0011 Turf Maintenance SOP.pdf

Department of Veterans Affairs Standard Operating Procedure National Cemetery Administration 41-SOP-021 Cemetery Operations September 30, 2021

TURFGRASS MAINTENANCE

REFERENCES:

NCA National Shrine Commitment Operational Standards and Measures Guidebook, dated February 2021.

https://vaww.nca.va.gov/docs/NCA_Operational_Standards_and_Measures- Feb2021.pdf

NCA Directive 3410 Integrated Pest Management at VA National Cemeteries (dated April 30, 2012). https://vaww.nca.va.gov/docs/policies/directives/3410_Directive.pdf.

RESCISSION:

NCA Handbook 3420 – Turfgrass Maintenance in VA National Cemeteries, dated February 29, 2012.

Instructions for Use:

This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) assigns responsibilities for turfgrass maintenance operations to the Executive Director, Cemetery Operations, District Executive Directors, District Agronomists, Cemetery Directors, and all applicable Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) National Cemetery Administration (NCA) employees.

This SOP is also a guide for Cemetery Directors to use when establishing a local SOP for turfgrass maintenance based on cemetery-specific practices and conditions.

Cemetery Directors, in consultation with District Agronomists, can provide more amplification and cemetery-specific techniques required to meet the needs of each cemetery in their local SOP, provided the procedures do not conflict with this SOP or the established national policies it references.

The current Cemetery Organizational Assessment and Improvement (OAI) Guide provides the means to track, monitor, and report progress toward meeting NCA’s Operational Standards and Measures at the national cemeteries. Operations and safety criteria are designed to meet the standards and measures within the NCA National Shrine Commitment

NCA does not endorse or recommend any commercial products, processes, or services. The use of trade, firm, or commercial product names in this publication is for https://vaww.nca.va.gov/docs/policies/directives/3410_Directive.pdf https://vaww.nca.va.gov/docs/NCA_Operational_Standards_and_Measures informational purposes only. It does not constitute an official endorsement or approval to the exclusion of other products that may be similar and/or suitable.

1. Responsibilities:

a. The Executive Director, Cemetery Operations, will ensure that turfgrass operations at all VA national cemeteries are designed to achieve the National Shrine standards for cemetery appearance.

b. District Executive Directors will ensure that District Agronomists and Cemetery Directors implement the procedures outlined in this SOP.

c. District Agronomists will:

(1) Serve as NCA subject matter experts for all turfgrass operations;

(2) Serve as primary instructors for turfgrass training activities for cemetery grounds personnel;

(3) Provide technical oversight of regional turfgrass operations when conducting site visits at VA national cemeteries in their District; and

(4) Respond to requests for advice from VA grant-funded state, tribal and/or territory Veteran’s cemeteries regarding turfgrass operations.

d. Cemetery Directors will:

(1) Ensure that the procedures outlined in this SOP are provided to and followed appropriately by all applicable cemetery employees and contractor personnel at all cemeteries under their jurisdiction;

(2) Ensure this SOP is reviewed annually by employees responsible for turfgrass maintenance activities at the cemetery;

(3) Align the local cemetery SOP based on specific practices and conditions with this national SOP;

(4) Ensure that all turfgrass maintenance activities and schedules are included in each cemetery’s current Grounds Management Plan for annual review and approval by their District office; and

(5) Respond to requests for advice from VA grant-funded state, tribal and/or territory Veteran’s cemeteries regarding turfgrass operations, or forward these requests to their District Agronomist for response.

e. All NCA employees involved in turfgrass maintenance activities at VA national cemeteries will follow the procedures specified in this SOP.

2. Turfgrass Establishment:

a. The soil and site preparation activities required for the establishment of a new stand of turfgrass are the same whether using seed or sod. For the majority of turfgrass establishment situations at national cemeteries, seed is the preferred choice. Where immediate use or a finished appearance of a particular area is critical, such as in visually prominent areas, sod will be used.

b. The type of seed selected is dependent on the climatic conditions of the cemetery.

(1) For cool season climatic conditions, the following turfgrass species are recommended: Kentucky bluegrass, fine-leaf fescue, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass.

(2) For warm season climatic conditions, the following turfgrass species are recommended: Bermuda grass, St. Augustine grass, bahia grass, and zoysia grass.

