06 10 00 Rough Carpentry.pdf

Annex Addition to B3010

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 1

SECTION 06 10 00

ROUGH CARPENTRY

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES

See Scope of work for additional information.

All material listed in this section are not use on this project and for quality and performance of work only.

The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to within the text by the basic designation only.

AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION (AF&PA)

AF&PA T10 (2001) Wood Frame Construction Manual for

One- and Two-Family Dwellings

AF&PA T101 (2001) National Design Specification (NDS)for

Wood Construction

AMERICAN HARDBOARD ASSOCIATION (AHA)

AHA A135.4 (2004) Basic Hardboard

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION (AITC)

AITC 111 (2005) Recommended Practice for Protection of

Structural Glued Laminated Timber During Transit, Storage and Erection

AITC A190.1 (2002) Structural Glued Laminated Timber

AITC OT-01 (2004) Timber Construction Manual

AMERICAN LUMBER STANDARDS COMMITTEE (ALSC)

ALSC PS 20 (1970) American Softwood Lumber Standard

AMERICAN WOOD-PRESERVERS' ASSOCIATION (AWPA)

AWPA C1 (2003) All Timber Products - Preservative

Treatment by Pressure Processes

AWPA C2 (2003) Lumber, Timber, Bridge Ties and Mine

Ties - Preservative Treatment by Pressure Processes

AWPA C20 (2003) Structural Lumber Fire-Retardant

Treatment by Pressure Processes

AWPA C27 (2002) Plywood - Fire-Retardant Treatment by

Pressure Processes

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 2

AWPA C28 (2003) Standard for Preservative Treatment of Structural Glued Laminated Members and Lamination Before Gluing of Southern Pine, Coastal Douglas Fir, Hemfir and Western Hemlock by Pressure Processes

AWPA C9 (2003) Plywood - Preservative Treatment by

Pressure Processes

AWPA M2 (2001) Standard for Inspection of Treated

Wood Products

AWPA M6 (1996) Brands Used on Forest Products

AWPA P17 (2001; R 2002) Fire Retardant Formulations

AWPA P18 (2004) Nonpressure Preservatives

AWPA P5 (2005) Standard for Waterborne Preservatives

AWPA T1 (2004; R 2005) Use Category System:

Processing and Treatment Standard

AWPA U1 (2004; R 2005) Use Category System: User

Specification for Treated Wood

APA - THE ENGINEERED WOOD ASSOCIATION (APA)

APA E30 (2005) Engineered Wood Construction Guide

APA E445S (2001; R 2002) Performance Standards and

Qualification Policy for Structural-Use Panels (APA PRP-108)

APA EWS R540C (1995; R 1996) Builder Tips Proper Storage and Handling of Glulam Beams

APA EWS T300E (2005) Technical Note: Glulam Connection

Details

APA F405L (1999) Performance Rated Panels

APA PS 1 (1995) Voluntary Product Standard for

Construction and Industrial Plywood

APA PS 2 (2004) Voluntary Product Standard for Wood-

Based Structural-Use Panels

ASME INTERNATIONAL (ASME)

ASME B18.2.1 (1996; Addenda A 1999; Errata 2003; R 2005)

Square and Hex Bolts and Screws (Inch Series)

ASME B18.2.2 (1987; R 2005) Standard for Square and Hex

Nuts

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 3

ASME B18.5.2.1M (2006) Metric Round Head Short Square Neck Bolts

ASME B18.5.2.2M (1982; R 2005) Metric Round Head Square Neck

Bolts

ASME B18.6.1 (1981; R 1997) Wood Screws (Inch Series)

ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)

ASTM A 307 (2007b) Standard Specification for Carbon

Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 PSI Tensile Strength

ASTM A 653/A 653M (2007) Standard Specification for Steel

Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process

ASTM A 687 (1993) Standard Specification for High-

Strength Nonheaded Steel Bolts and Studs

ASTM C 1136 (2006) Standard Specification for Flexible, Low Permeance Vapor Retarders for Thermal Insulation

ASTM C 208 (1995; R 2001) Cellulosic Fiber Insulating

Board

ASTM C 79/C 79M (2004a) Treated Core and Nontreated Core

Gypsum Sheathing Board

ASTM D 1435 (2005) Standard Practice for Outdoor

Weathering of Plastics

ASTM D 1972 (1997; R 2005) Standard Practice for Generic

Marking of Plastic Products

ASTM D 198 (2005a) Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes

ASTM D 2344/D 2344M (2000; R 2006) Standard Test Method for

Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates

ASTM D 2898 (2007) Accelerated Weathering of Fire-

Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire Testing

ASTM D 6007 (2002) Standard Test Method for Determining

Formaldehyde Concentration in Air from Wood Products Using a Small Scale Chamber

ASTM D 6108 (2003) Standard Test Method for Compressive

Properties of Plastic Lumber and Shapes

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 4

ASTM D 6109 (2005) Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastic Lumber and Related Products

ASTM D 6111 (2003) Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Specific Gravity of Plastic Lumber and Shapes by Displacement

ASTM D 6112 (1997; R 2005) Compressive and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastic Lumber and Shapes

ASTM D 6117 (1997; R 2005) Standard Test Methods for

Mechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and Shapes

ASTM D 6330 (1998; R 2003) Standard Practice for

Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions from Wood- Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Under Defined Test Conditions

ASTM D 696 (2003) Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between -30 degrees C and 30 degrees C With a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer

ASTM E 1333 (1996; R 2002) Determining Formaldehyde

Concentrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a Large Chamber

ASTM E 96/E 96M (2005) Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor

Transmission of Materials

ASTM F 1667 (2005) Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and

Staples

ASTM F 547 (2006) Nails for Use with Wood and Wood-Base

Materials

COMPOSITE PANEL ASSOCIATION (CPA)

CPA A208.1 (2002) Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) For

Interior Applications

FM GLOBAL (FM)

FM DS 1-49 (2000) Perimeter Flashing

FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC)

FSC STD 01 001 (2000) Principles and Criteria for Forest

Stewardship

GREEN SEAL (GS)

GS-36 (2000) Commercial Adhesives

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 5

INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC)

