Interim Technical Report Entitled:

A Phase I Remote-Sensing Archaeological Survey of Four Temporary Material Transfer Pipeline Corridors off Flagler Beach, Flagler County, Florida

[Photograph of schooner Tamarco lost off Flagler Beach, September 1929 (Courtesy of Flagler County Historical Society)]

Submitted to:

Olsen Associates, Inc.

2618 Herschel Street

Jacksonville, Florida 32204

Submitted by:

Tidewater Atlantic Research, Inc.

P. O. Box 2494

Washington, North Carolina 27889

Submittal Date:

25 November 2019

Interim Technical Report Entitled:

A Phase I Remote-Sensing Archaeological Survey of Four Temporary Material Transfer Pipeline Corridors off Flagler Beach, Flagler County, Florida

FDHR 1A-32 Permit 1920.024

USACE Permit No.: SAJ-2019-02065; Flagler County (Local Project)

FDEP JCP Permit No.: 0379716

Submitted to:

Christopher Creed, Ph.D, P.E.

Olsen Associates, Inc.

2618 Herschel Street

Jacksonville, Florida 32204

Submitted by:

Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Ph.D, RPA Principal Investigator

Tidewater Atlantic Research, Inc.

P. O. Box 2494

Washington, North Carolina 27889

Submittal Date:

25 November 2019 i

Abstract

Olsen Associates, Inc. (OA) of Jacksonville, Florida is the project engineering firm representing Flagler County in its efforts to develop and permit an offshore borrow site in the Atlantic Ocean for beach nourishment material. In order to determine the proposed project’s effects on potentially significant submerged cultural resources, OA contracted with Tidewater Atlantic Research of Washington, North Carolina to design a remote-sensing survey, obtain a 1A-32 permit from the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, assess the data and prepare a submerged cultural resource assessment report. The survey was carried out using a differential global positioning system, high-resolution sidescan sonar and a cesium vapor magnetometer. Fieldwork was carried out on 18 October 2019. Arc Surveying and Mapping of Jacksonville, Florida provided a survey vessel and positioning equipment; while Sonographics of Fort Lauderdale, Florida provided and operated remote-sensing equipment. The investigation focused on four corridors where temporary material handling pipelines will be deployed to move sediment to locations in shallow water near Flagler Beach. Analysis of the magnetometer data identified a total of 12 magnetic anomalies. All of those anomalies are associated with small ferrous objects that can be reliably identified as debris. No sonar targets were identified during the survey. A 2010 comprehensive survey of the Flagler Beach project area determined that no terrestrial cultural resources will be impacted by beach nourishment activity. Based on assessment of the data, no submerged cultural resources will be impacted by deployment, operation, and removal of temporary pipelines in the four corridors. No additional investigation is recommended in conjunction with the project as proposed.

ii

Table of Contents Page

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ iiv Introduction Project Location Remote-Sensing Methodology Historical Research Methodology

Aerial Photographic Sources Cartographical Sources Flagler County Historical Society Florida Master Site File National Register of Historic Places

Previous Cultural Resource Studies In Project Vicinity FMSF No.: 18819 FMSF No.: FL00927 FMSF No.: 23322 FMSF No.: 24550 FMSF No.: 26412

Flagler Beach 2019 Survey Results Data Analysis

Flagler Beach Corridor 1 Flagler Beach Corridor 2 Flagler Beach Corridor 3 Flagler Beach Corridor 4

Conclusions and Recommendations Previous Cultural Resource Survey Synopses Unexpected Discovery Protocol Cited References Appendix A: FBAR Permit Appendix B: FBAR Authorization To Waive SBP Appendix C: Shipwreck Inventory Appendix D: Magnetic Anomaly Table iii

List of Figures Page

Figure 1. Project location map

Figure 2. Border point designations for the four survey corridors

Figure 3. Loading survey vessel

Figure 4. Geometrics G-882 marine cesium vapor magnetometer

Figure 5. EdgeTech 4200-HFL sonar transducer

Figure 6. Navigation and data collection laptops on alternate vessel bridge

Figure 7. Flagler Beach Corridor 1 survey tracklines

Figure 8. Flagler Beach Corridor 1 magnetic anomaly and data contours

Figure 9. Flagler Beach Corridor 1 sonar coverage mosaic

Figure 10. Flagler Beach Corridor 2 survey tracklines

Figure 11. Flagler Beach Corridor 2 magnetic anomalies and data contours

Figure 12. Flagler Beach Corridor 2 sonar coverage mosaic

Figure 13. Flagler Beach Corridor 3 survey tracklines

Figure 14. Flagler Beach Corridor 3 magnetic anomaly and data contours

Figure 15. Flagler Beach Corridor 3 sonar coverage mosaic

Figure 16. Flagler Beach Corridor 4 survey tracklines

Figure 17. Flagler Beach Corridor 4 magnetic anomalies and data contours

Figure 18. Detail of Flagler Beach Corridor 4 west-end magnetic anomalies

Figure 19. Flagler Beach Corridor 4 sonar coverage mosaic

Figure 20. Detail of 1930 USC&GS Chart No. 1244

Figure 21. Detail of 1930 USC&GS chart

Figure 22. Beachfront and nearshore areas surveyed by PCI iv

List of Tables Page

Table 1. Border point coordinates for each survey corridor

Introduction

Olsen Associates, Inc. (OA) of Jacksonville, Florida is the project engineering firm representing Flagler County in its efforts to develop and permit four corridors for transferring beach nourishment material from an offshore borrow site in the Atlantic Ocean to locations immediately offshore of Flagler Beach. In order to determine the proposed project’s effects on potentially significant submerged cultural resources, OA contracted with Tidewater Atlantic Research, Inc. (TAR) of Washington, North Carolina to design a remote-sensing survey, obtain a 1A-32 permit from the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research (FBAR), assess the data and prepare a submerged cultural resource assessment report.

