Attachment-O5_Museum_Specification_Vol_2.pdf

JEFFERSON NATIONAL EXPANSION

MEMORIAL

SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI

MUSEUM OF WESTWARD EXPANSION

AND VISITOR CENTER

JNEM

PMIS NO. 199869

CONTRACT #1

VOLUME 2

CONFORMED SPECIFICATIONS

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

FEBRUARY 18, 2015

OWNER

United States Department of the Interior

National Park Service (NPS) Denver Service Center (DSC)

CLIENT GROUP PARTNERS

CityArchRiver 2015 Foundation St. Louis, MO

Great Rivers Greenway St. Louis, MO

DESIGN TEAM

Architect and Prime Cooper, Robertson & Partners (CRP) New York, NY

Architect Trivers Associates St. Louis, MO

Architectural Design Consultant James Carpenter Design Associates (JCDA) New York, NY

Landscape Architect Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Landscape Architects, Inc., PC (MVVA) Brooklyn, NY

Mechanical and Electrical Engineer

KJWW

St. Louis, MO

Structural Engineer Alper Audi, Inc.

St. Louis, MO

Plumbing and Fire Protection Engineer

KAI

St. Louis, MO

Accessibility and Universal Design Cohen Hilberry Architects (CHA) St. Louis, MO

Glass Engineering Consulting Eckersley O’Callahan (EOC) New York, NY

Lighting Designer Tillotson Design Associates (TDA) New York, NY

Audio-Visual Consulting Jaffe Holden Houston, TX

Acoustical Consulting AcoustiControl St. Louis, MO

Site Security Consulting ABS Consulting St. Louis, MO

Electronic Security and IT Consulting Shen Milsom & Wilke (SMW) Chicago, IL

Vertical Transportation Consulting Van Deusen & Associates (DA) Livingston, NJ

Waterproofing Consulting Henshell and Buccellato Shrewsbury, NJ

LEED Consultant hellmuth + bicknese architects St. Louis, MO

Civil Engineer David Mason & Associates (DMA) St. Louis, MO

Stormwater Civil Engineer Civil Design Incorporated (CDI) St. Louis, MO 63104

Irrigation Design Landtech Design St. Louis, MO

Geotechnical Engineer Geotechnology Inc.

St Louis, MO 63146

Fountain Designer Hydro Dramatics Inc.

St Louis, MO

CONTRACT 1 CONFORMED CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS -- FEBRUARY 18, 2015

JNEM - 199869 000110 - 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENT 000110

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CRP Cooper, Robertson & Partners AA Alper Audi, Inc.

CDI Civil Design Inc.

DDG DDG Inc.

DMA David Mason & Associates GEO Geotechnology HS Haley Sharpe Design HB Henshell and Buccellato HD Hydro Dramatics JCDA James Carpenter Design Associates HS Hayley Sharpe Design JH Jaffe Holden

KAI KAI

KJWW KJWW

LT LandTech MVVA Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Landscape Architects, Inc., PC

RBLDI RBLDI

SMW Shen Milsom & Wilke TA Trivers Associates TAO William Tao & Associates, Inc.

TDA Tillotson Design Associates VDA Van Deusen & Associates

PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS

INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

Document 000010 Cover Page CRP Document 000015 Project Directory CRP Document 000110 Table Of Contents CRP

VOLUME 1

SPECIFICATIONS

DIVISION 01 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Section 011000 Contract Modification Procedures CRP Section 011100 Summary Of Work CRP Section 011115 Construction Phasing CRP Section 012700 Definition Of Contract Line Items CRP Section 013100 Project Management And Coordination CRP Section 013216 Construction Schedule CRP Section 013233 Photo Documentation For Historic Preservation Projects CRP Section 013323 Submittal Procedures CRP Section 013513.22 Archeological Protection CRP Section 013523 Safety Requirements CRP Section 013591 Historic Preservation Treatment Procedures CRP Section 014000 Quality Requirements CRP Section 014200 References CRP Section 015000 Temporary Facilities And Controls CRP Section 015719.11 Indoor Air Quality Management CRP Section 015719.12 Noise And Acoustics Management CRP

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 015723 Pollution Prevention Plan CRP Section 016700 Product Requirements CRP Section 017329 Cutting And Patching CRP Section 017340 Execution CRP Section 017419 Construction Waste Management And Disposal CRP Section 017700 Closeout Procedures CRP Section 017823 Operation And Maintenance Data CRP Section 017900 Demonstration And Training CRP Section 018113 Sustainable Design Requirements CRP Section 019113 Commissioning Requirements TAO

DIVISION 02 - EXISTING CONDITIONS

Section 024119 Selective Demolition CRP

DIVISION 03 - CONCRETE

Section 030130 Maintenance Of Cast-In-Place Concrete CRP Section 031500 Waterstops: Injection Hoses HB Section 033000 Cast-in-Place Concrete AA Section 033001 Cast-In-Place Concrete - Miscellaneous. Site Structures DMA Section 033550 Concrete Floor Finishing CRP Section 033816 Unbonded Post-Tensioned Concrete AA Section 034500 Architectural Precast Concrete CRP Section 034900 Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete CRP

DIVISION 04 - MASONRY

Section 042000 Unit Masonry CRP

DIVISION 05 - METALS

Section 051200 Structural Steel Framing AA Section 051201 Structural Steel Framing - Miscellaneous Site Structures DMA Section 051213 Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel Framing CRP Section 054000 Cold Formed Metal Framing AA Section 055000 Metal Fabrications CRP Section 055150 Monumental Stair CRP Section 057000 Decorative Metal CRP Section 057300 Decorative Metal Railings CRP

DIVISION 06 - WOOD, PLASTICS, & COMPOSITES

Section 061000 Rough Carpentry CRP Section 064023 Interior Architectural Woodwork CRP Section 066400 Plastic Paneling CRP

