TOP_02-2-501_SWIMMING_TESTS_OF_WHEELED_AND_TRACKED_VEHICLES_(18_Nov_80).pdf

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When DBtB Entered)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS

BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

1. REPORT NUMBER 12. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

TOP 2-2-501 A092393

4. TITLE (and SubtilIe) 5. TYPE OF REPORT Ii PERIOD COVERED

US ARMY TEST AND EVALUATION COMMAND Final

TEST OPERATIONS PROCEDURE 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

"SWIMMING TESTS OF WHEELED AND TRACKED VEHICLES"

7. AUTHOR(a) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(B)

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK

AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

US ARMY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND (STEAP-MT-M)

ABERDEEN PROVING GROu~D. MARYLAND 21005 DARCOM-R 310-6

11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

US ARMY TEST AND EVALUATION COMMAND (DRSTE-AD-M) 18 November 1980

13. NUMBER OF PAGES

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND 21005 15

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(il dillerent lrom Controll/n, Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

Unclassified

IS". DECLASSI FICATION/DOWNGRADING

SCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the .. batr"ct entered In Block 20, il dIfferent from Report)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse .Id. If nece884Uy and Identify by block number)

Amphibious vehicles Vehicles Mobility Water facilities Tactical vehicles Wheeled vehicles Tracked vehicles

2Q. ABST1'IACT ~ _ ......... _ ff __ Identity by block number)

Provides detailed tests to assess the and tracked vehicles.

DO FORM

1.1_73 1413 EDlnON OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE swimming abilities

UNCLASSIFIED

of tactical wheeled

SECURiTY CLAssrFICATION OF THrs P,AGE (~!"'f"': D;;;te ~n:ered)

DRSTE-RP-702-101

US ARMY TEST AND EVALUATION COMMAND

TEST OPERATIONS PROCEDURE

*Test Operations Procedure 2-2-501 AD No. A092393

November 18, 1980

SWIMMING TESTS OF WHEELED AND TRACKED VEHICLES

Page

Paragraph 1. SCOPE. . . . · · · · · · · · · 1

2. FACILITIES AND INSTRUMENTATION 2

3. PREPARATIONS FOR TEST. · 3

4. TEST CONTROLS. · · · · · · · 3

4.1 Safety . . . · · · · · · · · 3

4.2 Wind and Water Restrictions. · 5

5. PERFORMANCE TESTS. · · · · ·

5 .1 Preliminary Water Operations · . . . 5

5.2 Load Distribution and Effects of

Unequal Load · · · · · 6

5.3 Maximum Water Speed Test · · · 7

5.4 Towline Pull Test. · · · · · · . · 8

5.5 Vehicular Direction Control Test · 8

5.6 Cooling Test · · · · · 10

5.7 Fuel Consumption · · · · 10

5.8 Ventilation Evaluation 10

5.9 Bilge Pump Evaluation. 10

5.10 Winch Tests. · · · · · · · 11

5 .11 River Crossing Tests · 11

6. DATA REDUCTION AND PRESENTATION. · 12

Appendix A. WATER FACILITIES · · · · A-I

B. MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS B-1

C. REFERENCES · · · · C-l

1. SCOPE. This TOP describes tests to assess the performance of tac tical wheeled and tracked vehicles in water, including personnel car riers, cargo carriers, trucks, trailers, etc., that have either built in floating/swimming capability or kits to enable them to float or swim.

Land performance of such vehicles is evaluated in accordance with per tinent standard TOPs in Volume 2, while fording tests are described in TOP 2-2-612. 1 ** Tests of amphibious vehicles, boats, barges, and motorcraft are described in TOP 9-2-2512 .

*This TOP supersedes TOP/MTP 2-2-501, 7 September 1967.

**Footnote number~ match reference numbers in Appendix D.

Approved for public release; distribut;ion unlimited.

November 18, 1980

2. FACILITIES AND INsTRUt.mWrA.TION.

2.1 Facilities.

ITEH REQUIREJIlEWr

Water facilities: various condi- Refer to Appendix A tions and sites (depending on item and test phase); ranges from still water with current, rough water, etc.

Safety equipment, as applicable (life rings and jackets, emergency signallng device, etc.)

Marker baoys

Towlines

Sighting poles

Safety patrol boat(s)

Cameras (movie and still) and film

2.2 Instrumentation.

ITEM

Device to measure vehicle speed ( time/distance)

Engine tachometer

Timing device

Device to measure turning radius

Current speed indicator

Device to measure freeboard

Device to measure pitch and roll

*1alues may be assumed to represent + 2

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE

ERROR OF MEASUREMENT*

+0.2 km/hr

+0.5% full-scale reading

+0.1 second

+1 meter

+0.3 knot

+2.5 em

+0·5 degree standard deviations; thus, the stated tolerances should not be exceeded in more than 1 measurement of 20.

