2012_1121_JEFF_GeoArcheology_study.pdf

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

GEOARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION FOR

CITYARCHRIVER 2015 WEST ENTRANCE PROJECT

JEFFERSON NATIONAL EXPANSION MEMORIAL

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI

Contract No. C2000091500 Task Order No. P12PD12846

Prepared for: National Park Service

Denver Service Center 12795 West Alameda Parkway Denver, CO 80225

Prepared by: Charles LeeDecker, Delland Gould, Christopher Schoen

Date: November 21, 2012

PROJECT LOCATION AND PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION

On behalf of the National Park Service, Denver Service Center, The Louis Berger Group, Inc. has completed geoarcheological testing for the CityArchRiver 2015 (CAR2015) West Entrance Project, which is located within the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (JEFF) in the downtown riverfront area of St. Louis, Missouri, on the west bank of the Mississippi River. The 91‐acre park property encompasses an area of 38 historic city blocks, extending along the riverfront for a distance of approximately 3,600 feet. The northern park boundary is marked by Eads Bridge or Washington Avenue, and the southern boundary is at Poplar Street. From east to west, the park extends from Leonor K. Sullivan Boulevard to Interstate‐70 (aka Third Street Expressway), which follows the historic alignment of Third Street. West of Interstate‐70 the park includes two blocks between Market and Chestnut streets, thereby forming an inverted T‐shape. The westernmost block (Block 102), from Broadway east to Fourth Street, includes the Old Courthouse; the block between Third and Fourth Streets (Block 85) encompasses Luther Ely Smith Square.

Plans proposed for the new West Entrance area include grading, landscaping, and constructing a pedestrian‐friendly green space bridge over I‐70 to improve circulation to the JEFF grounds. These plans also include building a subterranean museum addition to connect to the west end of the current museum space with an exterior entryway near the western edge of the Gateway Arch grounds. The area of potential effect (APE) for the CAR2015 West Entrance Project geoarcheological investigation covers the estimated area potentially affected by the planned undertakings, including both direct and indirect effects such as construction traffic and staging. The APE encompasses an area of approximately 6 acres that includes the Luther Ely Smith Square (Block 85) and a larger area east of I‐70 that measures approximately 525x394 feet (160x120 meters) located north of the Old Cathedral. For the purposes of this investigation, the area east of I‐70 is referred to as Sub Area 1, Luther Ely Smith Square is referred to as Sub Area 2, and Sub Area 3 encompasses additional areas of the park that were judgmentally tested to gain additional information about the park’s archeological record.

Geoarcheological Investigation for CityArchRiver 2015 West Entrance Project Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, Missouri Page 2

The geoarcheological investigation was designed to support an assessment of the potential effects of the CAR2015 West Entrance Project on archeological resources. The goals of this study were to assess the general condition of the landscape, focusing on identification of prehistoric or historic landscapes that might contain archeological resources.

Urban areas present a unique set of opportunities and constraints for archeological resource management, of which the most important are (1) the large amount of documentary information that is available, (2) the often complex land‐ use histories for individual sites or project areas, and (3) the logistical constraints to fieldwork posed by various factors such as competing land uses, active utility lines, pavement, fill deposits, and soil contamination. The large amount of documentary information frequently allows preparation of detailed land‐use histories and specific predictions regarding the types and locations of archeological resources. It is often possible to develop very detailed contextual statements for individual sites or project areas prior to actual archeological fieldwork. However, complex land‐use patterns are often manifested in the archeological record, and it is not uncommon to find that evidence of prehistoric and early historic occupations has been obliterated by more recent land‐use activities.

PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK, DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH, AND FIELD METHODS

There has been relatively little archeological work within JEFF, a fact that seems to reflect the general logistical constraints of urban archeology and the assumption that modern urban development would have obliterated archeological resources associated with the prehistoric or early historic occupation of the APE. The parkland that is now encompassed by JEFF includes the original village of St. Louis, which was laid out in 1764 and subsequently developed into a commercial district by the mid‐nineteenth century. By the early twentieth century the riverfront area had become an aging warehouse district that became the target of urban revitalization efforts. Anticipating creation of a national monument to westward expansion, the 40‐some blocks that would become JEFF had been razed by 1942, save for the Old Cathedral, the Old Courthouse, and a few other buildings. Today the Old Cathedral and the Old Courthouse are the only recognizable features of the nineteenth‐century landscape in the park.