DIVISION 07 - THERMAL & MOISTURE PROTECTION

Section 071326 Self-Adhering Sheet Waterproofing HB Section 071352 Modified Bitumen Sheet Waterproofing HB Section 071418 Cold Fluid Applied Waterproofing For Fountain MVVA Section 071616 Crystalline Waterproofing HB Section 072100 Building Insulation CRP Section 072119 Foamed In Place Insulation CRP Section 072419 Water-Drainage Exterior Insulation And Finish System CRP Section 072616 Underslab Vapor Retarder HB Section 075323 Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Roofing HB Section 078120 Spray Applied Fireproofing CRP Section 078400 Firestopping CRP Section 079200 Joint Sealants CRP Section 079513 Expansion Joint Cover Assemblies HB

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION 08 - OPENINGS

Section 081113 Hollow Metal Doors And Frames CRP Section 083113 Access Doors And Frames CRP Section 083120 Floor Access Doors CRP Section 083323 Overhead Coiling Doors CRP Section 083326 Overhead Coiling Grilles CRP Section 083343 Deployable Draft Curtains CRP Section 083513.23 Horizontal Sliding, Accordion-Type Fire Doors CRP Section 084126 All-Glass Entrances And Storefronts CRP Section 084233 Revolving Door Entrances CRP Section 084413 Specialty Glazed Enclosure Systems CRP Section 084429 Automatic Swinging Entrances CRP Section 087100 Door Hardware TA Section 088000 Glazing CRP Section 088853 Security Glazing CRP Section 088856 Bullet-Resistant Glazing CRP Section 089000 Louvers And Vents CRP

DIVISION 09 - FINISHES

Section 092400 Cement Plastering CRP Section 092613 Gypsum Veneer Plastering CRP Section 092900 Gypsum Board CRP Section 093000 Tiling CRP Section 095133 Acoustical Metal Ceilings CRP Section 095300 Acoustical Ceiling Assemblies CRP Section 095419 Reflective Panel Ceilings CRP Section 095426 Linear Wood Ceilings CRP Section 095433 Aluminum Tube Ceiling Panel System CRP Section 096513 Resilient Base And Accessories CRP Section 096519 Resilient Tile Flooring CRP Section 096600 Terrazzo Flooring CRP Section 096770 Sealed Concrete Finish CRP Section 096813 Tile Carpeting CRP Section 098000 Acoustical Treatment CRP Section 099100 Painting CRP Section 099600 High-Performance Coatings CRP

DIVISION 10 - SPECIALTIES

Section 101100 Visual Display Surfaces CRP Section 101400 Signage HS Section 102113 Toilet Compartments CRP Section 102226 Operable Partitions CRP Section 102600 Wall And Corner Protection CRP Section 102813 Toilet Accessories CRP Section 104400 Fire Protection Specialties CRP Section 105113 Metal Lockers CRP Section 105120 Phenolic Lockers CRP Section 108200 Welded Wire Trellis CRP

DIVISION 11 - EQUIPMENT

Section 111319 Loading Dock Lifts CRP Section 111413.13 Portable Posts And Railings CRP Section 114000 Food Service Equipment DDG

DIVISION 12 - FURNISHINGS

Section 122413 Roller Window Shades CRP Section 123623 Plastic Countertops CRP Section 124813 Entrance Floor Mats CRP

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 124819 Decorative Floor Gratings And Frames CRP Section 129300 Site Improvements MVVA

DIVISION 13 - SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION

Section 131213 Exterior Water Feature System HD

DIVISION 14 - CONVEYING EQUIPMENT

Section 142400 Hydraulic Elevators VDA Section 142423 Hydraulic Passenger Elevator TA Section 143100 Escalator VDA

VOLUME 2

DIVISION 21 - FIRE SUPPRESSION

Section 210500 Common Work Results For Fire Suppression KAI Section 210548 Vibration And Seismic Controls For Fire Suppression Piping And Equipment KAI Section 211313 Wet-Pipe, Dry-Pipe And Standpipe Systems KAI

DIVISION 22 - PLUMBING

Section 220523 General-Duty Valves For Plumbing Piping KAI Section 220529 Hangers And Supports For Plumbing Piping And Equipment KAI Section 220548 Vibration And Seismic Controls For Plumbing Piping And Equipment KAI Section 220553 Identification For Plumbing Piping And Equipment KAI Section 220700 Plumbing Insulation KAI Section 221116 Domestic Water Piping KAI Section 221119 Domestic Water Piping Specialties KAI Section 221316 Sanitary Waste And Vent Piping KAI Section 221423 Storm Drainage Piping KAI Section 221429 Sump Pumps KAI Section 221430 Existing Sump Pumps KAI Section 223300 Electric Domestic Water Heaters KAI Section 224000 Plumbing Fixtures KAI Section 224700 Electric Water Coolers KAI

DIVISION 23 - HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING

Section 230500 Basic HVAC Requirements KJWW Section 230503 Through Penetration Firestopping KJWW Section 230505 HVAC Demolition for Remodeling KJWW Section 230513 Motors KJWW Section 230516 HVAC Expansion Compensation KJWW Section 230529 HVAC Supports and Anchors KJWW Section 230548 HVAC Vibration Isolation KJWW Section 230550 Seismic Requirements for Equipment and Supports KJWW Section 230553 HVAC Identification KJWW Section 230593 Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing KJWW Section 230713 Ductwork Insulation KJWW Section 230716 HVAC Equipment Insulation KJWW Section 230719 HVAC Piping Insulation KJWW Section 230900 Controls KJWW Section 230913 Instrumentation KJWW Section 232100 Hydronic Piping KJWW Section 232123 HVAC Pumps KJWW Section 232200 Steam and Steam Condensate Piping KJWW Section 232218 Steam and Steam Condensate Specialties KJWW Section 232500 Chemical (Water) Treatment KJWW Section 233100 Ductwork KJWW Section 233300 Ductwork Accessories KJWW

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 233416 Centrifugal Fans KJWW Section 233423 Power Ventilators KJWW Section 233600 Air Terminal Units KJWW Section 233700 Air Inlets and Outlets KJWW Section 234000 Air Cleaning KJWW Section 235700 Heat Exchangers KJWW Section 236416 Electric Water Chillers KJWW Section 237200 Energy Recovery Devices KJWW Section 237323 Custom Air Handling Units KJWW Section 237415 Microclimate Generator KJWW Section 238200 Terminal Heat Transfer Units KJWW Section 238216 Air Coils KJWW