ITEM

Devices to ~~asu~e win~ speed and direction and air te3perature (meteorological data)-

TOP 2-2-501

MAXIMm1 ?8R~HSS::BLE ERROR OF i':EASURF:NEN", +-1 .r:: Ih~ (w~ [l!: >;~~erl i

~1° lwind direct~on) ~1° C (~ir t2mnerature)

l. PREPARA'::ION ;COR TESTS. Ins~ect the test i te!':l as r:escr,-bed in ap plicable sect~ons of TOP 2-2-505, and determine its Dhy8ic~] charac teristics as described in TOP/MTP 2-2-5004 . Record the-following:

a. Nomenclature

b. Manufacturer

c. Serial number

d. Model number

e. Hull material

f. Method of water maneuvering (as applicable):

(1) Steering (rudder, tracks)

(2) Propulsion:

Propeller, when applicable:

Nnmber of propellers Number of blades Diameter and pitch

Tracks (standard or with modification kits that include water-propulsion cups, etc.)

Wheels

Water jet

4. TEST CONTROLS.

4.1 Safety. Observe the following:

a. Review all instructional material packages) issued with the test vehicle, and tests on vehicles of the same type.

(including s=,,, '-'":Tl 2.o.'PPO~t review reports c~ previou3

b. Review the safety statement provided by the de\'e~:)ppr to determine whether any hazards have been identified. If haz8rds do ex ist, wri te the test plan to include subtests su:' t'3.ble :0;" eT3.1:1''lti~g them.

c. TVIake sure applicable Standing Dp81"g':;ing ,'r')C:edu;"e;1 ~lS '3.n,..l, Test Operations Procedures (TOPs' are a7'3ilgble q~ the tes~ ~:+e.

November 18, 1980 TOP 2-2-501

d. Make sure all personnel involved in testing are thoroughly familiar with the provisions of pertinent SOPs ann are fully capable of implementing them before any testing in water is begun.

e. Use approved life jackets and life-2aving equipment. Make sare the driver/operator understands the behavior of vessels in water, as well as the effects of wind and current. Make sure the engine is in good condition; if possible, do not permi tit to stall.

Safety procedures shall include, but shall not be limited to, the fol lowing conditions:

(1) Purpose of safety procedure (protection of life, proper ty, etc.)

(2) Procedure before entering water

(3) Procedure during entry into water

(4) Procedure while afloat

(5) Procedure during exit from water

(6) Procedure after exit from water

(7) Procedure in emergencies while afloat (stalled engine, person overboard, bilge pump failure, swamping of vehicle, unpredic ted/unforeseen circumstances)

(8) Placement of load in and covering of cargo compartment

(9) Procedure for determining unsafe loading conditions

(10) Personnel authorized aboard during test

(11) Number of personnel in cab (generally limited to design capacity of cab)

(12) Provision for and use of salvage and rescue equipment

(13) Provision for and use of water safety equipment (life jackets, rings, and preservers, emergency bilge pumps, marker buoys, signal equipment, emergency signals, etc.)

(14) Assignment of general and specific responsibilities, and delegation of appropriate authority to each individual directly invol ved with or in support of water tests.

4.2 Water and Wind Restrictions. For certain phases of the marine en gineering tests, such as speed, towline pull, and turning radii, use bodies of water that have negligible current velocities, and if avail able, sufficient depth and width to prevent adverse hydrodynamic ef fects. (Calculation of these effects on vehicular performance is com plex; investigations of various s~urces reveal, however o that water depth 6 times the vehicle draft ,or in another case ,about 12 meters for 2-1/2-ton amphibious trucks, is preferred for accurate speed tests. Unavailability of suitable depths may compel compromise.)

Neither speed trials nor turning radii can be obtained accurately in currents. Furthermore, wind velocities that exceed 15 km/hr are a serious handicap to obtaining accurate data. Hence, still water of suitable depth is imperative for comparative speed tests, and wind must be minimal during trial runs.

5. PERFORMANCE TESTS. Conduct preliminary operations on land as described in the applicable sections of TOP 2-2-505. Meet the follow ing conditions and restrictions before performing water tests:

a. Make sure a safety patrol boat with qualified rescue personnel and equipment are available.

b. Establish communications to assure an immediate response of emergency assistance.

c. Attach a heavy duty cable bridle to each end of the test vehicle, and tie a loop to the top side of the vehicle for quick release (the bridle is then available for recovery operations).

d. Train and prepare vehicle operators to use underwater breath ing apparatus in case of an emergency.

e. If testing in water deep enough to completely inundate the vehicle, attach marker buoy(s) to the vehicle to locate it and any test crew/driver that are trapped.

