Attachment_7._BAFB_FEP_Part2.pdf

Typical Avenue Intersection

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Typical One-Way Traffic Circle

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Typical Street Intersection – Non-Residential

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Typical Street Intersection – Residential

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Typical One-Way Traffic Diamond

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Typical Lane Intersection

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Typical Alley Intersection

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PARKING STANDARDS

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Typical Car Park

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Typical Parking Bay

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On-Street Parking

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SUPPORT AREA STANDARDS

and PEDESTRIAN STANDARDS

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Support Area & Pedestrian Standards Service Areas Facilities that require pickup and deliveries will have a service area that allows for easy access to a loading dock exclusively for service vehicles. These areas will be designed to provide direct, easy access for vehicles and shall be screened from public view to reduce negative visual impacts. Service areas shall meet all antiterrorism AT/FP requirements.

Drop-Off Areas Facilities that include a high percentage of persons arriving by vehicle (such as headquarters, child development centers, schools, dining facilities, and clubs) will include a vehicle drop-off area for users. AT/FP requirements state that the access drive must be clearly defined and marked to prevent parking of vehicles in those areas. Drop-off lanes will not be located under any inhabited portion of a building (UCF 4-010-01, paragraph B-1.4). It is recommended that physical barriers be used to define the area. These barriers may include curbing, planters, or other barriers together with signage to identify and restrict access. The driveway will be configured so that vehicle access can be restricted during times of high alert. Access to the driveway shall be located outside the standoff area with the initial approach parallel to the building, or a barrier must be erected to prevent a direct vehicular movement toward the building.

Walkways Walkways provide connections for pedestrians between buildings and ancillary facilities such as parking lots and other areas. Well designed and located pedestrian walkways also provide a desirable alternative to total dependence on motor driven vehicles. The use of walkways within the installation promotes development sustainability by conserving energy, reducing air pollution, and decreasing the land requirement for parking. In addition, these walkways provide a means to increase physical fitness.

Objectives: Walkways provide an alternate means of transportation, and, if properly encouraged, save energy and reduce the demand for parking facilities. In order to provide an efficient and safe walkway network, the following objectives must be met:

1. Design walkways at a pedestrian scale to be comfortable and pleasant.

2. Separate walkways from vehicular traffic to provide safe and secure pedestrian facilities.

3. Provide appropriate amenities for pedestrian users. Utilize site furnishings to reinforce the walkway system hierarchy. Provide directional and informational signage where appropriate. Provide a physical separation between pedestrian and vehicular routes. Locate site furnishings, such as benches, tables, waste receptacles, drinking fountains, and signage in response to travel distance and traffic volume. Site furnishings will be placed at regular intervals along walkways, parallel to the walk and facing the flow of pedestrian traffic.

4. Provide accessibility to all pedestrian users, including physically impaired or challenged persons. All street and driveway crossings shall be ramped, marked, and accessible to persons with disabilities in accordance with requirements of the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS). Reference the following UFAS paragraphs for the respective standards: Curb Ramps, paragraph 4.7; Ramps, paragraph 4.8; Stairs, paragraph 4.9. Please refer to Chapter VI,, Construction Standards, for additional details.

5. Link walkways to major attractions and generators of pedestrian traffic.

6. Ensure design consistency and adequate drainage throughout the walkway.

7. Place appropriate landscaping around walkways. Use a combination of canopy and ornamental trees along sidewalks to provide shade, define the path, provide visual interest, and discourage the creation of “shortcuts.” Utilize evergreen buffer plantings to screen harsh winds and undesirable views.

Discourage the use of flowering/fruit bearing trees and shrubs along walkways because of the threat of insects or other problems.

8. Provide walkways in support areas:

• Airmen Running Trails: Running trails will be provided for use both in and out of formation. The trail width will be 3-3.5 meters (approximately 11.5 -12 feet) to provide the space necessary for three Airmen abreast with a cadence caller. Primary, secondary, and tertiary walkways can be designed to provide this function. Running trails shall be finely-crushed granite paths.

• Airmen Movement Paths: In locations where airmen need to move four abreast; for example, airmen marching in formation between classrooms or barracks/dinning hall facilities, a hard surface walkway of adequate width will be provided with a width of 2.75-3.25 meters (9-11 feet).

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Pedestrian Standards Walkway Network Hierarchy: Walkways are classified to conform to the hierarchy roadway system - primary walkways, secondary walkways, and tertiary walkways. Non-roadway oriented sidewalks will be sized and placed where people will use them rather than creating worn “shortcut” paths.

Buckley Air Force Base Facilities Excellence Plan

Primary Walkway Objectives: These walkways are used for high-volume pedestrian routes to facilities and shall be designed along axis lines relating to adjacent building entries, plazas, or streets.

• Place walkways on both sides of roadways: Primary walkways will be placed along both sides of primary roadways wherever possible within the cantonment areas.

• Use solid materials to construct: Primary walkways shall be paved with concrete, brick, or other pavers.