ICC IBC (2006; Errata 2006; Errata 2007; Supplement

2007; Errata 2007) International Building Code

NATIONAL HARDWOOD LUMBER ASSOCIATION (NHLA)

NHLA Rules (2003) Rules for the Measurement & Inspection of Hardwood & Cypress

NORTHEASTERN LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (NELMA)

NELMA Grading Rules (2003) Standard Grading Rules for

Northeastern Lumber

REDWOOD INSPECTION SERVICE (RIS) OF THE CALIFORNIA REDWOOD

ASSOCIATION (CRA)

RIS Grade Use (1998) Redwood Lumber Grades and Uses

SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (SCAQMD)

SCAQMD Rule 1168 (1989; R 2005) Adhesive and Sealant

Applications

SOUTHERN CYPRESS MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (SCMA)

SCMA Spec (1986; Supple. No. 1, Aug 1993) Standard

Specifications for Grades of Southern Cypress

SOUTHERN PINE INSPECTION BUREAU (SPIB)

SPIB 1003 (2002) Standard Grading Rules for Southern

Pine Lumber

TRUSS PLATE INSTITUTE (TPI)

TPI 1 (2002) National Design Standard for Metal

Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction;

Commentary and Appendices

TPI HIB (1991) Commentary and Recommendations for

Handling, Installing and Bracing Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (DOC)

PS-56 (1973) Structural Glued Laminated Timber

PS-58 (1974) Basic Hardboard

U.S. GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (GSA)

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 6

CID A-A-1923 (Rev A; Notice 1) Shield, Expansion (Lag, Machine and Externally Threaded Wedge Bolt Anchors)

CID A-A-1924 (Rev A; Notice 1) Shield, Expansion (Self

Drilling Tubular Expansion Shell Bolt Anchors

CID A-A-1925 (Rev A; Notice 1) Shield Expansion (Nail

Anchors)

FS FF-B-588 (Rev E) Bolt, Toggle: and Expansion Sleeve, Screw

FS FF-T-1813 (Basic) Tack

FS MM-T-371 (Rev E) Ties, Railroad, Wood (Cross and

Switch)

FS UU-B-790 (Rev A) Building Paper, Vegetable Fiber:

(Kraft, Waterproofed, Water Repellent and Fire Resistant)

U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (USGBC)

LEED (2002; R 2005) Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design(tm) Green Building Rating System for New Construction (LEED-NC)

WEST COAST LUMBER INSPECTION BUREAU (WCLIB)

WCLIB 17 (2000) Standard Grading Rules

WESTERN WOOD PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION (WWPA)

WWPA G-5 (1998) Western Lumber Grading Rules

1.2 SUBMITTALS

Government approval is required for submittals with a "G" designation;

submittals not having a "G" designation are for Contractor Quality Control approval. When used, a designation following the "G" designation identifies the office that will review the submittal for the Government. The following shall be submitted in accordance with Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES:

SD-02 Shop Drawings

Structural glued laminated members; G

Trussed rafters; G

Trussed joists; G

Fabricated structural members; G

Modifications of structural members; G

Drawings of structural laminated members, fabricated wood trusses, engineered wood joists and rafters, and other fabricated structural

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 7 members indicating materials, shop fabrication, and field erection details; including methods of fastening.

Nailers and Nailing Strips; G

Drawings of field erection details, including materials and methods of fastening nailers in conformance with Factory Mutual wind uplift rated systems specified in other Sections of these specifications.

SD-03 Product Data

Local/Regional Materials; (LEED)

Submit documentation indicating distance between manufacturing facility and the project site. Indicate distance of raw material origin from the project site. Indicate relative dollar value of local/regional materials to total dollar value of products included in project.

Salvaged Lumber; (LEED) Recovered Lumber; (LEED)

Documentation certifying products are from salvaged/recovered lumber sources. Indicate relative dollar value of salvaged content products to total dollar value of products included in project.

Underlayment; (LEED)

Documentation indicating type of biobased material in product and biobased content. Indicate relative dollar value of biobased content products to total dollar value of products included in project. Documentation indicating relative dollar value of rapidly renewable materials to total dollar value of products included in project. Submit documentation indicating percentage of post-industrial and post-consumer recycled content per unit of product.

Indicate relative dollar value of recycled content products to total dollar value of products included in project. Where recycled lumber materials are used for structural applications, include lumber certification and quality grading.]

Plastic Lumber; (LEED) Fiberboard Wall Sheathing; (LEED) Cellulose Honeycomb Panels; (LEED)

Submit documentation indicating percentage of post-industrial and post-consumer recycled content per unit of product. Indicate relative dollar value of recycled content products to total dollar value of products included in project. Where recycled lumber materials are used for structural applications, include lumber certification and quality grading.

[Fire-retardant treatment Engineered wood products; (LEED) Structural-use and OSB panels; (LEED)

Submit documentation verifying that no urea-formaldehyde resins were used.

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 8

Oriented Strand Board; (LEED)

Submit documentation indicating relative dollar value of rapidly renewable materials to total dollar value of products included in project.

Adhesives; (LEED)

Submit manufacturer's product data, indicating VOC content.

SD-05 Design Data

Modifications of structural members; G

Design analysis and calculations showing design criteria used to accomplish the applicable analysis.

SD-06 Test Reports

Preservative-treated lumber and plywood

SD-07 Certificates

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification; (LEED)

Certificates of grade

Manufacturer's certificates (approved by an American Lumber Standards approved agency) attesting that lumber and material not normally grade marked meet the specified requirements. Certificate of Inspection for grade marked material by an American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC) recognized inspection agency prior to shipment.

Preservative treatment

SD-10 Operation and Maintenance Data

Plastic

When not labeled, identify types in Operation and Maintenance Manual.

Take-back program

Include contact information, summary of procedures, and the limitations and conditions applicable to the project. Indicate manufacturer's commitment to reclaim materials for recycling and/or reuse.