3. Initial seeding or sodding of turfgrass on new graves, subsequent interments, or re-seeding of turfgrass on sunken gravesites:

a. Determine the approximate volume of topsoil required to raise each sunken gravesite or fill each new or reopened gravesite to the desired level. Use a quality of topsoil like that already in use at the site. Allow enough excess material to account for the settling and compacting of each filled gravesite.

b. Determine if the existing sod on each gravesite is to be reused.

(1) If so, the sod must be of adequate quality, being healthy, dense, and weed-free. Remove it with a sod cutter, or other means, with as little soil attached as possible (1/8 to 1/4 inch) and set it aside. The thinner the attached soil layer, the more rapidly the sod will re-root. Re-lay the sod after the gravesite is properly filled with topsoil and compacted. After relaying the sod, make sure that it is adequately watered with water soaking through to the soil line. The sod will need to be watered on a regular basis for a few weeks at minimum to achieve proper rooting.

(2) If not, cemeteries will:

(a) Remove the sod with a sod cutter or spade and add it to compost or discard it in the spoils area; or

(b) Leave it in place and spray it thoroughly with a non-selective herbicide at the maximum label rate for the complete elimination of existing turfgrass and any perennial grasses or weeds. Wait at least seven days for the herbicide to achieve complete elimination before reseeding or applying the new sod. When using any herbicide or pesticide, cemetery staff will follow product label directions for time to elapse for the herbicide to fully affect the plants. This is the law.

c. Fill each bare gravesite to a compacted level that blends with the grade level of adjacent gravesites.

d. Apply a standard turfgrass starter fertilizer at the rate recommended for the chosen species. Spread selected seed mixture at the recommended seeding rate for the turfgrass species being used. On small areas, such as individual gravesites, a hand spreader is the most efficient method to use.

NOTE: Some turfgrass species, such as St. Augustine grass and some Bermuda grass cultivars, can only be established through sod or sprigs.

e. When seeding, lightly rake seed into the top 1/4 to 1/2 inch of soil. Firm the soil around the seed by using a roller or hand tamper. The desired finished surface is fine, but firm, where a footprint would show on the surface soil if walked on, but not so soft as to allow the footprint to sink into the surface of the soil.

f. Mulch by using erosion control mats, clean, weed-free straw, hydro mulch using hydro-seeder equipment, or mulch pellets, such as Penn Mulch. Straw will be spread with approximately 25% of the bare ground visible through the straw. Erosion control mats are expensive compared to straw, but they can be reused, are weed-free, and are effective for small projects. Mulch pellets are also expensive but can be useful in small areas.

NOTE: Remove excess straw following satisfactory growth of turfgrass cover.

g. Water the area as necessary to ensure satisfactory seed germination and establishment of turfgrass cover on each gravesite. Newly seeded areas must be kept moist.

h. Begin mowing new turfgrass when the leaf blades are one inch above the recommended mowing height. Mow to desired maintenance height and never remove more than 1/3 of the total foliage length.

i. Continue watering and mowing until the new turfgrass is well-established.

Remove any fast-growing weeds mechanically or by hand until herbicide can be applied. Eliminate the weeds by using appropriate post-emergent herbicides in accordance with procedures specified in the appendices to this SOP and NCA Directive 3410.

j. If using sod on the gravesite, lay the sod with seams tightly matched and tamp lightly or roll. Sod placement will conform to the existing adjacent grade. On slopes, sod is laid perpendicular to the direction of the slope. Sod must be kept moist until it is well rooted and able to survive with standard watering.

4. Re-seeding of turfgrass in areas designated for total renovation. Take the following steps when a burial section requires complete renovation of the existing turfgrass cover due to extensive headstone raising and realignment, general deterioration over time, extensive sunken gravesites and/or wash-boarding appearance, or any other circumstance that has rendered the turfgrass stand unsatisfactory:

a. Collect soil samples from the site and submit them to a certified soil-testing laboratory two to three weeks prior to the intended re-seeding operation to determine fertility, pH adjustment requirements, and percent organic matter content.

b. After a standard mowing, spray the entire vegetated area with a non-selective herbicide to kill all turfgrass and weeds). Application rate will be at the maximum recommended rate on the product label for the complete elimination of turfgrass species and weeds. Follow product label directions to determine elapse time for the herbicide to fully affect the plants, approximately 10 to 14 days. In most cases a second application is needed to completely kill the vegetation. Some cemeteries have effectively used a “grow and kill” technique where turfgrass is irrigated after the first herbicide application to initiate new growth, then a second round of herbicide is applied.

