Attachment_6._USAFA_Design_Standards_Part3.pdf

USAFA

Existing planting along the pedstrian spine at the southern edge of the Community Center.

Proposed Formal planting along community center building looking south to the Chapel Bell Tower.

Proposed pedestrian walkway at Community Center Parking area.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6 Apr 2011

DESIGN STANDARDS

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

6. Community Center (cont'd)

INFORmAL TRANSITION LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Transition from Formal Landscapes and buildings back to Natural Landscape.

• Provide appropriate transition from developed community center to the natural mesa edge on the south.

• Soften parking areas.

Planting Principles

• Limit size of lawn areas.

Exposure

• Screen views to parking areas, utilities, storage facilities, etc.

• Highlight views to south, from ridge top.

NATuRAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Reinforce the underlying design philosophy of the coexistence between man and nature in the environment.

SPECIAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• The Parade Ground provides flat grass and paved areas for large public gatherings.

• Seek opportunities to reintrocude a Town Common into the design of the Community Center.

AThLETIC FIELDS

Design Principles

• Locate Athletic Fields adjacent to the dormitories and Prep School as appropriate.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Informal landscaping buffering parking area from the buildings.

Mesa edge transition at the Community Center.

Existing edge definition at Community Center parade grounds.

Proposed formal edge definition at Community Center parade grounds.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

6. Community Center (cont'd)

COuRTyARD

Design Principles

• Highlight the pedestrian spine through the courtyard.

• Provide an overall space that is organized and perceived as one.

• Provide upper and lower level spaces with physical and visual ties between.

• Provide:

• Warm weather shade

• Ornamental trees for flower and fall color

• Perennial beds for color.

• Moveable tables and chairs.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Open area at the Community Center Courtyard. Movable tables and chairs and an overhead tree canopy would improve this space.

Proposed Community Center Courtyard landscape

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

7. Housing Areas

Family Housing at the Academy is divided into two areas, Douglass and Pine Valleys, located on either side of the Community Center mesa. These areas contain housing, parks and schools for the families of Academy support personnel.

The Housing Area is now privatized. All discussions regarding this area must be coordinated with the 10 CES Project Manager and 10 CES Housing Manager.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Housing Area surrounded by the Native Landscape.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

8. Airfield

The Airfield lies in the southeast portion of the Academy, just west of Interstate 25. It occupies the site of the original Pine Valley Air Field which predates the Academy. Prior to airfield use, the area was used for grazing of livestock.

The Airfield is the clearest example of the character of the site supporting the intended use of development. It is characterized by the flat topography of the high plains as well as the short native grasses and sparse trees, making it an ideal site for the Airfield.

The original intent for the area was to maintain the short grass concept which allows for air field functions and visibility. This is appropriate for the technical nature of the Airfield. Landscape along the east side of the airfield, must be a mix of evergreen and deciduous trees, all acting as a buffer from I-25.

Landscape Types permitted at the Airfield include:

FORmAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Use within building clusters to highlight bulding entrances.

INFORmAL TRANSITION LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Provide buffers between I-25 and the Airfield.

• Maintain high plains character with short native grasses.

Planting Principles Tree heights near Airfield buildings should not exceed height of buildings.

Wildlife

• Comply with USAFA Plan 91-212 Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard plan to minimize bird strikes on

Aircraft.

NATuRAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Maintain high plains character with short native grasses.

Planting Principles

• Trees are only allowed on extreme edges of Airfield site.

Exposure

• Highlight and frame views from Interstate 25 and Ackerman overlook.

• Protect existing distant views.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

An attempt at Formal Landscape highlighting building entrance. Additional planting is required to achieve the formal setting.

Informal Transition Landscape between buildings.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

8. Airfield (cont'd)

Slope

• Maintain existing flat slopes.

Wildlife

• Comply with USAFA Plan 91-212 Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard plan to minimize bird strikes on Aircraft.

SPECIAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Use where safety standards forbid the type of plantings used in Informal Transition Landscapes.

Wildlife

• Comply with USAFA Plan 91-212 Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard plan to minimize bird strikes on Aircraft.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Short grasses and minimal trees reduce wildlife habitat and risk of bird strike.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

9. Service and Supply Area

The Service and Supply Area is a semi-public area providing administrative and technical support as well as warehousing for the entire Academy.

The original intent for the area was to maintain as simple a treatment as possible emphasizing the administrative, business and technical nature of the activities. Also key in the planning was the need to screen the outdoor storage areas by locating office buildings, warehouses, and landscaping in an appropriate configuration.

The following landscape types are permitted in the Service and Supply area:

FORmAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Use to identify building entrances, road and parking perimeters.

• Provide lawn areas as a formal presentation of buildings.

Planting Principles

• Provide with shrub beds at building foundation that meet AT/FP requirements.

• Provide formal rows of deciduous trees along entry roads, parking areas and walkways.

• Lawn areas are important, but should be of minimum size and in scale with surroundings.

INFORmAL TRANSITION LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Use between buildings to screen industrial areas, and to visually connect buildings.

• Transition back to the Natural Landscape at the edges of the Service and Supply Area.

• Preserve and enhance native grass area between the buildings and South Gate Boulevard.

• Provide shaded areas for informal staff lunches, gatherings.

Exposure

• Maintain partial screening of the overall complex from South Gate Boulevard.

• Maintain full screening of outdoor storage areas from public view.

SPECIAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Refers to lawn areas in building foreground. See Formal Landscape above.