Work performed by TAR also included reviewing previously developed historical background contexts with a view to add any findings in recently published literature and Internet sources, checking relevant Florida Master Site Files (FMSF), and National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listings for any updates, and the remote-sensing survey of the proposed corridors. Arc Surveying and Mapping (ASM) of Jacksonville, Florida provided a survey vessel and operated the positioning and navigation equipment.

Sonographics of Fort Lauderdale, Florida provided and operated the remote-sensing equipment. Fieldwork was carried out on 18 October 2019.

The Flagler Beach remote-sensing investigation was designed to provide accurate and reliable identification, assessment and remote-sensing documentation of submerged cultural resources in the project area. The survey methodology was developed in terms of the criteria established to comply with the criteria of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665), the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (Public Law 11-190), Executive Order 11593, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Procedures for the protection of historic and cultural properties (36 CFR Part 800, and updated guidelines described in 36 CFR 64 and 36 CFR 66.

Prior to commencing fieldwork, TAR obtained the mandatory 1A-32 permit (Appendix A) to conduct the marine investigation. The results of the investigation will furnish OA with the archaeological data required to comply with Federal and State submerged cultural resource legislation and regulations. Remote sensing was carried out using a Trimble differential global positioning system and HYPACK survey software to control navigation and data collection. An EdgeTech 4125 high resolution, dual channel, digital sidescan sonar was used to generate acoustic images of the bottom surface in the survey areas. A Geometrics G-882 cesium vapor magnetometer was employed to identify anomalies in the survey areas. A second Geometrics G-882 cesium vapor magnetometer was employed as a base station to collect magnetic background data.

With advance authorization from FBAR, a subbottom profiler was not operated during the survey (FBAR Compliance Division to Watts, elec. comm., 18 September 2019; Appendix B). The density of sand in the four corridors combined with very shallow water in each corridor made the generation of worthwhile data unlikely.

Analysis of the magnetic data identified a total of 12 magnetic anomalies. All of those anomalies are associated with small ferrous objects that can be reliably identified as debris. No sonar targets were identified during the survey. A previous survey of the Flagler Beach project area determined that no terrestrial cultural resources will be impacted by beach nourishment activity (RabbySmith, Gillard, and Page 2010). Based on assessment of the data, no submerged cultural resources will be impacted by deployment, operation and removal of temporary pipelines in the four corridors. No additional investigation is recommended in conjunction with the project as proposed.

Project Location

The four temporary pipeline corridors lie in the shallow Atlantic coastal waters off Flagler Beach in Flagler County, Florida (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Project location map (detail of Flagler Beach East, Flagler Beach West and Beverly Beach, Florida 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle map).

The four areas surveyed are rectangles; 4,000 feet in length and 600 feet in width. Each area encompasses 55 acres. Coordinates for the survey area border points (Figure 2) are shown in Table 1. The survey area border points are defined in Florida East, State Plane, NAD 83, U.S. Survey Foot coordinates.

Figure 2. Border point designations for the four survey corridors.

Table 1. Border point coordinates for each survey corridor.

Remote-Sensing Methodology

In order to reliably identify submerged cultural resources in the temporary pipeline corridors a systematic remote-sensing survey of each corridor was carried out on 18 October 2019. Survey activities were conducted from a 25-foot survey vessel (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Loading survey vessel.

In order to fulfill the requirements for survey activities in the State of Florida, magnetic and acoustic remote-sensing equipment were employed. With the exception of a subbottom profiler, this combination of remote sensing represents the state of the art in submerged cultural resource location technology and offers the most reliable and cost-effective method to locate and identify potentially significant targets. Due to shallow water and the very limited potential for generating useful data a subbottom profiler was not employed. Data collection was controlled using a differential global positioning system (DGPS). DGPS produces highly accurate coordinates necessary to support a sophisticated navigation program and assures reliable target location.

An EG&G Geometrics G-882 marine cesium magnetometer, capable of plus or minus 0.001 gamma resolution, was employed to collect magnetic data in the survey area (Figure 4). To produce the most comprehensive magnetic record, data was collected at 10 samples per second. Due to shoal water within the project area, the magnetometer sensor was towed just below the water surface at a speed of approximately 3 to 4 knots. Magnetic data were recorded as a data file associated with the computer navigation system. All magnetic data were correlated with the acoustic remote-sensing records. Magnetic data from the survey were contour plotted using QuickSurf computer software to facilitate anomaly location and definition of target signature characteristics.

Figure 4. Geometrics G-882 marine cesium vapor magnetometer onboard alternative vessel.

An EdgeTech 4200-HFL side scan sonar system was employed to collect acoustic data in the investigation area (Figure 5). The 4200-HFL uses full-spectrum CHIRP technology to deliver wideband, high-energy pulses coupled with high-resolution and superb signal to noise ratio echo data. The sonar package included a portable laptop configuration running DISCOVER acquisition software and a 300/600 kHz dual frequency, dual channel tow fish running in high definition mode.

Figure 5. EdgeTech 4200-HFL sonar transducer.

The side scan sonar transducer was maintained between 12 and 18 feet above the bottom surface except in shallow water where the transducer was towed just below the survey vessel hull. Acoustic data were collected using range scale of 162 feet (50 meters). The survey line spacing was designed to achieve total bottom coverage with more than 200% overlap. The digital side scan data were merged with positioning data via the computer navigation system and logged to disk for post-processing using EdgeTech’s DISCOVER software.

A Trimble DGPS was used to control navigation and data collection in the survey area. That system has an accuracy of plus or minus three feet, and can be used to generate highly accurate coordinates for the computer navigation system on the survey vessel (Figure 6). The DGPS was employed in conjunction with an onboard laptop loaded with HYPACK navigation and data collection software. Positioning generated by the navigation system was tied to all records by regular annotations to facilitate target location and anomaly analysis. All data is related to Florida East, State Plane, NAD 83, U.S. Survey Foot.