Although few archeological studies have been conducted within JEFF, there are other sources of important information regarding the physical history of this area, which is essential for understanding the archeological record.

Perhaps the most important sources for understanding the physical history of the site are two Cultural Landscape Reports (CLRs) for JEFF (Bellavia 1996; AECOM 2010). Although the CLRs provide very little information about the physical character of the site prior its development as a national park, they do provide a wealth of detail concerning the physical transformation of the pre‐existing landscape into its present form.

Documentary research for this study was conducted at the JEFF archives, the Missouri State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) archives, and various on‐line sources. As part of the research, digital copies of maps were collected and assembled and put into a Geographic Information System (GIS) project file. The principal historical maps used for this study were Aubin (1874), Sanborn Map Company (1903, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1932), and Whipple (1870, 1876, 1892, 1897). Other geographic datasets that were incorporated into the GIS include aerial imagery, topographic contours, and information about existing utilities.

After gaining familiarity with the historical development of the APE through documentary research and preparation of GIS coverages, a series of sampling locations was selected for field testing. The sampling locations were digitized as a shape file so that it became a simple matter to navigate via GPS to the sampling locations in the field. Utility maps were reviewed prior to establishing the testing pattern, and a formal utility markout was requested through the Missouri One Call system; final adjustments to the sampling locations were made in the field in consideration of local conditions such as unmarked storm drains and slope.

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The geoarchaeological coring fieldwork was performed by Christopher Schoen and Delland Gould from November 5 to 9, 2012. The hollow tube cores were extracted by LBG’s subcontractor, Roberts Environmental Drilling, Inc. In all, 36 cores were extracted with a small, track‐mounted Geoprobe® (Figures 1 and 2); 20 cores from Subarea 1, seven cores from Subarea 2 (Luther Ely Square), and nine cores from Subarea 3. The cores were placed at locations where the map research suggested the possibility for preservation of prehistoric or early historic landscapes. These areas were assumed to coincide with historically open streets, alleys, or rear lot areas where the potential archeological deposits were expected to be minimally disturbed by building construction and demolition. The intent was to determine whether deposits remained that were associated with the earliest history of St Louis and/or prehistoric occupation of the area. It should be noted that the placement of cores was based on GIS projections from historical mapping of uncertain accuracy. The historic streets were on the order of 60 feet wide and the alleys were typically at least 15 feet wide. Areas of this size should be easily located with modern GPS equipment, even in a modern landscape that bears no trace of the original street grid.

Each core measured 2 inches (5 centimeters) in diameter and was encased in clear plastic collection tubes during extraction. Each lining tube was 48 inches (122 centimeters) long. The lining tubes were placed in a metal case that was driven into the ground by the Geoprobe®. When the core case was driven 48 inches into the ground, the core was extracted, a new lining tube inserted, and the core advanced another 48 inches. In most cases cores were driven into the ground until bedrock, dense rubble or concrete, or dense clay refused further advancement. In some instances drilling ceased when sufficient information had been collected about the geomorphological character of the location.

After extraction, core segments were laid out on a table and one‐third to one‐half of the plastic tubing was removed to expose the core sample. The sample was sliced lengthwise to show more clearly the character of the deposits (Figure 3). Voids and/or compaction of deposits often resulted in core samples appearing to be less than 48 inches long. A photograph was taken of each core. Schematic soil profiles were generated from soil samples, with soil descriptions based on Munsell soil color terminology and USDA soil textural classes. Additional characteristics recorded and used to assign soil horizon designations were consistency, structure, accumulations/depletions (e.g., oxidation or reduction of iron), mottling, boundary characteristics, and continuity.