5.1 Preliminary Water Operations.

5.1.1 Method. Subject the test vehicle to water tests as follows:

a. Operate in still water to insure proper functioning of con trols and components, particularly with respect to adequate clearance for the driving members, operation of bilge pumps, and tightness of hull.

b. Perform tests when there is little or no wave activity, cur rent flow, or wind.

hours.

period.

radius.

c. Operate empty test vehicle in the water for at least 2 Stop and start the engine(s) at least three times during this Determine the maximum safe forward speed and minimum turning

d. Take and retain motion pictures of all operations.

5.1.2 Data Required. Record the following:

a. Vehicle weight

b. Water depth

c. Amount of freeboard (at four corners)

d. Leakage rate, if any

e. Environmental conditions:

(1) Wind speed and direction

(2) Air temperature

(3) Current flow and direction

(4) Estimated wave height, if any

f. Trim and list

g. Performance of controls

h. Operator comments and interview (on applicable forms)

i. Vehicular malfunctions, if any

j. Maximum safe launching and landing angles of test vehicle

k. Maximum safe forward speed

1. Minimum turning radius

5.2 Load Distribution and Effects of Unequal Load.

5.2.1 Method. Load the test vehicle with its rated payload, making sure that the payload is adequately distributed and secured. The payload shall also be appropriate in weight and type for the test item and operating conditions. Repeat the steps listed in 5.1 with the test vehicle loaded. Repeat the sequence again with a rated payload of per sonnel or cargo, as applicable, incrementally shifted to both sides and/or forward and rearward of the test vehicle to determine limits of load distribution.

5.2.2 Data Required.

condition:

a. Water depth

Record the following for each applicable test

b. Environmental conditions:

(1) Wind velocity and direction

(2) Current flow and direction

(3) Estimated wave height, if any

c. Performance of controls

d. Vehicular malfunctions, if any

e. Leakage, if any

f. Amount of freeboard

g. Trim and list

h. ~aximum safe launching/landing angles of test vehicle

i. Maximum safe forward speed

j. Minimum turning radius

k. Type and weight of load

1. Swimming directional control

m. Loss of buoyancy

n. Spillage of fuel, etc.

o. Crew egress problems, if any

5.3 Maximum Water Speed Test.

5.3.1 Method. Perform the speed test as follows:

a. Prepare the test course in a facility similar to that described in Appendix A.

b. Instrument the test vehiele with a tachometer, as ap plicable.

c. Conduct the speed test over a course for a least 150 meters.

The course shall be as close to shore as the depth limitations permit.

Use state-of-the-art instrumentation to directly measure vehicle speed, or set up dual sighting poles at each end of the measured course, using surveying techniques. Place buoys in the water outside the sighting lines to mark a courSe at right angles to the sighting poles. Do not use buoys for timing distances, but only for assisting the operator in following the shortest course during timed runs.

d. Operate the test vehicle without a payload over the test course for at least three runs in each direction at full throttle for each transmission gear.

e. Repeat steps c and d with rated payload. Record the type and weight of the load.

f. Take and retain motion pictures of all operations.

5.3.2 Data Required. Record the following:

a. Water depth

b. Environmental conditions:

I

(1) Wind speed and direction

(2) Current flow and direction (~) Estimated wave height, if any

c. Distance of course

d. For each run, direction, and gear position:

(1) Number of run (1,2, etc.)

(2) Direction

(3) Gear (1st, 2nd, etc.)

(4) Speed of engine

(5) Time required to traverse course

(6) Water speed attained

(7) Noted hazards

(8) Amount of freeboard

e. Type and weight of load

5.4 Towline Pull Test.

TOP 2-2-501

5.4.1 Method. Determine the towline pull ~ the test vehicle as described in applicable sections of TOP 2-2-604 ,with the empty test vehicle pulling against a fixed object on shore (or anchored) to develop pull versus engine speed curve(s) in pre-determined operating gear range(s).

Repeat the above sequence with rated payload. Record type and weight of load.

5.4.2 Data Required. Collect and record towline pull data as

described in applicable sections of TOP 2-2-604.

5.5 Vehicular Direction Control Tests. Use a facility similar to that described in Appendix A for these tests.

5.5.1 Control While Turning. To test control while turning, select or establish reference points so that the turning radius can be obtained with sufficient accuracy by measuring distances and angles between the reference points and the vehicle while it turns; or use other state-of -the-art instrumentation for measuring vehicle turning radii.