Figure 6. Navigation and data collection laptops on alternate vessel bridge.

Historical Research Methodology

Aerial Photographic Sources

Rare copyrighted images of the Flagler Beach Airport that includes a “circa 1930 aerial view looking northeast” can been viewed at Paul Freeman’s interesting site, “Abandoned & Little-Know Airfields:

Florida”... <http://www.airfields-freeman.com/FL/Airfields_FL_Daytona.htm>. The collection of images includes anecdotal remarks and helpful geo-references. Historical and modern aerial images archived by the George A. Smathers Libraries (University of Florida Digital Collections [UFDC]), and Map and Imagery Library (National Archives and Records Administration [NARA] were consulted for relevant photographs of the present-day coastline of FC. The UFDC collection presented 26 flight lines for the subject county; 1943, 1952, 1965, 1970, 1980, 1984, 1989, 1990, and 1995. Three editions of ASCS Aerial Photography Status Maps (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1974, 1975, 1979) were consulted for other potential flight coverages.

Cartographical Sources

Relevant charts and maps [and inventory catalogues] were surveyed in government and institutional digital archives that included; Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps (BLRAM); David Rumsey Historical Map Collection (DRHMC); Library of Congress (LOC), NARA; New York Public Library (NYPL);

Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center (NBLME) at the Boston Public Library; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Old Florida Maps (University of Miami); and U.S. Coast Survey

(USCS).

Flagler County Historical Society

The Flagler County Historical Society (FCHS) maintains an impressive collection of American and foreign original and facsimile maps [plats etc.] intermittently covering the sixteenth to twenty-first centuries. In addition, a photographic collection offers researchers a well-organized and valuable source for finding historical images. The society also maintains subject files that are easily cross referenced when looking for specific geographical sites, personalities, etc. The online inventoried lists of all three archives were reviewed with respect to the current project area. Three FCHS members offered their assistance and shared their own published works to the authors of this document; and that knowledgeable expertise proved fruitful with respect to an accurate overview of the county’s interesting history. TAR extends special gratitude to Mr. Sisco Deen, Mr. Bill Ryan, and Mr. Ed Siarkowicz.

Florida Master Site File

The FMSF was queried for relevant documents that included manuscripts, survey logs, and CRM field reports for the area of interest. The Cultural Resource Roster for FC identified 231 archaeological sites including the “Beverly Beach Wreck” (FL00927). To date, “Insufficient Information” precludes an official SHPO evaluation. The FMSF was last accessed on 29 October 2019. The assistance of FMSF archivist Eman Vovsi was most appreciated.

National Register of Historic Places

To date, 11 FC terrestrial properties are listed on the NRHP. These (and respective listing dates) are identified as; Bulow Plantation ruins (1970), Marine Studios [Marineland] (1986), Old Bunnell State Bank Building (1992), Cherokee Grove [Princess Place Preserve] (1997), Mala Compra Plantation Archeological Site (2004), Dixie Highway–Hastings, Espanola and Bunnell Road [Old Brick Road] (2005), Vocational Agriculture Building [Little Red School House] (2007), Washington Oaks Historic District (2009); Holden House (2018), Bunnell Coquina City Hall (2019), and Bunnell Water Tower (2019). To date, no FC underwater resources are listed on the NRHP (National Park Service n.d.).

Previous Cultural Resource Studies In Project Vicinity

FMSF No.: 18819 Report Title: Phase I Cultural Resources Survey as part of the Flagler County Shoreline Protection Feasibility Study, Flagler County, Florida Authors: Steve RabbySmith, Joan Gillard, and James Page

Principal Investigator: Jeffrey W. Gardner Corporate Affiliation: Brockington and Associates, Pensacola, Florida Date: June 2010 Abstract:

“Brockington and Associates, Inc. (Brockington) of Norcross, Georgia was contracted through the primary contractor, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, Jacksonville District) to conduct a Phase I intensive cultural resources investigation for a proposed shoreline protection feasibility study of approximately 10.2 miles of critically eroded beach in Flagler County, Florida. The investigation was performed between December 14, 2009 and January 8, 2010... The project area is in east Flagler County, Florida and is comprised of four reaches along the Atlantic Coast: Marineland, Painters Hill, Beverly Beach, and Flagler Beach...The project Area of Potential Effect (APE) comprises archaeological and architectural resources. During the course of the survey, the project corridor was systematically shovel tested and/or subjected to intense visual inspection to identify prehistoric and historic cultural resources throughout the approximately 10.2-mile long APE. Archaeological survey for the project included background research, visual inspection of exposed surfaces, and the excavation of shovel tests spaced at 25-meter intervals, staggered within the survey corridor. In addition, metal detector sweeps were made near previously recorded historic sites. For archaeological resources, the APE was defined as the area within which resources would be physically affected by shoreline protection related activities. Specifically, this area was between the mean high tide and mean low tide lines within the project corridor. Background research conducted for the project revealed two (2) previously recorded archaeological resources (8FL2 and 8FL263) in proximity to the study area. While Brockington’s field survey did not locate these previously recorded archaeological sites within the APE, one isolated metal detector find (Archaeological Occurrence 1 [AO- 1]), an unidentified metal object, was encountered near Site 8FL263 (House of Refuge). Other than this isolated metal object, no other archaeological resources were documented within the APE” (RabbySmith, Gillard, and Page 2010:iii).