Another characteristic of each core section recorded was recovery, a sampling error representing the length or amount of the sample in each 4‐foot core section. Particularly in unconsolidated fills, recovery can be less than 50 percent (2 feet of sample in a 4‐foot core) or even none at all. Zero or no recovery typically occurs when coring through poorly compacted deposits of resistant material (rock, brick, or concrete), where the sampling tube collects only material that is small enough to enter the tube, and materials too large to enter are pushed aside where compressible void space exists. No recovery can also occur in saturated, unconsolidated sands: in that case the material is collected in the tube, but when the tube is extracted, the material behaves as a liquid and “pours” out the bottom. Generally, some compression of sediments always occurs, except in resistant materials, and results in some minor estimations of absolute depth below surface for some stratigraphic units or horizon boundaries, Nonetheless, each core section still represents 4 feet in absolute depth, and therefore these sampling errors are not compounded through the length of the core.

FIELD RESULTS

A summary of the coring results is provided in Table 1 and their locations are shown in Figure 4. As expected, the upper deposits in the soil columns were dominated by anthropogenic deposits (fills), presumably indicative of the mid‐twentieth‐century processes of urban renewal that led to creation of the formal landscapes that surround the Gateway Arch. The cores were advanced to an average depth of 26.5 feet below ground surface (bgs). Only one core

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(8A) could not be advanced beyond 10 feet bgs, owing to a concrete obstruction. The average depth of fill was 16.2 feet bgs. Seven cores were advanced to bedrock, which was reached at depths ranging from 28 to 55 feet bgs.

About 44 percent of the cores did not penetrate through historic fill (16 of 34); however, the geologic cores generally indicate that the native A‐horizon, which was the occupation surface for prehistoric groups, historic Native American tribes, and early historic settlers in the APE, has been completely removed. Only Pleistocene‐era deposits were evident under fill in the cores. These subsoil deposits include strata deposited after the glaciers retreated from the area some 125,000 years ago, and include sediments provisionally identified as loess, glaciofluvial, and glaciolacustrine deposits.

Sub Area 1

A total of 20 cores was placed in Sub Area 1, the largest of the areas tested. For the most part the core locations were chosen to sample open streets and alleyways, such as the historical alignments of Market Street (Cores 8 and 11), Chestnut Street (Cores 20 and 22), Second Street (Cores 23, 24, 25, and 26), and the alley that bisected Block 60 between Market and Chestnut Streets (Cores 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19). A few others were placed in open rear lot areas that apparently remained open at least until 1932 (Cores 20, 21, and 22). The average depth of fill deposits in Sub Area 1 was 19.8 feet, and the depths probably underestimate the true depth of disturbed soils, as some of the cores were terminated at impenetrable concrete or limestone in fill (Cores 8A, 8B, 12, 16, 18, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, and 28). Drilling was advanced to bedrock in Core 11 (55 feet bgs), Core 22 (37.5 feet bgs), and Core 24 (35 feet bgs).

Sub Area 2

Seven locations were tested in Sub Area 2, which corresponds to Luther Ely Smith Square. Three were placed along the alley that opened through Block 85 (Cores 1, 2, and 5), running between Chestnut and Market Streets, and two were placed in open rear lot areas in the northeast (Core 4) and southeast corners (Core 3) of the block. One core was placed in the northwest quadrant of the block (Core 6), over an area that had been razed prior to 1932 and had been used at that time as a parking lot. Perhaps as expected, both attempts at the Core 6A and 6B locations met refusal at a somewhat shallow depth (10 feet), as this area of the block had been fully built out historically.

The loose fills with cinder, coal, ash, and brick rubble in Cores 6A and 6B would be indicative of a deep basement with the remains of an imploded building. The remaining five cores in the open areas all reached depths of 20 feet bgs or more, with fill soils in most cores generally ranging in depth from 4.7 to 8 feet bgs. Core 5 is notable in that a truncated Bt‐horizon was identified at 0.8 feet bgs. Approximately 2.1 feet of this B‐horizon is preserved, and comparison with typical soil profiles in the region indicates that Bt‐horizons formed in silty parent material (loess) on upland locales that range from 2 to 6 feet in thickness (NRCS 2012). It suggests that between 1 and 4 feet of the upper profile of the Bt‐horizon has been removed by development. Core 5 was the only location where soil weathering consistent with a position in the upper portion of the soil could be identified.