NOTE: Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide, is the most effective product to accomplish “grow and kill.” However, the practice may be prohibited in some NCA Districts. Ensure state and local prohibitions for pesticide use are followed.

c. Power rake or verticut the entire treated area to loosen residual plant debris. Remove excess quantities of debris that can hinder proper preparation of the seedbed. Spread quantities of starter fertilizer and pH adjustors recommended by the soil testing evenly over the entire area using any suitable broadcast application method. Roto-till the area to a depth of 4- 6 inches to uniformly mix the fertilizer, pH adjustors, soil enhancers, organic matter, and topsoil. Elemental sulfur can be used to lower pH content in alkaline soils.

d. Grade the site to the desired finished level. If there are low spots, fill them with high quality topsoil like the soil already present at the site to eliminate depressions and achieve the desired finish grade.

e. Firm the prepared seedbed by rolling in several directions with a standard turfgrass roller filled with water. Broadcast starter fertilizer (16- 16-16) using a properly calibrated spreader.

f. Use only Blue Tag-certified seed designated as “sod quality” with a satisfactory current season germination test (85% minimum germination).

Spread the seed uniformly over the entire area by dividing the total seed required into two equal quantities and using a slit-seeding or drill-seeding device to spread in two directions at right angles to each other. Lightly rake seed into the top 1/4 to 1/2 inch of soil. Roll the area with a standard turfgrass roller half full of water to firm the seeded area.

NOTE: Examples of seed mixtures/rates for cool and warm season turfgrass areas are provided below. Select a seed to match the turfgrass composition of the rest of the cemetery grounds. Where total area surface renovation is planned in cool season areas, Kentucky Bluegrass/Perennial Ryegrass mix is usually used in the northern part of the U.S. and turf-type Tall Fescue in more stressful summer environments, but north of where warm season turfgrasses do well.

The percentage of each seed in a seed mixture is dependent on the turf stand desired and the cultivars used. In hot climates, 100% Semi-Dwarf Turf Type Tall Fescue works well. Perennial Rye does not grow well in arid climates.

Please check with your District Agronomist and the local cooperative extension service office for specific recommendations.

COOL SEASON

Grass Type Seeding Rate

Tall Fescue

• 80% (or more) Tall Fescue (a blend of 3 regionally adapted cultivars)

• 20% (or less) Kentucky Bluegrass)

10 lbs./1,000 sq. ft

•Kentucky Bluegrass/Perennial Ryegrass

• 40% Kentucky Bluegrass (a blend of 3 regionally adapted cultivars)

• 60% Perennial Ryegrass (a blend of 2 regionally adapted cultivars)

6 lbs./1,000 sq. ft

WARM SEASON

Grass Type Seeding Rate Bermuda grass

Use a blend of 2 or list below:

• Sunsport

• Princess

• Riviera

• Southern Star

• Blackjack

• Savannah

• Tiffway 419

• Bullseye

• Celebration

• Bandera

• Zoysia

• El Toro

• Primo

3 cultivars from the

2 lb./1,000 sq. ft

g. Mulch all seeded grasses with erosion control matting, clean, weed-free straw, or hydro mulch.

NOTE: Spread straw using 1 to 1.5 bales per 1,000 sq. ft., so that approximately 25% bare ground is visible through the straw. Remove excess straw following satisfactory growth of turfgrass cover.

h. Water the area as necessary to ensure satisfactory seed germination and establishment of turfgrass cover.

i. Begin mowing new turfgrass when the leaf blades are 1 inch above the recommended mowing height. Mow at desired maintenance height and never remove more than 1/3 of the total grass blade length.

j. Continue watering and mowing until the new turfgrass is well-established.

If weeds germinate with the turfgrass, do not treat with herbicides until the seedling turfgrass has been mowed at least three times. Eliminate the weeds by using appropriate post-emergent herbicides in accordance with procedures specified in the appendices to this SOP and in NCA Directive 3410.

5. Winter dormant over-seeding to fill voids in cool season turfgrass cover. The dormant seeding procedure explained below takes advantage of naturally occurring activity to create good seed-to-soil contact while eliminating any mechanical disturbance of the soil and the existing stand of turf. The procedure requires seed to be in contact with soil in winter/spring over several freeze-thaw cycles to work seed into the soil surface, hydrate and germinate when the soil warms.

a. Seed may be applied anytime in winter or early spring when the described conditions exist.

(1) Ensure the turfgrass area to be over-seeded has little or no snow cover.