FMSF No.: FL00927 (Archaeological Site Form) Site Name: Beverly Beach Wreck Project Name: Remote Sensing Survey of Flagler Borrow Area Informant: USACE Jacksonville District Recorder: David Conklin Principal Investigator: Not applicable Corporate Affiliation: LG2 Environmental Solutions, Jacksonville, Florida Date: March 2016 Abstract:

Not applicable [see FMSF No.: 23322]

FMSF No.: 23322 Report Title: Submerged Cultural Resources Remote Sensing Survey of Flagler Borrow Area, Flagler County, Florida Authors: David Conklin, Wendy Puckett, Martin Healey, Chris Taylor, and Merritt McLean Principal Investigator: David Conklin Corporate Affiliation: LG2 Environmental Solutions, Jacksonville, Florida Date: September 2016 Abstract:

“In October of 2015, LG2 Environmental Solutions, Inc. (LG2ES) and GeoView, Inc. (GeoView), conducted a Submerged Cultural Resources Remote Sensing Survey of the Flagler Borrow Area in Flagler County, Florida under United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) contract number GS-IOF-0375N.

The USACE Jacksonville office is proposing to dredge sand from three borrow areas to renourish portions of Flagler Beach in Flagler County, Florida. This cultural resource study includes a comprehensive literature and records review to develop a historical context for the three borrow areas and a known wreck located offshore from Beverly Beach. A remote sensing survey was conducted at the three proposed borrow areas to determine the presence or absence of potential cultural resources, and side scan sonar was used to relocate the wreck. An official site number was obtained from the Florida Master Site File for the known wreck, which is now designated as Beverly Beach Wreck (8FL927)... Beverly Beach Wreck (8FL927) was initially noted during a 2004 survey conducted by Dial Cordy and Associates Inc. and Sonographics Inc.

Recommendations from that survey included avoidance, but the wreck was not recorded on any nautical charts, online databases, or the Florida Master Site File. LG2ES did not discover any additional information about the wreck during the literature and records review. The remote sensing survey of the three borrow areas utilized magnetometer, side scan sonar, and sub-bottom profiler equipment, locating a total of zero magnetic anomalies, zero acoustic side scan sonar targets, four sub-bottom impedance contrast features, and three sub-bottom anomalies. The three anomalies have the potential to represent submerged prehistoric cultural resources. An avoidance radius of 200 feet is recommended for 8FL927. If avoidance is not possible, additional work is recommended to determine the shipwreck's identity, origin, and significance prior to any disturbance. An avoidance radius of 150 feet is recommended for the three sub-bottom anomalies. If the three anomalies will be impacted and cannot be avoided, it is recommended that they are further investigated to determine if they are cultural resources. Subsequent investigations, if required, should include archaeological diver assessment and coring at a minimum” (Conklin, Puckett, Healey, Taylor, and McLean 2016:i).

FMSF No.: 24550 Report Title: Submerged Cultural Resource Remote-Sensing Survey of Flagler Borrow Area, Flagler County, Florida Authors: David Conklin, Wendy Puckett, Martin Healey, Gordon Watts, Robin Arnold, Chris Taylor, and Merritt McLean Principal Investigator: David Conklin Corporate Affiliation: LG2 Environmental Solutions, Jacksonville, Florida Date: August 2017 Abstract:

“In October of 2015, LG2 Environmental Solutions, Inc. (LG2ES) and GeoView, Inc. (GeoView) conducted a Submerged Cultural Resources Remote Sensing Survey of three proposed borrow areas in Flagler County, and a side scan sonar study to relocate a shipwreck offshore from Beverly Beach. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), however, requested the three borrow areas be resurveyed with a magnetometer and side scan sonar, due to the investigation’s field methods producing insufficient data. The sub-bottom survey of the three borrow areas and the side scan sonar survey of the shipwreck were deemed sufficient and were not resurveyed. LG2ES contracted Tidewater Atlantic, Inc. (TAR) to resurvey the three borrow areas with magnetometer and side scan sonar in June 2017. This cultural resource study includes a comprehensive literature and records review for the three borrow areas and the shipwreck located offshore from Beverly Beach. An official site number was obtained from the Florida Master Site File for the shipwreck, now designated as Beverly Beach Wreck (8FL927). Cultural resource investigations were conducted in compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended in P.L. 89-665;

the Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act, as amended in P.L. 93-291; the Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation’s revised regulations in 36 CFR, Part 800, and BOEM Guidelines for Providing Archaeological and Historical Property Information Pursuant to 30 CFR Part 585. The work was also completed in accordance with Section 267.12, Florida Statues, Chapter 1A- 32 and 46 of the Florida Administrative Code and the Florida Division of Historical Resources’ Performance Standards for Submerged Remote Sensing Surveys. Required permits were obtained from Florida Department of State (Appendix II), and all investigations were supervised by a professional archaeologist, meeting the qualifications established in the Secretary of Interior’s Standards and Guidelines (Appendix III). Beverly Beach Wreck (8FL927) was initially noted during a 2008 survey conducted by Dial Cordy and Associates Inc. and Sonographics Inc (Hall 2009). The resource was recommended for avoidance but was not recorded on any nautical charts, online databases, or the Florida Master Site File.

Although LG2ES did not discover any additional information about the wreck during the literature and records review, the Beverly Beach Wreck remains unevaluated for NRHP-eligibility and thus represents a potentially eligible resource. The remote sensing survey of the three borrow areas utilized magnetometer, side scan sonar, and sub-bottom profiler equipment. The study located two small magnetic anomalies, twelve small acoustic side scan sonar targets, four sub-bottom impedance contrast features, and three sub-bottom anomalies. None of the magnetic anomalies or acoustic targets identified during the survey exhibited signature characteristics indicative of potential submerged cultural resource. The three sub-bottom anomalies, however, have the potential to represent submerged prehistoric cultural resources. Based on these findings, no additional investigation is recommended for the two small magnetic anomalies or the 12 small acoustic side scan sonar targets. An avoidance radius of 200 feet is recommended for 8FL927. If avoidance is not possible, additional work is recommended to determine the shipwreck’s identity, origin, and significance prior to any disturbance. An avoidance radius of 150 feet is recommended for the three sub-bottom anomalies. If the three sub-bottom anomalies will be impacted and cannot be avoided, further investigation is recommended to determine if they are cultural resources. If required, subsequent investigations should include, at a minimum, archaeological diver assessment and coring” (Conklin, Puckett, Healey, Watts, Arnold Taylor, and McLean 2017:i-ii).