DIVISION 26 - ELECTRICAL

Section 260500 Basic Electrical Requirements KJWW Section 260500.1 Basic Electrical Requirements - Site KJWW Section 260505 Electrical Demolition for Remodeling KJWWI Section 260505.1 Electrical Demolition for Remodeling - Site KJWW Section 260513 Wire And Cable KJWW Section 260513.1 Wire And Cable - Site KJWW Section 260517 Electric Heat Trace And Snow Melt KJWW Section 260526 Grounding and Bonding KJWW Section 260526.1 Grounding and Bonding - Site KJWW Section 260527 Supporting Devices KJWW Section 260527.1 Supporting Devices - Site KJWW Section 260533 Conduit and Boxes KJWW Section 260533.1 Conduit And Boxes - Site KJWW Section 260535 Surface Raceways KJWWI Section 260537.1 Manholes - Site KJWW Section 260548 Seismic Requirements for Equipment and Supports KJWW Section 260553 Electrical Identification KJWW Section 260553.1 Electrical Identification - Site KJWW Section 260913 Power Monitoring And Control System KJWWI Section 260923 Lighting Control Devices - Architectural Luminaires TDA Section 260933 Lighting Control Systems KJWWI Section 260943 Networked Exterior Lighting Controls RBLDI Section 262000 Service Entrance KJWW Section 262200 Dry Type Transformers KJWW Section 262413 Switchboards KJWW Section 262416 Panelboards KJWW Section 262423.1 Packaged Power -Center - Site KJWW Section 262716.1 Cabinets And Enclosures - Site KJWW Section 262726 Wiring Devices KJWWI Section 262726.1 Wiring Devices - Site KJWW Section 262813 Fuses KJWW Section 262816 Disconnect Switches KJWW Section 262816.1 Disconnect Switches - Site KJWW Section 262923 Variable Frequency Drives KJWW Section 263353 Static Uninterruptible Power Supply KJWW Section 263600 Transfer Switch KJWW Section 264300 Surge Protection Devices KJWW Section 264300.1 Surge Protection Devices - Site KJWW Section 265100 Lighting KJWW Section 265100 Luminaires - Architectural TDA Section 265000.1 Lighting KJWW Section 265600 Exterior Lighting RBLDI

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 3

DIVISION 27 - COMMUNICATIONS

Section 270500.1 Basic Communications Systems Requirements - Site KJWW Section 270501 Basic Communications Systems Requirements KJWW Section 270505.1 Technology Demolition For Remodeling - Site KJWW Section 270506 Technology Demolition For Remodeling KJWWI Section 270526 Grounding And Bonding For Communications Systems SMW Section 270528 Pathways For Communications Systems SMW Section 270528.33 Conduit And Backboxes For Communications Systems SMW Section 270528.36 Cable Trays For Communications Systems SMW Section 270528 Pathway For Communications Systems SMW Section 270543.1 Exterior Communication Pathways - Site KJWW Section 270553 Identification For Communications Systems SMW Section 270800 Commissioning of Communications Systems SMW Section 271000 Structured Cabling SMW Section 271116 Communications Cabinets, Racks, Frames And Enclosures SMW Section 271119 Communications Termination Blocks And Patch Panels SMW Section 271123 Communications Cable Management And Ladder Rack SMW Section 271300.1 Backbone Cabling Requirements - Site KJWW Section 271313 Communications Copper Backbone Cabling SMW Section 271313.13 Communications Copper Backbone Splicing And Terminations SMW Section 271323 Communications Optical Fiber Backbone Cabling SMW Section 271323.13 Communications Optical Fiber Splicing And Terminations SMW Section 271345 Network Electronics KJWW Section 271500.1 Horizontal Cabling Requirements - Site KJWW Section 271513 Communications Copper Horizontal Cabling SMW Section 271523 Communications Optical Fiber Horizontal Cabling SMW Section 271543 Communications Faceplates And Connectors SMW Section 271619 Communications Patch Cords, Station Cords And Cross Connect Wire SMW Section 271710 Testing KJWWI Section 271710.1 Testing - Site KJWW Section 271720.1 Support And Warranty - Site KJWW Section 274100 Audio Video Systems JH Section 275320 Distributed Antenna System (DAS) KJWW

DIVISION 28 - ELECTRONIC SAFETY AND SECURITY

Section 280500 Common Work Results For Electronic Safety And Security SMW Section 280500.1 Basic Electronic Safety And Security System Requirements - Site KJWW Section 280501 Basic Electronic Safety And Security System Requirements KJWW Section 280513 Conductors And Cables For Electronic Safety And Security SMW Section 281300 Access Control SMW Section 282300 Video Surveillance SMW Section 282300.011 Video Surveillance - Site KJWW Section 282301 Video Surveillance KJWW Section 282605 Rescue Assistance Communication System KJWW Section 283100 Fire Alarm and Detection Systems KJWW

DIVISION 31 - EARTHWORK

Section 311000 Site Preparation, Salvage And Clearing MVVA Section 312000 Earthwork DMA Section 312323 EPS Geofoam MVVA Section 313419 Reinforced Slope Systems GEO Section 315000 Excavation Support And Protection DMA Section 316329 Drilled Concrete Piers And Shafts AA Section 316813 Foundation Rock Anchors AA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION 32 - EXTERIOR IMPROVEMENTS

Section 321243 Decomposed Granite Pavement MVVA Section 321313 Concrete Pavements And Curbs MVVA Section 321400 Site Stonework MVVA Section 321700 Fountain Pedestal System MVVA Section 323113 Chain Link Fence MVVA Section 323119 Site Ornamental Metals MVVA Section 323900 Security Bollards MVVA Section 328400 Landscape Irrigation LT Section 329119 Planting Soil System - Installation MVVA Section 329200 Lawn MVVA Section 329300 Planting And Fine Grading MVVA

DIVISION 33 - UTILITIES

Section 331113 Site Water Distribution DMA Section 333100 Sanitary Utility Sewerage Piping CDI Section 334100 Storm Utility Drainage Piping CDI Section 334400 Storm Utility Water Drains CDI Section 334600 Aeration System MVVA Section 334913 Storm Drainage Manholes And Cleanouts CDI

END TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTRACT 1 CONFORMED CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS – FEBRUARY 18, 2015

JNEM - 199869 210500-1

COMMON WORK RESULTS FOR FIRE SUPPRESSION

SECTION 210500

COMMON WORK RESULTS FOR FIRE SUPPRESSION

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 SUMMARY

A. This Section includes the following:

1. All work under this Section will be completed in phases. Contractor to allow for connection to existing piping and draining sections of piping that would stay in operation.