1.3 DELIVERY AND STORAGE

Deliver materials to the site in an undamaged condition. Store, protect, handle, and install prefabricated structural elements in accordance with manufacturer's instructions and as specified. Store materials off the

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 9 ground to provide proper ventilation, with drainage to avoid standing water, and protection against ground moisture and dampness. Store materials with a moisture barrier at both the ground level and as a cover forming a well ventilated enclosure. Store wood I-beams and glue-laminated beams and joists on edge. Adhere to requirements for stacking, lifting, bracing, cutting, notching, and special fastening requirements. [ Laminated timber shall be handled and stored in accordance with AITC 111 or APA EWS R540C. ] Remove defective and damaged materials and provide new materials. Store separated reusable wood waste convenient to cutting station and area of work.

1.4 GRADING AND MARKING

1.4.1 Lumber

Mark each piece of framing and board lumber or each bundle of small pieces of lumber with the grade mark of a recognized association or independent inspection agency. Such association or agency shall be certified by the Board of Review, American Lumber Standards Committee, to grade the species used. Surfaces that are to be exposed to view shall not bear grademarks, stamps, or any type of identifying mark. Hammer marking will be permitted on timbers when all surfaces will be exposed to view.

1.4.2 Structural Glued Laminated Timber

Mark each member with the mark of a recognized association or independent inspection agency that maintains continuing control over the quality of structural glued laminated timber products. The marking shall indicate compliance with AITC A190.1 and shall include all identification information required by AITC A190.1. [Structurally end-jointed lumber shall also be certified and grade marked in accordance with AITC A190.1.]

1.4.3 Plywood

Mark each sheet with the mark of a recognized association or independent inspection agency that maintains continuing control over the quality of the plywood. The mark shall identify the plywood by species group or span rating, exposure durability classification, grade, and compliance with APA PS 1.Surfaces that are to be exposed to view shall not bear grademarks or other types of identifying marks.

1.4.4 Structural-Use and OSB Panels

Mark each panel with the mark of a recognized association or independent inspection agency that maintains continuing control over the quality of the panel. The mark shall indicate end use, span rating, and exposure durability classification. Oriented Strand Board (OSB), APA F405L.

1.4.5 Preservative-Treated Lumber and Plywood

The Contractor shall be responsible for the quality of treated wood products. Each treated piece shall be inspected in accordance with AWPA M2 and permanently marked or branded, by the producer, in accordance with AWPA

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 10

M6. The Contractor shall provide Contracting Officer's Representative (COR) with the inspection report of an approved independent inspection agency that offered products comply with applicable AWPA Standards. The appropriate Quality Mark on each piece will be accepted, in lieu of inspection reports, as evidence of compliance with applicable AWPA treatment standards.

1.4.6 Fire-Retardant Treated Lumber

Mark each piece in accordance with AWPA M6, except pieces that are to be natural or transparent finished. In addition, exterior fire-retardant lumber shall be distinguished by a permanent penetrating blue stain.

Labels of a nationally recognized independent testing agency will be accepted as evidence of conformance to the fire-retardant requirements of

AWPA M6.

1.4.7 Hardboard, Gypsum Board, and Fiberboard

Mark each sheet or bundle to identify the standard under which the material is produced and the producer.

1.4.8 Not Used

1.5 SIZES AND SURFACING

ALSC PS 20 for dressed sizes of yard and structural lumber. Lumber shall be surfaced four sides. Size references, unless otherwise specified, are nominal sizes, and actual sizes shall be within manufacturing tolerances allowed by the standard under which the product is produced. Other measurements are IP or SI standard.

1.6 MOISTURE CONTENT

Air-dry or kiln-dry lumber. Kiln-dry treated lumber after treatment.

Maximum moisture content of wood products shall be as follows at the time of delivery to the job site:

a. Framing lumber and boards - 19 percent maximum

b. Timbers 125 mm( 5 inches) and thicker - 25 percent maximum

[c. Roof planking - 15 percent maximum]

d. Materials other than lumber - Moisture content shall be in accordance with standard under which the product is produced

1.7 PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT

Treat wood products with waterborne wood preservatives conforming to AWPA P5. Pressure treatment of wood products shall conform to the requirements of AWPA U1 and AWPA T1. Pressure-treated wood products shall not contain arsenic, chromium, or other agents classified as carcinogenic, probably carcinogenic, or possibly carcinogenic to humans (compounds in Groups 1, 2A, or 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France. Pressure-treated wood products shall not exceed the limits of the U.S. EPA's Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and shall not be classified as hazardous waste. Submit certification from treating plant stating chemicals and process used and net amount of preservatives retained are in conformance with specified standards. lumber and timber in accordance

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 11 with AWPA C1 and AWPA C2, and plywood in accordance with AWPA C1 and AWPA C9. Treat structural glued laminated timber in accordance with AWPA C1 and

AWPA C28.

a. 4 kg per cubic meter (0.25 pcf) intended for above ground use.

b. 6.4 kg per cubic meter (0.40 pcf) intended for ground contact and fresh water use. 9.6 kg per cubic meter(0.60 pcf) intended for Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary Compound (ACQ)-treated foundations.

12.8 to 16.1 kg per cubic meter(0.80 to 1.00 pcf) intended for ACQ-treated pilings. All wood shall be air or kiln dried after treatment. Specific treatments shall be verified by the report of an approved independent inspection agency, or the AWPA Quality Mark on each piece. [Do not incise surfaces of lumber that will be exposed.] Minimize cutting and avoid breathing sawdust. Brush coat areas that are cut or drilled after treatment with either the same preservative used in the treatment or with a 2 percent copper naphthenate solution. Plastic lumber shall not be preservative treated. The following items shall be preservative treated:

1. Not Used.

2. Wood members that are in contact with water.

3. Exterior wood steps, platforms, and railings; and all wood framing of open, roofed structures.

4. Wood sills, soles, plates, furring, and sleepers that are less than 600 mm( 24 inches) from the ground, furring and nailers that are set into or in contact with concrete or masonry.

5. Nailers, edge strips, crickets, curbs, and cants for roof decks.

1.7.1 Not Used

1.7.2 New Construction

Use a boron-based preservative conforming to AWPA P18, sodium silicate wood mineralization process, or Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary Compound to treat wood. Use boron-based preservatives for above-ground applications only.