The ground conditions are best for seed application when frozen to reduce rutting or tracks. A heavy frost also creates a honeycomb of raised solid ridges that will capture turfgrass seed as it is broadcast over the surface.

(2) As the soil warms, it will cover the seed and create the direct seed-to-soil contact essential for successful seed germination andsurvival.

(3) Seed will not begin to germinate until soil temperatures have warmed sufficiently. This may take several weeks following the date of seeding, but seeds are still expected to germinate sooner than if the soil had been prepared mechanically.

6. Turfgrass Maintenance:

The following maintenance operations should be performed routinely to achieve a high-quality stand of turfgrass: mowing, trimming and edging, fertilization, irrigation, aerification, thatch removal, and pest control.

a. Mowing:

(1) Most common turfgrass species will produce a healthy dense stand of turfgrass when routinely mowed at a height and frequency best suited to the specific growth characteristics of each type of turfgrass species.

Keep in mind that mowing turfgrasses stresses the plants. Therefore, mowing frequencies will be weekly for all areas, except when uncontrollable environmental factors occur such as drought (may require mowing less frequently) or excessive rainfall (may require mowing more frequently). Cemeteries will consult with the District Agronomist to adjust the mowing schedule due to environmental factors.

(2) For best mowing results:

• Always keep mower blades sharp. Sharpen blades about every 20 hours of operation. Start each mowing cycle with newly sharpened blades.

• Never remove more than 1/3 of the total leaf surface length in a single mowing.

• Alternate the direction of mowing where possible. When mowing between rows of headstones, begin each mowing cycle at a point that will ensure that each row is mowed in the opposite direction from the previous cycle.

• Remove clippings only if the mowing interval is lengthened due to uncontrollable environmental factors and excess clippings result.

• Maintain a height of cut recommended for the type of turfgrass.

o 2.5-3 inches for most cool season turfgrasses o Up to 4 inches for tall fescue o 1-2 inches for Bermuda grass o 2-3 inches for St. Augustine grass o 1-2 inches for Zoysia grass o 1 to 2 inches for Paspalum

• Mowing equipment must always be thoroughly cleaned between the mowing of different turf types in order to prevent cross-contamination of turf grasses species and noxious weeds infestations.

(3) Cemetery areas are normally split into visually prominent areas, medium visual impact areas, and low visual impact areas. Place special emphasis on mowing the visually prominent areas near the front entrance, office, flagpole circle, committal shelters, procession routes and interment areas. Mow other areas when ground conditions permit.

(4) Mowing equipment should be kept 6 to 12 inches from upright headstones. Mowing equipment can mow over the top of properly set

7. Fertilization:

flat markers.

(5) Mower operators will flag and report any sunken graves or turfgrass area(s) in need of repair to their supervisor. The supervisor will give directions for re-fill or renovation actions.

b. Trimming/Edging:

(1) Mowing will be performed prior to trimming. Trimming will match mowing height.

(2) Turfgrass within 6 to 12 inches of upright headstones, monuments, section markers, etc., will be trimmed to the recommended mowing height using line-type trimmers. Each trimmer will be fitted with an anti-scalping device and used only with the device properly attached.

(3) Flat markers will be edged using an appropriate edger to more reliably produce the desired result of a ½” wide clear gap between the marker and the turf.

(4) There will be no windrows or clippings left on walks, headstones, markers, or streets.

NOTE: Care will be taken to ensure no damage is done to headstones or markers, monuments, surrounding vegetation (trees/shrubs), or structures during mowing, trimming and edging operations. Any damage caused by these activities must be reported to a supervisor.

a. Applications of fertilizer during the establishment of new turfgrass stands will be based on soil test findings and recommendations.

b. Routine maintenance applications of fertilizer will be based on recognized nutritional requirements for the essential basic plant nutrients, to include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (referred to as N-P-K). Cemeteries without irrigation systems must time fertilizer application(s) to coincide with rainfall. Spring fertilizer applications will be based on recommendations of soils report.

(1) Nitrogen is the nutrient required in highest quantities. It is only available in the soil for several weeks and is the key nutrient when determining fertilizer ratios. Phosphorous and potassium are more stable in most soils than nitrogen.

(2) Soil testing is recommended every five years. If there are problematic soils at the cemetery, testing will occur bi-annually to annually until the desired soil fertility/pH level is achieved. The exact fertilizer ratios will be adjusted based on soil test results regardless of warm or cool season turfgrass. Follow the directions given for the specific fertilizer product used.