Planting Principles

• Replace sod with native grasses whenever possible.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Formal Landscape at the Service and Supply Area. Informal Transition Landscape screens industrial areas and provides informal gathering places for staff.

Grade change partially screens Service and Supply area from South Gate Boulevard, and also provides a physical separation, in scale with the surroundings, between the public and the staff.

Transition from Formal (foreground) to Natural Landscape (background).

A maincured lawn creates a formal foreground to the building.

The lawn needs a formal row of trees at the perimeter to provide a stronger, finished edge.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

10. Falcon Stadium

Falcon Stadium was built in the early 1960’s to serve the Academy football program, as well as graduation and other large public ceremonies.

The original concept for the stadium called for an open amphitheater in a natural setting. The western portion of the stadium is set into the natural hillside.The eastern half is comprised of free standing seating. Trees were removed up to the east side of the stadium to allow for parking. To reinforce the natural setting, parking occurs on open fields of native grass.

Landscaping at the stadium should support the original concept of an amphitheater in a natural setting. The parking areas in particular should maintain their natural character to the greatest extent possible. If introduced, paved parking should incorporate clusters of trees and terrain features to soften the visual impact.

The following landscape types are permitted at Falcon Stadium:

FORmAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Delineate Stadium entry points.

• Acknowledge the Formal Landscape in the Stadium Boulevard median and provide additional tree plantings within the parking areas, as well as at pedestrian entry points at the stadium.

Force Protection

• Landscape elements shall be used to maintain a minimum vehicle offset distance of 100 meters from the stadium facade.

INFORmAL TRANSITION LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Transition back to the Natural Landscape at the edges of the Falcon Stadium site.

• Delineate paths to the stadium.

• Soften paved parking areas.

Force Protection

• Landscape elements shall be used to maintain a minimum vehicle offset distance of 100 meters.

Planting Principles

• Minimize tree removal.

• Leave existing or plant new stands of trees to break up parking area and provide shade.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Formal Landscape elements at front of the Stadium. Formal Landscape at Stadium entrance.

Formal Landscape Concept for Stadium Boulevard.

Transition from more formal planting at the Stadium edge back to Natural Landscape.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

10. Falcon Stadium (cont'd)

Exposure

• Screen portions of views into parking areas from I-25.

• Highlight views of the stadium from I-25, especially views of the “Air Force” sign within the stadium.

• Maintain adequate views for safe vehicular and pedestrian circulation.

Slope

• Grade parking areas to transition into surrounding natural grades.

• Provide relief from flat parking surfaces with landforms between roads and parking areas where possible; shape to echo natural slopes.

SPECIAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Use to provide unpaved parking.

Force Protection

• Landscape elements shall be used to maintain a minimum vehicle offset distance of 100 meters.

Planting Principles

• Provide as much parking as existing tree locations allow.

Slope

• Grade parking areas to transition into surrounding natural grades.

• Provide relief from flat parking surfaces with landforms between road and parking area where possible; shape to echo natural slopes.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

The native grass parking area as constructed open space.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

10. Falcon Stadium (cont'd)

AThLETIC FIELDS

Planting Principles

• All work related to the football field must be coordinated with the USAF Academy staff including Athletic Director, Football Coach, and Grounds Maintenance personnel.

• Turf must be durable, low water, sod.

Exposure

• Field Orientation shall be per NCAA standards.

Slope

• According to NCAA Standards.

Drainage

• According to NCAA Standards, if applicable.

• Develop soil mix that allows percolation to 12".

Soils

• Mix: coordinate with grounds staff.

Irrigation

• Provide modern systems as appropriate for athletic field.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Falcon Stadium Athletic Field. (photo credit:: Vision 20/20 report)

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

11. Special Areas

Special Areas include the Golf Course, Cemetery, Cadet Area Overlooks, Ackerman Overlook, Thunderbird Overlook and the B-52 Monument.

GOLF COuRSE

Landscaping at the Golf Course will be primarily governed by the requirements of the game. As a whole, however, the Golf Course must be treated similarly to other developed areas at the Academy, with emphasis on preserving the Native Landscape.

The following Landscape Types are permitted at the Golf Course:

FORmAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Limit to elements at the entry to the Golf Course and to indicate the entrance to the Clubhouse.

INFORmAL TRANSITION LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Enhance natural character of the site by bringing Informal Transition Landscape into Golf Course boundaries.

• Transition back to the Natural Landscape at the edges of the fairways and course perimeter.

• Soften parking areas with planting.

• Any revisions to the course layout/grading, soil make-up and/or irrigation must be approved by a professional golf course architect.

• Maintain existing golf corridor.

• Transition from fairway grasses to native, from open fairways to forest.

• New trees must complement existing.

• Transition new native grasses into existing forest vegetation.

Planting Principles

• Provide small clusters of ornamental trees outside the play boundaries.

Exposure

• Solar orientation is critical for first and last two holes of each 9 hole segment.

• Screen distant views of new development outside the Academy Campus.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Informal Landscape at the golf course transitions to Natural Landscape. Slope and drainage must relate to natural patterns.

Formal Landscape elements at Golf Club entrance.

Informal Landscape at golf course paths.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

11. Special Areas (cont'd)

Slope

• Each golf hole should work with the natural slope.

• Slope areas to restrict movement of fertilizer chemicals into native vegetation.

• Any substantial grading must be constructed under the guidance of a professional golf course designer.