1.8 FIRE-RETARDANT TREATMENT

Fire-retardant treated wood shall be pressure treated in accordance with AWPA C20 for lumber and AWPA C27 for plywood. Material use shall be defined in AWPA C20 and AWPA C27 for Interior Type [A] [and] [B] and Exterior Type.

with fire retardants conforming to AWPA P17. Fire retardant treatment of wood products shall conform to the requirements of AWPA U1, Commodity Specification H and AWPA T1, Section 8.8. Treatment and performance inspection shall be by an independent and qualified testing agency that establishes performance ratings. Each piece or bundle of treated material shall bear identification of the testing agency to indicate performance in accordance with such rating. Treated materials to be exposed to rain wetting shall be subjected to an accelerated weathering technique in accordance with ASTM D 2898 prior to being tested. Such items which will not be inside a building, and such items which will be exposed to heat or

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 12 high humidity, shall receive exterior fire-retardant treatment. [Fire-retardant-treated wood products shall be free of halogens, sulfates, ammonium phosphate, and formaldehyde.

1.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE

1.9.1 Drawing Requirements

For fabricated structural members, trusses, qlu-lam members, indicate materials, details of construction, methods of fastening, and erection details. Include reference to design criteria used and manufacturers design calculations. Submit drawings for all proposed modifications of structural members. Do not proceed with modifications until the submittal has been approved.

1.9.2 Data Required

Submit calculations and drawings for all proposed modifications of structural members. Do not proceed with modifications until the submittal has been approved.

1.9.3 Certificates of Grade

Submit certificates attesting that products meet the grade requirements specified in lieu of grade markings where appearance is important and grade marks will deface material.

1.9.4 Humidity Requirements

Sequence work to minimize use of temporary HVAC to dry out building and control humidity.

1.10 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

During and immediately after installation of treated wood, engineered wood products, and laminated wood products at interior spaces, provide temporary ventilation.

1.11 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

1.11.1 Local/Regional Materials

Use materials or products extracted, harvested, or recovered, as well as manufactured, within a (500 mile ) 800 kilometer radius from the project site, if available from a minimum of three sources.See Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION for cumulative total local material requirements.

Wood and materials may be locally available.

1.11.2 Certified Wood

Wood products shall be FSC-certified as specified herein.See Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION for cumulative total certified wood requirements.

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 13

1.11.3 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification

Use FSC-certified wood where specified. Provide letter of certification signed by lumber supplier. Indicate compliance with FSC STD 01 001 and identify certifying organization. Submit FSC certification numbers;

identify each certified product on a line-item basis. Submit copies of invoices bearing the FSC certification numbers.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIALS

2.1.1 Virgin Lumber

Lumber fabricated from old growth timber is not permitted. Avoid companies who buy, sell, or use old growth timber in their operations, when possible.

Lumber shall be FSC-certified.

2.1.2 not used

2.1.3 not used

2.1.4 Engineered Wood Products

Products shall be FSC-certified and shall contain no added urea-formaldehyde if exposed to interior spaces. Determine formaldehyde concentrations in air from engineered wood products under test conditions of temperature and relative humidity in accordance with ASTM D 6007 or ASTM E 1333. Products shall not be used if formaldehyde concentration is found to be greater than 0.Determine Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), excluding formaldehyde, emitted from manufactured wood-based panels in accordance with ASTM D 6330.

2.1.5 Natural Decay- and Insect-Resistant Wood

[Naturally durable wood shall be FSC-certified or salvaged. ]An occasional piece with corner sapwood shall be permitted if 90 percent or more of the width of each side on which the sapwood occurs is heartwood.

2.1.6.1 Shear Parallel to Length

Maximum 1,550 K/m2(1,000 psi) in accordance with ASTM D 2344/D 2344M.

2.1.6.2 Density

ASTM D 6111.

2.1.6.3 Compressive Strength

a. Secant Modulus: Minimum 108,511 K/m2(70,000 psi) in accordance with ASTM D 6108.

b. Stress at 3% strain: Minimum 2,325 K/m2(1,500 psi) in accordance with ASTM D 6108.

c. Compression Parallel to Grain: Minimum 4,650 K/m2(3,000 psi) in accordance with ASTM D 6112.

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 14

d. Compression Perpendicular to Grain: Minimum 1,550 K/m2(1,000 psi) in accordance with ASTM D 6112.

2.1.6.4 Flexural Strength

Minimum 3,100 K/m2(2,000 psi) in accordance with ASTM D 6109.

2.1.6.5 Tensile Strength

Minimum 1,938 K/m2(1,250 psi) in accordance with ASTM D 198.

2.1.6.6 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Maximum 0.000044 mm/mm/degree C(0.000080 in/in/degree F) in accordance with

ASTM D 696.

2.1.6.7 Screw Withdrawal

0.35 K(350 lbs) in accordance with ASTM D 6117.

2.1.6.8 Nail Withdrawal

0.15 K(150 lbs) in accordance with ASTM D 6117.

2.2 LUMBER

2.2.1 Structural Lumber

Except where a specific grade is indicated or specified,Any of the species and grades listed in AF&PA T101 that have allowable unit stresses in kPa( pounds per square inch (psi)) not less than Fb, Ft, Fc, with E allowable unit stresses indicated. Use for joists, rafters, headers, trusses, beams (except collar beams), columns, posts, stair stringers, girders, and all other members indicated to be stress rated. Structural lumber exposed to view in shall be appearance grade of species of meeting the allowable unit stresses specified. Design of members and fastenings shall conform to AITC OT-01. Other stress graded or dimensioned items such as blocking, carriages, and studs shall be standard or No. 2 grade except that studs may be Stud grade.

2.2.2 Framing Lumber

Framing lumber such as studs, plates, caps, collar beams, cant strips, bucks, sleepers, nailing strips, and nailers and board lumber such as wall, furring and roof sheathing shall be one of the species listed in the table below. Minimum grade of species shall be as listed. Finger-jointed lumber may be used in the same applications as solid lumber of an equivalent species and grade, provided the finger-jointed lumber meets all the requirements of the certification and the quality control programs of the rules writing agency having jurisdiction and all applicable requirements of

PS-56.