Sub Area 3

Nine core locations were investigated in Sub Area 3, which included areas directly to the north and south of Sub Area

1. As in Sub Area 2, the sample locations focused on historically open streets and alleys where it was anticipated that remnants of the early historic or prehistoric landscape surface might have survived. Cores in the northern part of Sub Area 3 (Cores 29, 30, 31, and 32) were laid out to intercept Second Street (Cores 29 and 30), the alley in Block 61 (Core

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31) and an interior area of Block 32 (Core 32). In the southern area cores were placed to sample Second Street (Cores 9 and 10) and the alley in Block 34 (Core 7). As it became apparent after several days of drilling that intact natural landscape surfaces had been quite thoroughly obliterated, a few final locations (Cores 33 and 34) were chosen near the Old Cathedral. The reasoning for this was that the Old Cathedral, which dates to 1834, was the only surviving remnant of the nineteenth‐century landscape, so the nearby areas might also contain some remnant of that landscape. Cores 33 and 34 sampled the area immediately east of the cathedral (the interior of Block 59), but in both cases, urban demolition fills at least 16 feet in thickness were present atop truncated Pleistocene sediments. The depth of fill in these locations relative to the elevation of the church indicates that the nineteenth‐century landscape in this area has been disturbed to a significant depth.

As in Sub Area 1, deep fill deposits were the norm, with an average depth of 15.9 feet bgs. Because two of the cores met refusal by concrete, the average fill depth would be greater than 15.9 feet bgs. Drilling was advanced to bedrock in four cores (Cores 29, 30, 32, and 33), reaching depths that ranged from 28 feet bgs (Core 29) to 33.3 feet bgs (Core 33).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Throughout the APE fill deposits averaging more than 15 feet in depth were documented. One exception was noted at Core 5, which was placed in an open rear lot area of Luther Ely Smith Square (Block 85). The fill deposits, designated “U” in Table 1, reflect the mid‐twentieth‐century reshaping of an urban landscape that developed in the nineteenth century. These fills typically contain brick, concrete, and limestone, which were common building materials for structures that were built and remodeled in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

All of the soils and sediments identified at the base of the anthropogenic fills appear to be weathered from a parent material of loess. However, these loess deposits are of variable thickness, and the underlying lithostratigraphic units appear to be attributable to several different modes of deposition: glaciofluvial sediments from the ancestral Mississippi River; glaciolacustrine sediments laid down in lakes formed behind dams of glacial ice blocking the valley downstream, and possibly earlier periods of loess deposition. The upper loess unit identified is expected to correlate to the Peoria silt, which covers much of the Midwestern United States and is thickest near the Missouri and Mississippi rivers (Grimley and Phillips 2011).

Regarding the archeological potential, the presence of intact Bt‐horizon soils in Sub Area 2 (Block 85) suggests that the upper portion of the pre‐development soil profile is preserved, at least in one portion of the square. Any former surface or near‐surface archeological deposits will be absent, but there is a potential for the lower portions of deep (greater than 5 feet) shaft features dating to the early historic period to be preserved. In Sub Area 1 and Sub Area 3, the potential to encounter intact archeological deposits appears to be very low. The Peoria silt dates to the period between 12,000 and 25,000 years ago, and therefore any portions of the loess that were not exposed at the surface during the Holocene would be sterile of cultural materials.

REFERENCES CITED

AECOM, Inc.

2010 Cultural Landscape Report, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, Missouri. Prepared for the

National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Omaha, Nebraska, by AECOM, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, Missouri Page 6

Aubin, C.T.

1874 St. Louis Fire Insurance Maps. Surveyed and drawn for the St. Louis Board of Fire Underwriters. On file, Washington University, St. Louis.

Bellavia, R.M.

1996 Cultural Landscape Report for Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, Missouri. National Park

Service, Midwest Field Area, Great Plains Systems Support Office, Cultural Resources, Omaha.

Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. [ESRI] 2012 Bing Maps Aerial imagery data layer. Worldwide orthographic aerial and satellite imagery. ESRI GIS and

Mapping Software, Redlands, California. GIS Basemap imagery accessed November 2012 via ArcMap 10 (http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgisonline/bing‐maps.html).