Drainage

• Drainage must be coordinated and work with existing natural drainage patterns.

• Restrict irrigation runoff from fairways into natural landscape.

NATuRAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Enhance character of the site by protecting Natural Landscape within the Golf Course boundaries.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Natural Landscape at golf course edges. (photo credit:: Vision 20/20 report)

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

11. Special Areas (cont'd)

CEmETERy

Landscaping at the cemetery should reinforce the area’s purpose as a memorial space and a place to reflect quietly in the surroundings of nature. The cemetery should display a mix of smaller formal and informal landscape.

The following Landscape Types are permitted at the Cemetery:

FORmAL LANDSCAPE

Formal Landscaping should be used to reflect a sense of organization and ceremony at the cemetery specific areas include the main entry to the cemetery, at memorial displays and at the cemetery directory.

Design Principles

• Reinforce the manicured lawn, since it provides the strongest landscape element in identifying the Cemetery as its own place.

• Define the entry to the cemetery.

• Highlight memorial displays.

• Highlight cemetery directory.

INFORmAL TRANSITION LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Provide informal, smaller spaces, within the larger cemetery, to relate to individual grave sites and memorials.

• Transition back to the Natural Landscape at the edges of the Cemetery

• Soften parking areas.

NATuRAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Reinforce the overall concept of man and nature in equal coexistence.

SPECIAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• The entire Cemetery is a constructed open space containing formal and informal landscape.

Planting Principles

• Turf shall be sod.

Exposure

• Maintain views around cemetery perimeter.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Formal Landscape elements highlight memorial walls.Informal Landscape plantings highlight connection to surrounding Natural Landscape.

Natural Landscape at cemetery edges. (photo credit:: Vision 20/20 report)

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

11. Special Areas (cont'd)

CADET AREA OVERLOOkS

The Cadet Area overlooks are located north of the Cadet Area, and serve as stopping points for visitors to view the Academy. The overlooks should serve to highlight the views to the Cadet Area and not become significant locations in their own right. Their impact on the Natural Landscape should be minimized to the greatest extent possible, while still providing clear indications that the area is meant as a stopping point.

The following Landscape Type is permitted at the Cadet Area Overlooks:

INFORmAL TRANSITION LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Provide plantings that strongly relate to the natural, undisturbed areas.

• Provide shade and wind buffers, with plants, at seating and display areas.

• Organize seating areas and memorial displays to fit within the informal plantings.

• Transition back to the Native Landscape as quickly as possible.

• Soften the edges of the parking area within 3’ tall shrub masses.

• Indicate entry and exit points.

ACkERmAN OVERLOOk

The Ackerman Overlook is located east of the Airfield and is accessed from Interstate 25. The overlook should serve to highlight the views to Falcon Stadium and the Airfield, not become a significant location in its own right. Its impact on the Natural Landscape should be minimized to the greatest extent possible, while still providing clear indications the area is meant as a stopping point. As it is located within the interstate access easement, the Academy can only make recommendations as to the configuration and design of the overlook. Recommendations for the overlook should coordinate with the design intent of the rest of the Academy

The following Landscape Type should be used at the Ackerman Overlook:

INFORmAL TRANSITION LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Transition back to the Native Landscape at the edges of the overlook.

• Soften the edges of the parking area.

• Indicate entry and exit points.

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

A mix of Formal and Informal Landscape at sitting area. the result is a space that does not fit the overall context of this south facing slope within a natural setting.

Academy Overlook: foreground should act as bufffer between parking lot and view space rather than the void area shown here. See proposed design below.

Proposed Overlook design.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

D Area Specific Concepts and Standards (cont'd)

11. Special Areas (cont'd)

STATIC DISPLAyS

Static Displays, such as the Thunderbird Overlook and the B-52 Monument are scattered throughout the Academy. The following Landscape Types are permitted at Static Displays:

FORmAL LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Highlight and support viewing of the decommissioned aircraft and other displays.

INFORmAL TRANSITION LANDSCAPE

Design Principles

• Transition back to the Native Landscape at the edges of the site.

• Soften the edges of parking areas.

• Indicate entry and exit points.

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Informal Transition Landscape at the Thunderbird Overlook transitions Formal Landscaping to the Natural Landscape.

Formal Landscape at the Thunderbird Overlook highlighting the aricraft display.

The presence of formal lawn shapes at the B-52 Monument provides a Formal Landscape. A strong formal edge, such as a low hedge, is needed to complete the lawn areas. (photo credit:: Vision 20/20 report)

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

E Planting LIst

Plants at the Academy shall be native species as designated by two sources. The list of native species below is from the Colorado Native Plant Society. Additional approved native species can be found in Vegetation of the United States Air Force Academy and the Adjacent Regions of the Pike National Forest, El Paso County, Colorado (1994) by J. Douglas Ripley. All landscape projects at the Academy shall include a list of plant species that shall be reviewed by Civil Engineering. Any non native species in the design shall be identified as such on this list. Non native species shall only be used with the specific written approval of Civil Engineering.