Table of Grades for Framing and Board Lumber

Grading Rules Species Framing Board Lumber

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 15

WWPA G-5 Aspen All Species: All Species:

standard grading Douglas Fir-Larch Standard Light No. 3 Common rules Douglas Fir South Framing or No.

Engelmann Spruce 3 Structural -Lodgepole Pine Light Framing Engelmann Spruce (Stud Grade for Hem-Fir 2x4 nominal size, Idaho White Pine 3 m and shorter) Lodgepole Pine Mountain Hemlock Mountain Hemlock -Hem-Fir Ponderosa Pine -Sugar Pine Ponderosa Pine -Lodgepole Pine Subalpine Fir White Woods Western Woods Western Cedars Western Hemlock

WCLIB 17 Douglas Fir-Larch All Species: All Species:

standard grading Hem-Fir Standard Light Standard rules Mountain Hemlock Framing or No.

Sitka Spruce 3 Structural Western Cedars Light Framing Western Hemlock (Stud Grade for 2x4 nominal size, 3 m and shorter)

SPIB 1003 Southern Pine Standard Light No. 2 Boards standard grading Framing or No.

rules 3 Structural Light Framing (Stud Grade for 2x4 nominal size, 3 m and shorter)

SCMA Spec Cypress No. 2 Common No. 2 Common standard specifications

NELMA Grading Rules Balsam Fir All Species: All Species:

standard grading Eastern Hemlock Standard Light No. 3 Common rules -Tamarack Framing or No. except Stan- Eastern Spruce 3 Structural dard for Eastern White Light Framing Eastern White Pine (Stud Grade for and Northern Northern Pine 2x4 nominal size, Pine Northern Pine 3 m and shorter) Cedar

RIS Grade Use Redwood All Species: Construction standard Standard Light Heart specifications Framing or No.

3 Structural

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 16

Light Framing (Stud Grade for 2x4 nominal size, 3 m and shorter)

NHLA Rules Cypress No. 2 Dimension No. 2 Common rules for the measurement and inspection of hardwood and cypress lumber

Table of Grades for Framing and Board Lumber

Grading Rules Species Framing Board Lumber

WWPA G-5 Aspen All Species: All Species:

standard grading Douglas Fir-Larch Standard Light No. 3 Common rules Douglas Fir South Framing or No.

Engelmann Spruce 3 Structural -Lodgepole Pine Light Framing Engelmann Spruce (Stud Grade for Hem-Fir 2x4 nominal size, Idaho White Pine 10 feet and shorter) Lodgepole Pine Mountain Hemlock Mountain Hemlock -Hem-Fir Ponderosa Pine -Sugar Pine Ponderosa Pine -Lodgepole Pine Subalpine Fir White Woods Western Woods Western Cedars Western Hemlock

WCLIB 17 Douglas Fir-Larch All Species: All Species:

standard grading Hem-Fir Standard Light Standard rules Mountain Hemlock Framing or No.

Sitka Spruce 3 Structural Western Cedars Light Framing Western Hemlock (Stud Grade for 2x4 nominal size, 10 feet and shorter)

SPIB 1003 Southern Pine Standard Light No. 2 Boards standard grading Framing or No.

rules 3 Structural Light Framing (Stud Grade for 2x4 nominal size, 10 feet and shorter)

SCMA Spec Cypress No. 2 Common No. 2 Common

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 17 standard specifications

NELMA Grading Rules Balsam Fir All Species: All Species:

standard grading Eastern Hemlock Standard Light No. 3 Common rules -Tamarack Framing or No. except Stan- Eastern Spruce 3 Structural dard for Eastern White Light Framing Eastern White Pine (Stud Grade for and Northern Northern Pine 2x4 nominal size, Pine Northern Pine 10 feet and Cedar shorter)

RIS Grade Use Redwood All Species: Construction standard Standard Light Heart specifications Framing or No.

3 Structural Light Framing (Stud Grade for 2x4 nominal size, 10 feet and shorter)

NHLA Rules Cypress No. 2 Dimension No. 2 Common rules for the measurement and inspection of hardwood and cypress lumber

2.2.3 Not Used.

2.3 PLYWOOD, STRUCTURAL-USE, AND ORIENTED STRAND BOARD (OSB) PANELS

APA PS 1, APA PS 2, APA E445S, and APA F405L respectively.

2.3.1 Not Used

2.3.4 Roof Sheathing

2.3.4.1 Plywood

C-D Grade, Exposure 1, with an Identification Index of not less than 24/0.

FSC-certified. Provide exterior grade particleboard with phenol resin for interior and exterior applications.

2.3.4.2 Structural-Use Panel

Sheathing grade with durability equivalent to Exposure 1, Span Rating of 24/0 or greater.

2.3.5 Diaphragms

2.3.5.1 Plywood

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 18

Structural I Structural II, C-C C-D grade, Exposure 1, and a minimum thickness of 1/2( inch). FSC-certified.

2.3.5.2 Structural-Use and OSB Panels

Sheathing grade with durability equivalent to Exposure 1 and a minimum thickness of 1/2 inch. FSC-certified.

2.3.6 Not Used

2.4 NOT USED

2.5 OTHER MATERIALS

2.5.1 Not Used

2.5.3 Gypsum Wall Sheathing

ASTM C 79/C 79M, fire retardant paperless(Type X) 16 mm (5/8 inch) thick];

1200 mm( 4 feet) wide with square edge for supports 400 mm( 16 inches) o.c.

with or without corner bracing of framing or for supports 600 mm( 24 inches) o.c. with corner bracing of framing; 600 mm( 2 feet) wide with V-tongue and groove (T&G) edge for supports 400mm( 24 inches) o.c. with corner bracing of framing.

2.5.4 Not Used

2.5.5 Not Used

2.5.6 Building Paper

FS UU-B-790, Type I, Grade D, Style 1.

2.5.7 Trussed Rafters

Metal plate connected trusses designed in accordance with TPI 1 and TPI HIB and fabricated in accordance with TPI 1.