2. Piping materials and installation instructions common to most piping systems.

3. Mechanical sleeve seals.

4. Sleeves.

5. Escutcheons.

6. Grout.

7. Fire-suppression equipment and piping demolition.

8. Equipment installation requirements common to equipment sections.

9. Painting and finishing.

10. Concrete bases.

11. Supports and anchorages.

1.2 DEFINITIONS

A. Finished Spaces: Spaces other than mechanical and electrical equipment rooms, furred spaces, pipe chases, unheated spaces immediately below roof, spaces above ceilings, unexcavated spaces, crawlspaces, and tunnels.

B. Exposed, Interior Installations: Exposed to view indoors. Examples include finished occupied spaces and mechanical equipment rooms.

C. Exposed, Exterior Installations: Exposed to view outdoors or subject to outdoor ambient temperatures and weather conditions. Examples include rooftop locations.

D. Concealed, Interior Installations: Concealed from view and protected from physical contact by building occupants. Examples include above ceilings and in chases.

E. Concealed, Exterior Installations: Concealed from view and protected from weather conditions and physical contact by building occupants but subject to outdoor ambient temperatures.

Examples include installations within unheated shelters.

F. The following are industry abbreviations for plastic materials:

G. CPVC: Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride plastic.

H. The following are industry abbreviations for rubber materials:

1. EPDM: Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubber.

2. NBR: Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber.

1.3 SUBMITTALS

A. Product Data: For the following:

1. Mechanical sleeve seals.

2. Escutcheons.

3. Welding certificates.

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1.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Steel Support Welding: Qualify processes and operators according to AWS D1.1, "Structural Welding Code--Steel."

B. Steel Pipe Welding: Qualify processes and operators according to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: Section IX, "Welding and Brazing Qualifications."

1. Comply with provisions in ASME B31 Series, "Code for Pressure Piping."

2. Certify that each welder has passed AWS qualification tests for welding processes involved and that certification is current.

C. Electrical Characteristics for Fire-Suppression Equipment: Equipment of higher electrical characteristics may be furnished provided such proposed equipment is approved in writing and connecting electrical services, circuit breakers, and conduit sizes are appropriately modified. If minimum energy ratings or efficiencies are specified, equipment shall comply with requirements.

1.5 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING

A. Deliver pipes and tubes with factory-applied end caps. Maintain end caps through shipping, storage, and handling to prevent pipe end damage and to prevent entrance of dirt, debris, and moisture.

B. Store plastic pipes protected from direct sunlight. Support to prevent sagging and bending.

1.6 COORDINATION

A. Arrange for pipe spaces, chases, slots, and openings in building structure during progress of construction, to allow for fire-suppression installations.

B. Coordinate installation of required supporting devices and set sleeves in poured-in-place concrete and other structural components as they are constructed.

C. Coordinate requirements for access panels and doors for fire-suppression items requiring access that are concealed behind finished surfaces. Access panels and doors are specified in Division 08 Section "Access Doors and Frames."

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 MANUFACTURERS

A. In other Part 2 articles where subparagraph titles below introduce lists, the following requirements apply for product selection:

1. Available Manufacturers: Subject to compliance with requirements, manufacturers offering products that may be incorporated into the Work include, but are not limited to, the manufacturers specified.

2.2 PIPE, TUBE, AND FITTINGS

A. Refer to individual Division 21 piping Sections for pipe, tube, and fitting materials and joining methods.

B. Pipe Threads: ASME B1.20.1 for factory-threaded pipe and pipe fittings.

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2.3 JOINING MATERIALS

A. Refer to individual Division 21 piping Sections for special joining materials not listed below.

B. Pipe-Flange Gasket Materials: Suitable for chemical and thermal conditions of piping system contents.

1. ASME B16.21, nonmetallic, flat, asbestos-free, 1/8-inch maximum thickness unless thickness or specific material is indicated.

a. Full-Face Type: For flat-face, Class 125, cast-iron and cast-bronze flanges.

b. Narrow-Face Type: For raised-face, Class 250, cast-iron and steel flanges.

2. AWWA C110, rubber, flat face, 1/8 inch thick, unless otherwise indicated; and full-face or ring type, unless otherwise indicated.

C. Flange Bolts and Nuts: ASME B18.2.1, carbon steel, unless otherwise indicated.

D. Plastic, Pipe-Flange Gasket, Bolts, and Nuts: Type and material recommended by piping system manufacturer, unless otherwise indicated.

E. Solder Filler Metals: ASTM B 32, lead-free alloys. Include water-flushable flux according to

ASTM B 813.

F. Brazing Filler Metals: AWS A5.8, BCuP Series, copper-phosphorus alloys for general-duty brazing, unless otherwise indicated; and AWS A5.8, BAg1, silver alloy for refrigerant piping, unless otherwise indicated.

G. Welding Filler Metals: Comply with AWS D10.12 for welding materials appropriate for wall thickness and chemical analysis of steel pipe being welded.

2.4 MECHANICAL SLEEVE SEALS

A. Description: Modular sealing element unit, designed for field assembly, to fill annular space between pipe and sleeve.

1. Manufacturers:

a. Advance Products & Systems, Inc.

b. Calpico, Inc.

c. Metraflex Co.

d. Pipeline Seal and Insulator, Inc.

2. Sealing Elements: EPDM interlocking links shaped to fit surface of pipe. Include type and number required for pipe material and size of pipe.

3. Pressure Plates: Carbon steel. Include two for each sealing element.

4. Connecting Bolts and Nuts: Carbon steel with corrosion-resistant coating of length required to secure pressure plates to sealing elements. Include one for each sealing element.

2.5 SLEEVES

A. Galvanized-Steel Sheet: 0.0239-inch minimum thickness; round tube closed with welded longitudinal joint.

B. Steel Pipe: ASTM A 53, Type E, Grade B, Schedule 40, galvanized, plain ends.

C. Cast Iron: Cast or fabricated "wall pipe" equivalent to ductile-iron pressure pipe, with plain ends and integral waterstop, unless otherwise indicated.