Walkways with a high volume of pedestrian traffic shall be heated and/or covered to remain accessible during winter snowfalls. Please refer to Chapter VI,, Construction Standards, for additional details.

• Size walkways appropriately: Primary walkways shall be sized to accommodate anticipated pedestrian use.

They shall have a minimum width of 1.8 meters (6 feet), and a maximum width of 3-3.5 meters (10-12 feet) in high-use areas. All street and driveway crossings shall be ramped, marked, and accessible to persons with disabilities in accordance with requirements of the ADAAG and the UFAS, with the most stringent standards applied in the event of conflict.

Secondary Walkway Objectives: These walkways are used for moderate-volume pedestrian routes and shall provide access to building entrances, plaza areas, or streets.

• Place walkways on at least one side of roadways: Secondary walkways shall be provided along one or both sides of secondary and tertiary streets. They are designed to carry moderate volumes of pedestrians between activity centers and housing areas.

• Use solid materials to construct: Secondary walkways shall be paved with concrete, brick, or other pavers.

• Size walkways appropriately: These walkways shall be sized to accommodate anticipated pedestrian use, but not less than 1.2 meters (4 feet), and a maximum of 3-3.5 meters (10 - 12 feet) in high use areas. All street and driveway crossings shall be ramped, marked, and accessible to persons with disabilities in accordance with requirements of the ADAAG and the UFAS, with the most stringent standards applied in the event of conflict.

Tertiary Walkways: Tertiary walkways provide pedestrian walkways in recreational and scenic areas for casual walking and hiking.

• Use site appropriate materials to construct: Trails should be paved or constructed with finely crushed granite.

• Size walkways appropriately: The layout of the walkway shall have a meandering and curvilinear alignment.

Paved walkways shall have a minimum width of 1.2 meters (4 feet). Crushed granite trails shall have a minimum width of 1 meter (3 feet). Where paths are designated for use by bicyclists and pedestrians, these widths will be increased an additional three feet for each bike lane.

Primary Walkaway

Secondary Walkaway

Tertiary Walkaway

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INTRODUCTION

PLANT MATERIAL SELECTION

SITE FURNISHINGS

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Introduction The Landscape Design Standards include the selection, placement, and maintenance of plant material on the installation. The visual image conveyed by a military installation is defined not just by architectural character and site organization, but also by an attractive, organized landscape design. The presence of plant material on the installation greatly enhances the visual character and environmental quality of the installation. Plantings add an element of human scale to open spaces and can be used functionally to screen undesirable views, buffer winds, reinforce the hierarchy of the circulation system, or provide a visual transition between dissimilar land uses.

Objectives The overall objective of the use of plant material within the installation is to improve the physical and psychological well being of the people who live and work on the installation. This is achieved through the following objectives:

1. Preserve and enhance mature trees, forest lands, and detailed planting features such as shrubs and groundcovers.

2. Improve the overall visual quality of the installation through the use of native plant material to:

• Blend the built and natural environment

• Provide scale and comfort to pedestrian environment

• Reinforce the hierarchy of the circulation system

• Screen unsightly views or elements

• Buffer incompatible land uses

• Minimize maintenance through the use of native plant materials that require less maintenance to survive

Design Guidelines Proposed plantings must be reviewed to ensure that site conditions (soil, topography, adjacent uses, and architecture) and climatic criteria (sun, shade, and moisture requirements) are considered in the desired plant design and selection (i.e. form, texture, color, size). The uses and users of the site must also be considered. Landscape planting plans will be approved by qualified personnel to provide quality assurance and promote design consistency.

Specific Applications Street Trees: Street tree plantings will be used to reinforce vehicular hierarchy, orient and direct traffic, upgrade views, and to visually de-emphasize on-street parking. Also, in the design of a street tree planting, separate plant species may be used to identify distinctive details or areas of the installation (e.g. a particular land use relationship, historical district, community area, or other similar entity).

1. Use formal street trees in single rows to provide continuous shade in the summer to streets, buildings, and walkways and to visually reinforce primary and secondary roads.

2. Use informal groupings of street trees along tertiary routes. Utilize medium size deciduous trees to screen on-street parking along roadways. Set trees 1 to

2 meters (3 to 6 feet) from the back of curbs. Spacing will be uniform, except where curb cuts interrupt regular spacing.

3. As a general rule, street trees will be deciduous species, resistant to salt and root pressure, and will have a 10 feet to 12 feet high clearance between the street pavement and branch height to allow adequate clearance for pedestrian and vehicle traffic to pass unimpeded by lower branches.

4. The street tree layout will be coordinated with the layout of proposed street lighting.

5. Appropriate plant heights will be used within sight triangles to ensure safe views from intersections.

6. Weeping trees will not be used in locations where they may hang over the roadway or block views.

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Landscape Design Standards Specific Applications continued

Open Space Planting

1. Enhance open space areas with planting.

1. Use a mix of evergreen, deciduous, and flowering trees.

2. Plant the same kind of trees in massive groupings to impact vast open areas.

Image Planting: The image of the installation is formed by the visual impressions that exist within the installation.