2.5.8 Trussed Joists

Metal plate connected parallel chord wood trusses designed and fabricated in accordance with TPI 1.

2.5.9 Roof Decking

Roof decking shall be commercial grade with minimum design value of 1100 psi in bending. Decking shall be 50 mm (2 inches) thick with single tongue and groove 100 mm (4 inches) thick with double tongue and groove; V-jointed, matched and dressed. As an option, fabricated laminated lumber decking with interlocking tongue and groove joints may be provided.

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 19

2.5.10 Miscellaneous Wood Members

2.5.10.1 Nonstress Graded Members

Members shall include bridging, corner bracing, furring, grounds, and nailing strips. Members shall be in accordance with TABLE I for the species used. Sizes shall be as follows unless otherwise shown:

Member Size mm (inch)

Bridging 25 x 75 (1 x 3) or 25 x 100 (1 x 4) for use between members 50 x 300 (2 x 12) and smaller; 50 x 100 (2 x 4) for use between members larger than 50 x 300 (2 x 12).

Corner bracing 25 x 100 (1 x 4).

Furring 25 (1) x [50 (2)] [75 (3)]

Grounds Plaster thickness by 38.

Nailing strips 25 x 75 (1 x 3) or 25 x 100 (1 x 4) when used as shingle base or interior finish, otherwise 50 mm (2 inch) stock.

Member Size (inch)

Bridging 1 x 3 or 1 x 4 for use between members 2 x 12 and smaller; 2 x 4 for use between members larger than 2 x 12.

Corner bracing 1 x 4.

Furring 1 x [2] [3].

Grounds Plaster thickness by 1-1/2.

Nailing strips 1 x 3 or 1 x 4 when used as shingle base or interior finish, otherwise 2 inch stock.

2.5.10.2 Wood Bumpers

FS MM-T-371, Type I, Form A or B, and shall be oak.

2.5.10.3 Sill Plates

Sill plates shall be standard or number 2 grade.

2.5.10.4 Blocking

Blocking shall be standard or number 2 grade.

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 20

2.5.10.5 Rough Bucks and Frames

Rough bucks and frames shall be straight standard or number 2 grade.

2.5.11 Adhesives

Comply with applicable regulations regarding toxic and hazardous materials, GS-36, SCAQMD Rule 1168, and as specified. Use water-based adhesives with maximum VOC content of 15 grams/liter for all interior applications.

Interior adhesives, sealants, primers and sealants used as filler must meet the requirements of LEED low emitting materials credit.

2.6 ROUGH HARDWARE

Unless otherwise indicated or specified, rough hardware shall be of the type and size necessary for the project requirements. Sizes, types, and spacing of fastenings of manufactured building materials shall be as recommended by the product manufacturer unless otherwise indicated or specified. Fasteners shall be fabricated from 100 percent re-melted steel.See Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION for cumulative total recycled content requirements.

Fasteners may contain post-consumer or post-industrial recycled content.

Rough hardware exposed to the weather or embedded in or in contact with preservative treated wood, exterior masonry, or concrete walls or slabs shall be zinc-coated. Nails and fastenings for fire-retardant treated lumber and woodwork exposed to the weather shall be copper alloy.

2.6.1 Bolts, Nuts, Studs, and Rivets

ASME B18.2.1, ASME B18.5.2.1M, ASME B18.5.2.2M, ASME B18.2.2, and ASTM A 687.

2.6.2 Anchor Bolts

ASTM A 307, size as indicated, complete with nuts and washers.

2.6.3 Expansion Shields

CID A-A-1923, CID A-A-1924, and CID A-A-1925. Except as shown otherwise, maximum size of devices shall be 10 mm( 3/8 inch).

2.6.4 Lag Screws and Lag Bolts

ASME B18.2.1.

2.6.5 Toggle Bolts

FS FF-B-588.

2.6.6 Wood Screws

ASME B18.6.1.

2.6.7 Nails [and Staples]

ASTM F 547, size and type best suited for purpose; staples shall be as recommended by the manufacturer of the materials to be joined. For sheathing length of nails shall be sufficient to extend 25 mm (1 inch) into

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 21 supports. In general, 8-penny or larger nails shall be used for nailing through 25 mm (1 inch) thick lumber and for toe nailing 50 mm (2 inch) thick lumber; 16-penny or larger nails shall be used for nailing through 50 mm (2 inch) thick lumber. Nails used with treated lumber and sheathing shall be galvanized. Nailing shall be in accordance with the recommended nailing schedule contained in AF&PA T10. Where detailed nailing requirements are not specified, nail size and spacing shall be sufficient to develop an adequate strength for the connection. The connection's strength shall be verified against the nail capacity tables in AF&PA T101. Reasonable judgment backed by experience shall ensure that the designed connection will not cause the wood to split. If a load situation exceeds a reasonable limit for nails, a specialized connector shall be used.

2.6.8 Wire Nails

ASTM F 1667.

2.6.9 Tacks

FS FF-T-1813.

2.6.10 Timber Connectors

Unless otherwise specified, timber connectors shall be in accordance with TPI 1, APA EWS T300E or AITC OT-01.

2.6.11 Clip Angles

Steel, 5 mm( 3/16 inch) thick, size [as indicated][best suited for intended use]; or zinc-coated steel or iron commercial clips designed for connecting wood members.

2.6.12 Joist Hangers

Steel or iron, zinc coated, sized to fit the supported member, of sufficient strength to develop the full strength of the supported member in accordance with ICC IBC, and furnished complete with any special nails required.

2.6.13 Tie Straps

For joists supported by the lower flange of steel beams, provide 3 by 40 mm( 1/8 by 1 1/2 inch) steel strap, 600 mm( 2 feet) long [, except as indicated otherwise].

2.6.14 Joist Anchors

For joists supported by masonry walls, provide anchors 5 by 40 mm( 3/16 by 1 1/2 inch) steel tee or strap, bent and of length to provide 100 mm( 4 inches) embedment into wall and 300 mm( 12 inches) along joist except as indicated otherwise]. For joists parallel to masonry or concrete walls, provide anchors 6 by 30 mm( 1/4 by 1 1/4 inch) minimum cross-sectional area, steel strap, length as necessary to extend over top of first three joists and into wall 4 inches, and with wall end of bend or pin type , except as indicated otherwise.