D. Stack Sleeve Fittings: Manufactured, cast-iron sleeve with integral clamping flange. Include clamping ring and bolts and nuts for membrane flashing.

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1. Underdeck Clamp: Clamping ring with set screws.

2.6 ESCUTCHEONS

A. Description: Manufactured wall and ceiling escutcheons and floor plates, with an ID to closely fit around pipe, tube, and insulation of insulated piping and an OD that completely covers opening.

B. One-Piece, Deep-Pattern Type: Deep-drawn, box-shaped brass with polished chrome-plated finish.

C. One-Piece, Cast-Brass Type: With set screw.

1. Finish: Polished chrome-plated.

2.7 GROUT

A. Description: ASTM C 1107, Grade B, nonshrink and nonmetallic, dry hydraulic-cement grout.

1. Characteristics: Post-hardening, volume-adjusting, nonstaining, noncorrosive, nongaseous, and recommended for interior and exterior applications.

2. Design Mix: 5000-psi, 28-day compressive strength.

3. Packaging: Premixed and factory packaged.

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 FIRE-SUPPRESSION DEMOLITION

A. Refer to Division 01 Section "Cutting and Patching" and Division 02 Section "Selective Structure Demolition" for general demolition requirements and procedures. Contractor to coordinate phasing of piping with Architect and Engineer.

B. Disconnect, demolish, and remove fire-suppression systems, equipment, and components indicated to be removed.

1. Piping to Be Removed: Remove portion of piping indicated to be removed and cap or plug remaining piping with same or compatible piping material.

2. Piping to Be Abandoned in Place: Drain piping and cap or plug piping with same or compatible piping material.

3. Equipment to Be Removed: Disconnect and cap services and remove equipment.

4. Equipment to Be Removed and Reinstalled: Disconnect and cap services and remove, clean, and store equipment; when appropriate, reinstall, reconnect, and make equipment operational.

5. Equipment to Be Removed and Salvaged: Disconnect and cap services and remove equipment and deliver to Owner.

C. If pipe, insulation, or equipment to remain is damaged in appearance or is unserviceable, remove damaged or unserviceable portions and replace with new products of equal capacity and quality.

3.2 PIPING SYSTEMS - COMMON REQUIREMENTS

A. Install piping according to the following requirements and Division 21 Sections specifying piping systems.

B. Drawing plans, schematics, and diagrams indicate general location and arrangement of piping systems. Indicated locations and arrangements were used to size pipe and calculate friction loss, expansion, pump sizing, and other design considerations. Install piping as indicated

JNEM - 199869 210500-5

unless deviations to layout are approved on Coordination Drawings. The location of sprinkler heads have been coordinated with the Architect. Any deviation from there will have to be approved by the Engineer.

C. Install piping in concealed locations, unless otherwise indicated and except in equipment rooms and service areas.

D. Install piping indicated to be exposed and piping in equipment rooms and service areas at right angles or parallel to building walls. Diagonal runs are prohibited unless specifically indicated otherwise.

E. Install piping above accessible ceilings to allow sufficient space for ceiling panel removal.

F. Install piping to permit valve servicing.

G. Install piping at indicated slopes.

H. Install piping free of sags and bends.

I. Install fittings for changes in direction and branch connections.

J. Install piping to allow application of insulation.

K. Select system components with pressure rating equal to or greater than system operating pressure.

L. Install escutcheons for penetrations of walls, ceilings, and floors according to the following:

1. New Piping:

a. Piping with Fitting or Sleeve Protruding from Wall: One-piece, deep-pattern type.

b. Chrome-Plated Piping: One-piece, cast-brass type with polished chrome-plated finish.

c. Insulated Piping: One-piece, stamped-steel type with spring clips.

d. Bare Piping at Wall and Floor Penetrations in Finished Spaces: One-piece, cast-brass type with polished chrome-plated finish.

e. Bare Piping at Wall and Floor Penetrations in Finished Spaces: One-piece, stamped-steel type.

f. Bare Piping at Ceiling Penetrations in Finished Spaces: One-piece, cast-brass type with polished chrome-plated finish.

g. Bare Piping in Unfinished Service Spaces: One-piece, cast-brass type with rough-brass finish.

h. Bare Piping in Equipment Rooms: One-piece, cast-brass type.

i. Bare Piping at Floor Penetrations in Equipment Rooms: One-piece, floor-plate type.

M. Sleeves are not required for core-drilled holes.

N. Permanent sleeves are not required for holes formed by removable PE sleeves.

O. Install sleeves for pipes passing through concrete and masonry walls and concrete floor and roof slabs.

P. Install sleeves for pipes passing through concrete and masonry walls, gypsum-board partitions, and concrete floor and roof slabs.

Q. Cut sleeves to length for mounting flush with both surfaces.

JNEM - 199869 210500-6

1. Exception: Extend sleeves installed in floors of mechanical equipment areas or other wet areas 2 inches above finished floor level. Extend cast-iron sleeve fittings below floor slab as required to secure clamping ring if ring is specified.

2. Install sleeves in new walls and slabs as new walls and slabs are constructed.

3. Install sleeves that are large enough to provide 1/4-inch annular clear space between sleeve and pipe or pipe insulation. Use the following sleeve materials:

a. PVC Pipe Sleeves: For pipes smaller than NPS 6.

b. Steel Sheet Sleeves: For pipes NPS 6 and larger, penetrating gypsum-board partitions.

c. Stack Sleeve Fittings: For pipes penetrating floors with membrane waterproofing.

Secure flashing between clamping flanges. Install section of cast-iron soil pipe to extend sleeve to 2 inches above finished floor level. Refer to Division 07 Section "Sheet Metal Flashing and Trim" for flashing.

i. Seal space outside of sleeve fittings with grout.

4. Except for underground wall penetrations, seal annular space between sleeve and pipe or pipe insulation, using joint sealants appropriate for size, depth, and location of joint.

Refer to Division 07 Section "Joint Sealants" for materials and installation.