Grimley, David A., and Andrew C. Phillips 2011 Surficial Geology of St. Clair County, Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey, Rolla, Missouri. Available online at <www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps‐data‐pub/county‐maps/pdf/st‐clair‐sg.pdf>.

Natural Resources Conservation Service [NRCS] 2012 Official Soils Series Description, Menfro Series. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Available online at <https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MENFRO.html>.

Sanborn Map Company 1903 Insurance Maps of St. Louis, Missouri. Sanborn Map Company, New York.

1907 Insurance Maps of St. Louis, Missouri. Sanborn Map Company, New York.

1908 Insurance Maps of St. Louis, Missouri. Sanborn Map Company, New York.

1909 Insurance Maps of St. Louis, Missouri. Sanborn Map Company, New York.

1932 Insurance Maps of St. Louis, Missouri. Sanborn Map Company, New York.

Whipple [Oliver & Whipple] 1870 Whipple’s Insurance Maps. On file, Washington University, St. Louis.

1876 Oliver & Whipple Fire Insurance Map of St. Louis, Mo., 1876. Two Volumes. On file, Washington

University, St. Louis.

1892 Whipple’s Fire Insurance Map of St. Louis, Mo., 1892. Two volumes. On file, Washington University, St.

Louis.

1897 Whipple’s Fire Insurance Map of St. Louis, Mo., 1897. Three volumes. On file, Washington University, St.

Louis.

http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgisonline/bing-maps.html http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/county-maps/pdf/st-clair-sg.pdf https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MENFRO.html

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Figure 1. Geoprobe® Drill

Figure 2. Extracting Core 5 in Luther Ely Square, View East

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Figure 3. Example of a Soil Core

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Table 1. Summary of Coring Results

CORE NO.

SURFACE

ELEVATION

(ft amsl)

MAX. DEPTH

OF CORE (ft)

DEPTH OF

FILL (FT) REMARKS

SUB AREA 1

8A 452 4.0

4.0 Placed along Market Street; shallow to refusal with poor

recovery; refusal at 4 ft by concrete.

8B 450 14. 14.0 Off‐set 62 feet (19 meters) south of Core 8A, placed along 2nd Street; dark gray fill with abundant concrete; refusal at 14 ft by concrete.

11 458 55. 20.0 Placed along Market Street; mixed fills, concrete and brick rubble 8 to 10 feet; refusal at 55 ft by bedrock.

12 456 26. 26.0 Placed along Market Street; deep fills, compact to 13 feet, poor recovery of brick and concrete 15 to 26 feet; refusal at 26 ft by brick and concrete.

13 453 44 16.8 Placed in alley; stratified fills 2‐4 feet thick, cinder layer at base of fill; core terminated at 44 ft in silt/silty clay.

14 454 36. 18.0 Placed in alley; clean fill 7‐12 feet, lower 5 ft of fill brick and concrete; core terminated at 32 ft in sand.

15 454 32. 10.6 Placed in alley; mixed fills, brick and concrete throughout; core terminated at 32 ft in silt.

16 454 16. 16.0 Placed in alley; mixed fills, demolition rubble 10 ‐16 ft, possible basement; refusal at 16 ft by concrete.

17 455 33. 18.7 Placed in alley; demolition rubble from 12‐18 feet; refusal at 33 ft by rock.

18 455 12. 12.0 Placed in alley; mixed fills to 8 ft, clinker layers at 8 and 12 ft, clean fill between; refusal at 12 ft by concrete.

19 455 32. 32.5 Placed in alley; mixed fills to 10 ft, primarily brick rubble from

16.5 ft to base of fill; refusal at 32.5 ft by concrete.

20 459 29. 29.0 Placed in open interior area; deep mixed fills, refusal at 29 ft by concrete.

21 460 38. 33.3 Placed in open interior area; mixed fills with concrete, clinkers and sand to 33 .3 ft; refusal on rock at base of sand deposits at 38 ft.