1. The primary locations of highly visible images are the main gate, along primary circulation systems, and at areas of high concentrations of people.

2. Features such as signs, statues, static displays, and other primary visual images can be improved by the use of trees, shrubs, and ground cover.

Parking Lot Planting: Parking lots are often the least attractive elements on a military installation. The use of landscape plant material and earth berm can greatly improve the appearance of these areas as well as help define circulation and reduce heat gain during summer months.

1. Use shade tree plantings at parking lots to reduce glare and moderate ambient air temperatures on the lot. Optimum spacing of parking lot shade trees is 4.5 to 9 meters (15 to 30 feet) on center.

2. Choose trees and shrubs that require minimum maintenance and will not litter the parking area with leaves, fruit, or nuts.

3. Consider sight distances near entrances and exits when selecting and placing plant material..

4. Use a mix of evergreen and deciduous plant material to screen parking areas from adjacent uses.

5. Environmental Control Planting. When properly placed, plants can provide environmental benefits, as well as address visual concerns.

6. Use deciduous trees and shrubs at courtyards, buildings and along streets to provide shade, moderate temperatures and reduce glare during the summer months while allowing solar exposure in the winter.

7. Locate deciduous plantings on the southeast and southwest corner of buildings or courtyards to mitigate solar radiation and glare due to heat build-up and lower sun angles in the mid-morning and late afternoon hours.

8. Parking lot drainage could direct flows toward a rain garden, bioswale, or other landscape area that will filter and/or reduce stormwater flows.

Entrances to the Installation: Landscaping at the entrances and along the streetscapes of the installation will develop a strong visual image and provide visual interest during all four seasons. The entrance to the installation creates the first visual impression for the visitor.

• The landscape materials and planting areas will be proportional in scale to the hierarchy of the street on which they are located.

• Landscaping must be integrated with AT/FP. Low shrubs, groundcover, annual/perennial plants and canopy trees provide seasonal interest as well as maintain views required to ensure force protection measures. Large evergreen trees are discouraged in these locations because they may obstruct sightlines and impact the need for force protection. Adequate lines of sight must be maintained for guard personnel to observe vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

Xeriscaping and Low Impact Development (LID): Xeriscape is the conservation of water and energy through creative and adaptive landscape design.

Xeriscape landscapes provide attractive solutions that conserve water, limit necessary maintenance, and save money. The use of on-site natural features to control stormwater runoff quantity and quality in lieu of traditional ‘end-of-the-pipe’ solutions is a land planning and engineering design approach termed Low Impact Development (LID). These features include not only open space and natural features, but also manmade features such as building roofs, streets, and parking surfaces. LID applies equally to new construction and redevelopment, and is best accomplished at the installation level. Additional information on LID is available in UFC 3-210-10.

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PLANT MATERIAL SELECTION

The following section lists various trees, shrubs, and ground cover plants to be used at Buckley Air Force Base. The charts illustrate appropriate usage and spacing for each species. For additional recommendations, reference the Landscape Standards in the individual Area Development Plan reports or the plant list provided by Buckley Air Force Base’s Environmental Flight.

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Plant Material Selection - Trees

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Shade Part Sun

Full Sun

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Plant Material Selection - Shrubs

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Plant Material Selection – Forbs/Grasses

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SITE FURNISHINGS

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Site Furnishings Per Air Force Space Command policy, site furnishings should be provided in outdoor areas for the comfort and convenience of personnel. Site furnishings include benches, litter and recycling receptacles, picnic tables, and bike racks where appropriate.

Acceptable materials include factory-finished metals, fiberglass, precast concrete, or quality wood. Materials with recycled content are highly encouraged.

Outdoor Seating Provide comfortable benches or seat walls near building entrances, along pedestrian paths, and in courtyards. Tables should be limited to informal gathering places such as picnic or dining areas.

Receptacles Place recycling and trash receptacles and planters on paved sites where they are clear of circulation and readily accessible. All receptacles require lids. Ash receptacles must match other outdoor furniture. Red ash cans should not be used.

Planters Planters should be of standard size and shape to complement the facility and the surroundings. They may be made of stone, concrete, pottery or fiberglass.

Source: Air Force Space Command Facilities Excellence Guide, 2012

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Site Furnishings Per Air Force Space Command policy, site furnishings should be provided in outdoor areas for the comfort and convenience of personnel. Site furnishings include benches, litter and recycling receptacles, picnic tables, and bike racks where appropriate.

Acceptable materials include factory-finished metals, fiberglass, precast concrete, or quality wood. Materials with recycled content are highly encouraged.

Bollards Use bollards sparingly and only when necessary to enhance pedestrian protection and provide vehicle control. Bollards shall be set into paving or placed in sleeves to allow access. Yellow pipe bollards should not be used.