5.5.1.1 Method.

a. If tachometer.

applicable, instrument the test vehicle with a

November 18, 1980 TOP 2~2-501

b. Operate empty test vehicle over the course at maximum safe speed and maximum steer input, right and left, in a full circle.

Repeat this procedure a sufficient number of turns in each direction to assure representative results.

c. Repeat step b with rated payload.

5.5.1.2 Data Required. Record the following:

a. Water depth

b. Environmental conditions:

(1) Wind speed and direction

(2) Current flow and direction

(3) Estimated wave height, if any

c. Vehicle and engine speed

d. Any hazards noted

e. Amount of freeboard

f. Type and weight of load

g. Distances and angles between the reference points and turning vehicle on graph paper

h. All difficulties encountered

5.5.2 Control in a Straight Corridor. One measure of controllability is the "corridor" within which an amphibian can be held on a straight course. Minimum corridor should therefore be measured over a distance sufficient to produce stabilized speed and steering effects.

5.5.2.1 Method. Establish a straight operating corridor of minimum distance sufficient to produce stabilized speed and steering effects for the test vehicle.

a. If tachometer.

applicable, instrument the test vehicle with a

b. Operate empty test vehicle through the corridor directed into the current at full engine speed.

c. Repeat step b with rated payload.

d. Repeat steps band c, operating with the current.

5.5.2.2 Data Required. Record the following:

a. Items required under paragraph 5.5.1.2 of this TOP.

b. Minimum corridor width

5.6 Cooling Tests. NOTE: This subtest is not essential to every test program, but may be conducted at the discretion of the evaluator.

5.6.1 Method. Conduct these tests at maximum vehicle water speed and as described in applicable sections of TOP/MTP 2-2-607 8 .

5.6.2 Data Required. Record the following:

a. Adequacy of cooling system

b. Insulation adequacy for hot spots

c. Stabilized temperatures of:

(1) Engine coolant and oil temperature

(2) Transmission oil

(3) Air intake

(4) Exhaust

(5) Crew compartments

d. Vehicle and engine speed

5.7 Fuel Consumption. NOTE: This subtest is not essential to every test program, but may be conducted at the discretion of the evaluator.

5.7.1 Method.

a. On water, obtain fuel-consumption data for e~ty test vehicle as described in applicable sections of TOP 2-2-603 ,in the gear combination that yields maximum water speed, at discrete points in the operating speed range of the engine.

b. Repeat with rated payload.

5.7.2 Data Required. Record data as described in TOP 2-2-603.

5.8 Ventilation Evaluation.

5.8.1 Method. On water, evaluate the ventilation of each crew com partment and cargo space by measuring toxic fu~es concentration, as described in applicable sections of TOP 2-2-614 1 , under several wind conditions and vehicle speeds.

5.8.2 Data Required. Record data as required in TOP 2-2-614.

5.9 Bilge Pump Evaluation.

5.9.1 Method. Evaluate bilge pumps during testing by inspecting them periodically to ensure proper and adequate operation. Place excess water in the bilges and measure the quantity pumped out for a known period of time from the pump outlet(s).

5.9.2 Data Required. Determine and record the following:

a. Ability of bilge pumps to prime themselves and operate ef fecti vely under:

(1) Shifting of full loads to extreme positions

(2) Other conditions as deemed appropriate

b. Overall performance of bilge pumps (flow rat~)

c. Accessibility of bilge pump controls

d. Freedom of bilge pump linkage from interference

e. Adequacy of screening of bilge pump intakes

5.10 Winch Tests.

5.10 .1 winch tests as described in applicable sec , and determine ability of winch to assist vehicle ashore when immobilized.

Method. Condu11 of TOP 2-2-712 tions

5.10.2 Data Required. Collect and record data as described in ap plicable sections of TOP 2-2-712.

5.11 River Crossing Tests. NOTE: An appropriate site should include various soil conditions and embankment grades consistent with the test vehicle design.

5 .11 . 1 Method.

a. Establish a river-crossing site with maximum current velocities as described by test vehicle specifications.

b. When appropriate to the design, attempt stream crossing, aided by runners on a fixed cable; this method may facilitate crossing that would otherwise be impossible.

c. When vehicle specifications so require, operate empty test vehicle across the river at least five times, and determine its ability to maneuver under full control in a current of stated velocity.

d. When appropriate to the design of the test vehicle, connect empty test vehicle to the fixed cable, and operate it across the river at least five times. Determine stability limitations of the test vehicle. NOTE: Because of their design, some vehicles have a tendency to capsize by action of the current when the upper part of the vehicle is restrained by a crossing cable.

e. Repeat steps c and d with rated payload. Record the type and weight of the load.