TREES & LARGE ShRuBS

Common Name Latin Name Variety

Mahogany Cercocarpus montanus Mountain mahogany

Juniper Juniperus scopulorum sabina Rocky Mountain juniper

Maple Acer glabrum Rocky Mountain maple

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Silver buffaloberry Shepherdia argentea

Sumac Rhus glabra Smooth sumac

Alder Alnus incana ssp. Tenuifolia Thinleaf alder

Wild plum Prunus americana

Cottonwood Populus x. acuminate Lanceleaf cottonwood

Cottonwood Populus angustifolia Narrowleaf cottonwood

Cottonwood Populus deltoides ssp. Monilifera Plains cottonwood

Pine Pinus ponderosa ssp. scopulorum Ponderosa pine

Boxelder Acer negundo aceroides

Chokecherry Prunus padus virginiana melanocarpa

Hackberry Celtis reticulata

Hawthorn Crataegus erythropoda

Mountain-ash Sorbus scopulina

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

ShRuBS

Common Name Latin Name Variety

Antelope bitterbush Purshia tridentata

Raspberry Rubus oreobatus deliciosus Boulder raspberry

Buckbrush Ceanothus fendleri

Juniper Juniperus communis alpina Common juniper

False indigo Amorpha fruticosa

Four-winged saltbush Atriplex canescens

Currant Ribes aureum Golden currant

Kinnikinnick Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Mountain ninebark Physocarpus monogynus

Yucca Yucca glauca Narrow-leaf / Plains yucca

Oregon grape, Holly grape Mahonia repens

Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus nauseosus

Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus nauseosus nauseosus Dwarf blue rabbit brush

Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus nauseosus Graveolens Tall green rabbit brush

Elder Sambucus microbotrys racemosa Red-berried elder

Dogwood Cornus stolonifera Swida sericea Red osier dogwood

Sand cherry Prunus cerasus pumila besseyi

Potentilla Potentilla fruticosa floribunda Shrubby potentilla

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Three-leaved sumac Rubacer parviflorus

Skunkbrush Rhus aromatica trilobata

Honeysuckle Lonicera distegia involucrate Twinberry honeysuckle

Waxflower Jamesia americana

Wild rose Rosa woodsii

Winterfat Ceratoides krascheninnikovai lanata

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

E Planting LIst (cont'd)

FORBS

Common Name Latin Name Variety

Daisy Erigeron speciosus Aspen daisy / Showy daisy

Black-eyed susan Rudbeckia hirta

Blanket flower Gaillardia aristata

FlaxLinum lewisii Adenolinum Blue flax

Verbena Verbena hastata Blue verbena

Verbena Verbena Glandularia bipinnatifida Wild verbena

Broom snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae

Sunflower Helianthus pumilus Bush sunflower

Columbine Aquilegia caerulea Colorado columbine

Sage Artemisia frigida Fringed sage

Golden banner Thermopsis divaricarpa

Goldenrod Solidago spp.

Penstemon Penstemon virens Green Leaf / Blue Mist

Penstemon Penstemon secundiflorus One-sided

Penstemon Penstemon strictus Rocky Mountain

Penstemon Penstemon virgatus Tall beard-tongue

Penstemon Penstemon whippleanus Whipple’s

Harebell Campanula rotundifolia Bluebells

Lupine Lupinus argenteus Silvery lupine

Larkspur Delphinium nelsonii Nelson’s larkspur

Clover Dalea purpurea Prairie clover

Coneflower Ratibida columnifera Prairie coneflower

Sage Artemisia ludoviciana Prairie sage / Sagewort

Prickly pear cactus Opuntia macrorhiza compressa

Prickly pear cactus Opuntia polyacantha

Pussytoes Antennaria parvifolia

Rocky Mountain beeplant Cleome serrulata

Wild iris Iris missouriensis Rocky Mountain wild iris

Globe mallow Sphaeralcea coccinea Scarlet globe mallow

Showy milkweed Asclepias speciosa

Spiderwort Tradescantia occidentalis

Spiny goldenweed Machaeranthera pinnatifida

3. OPEN SPACE

3.1 Landscape Design

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

FORBS (CONTINuED)

Common Name Latin Name Variety

Gayfeather Liatris punctata Spotted / Dotted gayfeather

Sulphur flower Eriogonum umbellatum

Milkweed Asclepias incarnata Swamp milkweed

Western wallflower Erysimum asperum

Primrose Oenothera caespitosa White evening primrose

Yarrow Achillea lanulosa White / Woolly yarrow

Horsemint or Beebalm Monarda fistulosa

Wild geranium Geranium caespitosum Pineywoods geranium

Evening primrose Oenothera howardii brachycarpa Yellow stemless

GRASSES

Common Name Latin Name Variety

Alkali sacaton Sporobolus airoides

Fescue Festuca arizonica Arizona fescue

Bluestem Andropogon gerardii Big bluestem

Bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium Little bluestem

Grama Chondrosum gracile Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama

Grama Bouteloua curtipendula Side-oats grama

Rye Elymus glaucus Blue wild rye

Wheatgrass Pseudoroegneria Agropyron spicatum Bluebunch wheatgrass

Buffalograss Buchloe dactyloides

Indian grass Sorghastrum avenaceum nutan

Ricegrass Achnatherum Orzyopsi hymenoides Indian ricegrass

Junegrass Koeleria macrantha

Mountain muhly Muhlenbergia montana

Needle-and-thread Hesperostipa Stipa comata

Feathergrass Hesperostipa Stipa neomexicana New Mexico feathergrass

Cordgrass Spartina pectinata Prairie cordgrass

Dropseed Sporobolus heterolepis Prairie dropseed

Sandreed Calamovilfa longifolia Prairie sandreed

Dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed

Switchgrass Panicum virgatum

Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa

Wheatgrass Pascopyrum Agropyron smithii Western wheatgrass

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

3. Landscape Design

3.2 Open Space Design

GENERAL

Introduction

The campus is composed of sub-areas, special function areas, landscape areas and transportation corridors, as depicted on the location map on the fold out. This chapter discusses the four distinct classifications of open space development used throughout the Academy: Formal, Informal, Natural, and Special Landscape. New landscaping must follow the existing design standards of the same type.