Bicycle Racks Bicycle racks should be planned as part of an integrated bicycle path network throughout the installation. Bicycle racks should be located near entrances in secure, visible areas when required. Racks must be on paved surfaces. Use simple, attractive and permanent racks. Coordinate the location of racks with access to changing rooms. Remove abandoned bicycles.

Kiosks Develop kiosks to accommodate community announcements at visible pedestrian-oriented locations. All kiosk structures shall be designed to be harmonious with the immediate surroundings while maintaining consistency with the installation standards. The Town Square area is an excellent location for an informational kiosk at BAFB.

Source: Air Force Space Command Facilities Excellence Guide, 2012

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Buckley Air Force Base Facilities Excellence Plan

People spend the majority of their time inside, working, eating, sleeping, and relaxing. The productivity, comfort, and safety of the personnel living, working, or relaxing in the facilities they inhabit is directly related to the quality of interior design provided within the facility. Interior design is required on building construction and renovation projects regardless of the funding source. Inhabited spaces that require the selection of furnishings or equipment will be designed by professional interior designers. All interior finishes, furnishings, and window treatments must meet UFC 3-120-10, Interior Design.

Interior Design Component Topics of Interest For Further Reference

Design requirements

Responsibilities of participants

Methods of interior design

Funding interior design

Who will be using the space

How will the space be used

Interaction with people within the building

Electrical Power supply configuration United Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-520-01, Interior Electrical Systems

Telephone networks

Data network

Outside plant cable distribution system

Premises distribution system

Color and light Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 9, Interior Color Selection

Optical effects

Color theory

Color schemes

Applying color in facilities

Sound dynamics

Sound control

Lumens per watt

Color temperature

Color rendering index

Life and lumen maintenance

Availability

Switching

Dimming capability

Efficiency Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 1, Overview

Maintenance Air Force Space Command Facilities Excellence Program and Standards Handbook 32- 1004, Building Interior Finishes, 1.2.2.2.3.2.

Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 10, Light and Lighting

United Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-520-01, Interior Electrical Systems

Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 4, Interior Design Principles

Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 3, Interior Design Cost Estimating Guide

Air Force Space Command Facilities Excellence Program and Standards Handbook 32- 1004, Interior Color Palettes, 1.2.2.3.2.6

Air Force Space Command Facilities Excellence Program and Standards Handbook 32- 1004, Color Concept, 7.3.13.

Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 2, Furniture Systems

Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 2, Furniture SystemsAcoustics

Interior Lighting (overhead, task, architectural)

Finishes

Interior Design Engineering

Space Planning Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 2, Furniture Systems

Communications

Color

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Interior Design Component Topics of Interest For Further Reference

Ergonomics

Flexibility

Architectural Coherency Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 2, Furniture Systems

Productivity Air Force Space Command Facilities Excellence Program and Standards Handbook 32- 1004, Furnishings, 1.2.2.3.2.2.

Privacy

Light/sun control

Reduced energy consumption

Reduced sound transmission

Light/water/temperature needs

Continuing care requirements

Accessibility

Housekeeping responsibilities

Policy to prevent visual clutter

Carpet cleaning, repair, and replacement policies

Height and restrictions for partitions and furniture

Maintenance of directories and signage

Procurement information on compatible furniture

Smoking and eating locations

Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 5, Ergonomics in the Work Environment

Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 2, Furniture Systems

Air Force Instructions Operations Management (AFI 32-1031)

Air Force Interior Design Standards, Chapter 7 Carpet Selection Handbook

Air Force Space Command Facilities Excellence Program and Standards Handbook 32- 1004, Window Treatments, 1.2.2.3.2.8.

Air Force Space Command Facilities Excellence Program and Standards Handbook 32- 1004, Furnishings, Interior Plants and Artwork, 1.2.2.3.2.4.

Interior Operations Policies

Furnishings

Window Treatments

Plants

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Construction Standards Will be updated by the installation.

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Capacity Planning (2-6)

Area Development Planning (2-7)

Network Planning (2-8)

Introduction The form-based code outlined in the body of the Facilities Excellence Plan establishes a framework for the infrastructure, facilities, and landscape of Buckley Air Force Base. These standards determine how the installation will look and function at an elemental level, defining the structure of a transportation network and regulating the associated facilities and plantings. The planning principles on the following pages will guide design at Buckley Air Force Base from an experiential perspective, creating standards for the pedestrian, the environment, and community.

The following principles are included:

The planning principles on the following pages were created in support of the DoD Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC)10 planning strategies. At the bottom of each principle are a series of icons, shown below, representing these tenets. The tenets supported by the principle are darkened to illustrate the interconnectivity of these design ideas. Additionally, the names of related principles are bolded within the text. Designers can easily reference the related principles to ensure that the design language supports and fulfills the planning vision for Buckley Air Force Base.