R. Aboveground, Exterior-Wall Pipe Penetrations: Seal penetrations using sleeves and mechanical sleeve seals. Select sleeve size to allow for 1-inch annular clear space between pipe and sleeve for installing mechanical sleeve seals.

1. Install steel pipe for sleeves smaller than 6 inches in diameter.

2. Install cast-iron "wall pipes" for sleeves 6 inches and larger in diameter.

3. Mechanical Sleeve Seal Installation: Select type and number of sealing elements required for pipe material and size. Position pipe in center of sleeve. Assemble mechanical sleeve seals and install in annular space between pipe and sleeve. Tighten bolts against pressure plates that cause sealing elements to expand and make watertight seal.

S. Underground, Exterior-Wall Pipe Penetrations: Install cast-iron "wall pipes" for sleeves. Seal pipe penetrations using mechanical sleeve seals. Select sleeve size to allow for 1-inch annular clear space between pipe and sleeve for installing mechanical sleeve seals.

1. Mechanical Sleeve Seal Installation: Select type and number of sealing elements required for pipe material and size. Position pipe in center of sleeve. Assemble mechanical sleeve seals and install in annular space between pipe and sleeve. Tighten bolts against pressure plates that cause sealing elements to expand and make watertight seal.

T. Fire-Barrier Penetrations: Maintain indicated fire rating of walls, partitions, ceilings, and floors at pipe penetrations. Seal pipe penetrations with firestop materials. Refer to Division 07 Section "Firestopping" for materials.

1. Verify final equipment locations for roughing-in.

2. Refer to equipment specifications in other Sections of these Specifications for roughing-in requirements.

3.3 PIPING JOINT CONSTRUCTION

A. Join pipe and fittings according to the following requirements and Division 21 Sections specifying piping systems.

B. Ream ends of pipes and tubes and remove burrs. Bevel plain ends of steel pipe.

C. Remove scale, slag, dirt, and debris from inside and outside of pipe and fittings before assembly.

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D. Soldered Joints: Apply ASTM B 813, water-flushable flux, unless otherwise indicated, to tube end. Construct joints according to ASTM B 828 or CDA's "Copper Tube Handbook," using lead-free solder alloy complying with ASTM B 32.

E. Brazed Joints: Construct joints according to AWS's "Brazing Handbook," "Pipe and Tube" Chapter, using copper-phosphorus brazing filler metal complying with AWS A5.8.

F. Threaded Joints: Thread pipe with tapered pipe threads according to ASME B1.20.1. Cut threads full and clean using sharp dies. Ream threaded pipe ends to remove burrs and restore full ID. Join pipe fittings and valves as follows:

1. Apply appropriate tape or thread compound to external pipe threads unless dry seal threading is specified.

2. Damaged Threads: Do not use pipe or pipe fittings with threads that are corroded or damaged. Do not use pipe sections that have cracked or open welds.

G. Welded Joints: Construct joints according to AWS D10.12, using qualified processes and welding operators according to Part 1 "Quality Assurance" Article.

H. Flanged Joints: Select appropriate gasket material, size, type, and thickness for service application. Install gasket concentrically positioned. Use suitable lubricants on bolt threads.

3.4 PAINTING

A. Painting of fire-suppression systems, equipment, and components is specified in Division 09 Sections "Interior Painting" and "Exterior Painting."

B. Damage and Touchup: Repair marred and damaged factory-painted finishes with materials and procedures to match original factory finish.

3.5 CONCRETE BASES

A. Coordinate concrete work in this Article with Division 03 Section "Cast-in-Place Concrete" or "Miscellaneous Cast-in-Place Concrete."

B. Coordinate below with Division 21 Sections specifying equipment. Indicate dowel rod quantity, size, and spacing on Drawings.

C. Concrete Bases: Anchor equipment to concrete base according to equipment manufacturer's written instructions and according to seismic codes at Project.

1. Construct concrete bases of dimensions indicated, but not less than 4 inches larger in both directions than supported unit.

2. Install dowel rods to connect concrete base to concrete floor. Unless otherwise indicated, install dowel rods on 18-inch centers around the full perimeter of the base.

3. Install epoxy-coated anchor bolts for supported equipment that extend through concrete base, and anchor into structural concrete floor.

4. Place and secure anchorage devices. Use supported equipment manufacturer's setting drawings, templates, diagrams, instructions, and directions furnished with items to be embedded.

5. Install anchor bolts to elevations required for proper attachment to supported equipment.

6. Install anchor bolts according to anchor-bolt manufacturer's written instructions.

7. Use 5000, 28-day compressive-strength concrete and reinforcement as specified in

Division 03 Section "Cast-in-Place Concrete."

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3.6 ERECTION OF METAL SUPPORTS AND ANCHORAGES

A. Refer to Division 05 Section "Metal Fabrications" for structural steel.

B. Cut, fit, and place miscellaneous metal supports accurately in location, alignment, and elevation to support and anchor fire-suppression materials and equipment.

C. Field Welding: Comply with AWS D1.1.

3.7 ERECTION OF WOOD SUPPORTS AND ANCHORAGES

A. Cut, fit, and place wood grounds, nailers, blocking, and anchorages to support, and anchor fire-suppression materials and equipment.

B. Select fastener sizes that will not penetrate members if opposite side will be exposed to view or will receive finish materials. Tighten connections between members. Install fasteners without splitting wood members.

C. Attach to substrates as required to support applied loads.

3.8 GROUTING

A. Mix and install grout for fire-suppression equipment base bearing surfaces, pump and other equipment base plates, and anchors.

B. Clean surfaces that will come into contact with grout.

C. Provide forms as required for placement of grout.

D. Avoid air entrapment during placement of grout.

E. Place grout, completely filling equipment bases.

F. Place grout on concrete bases and provide smooth bearing surface for equipment.

G. Place grout around anchors.

H. Cure placed grout.

END OF SECTION

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VIBRATION AND SEISMIC CONTROLSA FOR FIRE SUPPRESSION PIPING

AND EQUIPMENT

SECTION 210548

VIBRATION AND SEISMIC CONTROLS FOR FIRE-SUPPRESSION PIPING AND EQUIPMENT

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS

A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and Division 01 Specification Sections, apply to this Section.