FMSF No.: 26412 Report Title: Flagler County Shore Protection Project Intensive Cultural Resources Assessment Survey Authors: William J. Wilson, Stephen R. James, and Erica Gifford Principal Investigator: William J. Wilson Corporate Affiliation: Panamerican Consultants, Memphis, Tennessee Date: August 2019 Abstract:

“The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-Jacksonville District is proposing to dredge sand from a single offshore borrow area, Area 3A, to aid in the nourishment of a dune and beach profile extension along 2.6 miles of shoreline in Flagler Beach which will prevent damage to State Road A1A in Flagler County, Florida. In order to comply with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ responsibilities towards cultural resources, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. was contracted to conduct a comprehensive remote sensing survey of the Project Area. Performed under Contract No. GS-10F-0196P, Task Order W912EP18F0199, and Florida 1A-32 Permit No. 1920.03, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. completed all fieldwork on 1 August 2019.

Comprehensive analysis of data indicates three targets consisting of anomaly clusters within the Nearshore Placement Area and designated USACE-0130, USACe-0132, and USACE-0133, are considered to have the potential to represent significant historic cultural resources. While avoidance zones are presented, burial depth for the targets will likely afford protection from most project activities, as additional sand coverage will not create an adverse impact to the sources, but rather will act as enhanced protection. If project activities will not adversely affect the targets (i.e., heavy machinery, pipelines, etc.), then sand coverage should not be construed as an adverse affect [sic]. Subsequently, no additional work would then be required” (Wilson, James, and Gifford 2019:i).

Flagler Beach 2019 Survey Results

Data Analysis

To ensure reliable anomaly identification and assessment, analysis of the magnetic and acoustic data was carried out on a line-by-line basis. Using QuickSurf software, magnetic data generated during the survey were contour plotted at 5-gamma intervals for analysis and accurate location of magnetic anomalies. The magnetic data were examined for anomalies that were isolated and analyzed in accordance with intensity, duration, areal extent and signature characteristics. Sonar records were analyzed to identify targets on the basis of configuration, areal extent, target intensity and contrast with background, elevation and shadow image, and were also reviewed in Chesapeake Technology SonarWiz.Map for possible association with identified magnetic anomalies.

Data generated by the remote-sensing equipment were developed to support an assessment of each magnetic and acoustic signature. Analysis of each target signature included consideration of magnetic and sonar signature characteristics previously demonstrated to be reliable indicators of historically significant submerged cultural resources. Assessment of each target includes avoidance options and possible adjustments to avoid potential cultural resources. Where avoidance is not possible the assessment includes recommendations for additional investigation to determine the exact nature of the cultural material generating the signature and its potential NRHP significance. Historical evidence was developed into a background context supported by a shipwreck inventory that identified possible correlations with magnetic targets (Appendix C). A magnetic contour map of the survey area was produced to aid in the analysis of each target.

Flagler Beach Corridor 1

Tracklines from the Flagler Beach Corridor 1 survey reflect the necessity for adjusting remote-sensing equipment for depths offshore, inshore, and parallel to the surf zone (Figure 7). Analysis and contouring of the magnetometer data identified one anomaly in the Corridor 1 survey area (Figure 8; Appendix D).

Analysis and mosaicking of the sonar data confirmed that no sonar targets were present in the Corridor 1 survey area (Figure 9).

Figure 7. Flagler Beach Corridor 1 survey tracklines.

Figure 8. Flagler Beach Corridor 1 magnetic anomaly and data contours.

Figure 9. Flagler Beach Corridor 1 sonar coverage mosaic.

Flagler Beach Corridor 2

Tracklines from the Flagler Beach Corridor 2 survey also reflect the necessity for adjusting remote-sensing equipment for depths offshore, inshore, and parallel to the surf zone (Figure 10). Analysis and contouring of the magnetometer data identified two anomalies in the Corridor 2 survey area (Figure 11; Appendix D).

Analysis and mosaicking of the sonar data confirmed that no sonar targets were present in the Corridor 2 survey area (Figure 12).

Figure 10. Flagler Beach Corridor 2 survey tracklines.

Figure 11. Flagler Beach Corridor 2 magnetic anomalies and data contours.

Figure 12. Flagler Beach Corridor 2 sonar coverage mosaic.

Flagler Beach Corridor 3

Tracklines from the Flagler Beach Corridor 3 survey likewise reflect the necessity for adjusting remote-sensing equipment for depths offshore, inshore, and parallel to the surf zone (Figure 13). Analysis and contouring of the magnetometer data identified one anomaly in the Corridor 3 survey area (Figure 14;

Appendix D). Analysis and mosaicking of the sonar data confirmed that no sonar targets were present in the Corridor 3 survey area (Figure 15).

Figure 13. Flagler Beach Corridor 3 survey tracklines.

Figure 14. Flagler Beach Corridor 3 magnetic anomaly and data contours.

Figure 15. Flagler Beach Corridor 3 sonar coverage mosaic.

Flagler Beach Corridor 4

Tracklines from the Flagler Beach Corridor 4 survey also reflect the necessity for adjusting remote-sensing equipment for depths offshore, inshore, and parallel to the surf zone (Figure 16). Analysis and contouring of the magnetometer data identified eight anomalies in the Corridor 4 survey area (Figures 17-18; Appendix D). Only four of those anomalies lie within the subject corridor’s borders. Analysis and mosaicking of the sonar data confirmed that no sonar targets were present in the Corridor 4 survey area (Figure 19).