2.6.15 Door Buck Anchors

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 22

Metal anchors, 3 by ( 1/8 by 1 1/4 inch) steel, 300 mm( 12 inches) long, with ends bent ( 2 inches) , except as indicated otherwise. Anchors shall be screwed to the backs of bucks and built into masonry or concrete. Locate ( 8 inches) above sills and below heads and not more than ( 24 inches) intermediately between. Anchorage of bucks to steel framing shall be as indicated as necessary to suit the conditions.

2.6.16 Metal Bridging

Where not indicated or specified otherwise, No. 16 U.S. Standard gage, cadmium-plated or zinc-coated.

2.6.17 Toothed Rings and Shear Plates

AF&PA T101.

2.6.18 Beam Anchors

Steel U-shaped strap anchors 6 mm( 1/4 inch) thick by 40 mm( 1 1/2 inches) wide , except as indicated otherwise.

2.6.19 Metal Framing Anchors

Construct anchors to the configuration shown using hot dip zinc-coated steel conforming to ASTM A 653/A 653M, Z275( G90). Except where otherwise shown, Steel shall be not lighter than 18 gage. Special nails supplied by the manufacturer shall be used for all nailing.

2.6.20 Panel Edge Clips

Extruded aluminum or galvanized steel, H-shaped clips to prevent differential deflection of roof sheathing.

2.7 AIR INFILTRATION BARRIER

Air infiltration barrier shall be building paper meeting the requirements of ASTM C 1136, Type IV, style optional or a tear and puncture resistant olefin building wrap (polyethylene or polypropylene) with a moisture vapor transmission rate of 125 g per square meter per 24 hours (125g per square meter per 24 hours) in accordance with ASTM E 96/E 96M, Desiccant Method at 23degrees C or with a moisture vapor transmission rate of 670 g per square meter per 24 hours (670 g per square meter per 24 hours) in accordance with ASTM E 96/E 96M, Water Method at 23 degrees C.

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 INSTALLATION

Conform to AF&PA T10 and install in accordance with the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Advanced Framing Techniques: Optimum Value Engineering, unless otherwise indicated or specified. Select lumber sizes to minimize waste. Fit framing lumber and other rough carpentry, set accurately to the required lines and levels, and secure in place in a rigid manner. Space plastic lumber boards as necessary to allow for lengthwise expansion and contraction. Do not splice framing members between bearing points. Set joists, rafters, and purlins with their crown edge up. Frame

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 23 members for the passage of pipes, conduits, and ducts. Provide adequate support as appropriate to the application, climate, and modulus of elasticity of the product. Do not cut or bore structural members for the passage of ducts or pipes without approval. Reinforce all members damaged by such cutting or boring by means of specially formed and approved sheet metal or bar steel shapes, or remove and provide new, as approved. Provide as necessary for the proper completion of the work all framing members not indicated or specified. Spiking and nailing not indicated or specified otherwise shall be in accordance with the Nailing Schedule contained in ICC IBC; perform bolting in an approved manner. Spikes, nails, and bolts shall be drawn up tight. Install plastic lumber with screws or bolts; if nails are used, use ring shank or spiral shank nails. Timber connections and fastenings shall conform to AF&PA T101.Provide 50 mm( 2 inch) minimum clearance between chimneys and wood framing; provide 100 mm( 4 inch) minimum clearance at fireplaces. Fill the spaces with strips of approved noncombustible material. Use slate or steel shims when leveling joists, beams, and girders on masonry or concrete. Do not use shimming on wood or metal bearings. When joists, beams, and girders are placed on masonry or concrete, a wood base plate shall be positioned and leveled with grout. The joist, beam, or girder shall then be placed on the plate. When joists, beams, and girders are set into masonry or concrete, a pocket shall be formed into the wall. The joist, beam, or girder shall then be placed into the pocket and leveled with a steel shim.

3.1.1 Sills

Set sills level and square and wedge with steel or slate shims; point or grout with non-shrinking cement mortar to provide continuous and solid bearing. Anchor sills to the foundations as indicated. Where sizes and spacing of anchor bolts are not indicated, provide not less than 16 mm( 5/8 inch) diameter bolts at all corners and splices and space at a maximum of 1800 mm( 6 feet) o.c. between corner bolts. Provide at least two bolts for each sill member. Lap and splice sills at corners and bolt through the laps or butt the ends and through-bolt not more than 150 mm( 6 inches) from the ends. Provide bolts with plate washers and nuts. Bolts in exterior walls shall be zinc-coated.

3.1.1.1 Anchors in Masonry

Except where indicated otherwise,] Embed anchor bolts not less than 400 mm( 15 inches) in masonry unit walls and provide each with a nut and a 50 mm( 2 inch) diameter washer at bottom end. Fully grout bolts with mortar.

3.1.1.2 Anchors in Concrete

Except where indicated otherwise, Embed anchor bolts not less than 200 mm( 8 inches) in poured concrete walls and provide each with a nut and a 50 mm( 2 inch) diameter washer at bottom end. A bent end may be substituted for the nut and washer; bend shall be not less than 90 degrees. Powder-actuated fasteners spaced 900 mm( 3 feet) o.c. may be provided in lieu of bolts for single thickness plates on concrete.

3.1.2 Beams and Girders

Set beams and girders level and in alignment and anchor to bearing walls, piers, or supports with U-shaped steel strap anchors. Embed anchors in concrete or masonry at each bearing and through-bolt to the beams or girders

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 24 with not less than two bolts. Provide bolts not less than 12 mm( 1/2 inch) in diameter and with plate washers under heads and nuts. Install beams and girders [not indicated otherwise with 200 mm( 8 inch) minimum end bearing on walls or supports. Install beams and girders into walls with 12 mm(1/2 inch) clearance at the top, end, and sides] [or] [standard steel wall-bearing boxes. Provide joints and splices over bearings only and bolt or spike together.