5.11.2 Data Required. Record the following data for each performance, as described in 5.11.1 above:

a. Description of crossing site:

(1) Type of approach(es)

(2) Angles of approach(es)

(3) Water depth

(4) Current speed

b. Ability of test vehicle to maneuver under full control

c. Vehicular stability limitations

d. Type and weight of load

e. All difficulties encountered

6. DATA REDUCTION AND PRESENTATION.

6.1 Summarize and evaluate data obtained for each testing performance.

6.2 Submit appropriate graphs summarizing test data.

6.3 Identify all photography (movie and still).

Recommended changes of this publication should be for warded to Commander, US Army Test and Evaluation Com mand, ATTN: DRSTE-AD-M, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.

21005. Technical information may be obtained from the preparing activity: Commander, US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, ATTN: STEAP-MT-M, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.

21005. Additional copies are available from the Defense Technical Information Center, Cameron Station, Alexandria, Va. 22314. This document is identified by the accession number (AD No.) printed on the first page.

APPENDIX A

WATER FACILITIES

TOP 2-2-501

At Aberdeen Proving Ground, the Spesutie Narrows, witt a channel 3 to 4 me+prs ~~ep. is used for shallow water tests.

Th' moderately sloped amphibian ramp (see Figure A-1) extends into the "ater sufficiently to permit safe launching of test vehicles that have unknown flotation characteristics. For entrance and exit tests, slopes of the interface area between the water and land are constructed by grading.

1'4-------2:'~O --------1

~> ." SECT\ON "~RU

CONCRETEA~

A-1

WATER EOWE

\-\\6M noe

1IoH----\..OW "DE

APPENDIX B

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

TOP 2-2-501

During testing, determine the maintainability of each test item, col lect and record data as descri~2d in applicable sections of TECOM Sup plement 1 to DARCOM 700-15. Analyze, evaluate, and record special maintenance requirements arising from salt water and atmospheric condi tions.

Measure water contamination of fuel and lubricants.

Evaluation of Corrosion.

Although a vehicle may be designed for inland or protected waters, it must be capable of withstanding the corrosive effects of salt water and atmosphere, because many so-called inland waters are actually es tuaries, straits, or fiords. Electrolytic effects are especially im portant because of the rapid deterioration of metallic parts when in proximity to dissimilar metals. The effect is accelerated by tempera ture, and is greatest when the two metals are widely separated on the electromotive scales, e.g., magnesium and iron. Corrosion is further discussed in TOP 2-2-612.

If testing is conducted in salt or brackish water, periodically inspect the test vehicle visually for effects of corrosion. After testing is completed, clean the test item(s) thoroughly, including flushing with fresh water, and thoroughly examine it for effects of corrosion. NOTE:

Completely tear down any components of the vehicle or related item that show evidence of corrosion, and inspect to determine the extent of damage from corrosive action. Take and retain still photographs of ad verse findings, including extent of damage and all evidence.

B-1

November 18, i980 TOP 2-2-501

APPENDIX C

REFERENCES

i. 'rest Operations Procedure 2-2-612, 'Fording, '26 Jill:; 'i j'T";.

2. Test Operations Procedure 9-2-251, Water-.... ay_~ql2.:~pm~.l'l-_~_,-=-J:l.2.~_L Barge, Motor, 18 August 1972.

3. Test ,Jperations Pro:;edure 2-2-505, Inspecti.on and Pre.Liminary Operation of Vehicles, 14 July 1977.

4" Materiel Test Procedure 2-2-500, Vehicle Characteristics, 4 August 1965.

5. Water Fighting 142.

Performance of Amphibious Craft, British Ministry of Supply, Vehicles Research and Development Establishment Report No.

6. Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, Marks, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1978, 8th edition.

'7 , . Test Operations Procedure 2-2-604, Drawbar Pull, 1 9 November 197 i

8. Materiel Test Procedure 2-2-607, Engine and Pow_ar Jrai~_Q~i.pg Systems (Vehicle), 10 August 1966.

9. Test Operations Procedure 2-2-603, Vehicle Fuel Consumption, November 1977.

10. Test Operations Procedure 2-2-614, Toxic Hazards Tes.~s _. for VehiGJ:es and Other Equipment, 17 January 1977.

11. Test Operations Procedure 2-2-712 , Automotive Winches, 27 ,June 1975.

12. TECOM Supplement 1 to DARCOM Reg 700-15, Integrated Logistics Sup port (ILS), 20 June 1980.

C-1