Figure 16. Flagler Beach Corridor 4 survey tracklines.

Figure 17. Flagler Beach Corridor 4 magnetic anomalies and data contours.

Figure 18. Detail of Flagler Beach Corridor 4 west-end magnetic anomalies.

Figure 19. Flagler Beach Corridor 4 sonar coverage mosaic.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Extensive cartographical research identified one charted wreck site in the immediate vicinity of Flagler Beach. That wreck site corresponds closely with Corridor 4. It appears on the 1930 U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey (USC&GS) Chart No. 1244 (Figure 20). That wreck symbol does not appear on the 1928 or 1932 editions of the same entitled chart. However, a wreck symbol appears in a similar position on the same authority’s 1930 chart entitled “St. Augustine Light To Ponce De Leon Inlet Light” (Figure 21).

Figure 20. Detail of 1930 USC&GS Chart No. 1244 showing wreck symbol on shore in immediate vicinity of the western end of Flagler Beach Corridor 4.

Figure 21. Detail of February 1930 USC&GS chart entitled St. Augustine Light To Ponce De Leon Inlet Light (Courtesy of Office of Coast Survey/National Ocean Services).

Analysis of the Flagler Beach magnetic data identified 12 anomalies. One anomaly was identified inside the boundary of Corridor 1 and two were identified within the border of Corridor 2. One anomaly was identified outside of the Corridor 3 border. Of the eight anomalies identified during the survey at Corridor 4, four were found to be outside the western corridor boundary. All of the anomalies identified during the investigation are determined to represent small ferrous objects such as fish and crab traps, pipes, small diameter rods, cable, wire rope, chain or small boat anchors. Analysis of the sonar data associated with all four corridors confirmed that there are no bottom surface acoustic targets. As there are no acoustic targets associated with the magnetic signatures, material generating those anomalies must be too small to be detected by high-resolution sonar or is buried.

Of the two wrecks historically identified as foundering off Flagler Beach in 1929 (Appendix C), the 33-ton, oil screw Service seems to be the most likely potential association with the scatter of magnetic anomalies identified during the remote-sensing survey. If the Service was broken up by the elements or was partially salvaged, the only remains off Flagler Beach could be small elements of debris. The 686-ton, four-mast schooner Tamarco would appear to be a less likely candidate for association due to its size, the extent of surviving remains, and potential magnetic and/or acoustic signature those remains might generate.

Conversely, the scatter of debris generating the anomalies found off Flagler Beach in and near the western end of Corridor 4 could be associated with modern debris washed off the beach front during storms.

Regardless of the origin of material generating the anomalies, it does not seem to be potentially significant or likely to be disturbed by the temporary pipeline corridors.

Previous Cultural Resource Survey Synopses

The Phase I surveys of Flagler Beach carried out by Brockington and Associates (Brockington) archaeologists in December 2009 and January 2010 were also part of the ongoing Flagler County Shoreline Protection Project. Brockington's investigation of the beach front adjacent to the pipeline corridors included a visual inspection, shovel testing, and metal detector remote sensing. Results of the survey indicated that "ground disturbing activities related to proposed shoreline restoration [were] unlikely to affect significant archaeological resources" (RabbySmith, Gillard, and Page 2010:75).

As previously mentioned in this document, Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (PCI) marine archaeologists carried out a magnetometer and shovel testing investigation of the Flagler Beach Placement Area in July and August 2019 (Figure 22) and found no evidence of cultural resources. The PCI investigation included a comprehensive marine remote- sensing survey of the Nearshore Placement Area between Monuments R80 and R94. That survey identified three magnetic anomalies with a potential for association with historic cultural resources. Those three sites are located between the north and south pipeline corridors and were buffered and recommended for avoidance (Wilson, James, and Gifford 2019:1-3).

Figure 22. Beachfront and nearshore areas surveyed by PCI (Wilson, James, and Gifford 2019:

Appendix D:3).

Unexpected Discovery Protocol

Based on the results of the current remote-sensing survey of Flagler Beach Corridors 1-4, no potentially significant submerged cultural resources will be disturbed by deploying, using, and removing temporary material handling pipelines in the subject corridors. Consequently, no additional investigation is recommended. However, in the event that project activities expose prehistoric and/or historical cultural material not identified during the current remote-sensing survey, the company under contract to perform the work should be required to immediately shift those activities and immediately notify the designated respective Point of Contact for Flagler County, the FBAR, the USACE-Jacksonville District, and OA.

Notification should address the location, and where possible, the nature of material exposed by project activities and options for prompt archaeological inspection and assessment of the site [or sites].

Cited References

Conklin, David, Wendy Puckett, Martin Healey, and Chris Taylor 2016 Submerged Cultural Resources Remote Sensing Survey of Flagler Borrow Area, Flagler County, Florida. Final Draft, September 2016. Contract No. GS-10F-0375N, Delivery Order No. W912EP-15-F- 0011. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District, Jacksonville, FL, from LG2 Environmental Solutions, Jacksonville, FL, and GeoView, St. Petersburg, FL.

Conklin, David, Wendy Puckett, Martin Healey, Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Robin Arnold, Chris Taylor, and Merritt McLean 2017 Submerged Cultural Resources Remote Sensing Survey of Flagler Borrow Area, Flagler County, Florida. LG2ES Technical Report #1508, Revised Draft Report, August 2017. Contract No. GS-10F- 0375N, Delivery Order No. W912EP-15-F-0011. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District, Jacksonville, FL, from LG2 Environmental Solutions, Jacksonville, FL, Tidewater Atlantic Research, Washington, NC, and GeoView, St. Petersburg, FL.