(3) Slow-release sources of nitrogen feed turfgrass more uniformly over time. Fertilizer products selected for standard maintenance application(s) will contain 30-60% of nitrogen from controlled release sources.

(a) These sources include: sulfur-coated urea, the most widely used and most cost-effective choice; polymer-coated urea (PCU); sulfur-coated urea (SCU); Isobutylidene diurea (IBDU); urea formaldehyde; methylene urea; amino urea formaldehyde; and stabilized nitrogen.

(b) Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer allows for the full fertilization and improvement of the turfgrass with 3 applications per season of the correct ratio/analysis fertilizer at the proper rate of each application.

(c) Many organic fertilizers, such as Milorganite, also release nitrogen slowly over time. However, the total nitrogen content is lower than regular turfgrass fertilizers, requiring more product to get an adequate rate and making use impractical and more expensive, especially for large areas.

(d) Cemetery staff responsible for turfgrass maintenance will consult with their district Agronomist to determine the appropriate percentage of nitrogen from controlled release sources based on the soil type and any other applicable factors at their site(s).

c. In addition to the three basic nutrients found in all complete fertilizer products, turfgrasses require minute amounts of micronutrients, such as iron, manganese, boron, copper, and zinc. Gypsum, while not a micronutrient for plant growth, is used for improving soil conditions in heavy clay soils and severely compacted areas. Most soils contain adequate levels of these nutrients to meet turfgrass needs. However, an occasional application of a fertilizer product that contains micronutrient materials in addition to the basic nutrients is acceptable. The requirement for additional micronutrients is determined by the soil testing.

NOTE: Fertilizers should include a balanced ratio of micronutrients to include:

Iron (Fe1%-3%), Magnesium (Mn 1%-2%) and Manganese (Mg .05%-1.5%) where possible.

NOTE: To avoid staining, do not use fertilizers containing iron near white or light-colored headstones. As a precaution, use a leaf blower to remove granular fertilizer from flat markers, tops of uprights, and walkways.

d. The exact timing of the first seasonal application of fertilizer will vary by location, age of the turfgrass stand, the general health and vigor of the turf, and regional environmental conditions. Variations in timing will also occur across the north to south latitude range of a region.

NOTE: In certain areas, fertilizer is only allowed to be applied between April 1st and October 31st. Check the state or locality for rules and regulations regarding fertilizer application timeframes.

Additionally, many states and localities prohibit phosphorous applications to turfgrass or limit the annual application. Exceptions may exist when establishing new turfgrass or if a soil test shows phosphorous is needed. In areas where routine phosphorus application is prohibited, the middle number of fertilizers used will be zero.

e. The fertilizer analyses provided below, indicated as percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) in a fertilizer and listed in N-P-K order, are examples. Minor differences in each nutrient percentage are acceptable.

Note: While 24-6-12 is the recommended fertilizer ratio, you should check with your local municipality’s fertilizer regulations as many areas do not allow phosphorous to be included in any fertilizer applied or limit the amount applied per year. This may cause a change in the fertilizer ratio from 24-6-12 to 24-0-12. You may also want to tailor the fertilizer ratio based on results from annual or biannual soil test results. Please also be aware that in certain areas, fertilizer is only allowed to be applied between April 1st and October 31st, so again please be sure to check your local municipality’s rules and regulations regarding timeframe for fertilizer application.

(1) Cool Season Fertilizer Program: The spring application of fertilizer will not take place until the strong growth of spring green-up subsides. Pre-emergence herbicide applied in spring using a fertilizer carrier that contains some nitrogen is acceptable as long as the nitrogen applied is

0.5 lb. or less of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet (a half rate). If attempting to achieve a darker green, keep the nitrogen at half the normal rate.

• Seasonal Application # 1: June 1– 24-6-12 at 4 lb. per 1,000

sq. feet

• Application # 2 – September 1 – 24-6-12 at 4 lb. per 1,000 sq.

feet.

• Application # 3 – Late fall – 24-6-12 at 5 lb. per 1,000 sq.

feet

NOTE: Facilities in the Midwest report that cool season turfgrass species benefit most from fertilizer applications in early fall (September) or late fall after the final mowing). This fall fertilization helps the turfgrass the following spring into May and early June, whereas mid-summer applications encourage the growth of annual weeds and may cause stress to non-irrigated turf.