Type I: Formal Landscape Type II: Informal Transition Landscape Type III: Natural Landscape Type IV: Special Landscape (Terrazzo Area, Air Garden, Grass Quadrangle, Allées, Athletic Fields, Common and Parade Ground, Courtyards, and Plazas)

Overview

These standards preserve the objectives of the original landscape concept. New landscaping must maintain and reinforce these concepts with compatible landscape treatments. Any landscaping must help to articulate outdoor spaces, reinforce circulation and pedestrian flow and provide a direction or focus to major entrances. All landscaping must conform to the standards specified in the following chapters:

A. Open Space Planning Principles p. 236 B. Open Space Design Principles p. 242 C. Open Space Construction Guidelines p. 250

Fig.3.2.1

A. Open Space Planning Principles

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6 natural landscape

Fig. 3.2.1 Open space development of the Academy formal landscape informal landscape special landscape mP Concept Design

Fig.3.2.1

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

3.2 Open Space Design

GENERAL

Type I: Formal Landscape

> The formal landscape areas are to represent visual and / or functional extensions of adjoining building facades or spaces. Formal landscape includes ceremonial spaces or spaces that convey a special meaning or image. This type of landscape plays a major role in establishing and communicating a sense of place. Formal plantings near formally developed facades also provide shade and wind screening.

> The repetition and rhythm of landscape elements is to be used to reinforce building architecture.

> The governing grid is to be used as a strong dimensional and locational determinant for hard planted areas.

Type II: Informal Landscape

> Informal landscaping is to be used as a transition between formal and natural surroundings - on the edges and spaces between buildings and along roads and around individual buildings. These spaces play an important role in clarifying and maintaining the character and identity of place.

> Include planting and trees to provide some shading and visually soften the expanse of paving and automobiles in all parking areas.

> Visually screen off-street parking lots with landscaping or planted berms.

> Use plantings to screen mechanical devices whenever possible.

> Use plantings with four-season interest and screening characteristics.

> Maintain the informal planting arrangements of the Cadet Residential Courtyards.

> The plan must recognize sun and shade in the arrangement of seating areas. Extensions of the cadet residential courtyards and specifically the area immediately south of Sijan Hall, must be treated as a transition to the natural area.

Type III: Natural Landscape

A large portion of the Academy has been designated as natural and general open space in the land use plan because the unbuilt environment and mountain views create a unique visual experience which is integral to the success of the overall plan.

> Views and natural areas must be preserved by buffers of natural open space which extend from the surrounding roadways towards the campus and need to be maintained.

> The natural landscape is environmentally fragile. Modifications to natural landscape are to be made only where road and building construction alter the character of existing nature.

> The eastern edge of the Airfield Sub-Area is designated as natural open space, creating a buffer zone that ensures the safe operation of the Airfield. This preserved area is to control the visual quality of this portion of the base from Interstate 25.

> The large open space that fronts the Service and Supply Areas is to serve as a green buffer between South Gate Boulevard and the rest of the sub-area.

Fig.3.2.3

Fig.3.2.2

Fig.3.2.4

A. Open Space Planning Principles

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Fig. 3.2.2 Formal landscape and special landscape Terrazzo Area

Fig. 3.2.3 Informal landscape ceremonial space rhythm and repetition planting reinforces architectural rhythm governing grid define open space to adjacent facades landscape open space use plants for screening use trees for shading

Fig.3.2.3

Fig.3.2.2

Fig.3.2.4

Concept DesignmP

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

GENERAL

Type IV: Special Landscape

Certain areas of landscaped space, such as the Terrazzo Area (including the Air Garden), require special design consideration because of specific functional requirements. Athletic Fields and the Common and Parade Ground, throughout the Academy, are also special areas.

The Terrazzo Area features three formal landscape conditions: the Air Garden, the Grass Quadrangle and the planted areas adjacent to Vandenberg and Sijan Halls. Cadet squadron formation and circulation occur on the terrazzo paved sides of the space with the center reserved for landscaping.

The Air Garden serves as the only formal tree oasis in the Terrazzo space. It also reinforces a primary north-south axis and visually emphasizes the facade and entry of Mitchell Hall.

The Grass Quadrangle is the single uncluttered, unoccupied spatial and visual resource of the Terrazzo. It separates and links the facades of Vandenberg and Sijan Halls. Its openness visually connects the entire Cadet Wing during assembly.

The series of rectangular, repetitive planting areas on the south edge of Vandenberg Hall and the north edge of Sijan Hall form allées and soften the dimension and scale of the buildings at the Terrazzo edge as well as reinforce the building geometry and elevation.

> The paving on the Terrazzo conforms to the standards of Type V, Courtyards and Plazas.

> The athletic fields and the Parade ground require use-appropriate grasses and must be free of landscape obstructions.

> The public square, or “Commons” is to be an attractive landscaped area that serves as a place for ceremonies meaningful to the non-cadet population.

> Courtyards are to be preserved and are not available for building expansion. The courtyards and plazas of the Cadet Area are to be preserved and maintained as original.