1.2 SUMMARY

A. Section Includes:

1. Elastomeric isolation pads.

2. Elastomeric isolation mounts.

3. Restrained elastomeric isolation mounts.

4. Pipe-riser resilient supports.

5. Resilient pipe guides.

6. Elastomeric hangers.

7. Snubbers.

8. Restraint channel bracings.

9. Seismic-restraint accessories.

10. Mechanical anchor bolts.

11. Adhesive anchor bolts.

1.3 DEFINITIONS

A. IBC: International Building Code.

B. ICC-ES: ICC-Evaluation Service.

C. OSHPD: Office of Statewide Health Planning & Development (for the State of California).

1.4 SUBMITTALS

A. Shop Drawing: For each vibration isolation and seismic-restraint device.

1. Include design calculations and details for selecting vibration isolators and seismic restraints complying with performance requirements, design criteria, and analysis data signed and sealed by the qualified professional engineer responsible for their preparation.

2. Design Calculations: Calculate static and dynamic loading due to equipment weight and operation, due to seismic forces required to select vibration isolators, and due to seismic restraints.

3. Riser Supports: Include riser diagrams and calculations showing anticipated expansion and contraction at each support point, initial and final loads on building structure, spring deflection changes, and seismic loads. Include certification that riser system was examined for excessive stress and that none exists.

B. Seismic-Restraint Details:

1. Design Analysis: To support selection and arrangement of seismic restraints. Include calculations of combined tensile and shear loads.

2. Details: Indicate fabrication and arrangement. Detail attachments of restraints to the restrained items and to the structure. Show attachment locations, methods, and

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spacing’s. Identify components, list their strengths, and indicate directions and values of forces transmitted to the structure during seismic events. Indicate association with vibration isolation devices.

C. Coordinate seismic-restraint and vibration isolation details with wind-restraint details required for equipment mounted outdoors. Comply with requirements in other Sections for equipment mounted outdoors.

D. Product Data: For each type of product.

1. Include rated load, rated deflection, and overload capacity for each vibration isolation device.

2. Illustrate and indicate style, material, strength, fastening provision, and finish for each type and size of vibration isolation device and seismic-restraint component required.

3. Annotate to indicate application of each product submitted and compliance with requirements.

E. Interlocking Snubbers: Include ratings for horizontal, vertical, and combined loads.

1. Ratings of restraint items and the basis for approval (tests or calculations).

F. Coordination Drawings: Show coordination of vibration isolation device installation and seismic bracing for fire-suppression piping and equipment with other systems and equipment in the vicinity, including other supports and restraints, if any.

G. Qualification Data: For professional engineer.

1. Welding certificates.

2. Field quality-control reports.

1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Testing Agency Qualifications: An independent agency, with the experience and capability to conduct the testing indicated, that is an NRTL as defined by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910.7 and that is acceptable to authorities having jurisdiction.

B. Comply with seismic-restraint requirements in the IBC unless requirements in this Section are more stringent.

C. Welding Qualifications: Qualify procedures and personnel according to AWS D1.1/D1.1M, "Structural Welding Code - Steel."

D. Seismic-restraint devices shall have horizontal and vertical load testing and analysis and shall bear anchorage preapproval OPA number from OSHPD, preapproval by ICC-ES, or preapproval by another agency acceptable to authorities having jurisdiction, showing maximum seismic-restraint ratings. Ratings based on independent testing are preferred to ratings based on calculations. If preapproved ratings are unavailable, submittals based on independent testing are preferred. Calculations (including combining shear and tensile loads) to support seismic-restraint designs must be signed and sealed by a qualified professional engineer.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

A. Seismic-Restraint Loading: Refer to Structural Drawings for Designations, which include:

1. Site Class.

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2. Assigned Seismic Use Group or Building Category as Defined in the IBC.

B. Component Importance Factor:

1. Component Response Modification Factor.

2. Component Amplification Factor.

2.2 ELASTOMERIC ISOLATION PADS

A. Elastomeric Isolation Pads:

1. Fabrication: Single or multiple layers of sufficient durometer stiffness for uniform loading over pad area.

2. Size: Factory or field cut to match requirements of supported equipment.

3. Pad Material: Oil and water resistant with elastomeric properties.

4. Surface Pattern: Ribbed pattern.

5. Infused nonwoven cotton or synthetic fibers.

6. Load-bearing metal plates adhered to pads.

7. Sandwich-Core Material: Resilient.

8. Surface Pattern: Ribbed pattern.

9. Infused nonwoven cotton or synthetic fibers.

2.3 ELASTOMERIC ISOLATION MOUNTS

A. Double-Deflection, Elastomeric Isolation Mounts:

1. Mounting Plates:

a. Top Plate: Encapsulated steel load transfer top plates, factory drilled and thread-ed or with threaded studs or bolts.

2.4 RESTRAINED ELASTOMERIC ISOLATION MOUNTS

A. Restrained Elastomeric Isolation Mounts:

1. Description: All-directional isolator with seismic restraints containing two separate and opposing elastomeric elements that prevent central threaded element and attachment hardware from contacting the housing during normal operation.

B. Housing: Cast-ductile iron or welded steel.

1. Elastomeric Material: Molded, oil-resistant rubber, neoprene or other elastomeric material.

2.5 PIPE-RISER RESILIENT SUPPORT

A. Description: All-directional, acoustical pipe anchor consisting of two steel tubes separated by a minimum 1/2-inch thick neoprene.

B. Vertical-Limit Stops: Steel and neoprene vertical-limit stops arranged to prevent vertical travel in both directions.

C. Maximum Load Per Support: 500 psig on isolation material providing equal isolation in all directions.

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2.6 RESILIENT PIPE GUIDES

A. Description: Telescopic arrangement of two steel tubes or post-and-sleeve arrangement separated by a minimum 1/2-inch thick neoprene.

B. Factory-Set Height Guide with Shear Pin: Shear pin shall be removable and reinsertable to allow for selection of pipe movement. Guides shall be capable of motion to meet location requirements.

2.7 ELASTOMERIC HANGERS

A. Elastomeric Mount in a Steel Frame with Upper and Lower Steel Hanger Rods:

B. Frame: Steel, fabricated with a connection for an upper threaded hanger rod and an opening on the underside to allow for a maximum of 30 degrees of angular lower hanger-rod misalignment without binding or reducing isolation efficiency.