(2) Warm Season Fertilizer Program: In areas of the Southeast, Mid-South, and Southwest, the first seasonal fertilizer application will occur at the end of March or beginning of April.

• Application #1 – March/April – 20-2-15 at 4lbs. per 1,000 sq. feet

• Application #2 – May – 20-2-15 at 4lbs. b. per 1000 sq. feet

• Application #3 – June – 20-2-15 at 4lbs. 1000 sq. feet

• Application #4 – July – 20-2-15 at 4lbs. per 1000 sq. feet

• Application #5 – August – 20-2-15 at 4lbs. per 1000 sq. feet

f. Surface applications of lime to established stands of turfgrass are not very effective in correcting a growth-limiting pH problem. If a pH adjustment is necessary, spread a pelletized form of lime after a core aerification of the site.

Irrigation will be used to facilitate movement of the lime into the aerification holes.

8. Irrigation:

a. Deciding when and how, and how much to water is best determined by close observation of the turfgrass. Turfgrass will be healthiest when watered infrequently in a sufficient quantity to wet the entire root zone, a minimum 6-inch depth, and then not watered again until it shows signs of wilt. Irrigation will be used to avoid the occurrence of permanent turfgrass injury. Use a soil core sampler to visually inspect the depth of soil saturation to take the guesswork out of when to irrigate, or to verify that irrigation has been properly scheduled to water deeply.

b. When to water: It is best to water turfgrass in the early morning as long as it does not interfere with cemetery operations. How often to water depends on the type of turfgrass, the physical properties of the soil, and the local climate conditions (rainfall, humidity, temperature, and wind). In general, moisture will be applied when the turfgrass begins to wilt. However, newly seeded areas must be kept moist while the seed is germinating and seedlings are becoming established. Turfgrass areas will be watered deeply only when plants show signs of wilting. Frequent, shallow watering encourages shallow rooting and makes turfgrass susceptible to disease and insect attack as well as damage from foot or vehicle traffic.

c. How to water: Any irrigation method used should deliver a uniform amount of water over the target area.

(1) Many commercially available turfgrass sprinklers may not provide uniform coverage. An audit will be performed by an accredited irrigation auditor to calculate distribution uniformity low quarter (DULQ) and an irrigation schedule.

(2) If a stationary sprinkler is left in one area of the turfgrass longer than another, uneven water distribution will result. Stationary sprinklers will be moved when an area is watered thoroughly. A traveling sprinkler that moves over the area at a uniform pace can also be used.

(3) Cemeteries with automated irrigation systems that are programmed to activate basedon the measurement of evapotranspiration (ETo) at the site must maintain the equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Programming automated system irrigation frequency and quantity based upon the theoretical replacement of total evaporated and transpired moisture leads to significant over-watering of turfgrass areas.

Visual observation of turfgrass will be used to set automated systems appropriately.

d. How much to water: Water should not be applied at a rate faster than it can be absorbed by the soil.

(1) The ability of a soil to absorb moisture depends upon several factors, including texture (size of soil particles), structure (arrangement of soil particles), and the degree of soil compaction (soil density). The degree of compaction at or near the surface is important – experiments have shown that a very thin layer of compacted soil will substantially reduce how quickly water is absorbed.

(2) Another factor that influences the ability of a soil to absorb moisture is the rate atwhich the water is applied. Whenever water is applied at a rate faster than it can be absorbed, the water is wasted as surface runoff.

(3) The amount of water to apply will depend upon the water-holding capacity of the soil, the amount of moisture present when irrigation is started, and drainage. Soil texture and structure influence soil water-holding ability and drainage. Loams and clay loams have desirable water-holding capacity; sandy soils have very little water-holding capacity. Once the soil is wet throughout the root zone or after contact with subsoil moisture occurs, any additional water applied beyond the root zone will be wasted.

e. Cool season turfgrass species can enter a state of dormancy when prolonged periods of drought occur. Watering to relieve the environmental stress caused by drought is desirable if the cemetery has an irrigation system. At cemeteries that do not have an irrigation capability, the turfgrass will experience a period of dormancy. During such times, all activity on the turfgrass surface will be suspended, if possible, until enough moisture is received for normal growth to resume.

9. Aerification:

Aerification is used to relieve soil compacted by heavy foot or vehicle traffic and allows improved air, water, and nutrient penetration into the turfgrass canopy and root zone.

