803,225), Connecticut ($11,565,193) and Virginia ($5,896,117).
What is the latest contract opportunity under NAICS 323?
The latest contract opportunity under NAICS 323 is Marker, identification, award notice from Land and Maritime (DLA), posted November 12, 2026.
On GovTribe
See everything under NAICS 323
- Federal contract opportunities, awards and IDVs under this code
- Funding analysis by contractor, agency and set-aside
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