Florida Department of Historical Resources (FDHR) 2016 FMSF Archaeological Site Form No.: FL00927. Beverly Beach Wreck. Informant; USACE- Jacksonville. Recorded by D. Conklin for LG2 Environmental Solutions, Jacksonville, FL, for Florida Department of Historical Resources, Tallahassee.

RabbySmith, Steve, Joan Gillard, and James Page 2010 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey As Part Of The Flagler County Shoreline Protection Feasibility Study, Flagler County, Florida. Contract No. W91278-07-D-0111, Task Order CS03, June 2010. Prepared under the supervision of PI Jeffrey Gardner. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District, Jacksonville, FL, from Brockington and Associates, Norcross, GA.

Wilson, William J., Stephen R. James, and Erica Gifford 2019 Flagler County Shore Protection Project Intensive Cultural Resources Assessment Survey. Draft Report, August 2019. Contract No. GS-10F-0196P, Task Order No. W912EP18F0199. Florida Archaeological Research Permit No. 1920.03. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District, Jacksonville, FL, from Panamerican Consultants, Memphis, TN.

Appendix A: FBAR Permit

Appendix B: FBAR Authorization To Waive SBP

From: CompliancePermits CompliancePermits@DOS.MyFlorida.com Subject: RE: FBAR PERMIT NO.: 1920.024: FLAGLER COUNTY PL RSS PROJECT Date: September 18, 2019 at 8:59 AM To: Robin Arnold iimr@coastalnet.com Cc: Chris Creed ccreed@olsen-associates.com, Gordon Watts Jr tar@tidewateratlanticresearch.org

Good morning!

Based on the information provided, waiving the necessity to use a subbottom profiler seems appropriate. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any further questions or concerns.

Compliance Permits

Bureau of Historic Preservation | Division of Historical Resources | Florida Department of State | 500 South Bronough Street | Tallahassee, Florida 32399 | 850.245.6333 | 1.800.847.7278 | Fax: 850.245.6439 |compliancepermits@DOS.MyFlorida.Com | dos.myflorida.com/historical

From: Gordon Watts [mailto:iimr@coastalnet.com] Sent: Tuesday, September 17, 2019 6:31 PM To: CompliancePermits <CompliancePermits@DOS.MyFlorida.com> Cc: Chris Creed <ccreed@olsen-associates.com>; Robin Arnold <iimr@coastalnet.com>;

Gordon Watts Jr <tar@tidewateratlanticresearch.org> Subject: Re: FBAR PERMIT NO.: 1920.024: FLAGLER COUNTY PL RSS PROJECT

EMAIL RECEIVED FROM EXTERNAL SOURCE

Good evening!

The USACE permit number is “SAJ-2019-02065; Flagler County (Local Project)”, and the FDEP JCP Permit Number is “0379716”.

Best wishes, Robin Arnold [for Gordon Watts]

On Sep 12, 2019, at 11:13 AM, CompliancePermits <CompliancePermits@DOS.MyFlorida.com> wrote:

Hi Gordon, What is the DHR Project No. or USACE Permit No. attached to this project?

Compliance Permits

Bureau of Historic Preservation | Division of Historical Resources | Florida Department of State | 500 South Bronough Street | Tallahassee, Florida 32399 | 850.245.6333 | 1.800.847.7278 | Fax:

850.245.6439 |compliancepermits@DOS.MyFlorida.Com | dos.myflorida.com/historical mailto:CompliancePermitsCompliancePermits@dos.myflorida.com mailto:CompliancePermitsCompliancePermits@dos.myflorida.com mailto:Arnoldiimr@coastalnet.com mailto:Arnoldiimr@coastalnet.com mailto:Creedccreed@olsen-associates.com mailto:Creedccreed@olsen-associates.com mailto:Jrtar@tidewateratlanticresearch.org mailto:Jrtar@tidewateratlanticresearch.org mailto:%7Ccompliancepermits@DOS.MyFlorida.Com mailto:CompliancePermits@dos.myflorida.com mailto:%7Ccompliancepermits@DOS.MyFlorida.Com http://dos.myflorida.com/historical

Appendix C: Shipwreck Inventory

Appendix C: Shipwreck Inventory

Documented Marine Casualties Along Present-Day Flagler County Coastline

Name Rig Tons Dimensions Date Location Cause Comment Source Vera Cruz Sailing

Ship 1881 Flagler Beach ...”beach abutting Neill’s property”... [later acquired by James Mobbs] “The acreage owned by Mr. Mobbs is located about one mile north of the Coast Guard Station, with approximately quarter of a mile of ocean frontage and extending west to the canal”.

Severe storm Cargo of mahogany and lard; bound for Boston from Honduras

TFT 1925a

Northwestern Steamer 22 MAR 1920 ...”went aground near the north boundary line of Flagler County”;

Witnesses commented that vessel broke up within two hours of the marine casualty; and the “assistant engineer “ stated that “she was a total wreck”

Leaking Beached by captain to save his crew;

outbound from Charleston for Havana with cargo of coal

TFT 1920

Unknown Schooner (three masts)

1 DEC 1925 ...”three miles south of Flagler Beach”; ...“wrecked five miles above Flagler Beach”

“went aground and broke up during a storm”

Rum runner from Bahamas carrying “2000 cases of fine liquor”;

...“said to be bound from London to Cuba”

TFT 1925b; TFT 1925c Singer (2020:420)

Service Oil screw 33 59.2x14.6x5.7 10 MAR 1929 “Flagler Beach, Fla.” Foundered b. 1917, Eden FL USBN (1929:913);

Singer (2011)

Tamarco (ex-Hope Sherwood)

Schooner (four masts)

686 172.8x36.6x14 20 [?] SEP 1929 Off Flagler Beach; “Wrecked off the beach ½ mile from the Bulow Coast Guard Station”; “near the coast guard station”