The procedure is generally necessary twice per growing season in early spring and fall, with the spring aeration occurring prior to the first pre-emergent herbicide application. Heavily trafficked or compacted areas may be aerified as much as needed when conditions are appropriate.

a. Core aerification uses specialized equipment to remove numerous soil cores from 3 to 6 inches long as it passes across the turfgrass surface. The cores may be removed from the site or left on the turfgrass surface.

NOTE: Avoid core aerification in the spring. Spring is the primary germination period of most summer annual broadleaf and grass weeds.

Aeration provides an opportunity for seedling weeds to grow in the aerification holes.

b. Appropriate conditions for core aerification include soil that is not too wet or too dry, and at a time when the grass is actively growing (not stressed) and can easily recover from the disturbance. September is best for aerating for cool season grasses right before any overseeding as the aeration holes provide an excellent place for seeds to grow. For warm season grasses aeration is recommended in the summer when the grass is actively growing and soil conditions are appropriate.

c. Cemeteries with sandy loam soil conditions, where topsoil is only 3 to 4 inches in depth, can use slice aerification to that depth. This operation will be conducted shortly after Labor Day.

10.Thatch removal:

a. Thatch is an organic layer that develops in turfgrass stands above the soil and below the green tissue of the living canopy. It is composed of a combination of dead organic debris and the living roots, crowns, and stems of the grass. A minimal thatch layer (1/2 inch or less) in turfgrass is a positive attribute. It is a good medium for macro- and micro-organisms, serves as a natural filter to reduce pesticide movement into groundwater, and moderates the effects of summer heat stress.

b. De-thatching of turf areas will only occur when necessary. If mowing is performed with the correct equipment and all other proper turfgrass maintenance procedures followed, thatch will not build up to a problematic level. In addition, de-thatching performed incorrectly can damage turf stands, so extreme caution must be used.

c. If allowed to accumulate for several growing seasons, thatch can have a significant negative impact on the health and vigor of the turfgrass. The judicious use of fertilizer, fungicides and irrigation, good mowing practices, and periodic aerification will greatly reduce the rate at which thatch accumulates and the likelihood that thatch will become a serious detriment to the health and vigor of the turfgrass. Some turfgrass species produce more thatch than others. Thatch buildup will rarely be a concern in cemeteries with predominantly tall fescue and is more apt to occur in the far northern states than in the south.

d. If it is necessary to remove a layer of thatch, there are several approaches that can be used, such as vertical mowing or power raking. A vertical mower with steel blades mounted solidly to an axle will do a more thorough job of thatch removal with less ripping of the turfgrass canopy.

The blades of the device will be adjusted so that they barely scratch the soil surface.

e. Any thatch removal operation will produce a significant volume of plant debris that must be removed from the area and added to a composting pile.

f. A de-thatched turfgrass stand will exhibit a major growth surge that may require more frequent mowing, and possibly clipping removal for a short period of time.

11. Pest control:

a. Stands of turfgrass are exposed to various types of weeds and pests. The most common pests in VA national cemeteries are broadleaf weeds, annual grass weeds, such as crabgrass and foxtail, and the insect pest known as “white grubs.”

b. Specific protocols to control these pests using plant protection products for weed control, both pre- and post-emergence, and common insect problems are included as Appendices in this SOP and in NCA Directive 3410.

c. When using chemical products, thoroughly read and follow all label instructions regarding proper use, handling, storage, and disposal of the product. All personnel will be properly licensed, and equipped with and use the recommended Personal Protective Equipment specified on the product label.

Digitally signed by Lisa JLisa J Pozzebon Pozzebon 118885

118885

LISA J. POZZEBON

Executive Director, Cemetery Operations https://2021.09.30

Month(s) Activity Recommended Procedure/Product (Listed herbicide products are only examples, as some are restricted in certain states).

Estimated Cost* (See Appendix C)

Winter Dormant seeding for cemeteries in extreme winter climates

Broadcast turfgrass seed of the same species composition as existing turfgrass onto a frosted soil/turfgrass surface.

Surface should be in a frozen, honeycombed state. Complete operation before frost goes away.

Variable

April thru November/ December

Turfgrass mowing Begin seasonal mowing as turfgrass approaches complete green-up. Continue mowing with rotary equipment with sharp blades at a frequency that will ensure removal of no more than 1/3 of leaf length during any single mowing. Do not remove grass clippings. Alternate direction of cut. Final seasonal mowing as new growth ceases.