3.1.3 Roof Framing or Rafters

Tops of supports or rafters shall form a true plane. Valley, ridge, and hip members shall be of depth equal to cut on rafters where practicable, but in no case less than depth of rafters and nominally 50 mm (2 inches )thick.

Rafters shall be notched and have full and solid bearing on plates.

Valleys, hips, and ridges shall be straight and true intersections of roof planes. Necessary crickets and watersheds shall be formed. Rafters, except hip and valley rafters, shall be [spiked to wall plate and to ceiling joists with no less than three 8-penny nails] [bolted by angles]. Rafters shall be toe-nailed to ridge, valley, or hip members with at least three 8-penny nails. Rafters shall be braced to prevent movement until permanent bracing, decking or sheathing is installed. Hip and valley rafters shall be secured to wall plates by clip angles. Openings in roof shall be framed with headers and trimmers. Unless otherwise indicated, headers carrying more than two rafters and trimmers supporting headers carrying more than one rafter shall be double. Hip rafters longer than the available lumber shall be butt jointed and scabbed. Valley rafters longer than the available lumber shall be double, with pieces lapped not less than 1200 mm (4 feet) and well spiked together. Trussed rafters shall be installed in accordance with TPI HIB. Engineered wood joists shall be installed in accordance with distributor's instructions.

3.1.4 Joists

Provide joists of the sizes and spacing indicated, accurately and in alignment, and of uniform width. Joists shall have full bearing on sills, plates, beams, girders, and trusses; provide laps over bearing only and spike. Where joists are of insufficient length to produce a 300 mm( 12 inch) lap, butt joists over bearing and provide wood scabs 2 nominal inches thick by depth of joists by 600 mm( 24 inches) long or metal straps 6 by 40 mm( 1/4 by 1 1/2 inch) by not less than 450 mm( 18 inches) long nailed to each joist with not less than four 10-penny nails, or approved sheet metal connectors installed in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

Provide joists built into masonry with a beveled fire cut so that the top of the joist does not enter the wall more than 25 mm( one inch) or standard steel wall bearing boxes. Provide metal hangers for joists framing into the side of headers, beams, or girders. When a portion of the joist extends above the top flange of a steel beam or girder, provide a 10 mm( 3/8 inch) space between the top flange and the extended portion of the joists to allow for shrinkage of joists. The minimum joist end bearing shall be 100 mm( 4 inches), and joists built into concrete or masonry shall have a 12 mm( 1/2 inch) minimum clearance at the top, end, and sides. For joists approved to be bored for the passage of pipes or conduits, bore through the neutral axis of the joist. Provide steel joist hangers of proper size and type to receive the ends of all framed joists.

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 25

3.1.4.1 Ceiling Framing

Except where otherwise indicated joists shall have bearings not less than 100 mm (4 inches) on concrete or masonry and 40 mm (1-1/2 inches) on wood or metal. Joists, trimmers, headers, and beams framing into carrying members at the same relative levels shall be carried on joist hangers. Joists shall be lapped and spiked together at bearings or butted end-to-end with scab ties at joint and spiked to plates. Headers carrying more than two tail joists and trimmers supporting headers carrying more than one tail joist shall be doubled, unless otherwise indicated. Joists built into masonry shall be provided with a beveled fire cut so that the top of the joist does not enter the wall more than 25 mm (1 inch) or standard steel wall bearing boxes]. Engineered wood joists shall be installed in accordance with distributor's instructions.

]3.1.4.2 Not Used.

3.1.4.3 Not Used

3.1.4.4 Joist Anchors

Provide anchors for each fourth joist supported by a masonry wall. Build wall end of anchors into the wall. Nail anchor to the joist with three 10-penny nails spaced 50 mm( 2 inches) o.c. Anchor the first three joists parallel to concrete or masonry walls at bridging points, but not less than 2400 mm( 8 feet) o.c. from end walls. Let anchors into the tops of each joist and spike to the top of joist with one 10-penny nail. Extend anchors at least 4 inches into the wall.

3.1.5 Bridging

Provide bridging for ceiling joists and for roof rafters having slopes of less than 1/3. Locate bridging as indicated and as specified herein.

Provide bridging for spans greater than 1800 mm( 6 feet), but do not exceed 2400 mm( 8 feet) maximum spacing between rows of bridging. Install rows of bridging uniformly. Provide metal or wood cross-bridging, except where solid bridging is indicated.

3.1.5.1 Wood Cross-Bridging

Provide wood cross-bridging not less than 2 by 4 nominal size. Nail wood cross-bridging at each end with two 8-penny nails for one by thick material and three 8-penny nails for 2 by thick material.

3.1.5.2 Metal Cross-Bridging

Shall be the manufacturer's standard product, not less than 16 gage before forming and coating. Metal bridging shall be the compression type, lodged into or nailed to the wide faces of opposite joists at points diagonally across from each other near the bottoms and tops of joists.

3.1.6 Not Used.

3.1.7 Not Used

3.1.8 Posts

SECTION 06 10 00 Page 26

Set posts, plumb, in alignment, and with full and uniform bearing. Do not embed the bottom and bearing surfaces of posts, columns in concrete or set in direct contact with concrete slabs on grade. Provide post and beam construction with wood bolsters, steel post caps in such a manner that the post above will tier directly over the one below; fabricate the assembly in a rigid and substantial manner using bolts or lag screws.

3.1.9 Gable Framing

3.1.9.1 Studs

Select studs for straightness and set plumb, true, and in alignment. In walls and partitions more than 2400 mm( eight feet) tall, provide horizontal bridging at not more than 2400 mm( 8 feet) o.c. using nominal 50 mm( 2 inch) material of the same width as the studs; install the bridging flat. Sizes and spacing of studs shall be as indicated. Double studs at jambs and heads of openings and triple at corners to form corner posts. Frame corner posts to receive sheathing, lath, and interior finish. Truss over openings exceeding 1200 mm( 4 feet) in width or use a header of sufficient depth.

Toe-nail studs to sills or sole plates with four 8-penny nails or fasten with metal nailing clips or connectors. Anchor studs abutting concrete or masonry walls thereto near the top and bottom and at midheight of each story using expansion bolts or powder-actuated drive studs.

3.1.9.