> Courtyard entrances are to be oriented towards off-site features.

> The paving of the terrazzo continues into the Courtyards of Fairchild hall 1 & 2 recalling the governing grid in the pattern.

> The Courtyards of Arnold hall and the Athletic Complex are to be landscaped in formal planting arrangements with substantial areas of standard paving.

The southern extension of the Court of honor is also landscaped in a formal manner, to accentuate the entrance sequence to the Cadet Chapel.

Fig.3.2.2

Fig.3.2.5

3.2 Open Space Design

A. Open Space Planning Principles

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Fig. 3.2.4 Natural landscape

Fig. 3.2.5 Courtyard of Fairchild Hall green buffers natural landscape around building groups

Fig.3.2.2

Fig.3.2.5

Concept DesignmP

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

GENERAL

Introduction

The four types of open space are differentiated according to their plantings, design and application throughout the Academy, as defined in general design principles. A complete landscape plan is required before any installation.

Type I: Formal Landscape

> Use small trees in plazas and courtyards to provide enclosure or screening. Trees must be dense enough to provide a sense of spatial enclosure and tree canopies must be high enough to avoid disturbing the views.

> For formal plantings, use species that are appropriate for rows, not pine trees.

Overview

These standards preserve the objectives of the original landscape concept. New landscaping must maintain and reinforce these concepts with compatible landscape treatments. Any landscaping must help to articulate outdoor spaces, reinforce circulation and pedestrian flow and provide a direction or focus to major entrances. All landscaping must conform to the standards specified in the following chapters:

A. Open Space Planning Principles p. 236

Fig.3.2.6

3.2 Open Space Design

B. Open Space Design Principles

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Fig. 3.2.8 Large trees near streets

Fig. 3.2.6 Formal planting with tree canopy

Fig. 3.2.7 Grouping of trees mP / LD / AD Schematic Design

Fig.3.2.6

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

GENERAL

Type II: Informal Landscape

> Use medium sized trees near buildings, parade grounds and pathways to provide shade,minimize glare and deflect undesirable winds. Plant tree groupings that extend and developthe spatial rhythms of the buildings. Plant them in a random pattern rather than in rows.

> Scale landscaping to reflect the scale of the adjacent buildings.

> Deciduous trees must be used to provide shade in summer and solar gain in winter.

> Evergreens must be used to control winds.

> Use large trees near streets, parking lots and open spaces.

> On primary roads, high canopy trees must be set back a minimum of 15 feet from the edge. On secondary roads, trees and shrubs must be placed back a minimum of 10 feet from the edge. Where trees or large shrubs are to be planted, berms must be at least 20 feet from toe-to-toe to provide adequate area for root growth.

> Use plant materials with dense surface coverage to control erosion from wind and water.

> On planting islands in parking lots, include trees at the rate of at least 1 per 15 vehicles.

> Maintain the green along paving edges.

> The Cadet Drive main Entry Boulevard must have grass with trees spaced to reinforce the primary east-west axis and to provide needed shade for parking along the drive.

Type III: Natural Landscape

> Use trees, landscape and planting to frame dramatic views.

> Use native varieties to reflect natural patterns in landscaping. The sowing of native wild-flowers is encouraged.

> Where no conflict occurs with approach and departure zones, additional trees must be planted along the slope from the highway to the eastern portion of the Airfield to mitigate views of the Airfield from Interstate 25. Otherwise, trees and shrubs must be replanted only when needed for reforestation.

> Except for a perimeter of planted trees, the large open space which fronts South Gate Boulevard in the Service and Supply Area must remain in a natural state rather than cultivated as a green lawn. This includes the area along Edgerton Drive, Industrial Drive, Security Drive and Park Drive.

Fig.3.2.7

Fig.3.2.10

Fig.3.2.8

3.2 Open Space Design

B. Open Space Design Principles

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Fig. 3.2.9 Athletic fields without landscape obstructions

Fig. 3.2.10 Green buffers in the Service & Supply Area mP / LD / AD Schematic Design

Fig.3.2.7

Fig.3.2.10

Fig.3.2.8

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

GENERAL

Type IV: Special Landscape

The Air Garden in the Terrazzo Area has courtyards that are planted to reinforce the Air Garden patterns. The fountains of the Air Garden have been restored and the reflecting pools are to be restored in a manner consistent with the original design intent of the Air Garden.

> Low plantings must be dense enough to provide a sense of spatial enclosure and the tree canopies must be low enough to avoid disturbing the view of Cadet parades. Use low-maintenance shrubs with four-season appeal.

> The pathways in the Air Garden are to be paved in white exposed aggregate concrete terrazzo. The other areas should be covered with sod.

> For the Grass Quadrangle Green, select a grass for the ground cover that is resistant to disease, recovers quickly from wear and is winter-hardy. Grass is to be a sod-forming grass rather than a bunch grass. The edges of the grass beds must be kept neat.

> In the Allées along Vandenberg and Sijan Halls, trees must be planted in two rows in beds of grass. The tree canopies must be low enough to avoid disturbing the view of Cadet parades.

> The Athletic Fields require groomed turf and landscape obstructions are not permitted.

> The unpaved area for cadet and long-term parking serving the Athletic Fields is to remain in native grasses.

> The ground cover of the Common and Parade Ground is to be a hardy grass.