Sustainable Planning (2-2)

Natural, Historic, and Cultural Resource Management (2-3)

Healthy Community Planning (2-4)

Defensible Planning (2-5)

Form-Based Planning (2-9)

Facility Standardization (2-10)

Plan-Based Programming (2-11)

Transit-Oriented Community 10-Minute Walk Compact Development Transit-Oriented Development Infill Development Multi-Story Buildings Town Center Axial Relationships Visible Entries

Mixed-Use Districts Appropriate Standoff Safety & Environmental Compliance Adaptable Buildings Operable Windows Narrow Buildings Mixed-Use Buildings Places to Gather Sustainable Building Materials Regional Architectural Compatibility

Appropriate Landscaping Low-Impact Development Campus Quads Courtyards Practical Landscaping/Xeriscaping Maximize Views Nature Trails Outdoor Seating Preserve Open Space Car Parks

Pedestrian Friendly Streets Street Trees Underground Utilities Wayfinding Complete Streets Planting Strips Connected Sidewalks Bicycle Lanes On-Street Parking Parking Behind

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Transit-Oriented Community

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10-Minute Walk Consolidate facilities within 1,500ft of housing, transit stops, and parking to encourage walking.

INTENT

Automobile dependence is heavy in the United States. Seventy-six percent of daily commuters drive alone in personal vehicles (BTS, 2012). While much of this habit can be attributed to historical patterns of development, it might also be mitigated by designing more walkable environments.

Transit-oriented development calls for the location of facilities within a reasonable radius of transit stations. Sources differ in their particular recommendations, but most agree that people are willing to walk between 1,000 and 1,500 feet to workplaces and shopping areas. This equates to roughly a 10-minute walk. Importantly, the treatment of the urban context affects the willingness of pedestrians, observing greater tolerance in safe and attractive urban environments. Therefore, comfortable pedestrian access must include connected sidewalks, street trees, safe intersections, planting strips, sidewalk cafes, storefronts, clear wayfinding, and axes and focal points.

Similar principles are applied when designing perimeter parking around a centralized commercial district. In order to thoroughly serve a community, car parks along the fringe ensures a 10-minute walk to workplaces and shopping areas. By creating safe and attractive urban environments within a 10-minute walk, pedestrians are better served and therefore more inclined to walk. This results in a reduction of personal vehicle miles, less congestion on streets, fewer emissions, improved fitness, and a heightened sense of community.

IMPLEMENTATION

Organize development within 1,500 feet of housing, transit stops, and parking areas.

RELATED PRINCIPLES

Compact Development, Low-Impact Development, Town Center, Transit-Oriented Development, Axial Relationships, Infill Development, Appropriate Standoff, Visible Entries, Places to Gather, Regional Architectural Compatibility, Multi-Story Buildings, Street Trees, Wayfinding, Complete Streets, Planting Strips, Connected Sidewalks, Car Parks, On-Street Parking, Parking Behind, Campus Quads, and Outdoor Seating.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). “National Household Travel

Survey,” U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012.

Ewing, R. "Best Development Practices: A Primer." EPA Smart Growth

Network, 1999.

American Planning Association. "Planning and Urban Design Standards."

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.

Dittmar, H, G. Ohland, eds. "The New Transit Town: Best Practices in

Transit-Oriented Development." Island Press: Washington, D.C., 2004.

Denver, Colorado Pedestrians are better served and more inclined to walk when housing, shopping, transit stops, and parking areas are within a 10-minute walk of each other.

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Compact Development Group living, working, shopping, schooling, and socializing elements within close proximity.

INTENT

The prevalent pattern of new developments has promoted low densities and separation of uses, combined with consumer preferences for single-family detached homes and larger lots, and low land prices that permit this larger consumption of land. An important part of Smart Growth is using land more efficiently and preserving those lands that are most culturally sensitive. By building in a compact way, these goals can be achieved.

Compact development (UFC 2-100-01, 2-2.1) combines stores, homes, and working places with public facilities and amenities within a 10-minute walk of each other contributing to active community environments where people can live, work, shop, and play. The benefits of compact development include preserving open space, supporting economic vitality, and cultivating clear wayfinding. Compact development also reduces development costs through more efficient use of infrastructure, which in turn makes housing more affordable. By providing opportunities for pedestrian access and densities that can be efficiently served by transit, it also provides more transportation options and reduces vehicular traffic.

The key to compact development is a close proximity of living, working, shopping, schooling, and socializing elements in a compact environment.

IMPLEMENTATION

Integrate housing, office, shops, and clinics into clustered, vertical, and mixed-use development to allow for the preservation of open space. This includes siting attached townhomes, single-family homes on smaller lots, and apartment buildings.

RELATED PRINCIPLES

10-Minute Walk, Low-Impact Development, Town Center, Transit-Oriented Development, Axial Relationships, Infill Development, Narrow Buildings, Mixed-Use Buildings, Visible Entries, Multi-Story Buildings, and Parking Behind.

Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC). (revised 2012). UFC 2-100-01 Installation

Master Planning.

Compact Development Denver, Colorado Compact development combines stores, homes, and working places with public facilities and amenities within a 10-minute walk.