22 461 37. 21.4 Placed in open interior area; mixed fills to 15.5 ft, lenses of clean fill and clinker/rubble layers to 21.4 ft; refusal at 37.5 ft by bedrock.

23 458 22. 22.0 Placed along 2nd Street; mixed fill with abundant brick, limestone gravel and concrete to refusal at 22.0 ft by concrete.

24 459 35. 31.3 Placed along 2nd Street; mixed fill to 22.6 ft, poor recovery of primarily demolition rubble to 31.3 ft; refusal at 35 ft by bedrock.

25 456 19. 19.0 Placed along 2nd Street; mixed fills with abundant rock; refusal at 19 ft by limestone in fill.

26 459 23. 23.0 Placed along 2nd Street; two fill episodes to 15.5 and 23 ft, respectively; refusal at 23 ft by concrete.

27 458 12. 12.0 Placed along Chestnut Street; mixed fills with discrete lenses of rock, cinder or brick throughout; refusal at 12 ft by limestone in fill.

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Table 1 (continued)

CORE NO.

SURFACE

ELEVATION

(ft amsl)

MAX. DEPTH

OF CORE (ft)

DEPTH OF

FILL (FT) REMARKS

28 460 14.0 14.0 Placed along Chestnut Street; mixed fills with discrete lenses of rock, cinder or brick throughout; refusal at 14 ft by limestone in fill.

SUB AREA 2

1 462 20.0

5.1 Placed in alleyway; stratified fills silty and compact, brick rubble 1.5 ‐1.8 ft; core terminated at 20 ft in silt.

2 462 32. 5.1 Placed in alleyway; mixed clayey and loamy fills, organic staining at 4.5 ft; core terminated at 32 ft in silt/fine sand.

3 456 24. 4.7 Placed in open area in southeast quadrant of block; stratified fills approx. 1.5 ft thick; core terminated at 24 ft in silt.

4 457 28. 8.0 Placed in open area in northeast quadrant of block; mixed fills with brick and coal; core terminated at 28 ft in silt/silty clay.

5 460 32. 0.8 Placed along historic alleyway; remnant of truncated upper soil profile (B horizon) below shallow fill; terminated at 32 ft in silt.

6A 462 10. 10.0 Abundant cinders and coal; refusal at 10 ft. in historic fill.

6B 464 10. 10.0 Off‐set 10 feet (3 meters) north of Core 6A. Mostly concrete and coal with poor recovery; refusal at 10 ft by concrete.

SUB AREA 3

7 441 15.0

15.0 Placed along alley; deep, stratified fills 1‐2 feet in thickness;

refusal at 15 ft by concrete.

9 444 32. 15.2 Placed along 2nd Street; mixed fills, possible concrete floor at

13.3 feet; core terminated at 32 ft in clay.

10 444 32. 18.3 Placed along 2nd Street; abundant brick, and concrete in mixed fills; core terminated at 32 ft in clay.

29 442 28. 14.0 Placed along 2nd Street; clean fill from 5 to 8 ft over brick, rock and concrete deposit with poor recovery; core refusal at 28 ft by bedrock.

30 447 39. 18.2 Placed along 2nd Street; two discrete fill episodes over demolition rubble to 18.2 ft; 18.2 to 22.5 ft possibly intact sediments but with strong organic odor; refusal at 39 ft by bedrock.

31 460 18. 18.0 Placed along alley; mixed fills to refusal at 18 ft by concrete, poor recovery below 13.8 ft.

32 442 28. 10.4 Placed in open interior area; mixed fills above clinker layer at base; refusal at 28.5 ft by bedrock.

33 445 33. 18.3 Placed near Old Cathedral; stratified lenses of clean fill and demolition rubble to 8 ft, poor recovery of demolition rubble to base of fill; refusal at 33.3 ft by bedrock.

34 446 42. 18.3 Placed near Old Cathedral; clean fills to 10 ft, poor recovery of demolition rubble to base of fill; refusal at 42 ft by bedrock.

³

FIGURE 4: Coring Locations SOURCE: ESRI Bing Maps Aerial 2012

Legend ! Coring Location

APE

0 100 20025 50 75 Feet

0 30 6010 20 Meters