Fig.3.2.9

Fig.3.2.12

Fig.3.2.13

Fig.3.2.11

3.2 Open Space Design

B. Open Space Design Principles (cont'd)

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Fig. 3.2.11 Fountains and pools in Air Garden

Fig. 3.2.13 The Grass Quadrangle, Terrazzo AreaFig. 3.2.12 Allées in front of dormitories mP / LD / AD Schematic Design

Fig.3.2.9

Fig.3.2.12

Fig.3.2.13

Fig.3.2.11

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

GENERAL

Type IV: Special Landscape (cont'd)

> The pavings in the Cadet Area including the Court of honor, the Courtyards of Fairchild hall 1 & 2 and the pavings in the Terrazzo Area, are to be maintained as a pattern of fields and strips recalling the governing grid. The fields must be in aggregate concrete. They must be divided into four equal squares and framed by marble strips that are a continuation of the structural grid module of 1 foot, 9 inches.

> Coordinate drains with paving patterns. Drains, where needed, are to be placed in the center of each paving field. In arcades, integrate drains in the marble strips at least 1 foot, 9 inches from building columns.

> The paving in formal courtyards outside the Cadet Area is to be in concrete, following the 7-foot module of the governing grid at the control joints.

> Open spaces on the basement level of buildings are to be covered with white gravel.

The edges of the major levels of the Cadet Area are defined by retaining walls. These are clad in granite panels on all exposed sides, following the governing grid. The panels are vertical in proportion. Joints between panels are minimal and align with the planning module. The walls extend below grade at the bottom and meet paved surfaces with a simple joint. The walls extend above grade at the top to handrail height and are capped with a flush horizontal stone panel.

> Retaining walls outside the Cadet Area are to be in concrete. The detailing includes the cap detail and the pattern of the joints must follow the Cadet Area standards.

> Retaining walls are to be monolithic in appearance and inclined at a ratio of 1 foot horizontal to 50 feet vertical. They are offset from the grid.

> Openings in retaining walls are to be kept to a minimum. Openings must follow the planning module and are to be developed with stone returns on all sides. Interruptions in retaining walls are to accommodate window walls and be full-height with flush detailing.

> Retaining walls are to have recessed lights centered on the governing grid (see Site Lighting, 4.1, 4.2).

> Exterior stairs must be located and configured on the governing grid and match the width of the connecting pathways.

> Exterior stairs in the Cadet Area are to be positioned and dimensioned to allow the marble strips to act as visual borders.

> Stair treads and risers extending down to the Terrazzo level are to be of granite. Raised planters, stair walls and the surrounding handrail-height protection wall are to be of the same granite.

> handrails of exterior stairs are to be composed of 2-inch square solid steel bar frame and vertical supports with sharp 90 degree edges. Vertical supports are to follow the governing grid. Every 3 feet, 6 inches, a vertical support is to extend from the topcap to the treads, 4 inches into the tread and on center. Meet code for infill, using 1/2-inch square vertical solid steel bars. Frame, supports and infill are to be painted black. The topcap must be a flat aluminum rail with rounded sides, separated from the frame with a reveal and continuous along the length of the stair.

> The plantings in the Court of honor must be formal. Single trees, equally spaced in both grid directions, form a bosque that spatially divides the court into two areas. Some trees may be contained in raised granite planters, located according to the governing grid.

Fig.3.2.14

Fig.3.2.15

Fig.3.2.16

3.2 Open Space Design

B. Open Space Design Principles (cont'd)

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Fig. 3.2.14 Courtyard of Fairchild Hall 1

Fig. 3.2.15 Exterior stairs Fig. 3.2.16 Raised planters in the Court of Honor mP / LD / AD Schematic Design

Fig.3.2.14

Fig.3.2.15

Fig.3.2.16

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Introduction

The construction guidelines of open space design elements are general and apply to the entire campus.

The Cadet Area also conforms to specific standards. The construction guidelines are organized by design element. The design elements include Paving / Surfacing, Retaining Walls, Exterior Stairs and Plantings. Each design element is specified by material, finish, color and dimensions where applicable.

Soil drainage has proved to be a severely limiting factor for plant growth in certain areas. This is largely a result of the underlying hardpan close to the surface in areas that were excavated during site construction. Carefully install plants to their proper depth. Include water absorbing polymers into the backfill mix for all trees and shrubs, and till polymers into areas to be seeded or sodded.

A Paving / Surfacing Elements Material/Plant Finish/Form Color Dimensions Paving, Cadet Area Terrazzo Exposed aggregate To match existing 28’-0” x 28’-0”’ Strips Marble 3/16” mitre edge White to match original 1’-9” square Drain in strips Steel Galvanized Gray 3’6” x 1’9” Drain in paving field Steel Galvanized Gray Centered in field Paving, all other areas Concrete High quality Light gray Multiple 7’-0”x7’-0” Surfacing Next to buildings Quartz Rounded White Grasses Bluegrass Sod-forming Green Groundcovers Green 1 gallon min. size Drainage swales Rock boulder on concrete Natural / broom Red granite / gray

Overview

These standards preserve the objectives of the original landscape concept. New landscaping must maintain and reinforce these concepts with compatible landscape treatments. Any landscaping must help to articulate outdoor spaces, reinforce circulation and pedestrian flow and provide a direction or focus to major entrances. All landscaping must conform to the standards specified in the following chapters:

A. Open Space Planning Principles p. 236

Fig.3.2.17

Fig.3.3.18

Fig.3.3.19

Fig.3.3.20

3.2 Open Space Design

C. Open Space Construction Guidelines

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Fig. 3.2.18 7-foot module of concrete paving