Foundered;

northeast gale;

waterlogged

b. 1902/1903, Bath ME;

loaded with cargo of 450,00 feet of lumber from Tampa

TFT 1929a; TFT 1929b; Singer (2011);

Singer (2020:427)

Sioux Gas screw 8 35x10.3x3.6 20 NOV 1937 “Flagler Beach, Fla.” Burned b. 1913, Dames Point FL USBMIN 1938:513;

Singer 2020:488

Miss Ilse Oil screw 31 22 NOV 1957 On Flagler Beach Stranded b. 1950 USBC (1960:825);

Singer (2011)

Mollie & Me II Oil screw 38 50.2x18x6 16 MAR 1967 Approx. 6 miles south of Marineland Stranded b. 1947 USBC 1963:443;

USCG 1972:1104;

USCG (1981:2009)

Unknown “Approx. ¼ mile offshore from Beverly Beach” Described as “Beverly Beach Wreck”

FDHR 2016

Shipwreck References:

Florida Department of Historical Resources (FDHR) 2016 FMSF Archaeological Site Form No.: FL00927. Beverly Beach Wreck. Informant; USACE-Jacksonville. Recorded by D. Conklin for LG2 Environmental Solutions, Jacksonville, FL, for Florida Department of Historical Resources, Tallahassee.

Mariners Museum and Park (MMP) n.d. “Hope Sherwood & Sylvia Hall.” In: Catalog Record. Accession No.: 1993.0042.000102. Mariners Museum and Park <https://catalogs.marinersmuseum.org/object/CL28391>, accessed 5 November 2019.

Singer, Steven D.

2011 Shipwrecks of Florida, A Comprehensive Listing. Second Edition. Reprint of 1992 edition. Pineapple Press, Sarasota, FL.

2020 More Shipwrecks of Florida. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD.

The Flagler Tribune (TFT) 1920 “Steamer Beached Near Matanzas Inlet- 1 Man Drowned, 2 Injured”. In: The Flagler Tribune, Thursday, 25 March. Bunnell, FL.

1925a “Interesting Bit of History”. In: The Flagler Tribune, Thursday, 3 September. Bunnell, FL.

1925b “Ship Wrecked [sic] 5 Miles Above Flagler Beach”. In: The Flagler Tribune, Thursday, 3 December. Bunnell, FL.

1925c “Escape Atlantic Storm Only To Land In Jail”. In: The Flagler Tribune, Thursday, 10 December. Bunnell, FL.

1929a “Four Masted Ship Goes Aground on Beach Near Here, Tamarco, Tampa, Becomes Waterlogged. Beached By Her, Captain”. In: The Flagler Tribune, Thursday, 26 September. Bunnell, FL.

1929b No title. In: The Flagler Tribune, Thursday, 3 October. Bunnell, FL.

U.S. Bureau of Customs (USBC) 1960 Merchant Vessels of the United States, 1960 (Including Yachts), January 1, 1960. U.S. Bureau of Customs, Washington, DC, for U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, DC.

1963 Merchant Vessels of the United States, 1963 (Including Yachts), January 1, 1963. U.S. Bureau of Customs, Washington, DC, for U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, DC.

U.S. Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation (USBMIN) 1938 Merchant Vessels of the United States 1938 (Including Yachts and Government Vessels). Year Ended June 30, 1938. U.S. Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, Washington, DC, for U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.

U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) 1972 Merchant Vessels of the United States 1972 (Including Yachts), 1 January 1972. U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC, for U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.

1981 Merchant Vessels of the United States 1981 (Including Yachts), 1 January 1981. Volume II. U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC, for U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.

Appendix D: Magnetic Anomaly Table

Anomaly X Coordinate Y Coordinate Line# Anomaly # Signature Intensity Duration Identification Assessment

0007-1-dp-2.3g-72.4f 613472 1879318.3 7 1 Dipolar 2.3g 72.4f Small Ferrous Object Debris

0005-1-nm-1.4g-54.9f 614374.9 1876991.7 5 1 Negative Monopolar 1.4g 54.9f Small Ferrous Object Debris 0007-1-nm-7.4g-77.9f 615246 1877219.1 7 1 Negative Monopolar 7.4g 77.9f Small Ferrous Object Debris

0002-1-dp-14.4g-63f 615303 1874038.5 2 1 Dipolar 14.4g 63f Small Ferrous Object Debris Outside Corridor

0001-1-pm-2.7g-78f 623305.8 1854418.9 1 1 Positive Monopolar 2.7g 78f Small Ferrous Object Debris 0003-1-dp-1.7g-33.1f 623209.9 1853799.5 3 1 Dipolar 1.7g 33.1f Small Ferrous Object Debris Outside Corridor 0004-1-dp-15.3g-51.8f 622947.2 1854298.1 4 1 Dipolar 15.3g 51.8f Small Ferrous Object Debris 0004-2-pm-1.5g-34.5f 623083.5 1853839.4 4 2 Positive Monopolar 1.5g 34.5f Small Ferrous Object Debris Outside Corridor

0005-1-pm-26.2g-60.2f 622725.3 1854610.8 5 1 Positive Monopolar 26.2g 60.2f Small Ferrous Object Debris Outside Corridor 0005-2-nm-32.5g-26.7f 622827.7 1854312.4 5 2 Negative Monopolar 32.5g 26.7f Small Ferrous Object Debris 0005-3-pm-33.7g-61.8f 623020.2 1853790.2 5 3 Positive Monopolar 33.7g 61.8f Small Ferrous Object Debris Outside Corridor 0005-1-nm-6.2g-83.4f 623378.7 1854498.6 5 1 Negative Monopolar 6.2g 83.4f Small Ferrous Object Debris

APPENDIX D: FLAGLER BEACH RSS: MAGNETIC ANOMALY TABLE

Corridor 1

Corridor 2

Corridor 3

Corridor 4