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Transit-Oriented Development Create a network of public transportation that promotes community growth in urban areas.

INTENT

Transit-oriented development (TOD) (UFC 2-100-01, 2-2.3) helps reinforce compact development by offering alternative modes of transportation that are capable of supporting a large population.

When properly planned, these systems improve the functionality of town centers, strengthen community nodes, and expand public transportation into a comprehensive transportation network.

Urban sprawl is a growing problem in metropolitan areas and is having a negative impact on our health and environment. When communities suffer from such disconnection and isolation, residents are forced to commute long distances in personal vehicles which creates unnecessary pollution.

Transportation accounts for nearly a third of our nation’s greenhouse gas emissions (Greene, 2003) and consumes valuable natural resources at an unsustainable rate.

Alternatively, development focused on public transportation reduces dependence on personal automobiles. By minimizing personal vehicle traffic, a corresponding reduction in emissions follows, thereby contributing to a more sustainable community. Implementing transit-oriented development requires specific locations for transit stops located within a 10-minute walk of desirable activities. Examples of transit-oriented development assets include transit stops, vertical and horizontal mixed-use development, and car parks. Revenue generated by transit-oriented development may be used to upgrade and extend the existing network of public transportation, pedestrian circulation, community parks, connected sidewalks, and bicycle network.

IMPLEMENTATION

Within a 10-minute walk of transit stops, develop vertical mixed-use development in concert with multi-modal transit consisting of bike lanes, connected sidewalks, and electric vehicle changing stations.

RELATED PRINCIPLES

Public Transportation, Comprehensive Transportation Network, Vertical and Horizontal Mixed-Use, Car Parks, Connected Sidewalks, Bicycle Network,10-Minute Walk

TOD

Transit-oriented development in Denver is an example of how multiple modes of transit can work together to create healthy communities.

Duany, Andres, et al. The Smart Growth Manual. McGraw Hill, 2010.

Dunphy, Robert, et al. “Ten Principles for Successful Development around Transit.” ULI, 2003.

Greene, David L., Andreas Schafer. “Reducing Greenhouse Gas

Emissions from U.S. Transportation.” Pew Center, 2003.

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Infill Development Implement infill development to reduce urban sprawl and to support compact development.

INTENT

As new development progresses, old development will deteriorate and eventually be in need of update or replacement. Reusing areas that have already been developed is a key element in reducing urban sprawl and promoting sustainability. This also helps to reduce the amount of greenfield development and has the potential to turn a neglected urban site into a positive place to gather.

Infill development (UFC 2-100-01, 2-2.2) is the process of developing vacant or under-used parcels in otherwise built-up areas. Most communities have significant numbers of vacant parcels which, for various reasons, have been passed over in the normal course of urbanization.

Infill development is valuable not only for environmental reasons such as using land more efficiently and directing growth into existing urbanized areas, but also for social and economic reasons such as creating quality projects that contribute to neighborhood and community revitalization. Ideally, infill also achieves compact land-use patterns and densities high enough to support improved transportation choices and public services, as well as a wider variety of commercial services, cultural events, and other amenities. Maximizing the use of existing public facilities will lower the per capita costs of providing and maintaining services.

IMPLEMENTATION

Prioritize infill development for new construction projects, built on sites served by existing surrounding infrastructure, and architecturally and functionally respond to the nature of the surrounding development.

RELATED PRINCIPLES

10-Minute Walk, Compact Development, Town Center, Transit-Oriented Development, Axial Relationships, Appropriate Standoff, Adaptable Buildings, Operable Windows, Narrow Buildings, Mixed-Use Buildings, Visible Entries, Sustainable Building Materials, Regional Architectural Compatibility, Multi-Story Buildings, Parking Behind, Courtyards, and Preserve Open Space.

Infill Development

Good infill conserves open space, helps energize communities, and contributes to jobs, housing, and area sustainability.

Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC). (revised 2012). UFC 2-100-01 Installation Master Planning.

Buckley Air Force Base Facilities Excellence Plan

Buckley Facilities Excellence Plan

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 7

Multi-Story Buildings Increase density and improve resource efficiency by designing multi-story buildings.

INTENT

Multi-story buildings (UFC 2-100-01, 2-2.9) promote vertical mixed-use with a diversity of functions in close proximity. Increased density also encourages compact development that enables thriving town centers. By adhering to principles of transit-oriented development, communities may flourish in identifiable districts of appropriate building heights. Between these nodes, ecological restoration and preservation is achieved through the creation of green corridors and linked parks.

Acknowledging these attributes, it is evident that multi-story buildings are fundamental to the creation of sustainable urban environments.

Single-story buildings consume an inordinate quantity of materials and occupy vast tracts of land when compared to the amount usable space gained. Much of urban sprawl can be attributed to the practice of single-story construction that encourages horizontal growth. As low-density development expands, so does the transportation network that serves it, thereby compounding the consumption of natural resources. Health experts cite low-density development and the corresponding increase in vehicle miles traveled as a contributor to poor health (Frumkin, 2002).