Fig. 3.2.19 White quartz in open basement level

Fig. 3.2.22 Exterior stairs with handrails

Fig. 3.2.20 Groundcovers

Fig. 3.2.17 Paving with joints

Fig. 3.2.21 Exterior stairs (infill is not standard)

LD / AD Detail Design / Installation

Fig.3.2.17

Fig.3.3.18

Fig.3.3.19

Fig.3.3.20

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

GENERAL

B Retaining Walls Elements Material/Plant Finish/Form Color Dimensions Retaining wall, Rockville beige granite Thermal finish To match original To match original Cadet Area Retaining wall cap Rockville beige granite Mellatone finish To match original 3/16” mitre lower edge Grout Silicon Concave Gray to match granite 1/2” Retaining wall, Concrete Light broom Light gray other areas Railing Steel square bar Painted Black To match existing Topcap Aluminum Extruded Clear anodized To match existing Raised planters, Rockville beige granite Thermal finish To match original Cadet Area Raised planter cap Rockville beige granite Mellatone finish To match original 3/16” mitre lower edge Raised planters, Concrete Light broom Light gray other areas

C Exterior Stairs Elements Material/Plant Finish/Form Color Dimensions Exterior stairs, Rockville beige granite Thermal finish To match original To match original Cadet Area Exterior stairs, Concrete Light broom Light gray other areas handrail Solid steel square bar Painted Black 2” x 2” square Topcap Aluminum Extruded Clear anodized 2” Infill Solid steel square bar Painted Black 1/2” x 1/2” square Ramps Concrete High quality Light gray

D Plantings Elements Material/Plant Finish/Form Color Dimensions Trees Ponderosa Pine Evergreen 2 inch caliper min.

Conifers Light green 2 inch caliper min.

Shrubs Xeriscape Four season appeal Evergreen 5 gallon min. size

Fig.3.2.23

Fig.3.2.21

Fig.3.2.22

Fig.3.2.24

3.2 Open Space Design

C. Open Space Construction Guidelines

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

Fig. 3.2.24 Retaining wall with cap

Fig. 3.2.23 Paving, retaining wall on Terrazzo

LD / AD Detail Design / Installation

Fig.3.2.23

Fig.3.2.21

Fig.3.2.22

Fig.3.2.24

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

4. UTILITIES / LIGHTING

USAFA

Master Planning, in the Concept Design Phase, in the Schematic Design Phase, in the Detail Design / Installation Phase, If you are working on the design of utilities or lighting, and you are:

Architectural Design,

4.3 Building Exterior

Utilities / Lighting Design Principles Building Ext. Utilities Building Ext. Lighting read this:

Interior Design,

4.4 Building Exterior

Utilities / Lighting Construct. Standards Building Ext. Utilities Building Ext. Lighting

4.6 Interior Utilities /

Lighting Construct. Standards Interior Utilities Interior Lighting

4.5 Interior Utilities /

Lighting Design Principles Interior Utilities Interior Lighting read this:

Landscape Design,

4.1 Site Utilities /

Lighting Design Principles Site Utilities Site Lighting read this: 4.2 Site Utilities / Lighting Construct. Standards Site Utilities Site Lighting

Civil/Traffic Engineering,

4.1 Site Utilities /

Lighting Design Principles Site Utilities Site Lighting read this: 4.2 Site Utilities / Lighting Construct. Standards Site Utilities Site Lighting and you are doing

USAFA Design Standards

FA2517-13-R-5000

Attachment 6

4. UTILITIES / LIGHTING

4.1 Site Utilities / Lighting Design Principles

GENERAL

Introduction

Site Utilities conform to general design principles, which apply to the entire campus. Site Lighting follows the types established in Site Circulation 2.2. When designing site lighting schemes for roads, parking and pathways, select a comparable type for the appropriate design principles and construction guidelines.

USAFA is currently evaluating Utility Privatization. Electrical Power Distribution and Natural Gas have mostly been privatized and belong to Colorado Springs Utilities. The extent of electrical power is private ownership of all distribution systems up to and including the primary building transformers. There are some unique areas where interior transformers still belong to the USAFA. Natural gas is the entire distribution system up to and including the building regulators. Other utilities are under evalution. The A-E must discuss any utility requirements with the USAFA 10 CES Project Manager.

LEED Standards as issued by the U.S. Green Building Council must be considered and applied for all projects.

The USAFA goal is to meet a "Silver" rating or greater on all projects.

Site Utilities

A Utility System > Place utility lines, systems and components below grade.

> Provide utility line conduits under roadways in new and major construction areas.

> Select all mechanical components in compliance with the Air Force Academy Mechanical

Design Standards.

> Screen all above ground elements with dense landscaping. Avoid above-grade utilities in the courtyards and plazas of the Cadet Area. Screen all gas valves with landscaping.

> Paint all elements, except fire protection pull stations, to blend with the surfaces / terrain on which they are installed. Weimar gray or equivalent is required. Paint fire protection pull stations red. Do not paint pavement to mark underground utilities.

> Standpipe connections in high profile areas must be installed in cabinets; those in industrial facilities do not require cabinets.

> Use natural, unobtrusive materials for utility markers.

> Replace painted metal signs on steel poles with low stone or concrete pylons with chiseled or stamped alphanumeric labeling. They must be edged with small granite cobble borders to avoid additional grass trimming.

Overview

These standards incorporate…