C. Dampening Element: Molded, oil-resistant rubber, neoprene, or other elastomeric material with a projecting bushing for the underside opening preventing steel to steel contact.

2.8 SNUBBERS

A. Description: Factory fabricated using welded structural-steel shapes and plates, anchor bolts, and replaceable resilient isolation washers and bushings.

B. Anchor bolts for attaching to concrete shall be seismic-rated, drill-in, and stud-wedge or female-wedge type.

1. Resilient Isolation Washers and Bushings: Oil- and water-resistant neoprene.

2. Maximum 1/4-inch air gap, and minimum 1/4-inch thick resilient cushion.

2.9 RESTRAINT CHANNEL BRACINGS

A. Description: MFMA-4, shop- or field-fabricated bracing assembly made of slotted steel channels with accessories for attachment to braced component at one end and to building structure at the other end and other matching components and with corrosion-resistant coating; rated in tension, compression, and torsion forces.

2.10 SEISMIC-RESTRAINT ACCESSORIES

A. Hanger-Rod Stiffener: Steel tube or steel slotted-support-system sleeve with internally bolted connection, or reinforcing steel angle clamped to hanger rod.

B. Hinged and Swivel Brace Attachments: Multifunctional steel connectors for attaching hangers to rigid channel bracings.

C. Bushings for Floor-Mounted Equipment Anchor Bolts: Neoprene bushings designed for rigid equipment mountings, and matched to type and size of anchor bolts and studs.

D. Bushing Assemblies for Wall-Mounted Equipment Anchorage: Assemblies of neoprene elements and steel sleeves designed for rigid equipment mountings, and matched to type and size of attachment devices used.

E. Resilient Isolation Washers and Bushings: One-piece, molded, oil- and water-resistant neoprene, with a flat washer face.

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2.11 MECHANICAL ANCHOR BOLTS

A. Mechanical Anchor Bolts: Drilled-in and stud-wedge or female-wedge type in zinc-coated steel for interior applications and stainless steel for exterior applications. Select anchor bolts with strength required for anchor and as tested according to ASTM E 488.

2.12 ADHESIVE ANCHOR BOLTS

A. Adhesive Anchor Bolts: Drilled-in and capsule anchor system containing PVC or urethane methacrylate-based resin and accelerator, or injected polymer or hybrid mortar adhesive.

Provide anchor bolts and hardware with zinc-coated steel for interior applications and stainless steel for exterior applications. Select anchor bolts with strength required for anchor and as tested according to ASTM E 488.

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 EXAMINATION

A. Examine areas and equipment to receive vibration isolation and seismic-control devices for compliance with requirements for installation tolerances and other conditions affecting performance of the Work.

B. Examine roughing-in of reinforcement and cast-in-place anchors to verify actual locations before installation.

C. Proceed with installation only after unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected.

3.2 APPLICATIONS

A. Hanger-Rod Stiffeners: Install hanger-rod stiffeners where indicated or scheduled on Drawings to receive them and where required to prevent buckling of hanger rods due to seismic forces.

B. Strength of Support and Seismic-Restraint Assemblies: Where not indicated, select sizes of components so strength is adequate to carry present and future static and seismic loads within specified loading limits.

3.3 VIBRATION CONTROL AND SEISMIC-RESTRAINT DEVICE INSTALLATION

A. Coordinate the location of embedded connection hardware with supported equipment attachment and mounting points and with requirements for concrete reinforcement and formwork.

B. Installation of vibration isolators must not cause any change of position of equipment, piping, or ductwork resulting in stresses or misalignment.

C. Comply with requirements for installation of equipment supports and roof penetrations.

D. Equipment Restraints:

1. Install seismic snubbers on fire-suppression equipment mounted on vibration isolators.

Locate snubbers as close as possible to vibration isolators and bolt to equipment base and supporting structure.

2. Install resilient bolt isolation washers on equipment anchor bolts where clearance between anchor and adjacent surface exceeds 0.125 inch (3.2 mm).

E. Piping Restraints:

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1. Install bushing assemblies for anchor bolts for floor-mounted equipment, arranged to provide resilient media between anchor bolt and mounting hole in concrete base.

2. Install bushing assemblies for mounting bolts for wall-mounted equipment, arranged to provide resilient media where equipment or equipment-mounting channels are attached to wall.

3. Attachment to Structure: If specific attachment is not indicated, anchor bracing to structure at flanges of beams, at upper truss chords of bar joists, or at concrete members.

F. Drilled-in Anchors:

1. Identify position of reinforcing steel and other embedded items prior to drilling holes for anchors. Do not damage existing reinforcing or embedded items during coring or drilling.

Notify the structural engineer if reinforcing steel or other embedded items are encountered during drilling. Locate and avoid prestressed tendons, electrical and telecommunications conduit, and gas lines.

2. Do not drill holes in concrete or masonry until concrete, mortar, or grout has achieved full design strength.

3. Wedge Anchors: Protect threads from damage during anchor installation. Heavy-duty sleeve anchors shall be installed with sleeve fully engaged in the structural element to which anchor is to be fastened.

4. Adhesive Anchors: Clean holes to remove loose material and drilling dust prior to installation of adhesive. Place adhesive in holes proceeding from the bottom of the hole and progressing toward the surface in such a manner as to avoid introduction of air pockets in the adhesive.

5. Set anchors to manufacturer's recommended torque, using a torque wrench.

6. Install zinc-coated steel anchors for interior and stainless-steel anchors for exterior applications.

3.4 ACCOMMODATION OF DIFFERENTIAL SEISMIC MOTION

A. Install flexible connections in piping where they cross seismic joints, where adjacent sections or branches are supported by different structural elements, and where the connections terminate with connection to equipment that is anchored to a different structural element from the one supporting the connections as they approach equipment.

3.5 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

A. Testing Agency: Engage a qualified testing agency to perform tests and inspections.

1. Perform tests and inspections.

B. Tests and Inspections:

1. Schedule test with Owner, through Architect, before connecting anchorage device to restrained component (unless post connection testing has been approved), and with at least seven days' advance notice.

2. Obtain Architect's approval before…