Independent of height, each building requires its own foundation, parking, standoff, roof, and utilities infrastructure. Additionally, each building must manage its stormwater effusion from displaced terrain. Therefore, sensible planning would specify the implementation of multi-story buildings to conserve natural resources and construction materials while maintaining appropriate density that offers proximity to attractive social centers. IMPLEMENTATION

Design multi-story buildings to reduce the building footprint, use land more efficiently, and to reduce the number of connections off the utility mains. Siting multi-story buildings around community centers and campus quads helps define a vibrant town center.

RELATED PRINCIPLES

10-Minute Walk, Compact Development, Town Center, Transit-Oriented Development, Axial Relationships, Infill Development, Appropriate Standoff, Adaptable Buildings, Operable Windows, Narrow Buildings, Mixed- Use Buildings, Visible Entries, Sustainable Building Materials, Regional Architectural Compatibility, Parking Behind, Courtyards, Maximize Views, Outdoor Seating, and Preserve Open Space.

Goldberg, David. "Covering Urban Sprawl: Rethinking the American Dream." Environmental Journalism Center, 1999.

Frumkin, Howard. "Urban Sprawl and Public Health." Public Health Reports, 2002.

Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC). (revised 2012). UFC 2-100-01 Installation Master Planning.

Waterside Lofts Denver, Colorado Multi-story buildings help create nodes of appropriate density that preserve open space for outdoor recreation.

Buckley Air Force Base Facilities Excellence Plan

Buckley Facilities Excellence Plan

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 7

Town Center Provide shared outdoor gathering space lined with a variety of community-based functions.

INTENT

A town center is a shaped outdoor space enclosed by mixed-use multi-story buildings with places to live, work, shop, dine, worship, and play. It serves as a flexible node that supports both functional and recreational community activities and provides convenient, easy access to amenities for residents.

Different types of people have different needs, but all desire a place to go where they can interact with others, actively or passively; accomplish their day to day chores; allow children to run;

hold public gatherings; or just sit quietly and read or observe people and the excitement of daily activity. A town center is the place to accomplish all of these things. In addition to being a retail and service-oriented area, it will become a true destination with high volumes of day-to-day traffic to participate in the variety of available activities. A successful town center is typically accessed through a connected sidewalk network, making it a safe, comfortable, pedestrian-friendly destination from living and working areas.

Military planning has also supported the development of town centers, exemplified in the design of Savannah, Georgia in 1733 by General James Oglethorpe: “Although cherished by many today for their aesthetic beauty, the first squares were originally intended to provide colonists space for military exercises” (Hill, 2004). This example demonstrates the history of central outdoor gathering space in military applications.

Tow IMPLEMENTATION

Locate town centers within the core of the installation near retail centers and services with high volumes of day-to-day traffic. The town center shall also incorporate connected sidewalks, street trees, outdoor seating, multi-story buildings, and an open space that serves as a focal point for large gatherings and events.

RELATED PRINCIPLES

10-Minute Walk, Low-Impact Development, Transit- Oriented Development, Axial Relationships, Infill Development, Narrow Buildings, Mixed-Use Buildings, Visible Entries, Multi-Story Buildings, Wayfinding, Car Parks, Courtyards, Preserve Open Space, Outdoor Seating, and Parking Behind.

Town Center Pearl Street Boulder, Colorado Town centers create public outdoor space for the community to gather and enjoy the outdoors.

Booth, Geoffrey, et al. "Ten Principles for Reinventing America's Suburban Business Districts." ULI, 2002.

Hill, Robert J. ”Savannah Squares.” Schiffer Publishing, 2004.

Alexander, Christopher, et al. “A Pattern Language.” Oxford University

Press, 1977.

Buckley Air Force Base Facilities Excellence Plan

Buckley Facilities Excellence Plan

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 7

Axial Relationships Seek coherence by creating nodes and landmarks connected by direct lines of access.

INTENT

When determining organizational strategies for large-scale planning efforts, axial relationships help regulate the evolution of design. By establishing clear lines and points of reference, subsequent placement of buildings and streets is better informed. As a result, urban settings find order through clear delineation of axes and focal points.

By definition, an axis is "a line established by two points in space, about which forms and spaces can be arranged" (Ching, 1996). Typical applications of axes in urban design include linear elements such as pedestrian walks, streets, and visual corridors that serve as a links, either actual or perceived. Often, framing the axis with trees or buildings furthers its influence.

Focal points may materialize as either nodes or landmarks. Nodes, according to Kevin Lynch, are "the strategic foci into which the observer can enter." Similarly, he defines landmarks as "the point references external to the observer" (Lynch, 1960). In either case, a focal point draws attention and fulfills an organizational role that promotes clear wayfinding and distinct building hierarchy.

The combined effect of axes and focal points enforces a hierarchy that aids navigation and informs subsequent architecture. Whether creating a localized anchor such as a clock tower or statue to ground a campus setting or a site-wide backbone such as park blocks or town squares to support an entire urban context, axes and focal points serve as strong organizational features of urban design. IMPLEMENTATION

Align prominent urban features along direct lines of sight and/or access to establish focal points that utilize the borrowed landscape and pronounce building hierarchy. Between various axes and focal points, ensure a 10-minute walk to promote pedestrian access.

RELATED PRINCIPLES

10-Minute Walk, Compact Development, Town Center, Transit-Oriented Development, Infill Development, Appropriate Standoff, Visible Entries, Places to Gather, Street Trees, Wayfinding, Complete Streets, Planting Strips, Bike Lanes, On-Street Parking, Campus Quads, Courtyards, Maximize Views, Nature Trails, and Outdoor Seating.

Lynch, Kevin. "The Image of the City." MIT Press, 1960.

Ching, Frank. "Form, Space, and Order." John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1996.

Telluride, Colorado Strong landmarks create visible anchors that aid navigation and distinguish prominent buildings.

Buckley Air Force Base Facilities Excellence Plan

Buckley Facilities Excellence Plan

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 7

Visible Entries Design buildings with entrances of distinctive quality in clear view of the public realm.

INTENT

Buildings with visible entries promote clear wayfinding, articulate building hierarchy, facilitate public use, and contribute to an appropriate public-private gradient.

When navigating an urban environment, visible entries serve as landmarks that guide users to public fronts. Often, the most distinctive entries indicate the most prominent uses, thereby dictating the hierarchy of proximate buildings. Furthermore, visible entries on main streets and campus quads encourage activity in shaped outdoor space and offer places to gather near identifiable nodes.

On an individual building scale, visible entries inform the public-private gradient that facilitates organization of program in a logical progression. Community facilities and public uses adjacent to prominent entrances welcome users in a comfortable transition from street to building.

Correspondingly, entries that lead to more private functions must not compete for attention in their exterior treatment. Along these same lines, service entrances must be placed discreetly as to not imply public use.

By pronouncing public entrances with distinctive external features, site navigation is improved. With visible entries, pedestrian traffic between buildings follows direct routes in an easy and efficient manner. Clear delineation of entries also serves as an organizing feature when designing the arrangement of program elements (i.e. placing public uses nearest to those entrances).

IMPLEMENTATION

Building entries shall be clear, visible, distinct, and aligned with major axes and focal points, located on the edges of campus quads and plazas, and linked with connected sidewalks to major pedestrian corridors.

RELATED PRINCIPLES

10-Minute Walk, Compact Development, Town Center, Transit-Oriented Development, Axial Relationships, Narrow Buildings, Mixed-Use Buildings, Regional Architectural Compatibility, Wayfinding, Connected Sidewalks, Campus Quads, Courtyards, Outdoor Seating, and Preserve Open Space.

Ching, Frank. "Architecture: Form, Space, & Order." New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.

Joint Base Lewis McChord Tacoma, Washington Visible entries aid navigation and suggest relative importance of buildings in close proximity.

Buckley Air Force Base Facilities Excellence Plan

Buckley Facilities Excellence Plan

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 7

Mixed-Use Districts

Buckley Facilities Excellence Plan

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 7

Appropriate Standoff Meet AT/FP required standoff distances.

INTENT

Anti-terrorism/force protection (AT/FP) measures must be considered integral components of design and siting. It is a common mistake to site facilities in ways that increase standoff distances and contribute to sprawl, instead of optimizing appropriate standoff. Multi-story and mixed-use buildings help minimize the ripple effect of large standoff distances.

Current AT/FP standards (Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-010-01) must be followed. These standards provide appropriate, implementable, and enforceable measures to establish levels of protection against terrorist attacks for all inhabited DoD buildings. AT/FP setbacks vary based on building material and building occupancy status. Consult the UFC to ensure that the minimum allowable setbacks are followed.

IMPLEMENTATION

Current AT/FP standards (Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-010-01) must be implemented in all new construction regardless of funding source to ensure uniform application, development, and cost estimation of protective measures throughout DoD. Existing buildings shall be brought into compliance with current standards over time as major investments are made in them, as leases are initiated or renewed, or as existing buildings are purchased.

RELATED PRINCIPLES

Compact Development, Low-Impact Development, Underground Utilities, Town Center, Safety & Environmental Compliance, Adaptable Buildings, Narrow Buildings, Mixed-Use Buildings, Multi-Story Buildings, Street Trees, Planting Strips, Connected Sidewalks, Bike Lanes, On-Street Parking, and Preserve Open Space.

Appropriate Standoff Buckley Air Force Base, Colorado Appropriate standoff ensures that personnel are protected while also honoring principles of sustainable design.

Landscaping, a pedestrian path, and outdoor seating provide a pleasant area for personnel while simultaneously separating the building from parking in accordance with AT/FP.

Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC). (revised 2012). UFC 2-100-01 Installation Master Planning.

Unified Facilities Criteria…