Variable

April & May/ September &

October

Broadleaf weed control for summer & winter annuals *

Spray selective herbicides when weeds are actively growing. Treatment must occur before weeds produce seeds. Dandelion will be in the early yellow flower state.

• Confront – apply @ 2 pints/acre

• Millennium Ultra – apply @ 3 pints/acre

Repeat if needed to achieve the desired level of control.

$42.00 /acre $31.00 /acre

May & July Crabgrass prevention * Apply pre-emergence herbicide 1 to 2 weeks prior to the expected germination of crabgrass (when soil temperature at 2-inch depth reaches 55o F). For optimum results use split applications:

• Initial application: Barricade @ 12 oz/acre

• Second application: Barricade @ 12 oz/acre

$16.00 /acre $16.00 /acre

June, September & November

Turfgrass fertilization Apply complete analysis turfgrass fertilizer after spring growth flush subsides, usually after Memorial Day. Select fertilizer with 30-60% controlled release nitrogen** from sulfur-coated urea or similar product and a 3-1-2 or 4-1-2 ratio of N-P-K.

Example of Program:

• June 1st: 18-5-9, 30% SCU – 300 lb./acre - $50.00 /50lb bag

• Sept 1st: 18-5-9, 30% SCU – 250 lb./acre

• Nov 30th: 18-5-9, 30% SCU – 350 lb./acre

$300.00 /acre $250.00 /acre $350.00 /acre

APPENDIX A – OPERATIONAL FLOW CHART FOR COOL SEASON TURFGRASS AREAS

* See Appendix E for specific protocols regarding weed prevention and control.

**Cemetery staff responsible for turfgrass maintenance will consult with their district Agronomist to determine the appropriate percentage of nitrogen from controlled release sources based on the soil type and any other applicable factors at their site(s).

A-1

Month(s) Activity Recommended Procedure/Product Estimated Cost (See Appendix C)

June - September

Turfgrass disease control

Apply a fungicide tank-mix spray containing both curative and systemic products labeled to control the diagnosed disease pathogens. Repeat as required to achieve desired level of control. Example of broad-spectrum mixture:

• Daconil + Banner @ 4 oz + 1 oz/1,000 sq. ft.

$180.00/ acre August Grub control *** Apply soil insecticide in turfgrass areas diagnosed with a grub population above the standard damage threshold of 10 larvae/square foot. For effective performance this insecticide must receive enough water (¼ to ½ inch) to move the active ingredient into the root feeding zone at the soil turfgrass interface.

• Merit @ 0.3 lb. an/acre Spray – 75 WSP

• 0.2% on fertilizer (0-0-7) @ 150 lb./acre

$120/acre $80/acre

September Turfgrass aerification Remove soil cores to a depth of 3-4 inches with between core spacing of 5-6 inches. Leave cores lying on the turfgrass surface. Where soil compaction is severe, such as heavy traffic areas, make a second pass across the area at a right angle to the first pass.

Variable

September/ October

(variable)

Turfgrass renovation Prepare turfgrass areas with thin turfgrass stands or substantial exposed bare ground for re-seeding. Various methods can be used to loosen the soil and provide satisfactory seed-to-soil contact for improved seed germination and survival.

Variable

*** See Appendix D for specific protocols regarding insect and animal prevention and control.

A-2

APPENDIX B – OPERATIONAL FLOW CHART FOR WARM SEASON TURFGRASS AREAS

certain states).

Estimated Cost (See Appendix C)

February- March thru November- December

Turfgrass mowing Begin seasonal mowing as turfgrass approaches complete green-up. Continue mowing with rotary equipment with sharp blades at a frequency that will ensure removal of no more than 1/3 of leaf length during any single mowing. Do not remove grass clippings. Alternate direction of cut.

Conduct final seasonal mowing as new growth ceases.

Variable

March & April September-

October

Broadleaf weed control for summer & winter annuals *

Spray selective herbicides when weeds are actively growing. Treatment must occur before weeds produce seeds. Dandelion will be in the early yellow flower state.

• Confront MSM Turf– apply @ .25-1oz.acre

• Speedzone– apply @ 40-55 oz./acre

Repeat as needed to achieve the desired level of control.

$42.00 /acre $31.00 /acre

February-April September-

October

Crabgrass/Goosegrass & Poa annual prevention *

Apply pre-emergence herbicide 1 to 2 weeks prior to the expected germination of crabgrass and when soil temperature at 2-inch depth reaches 55o F. For optimum results use split applications several weeks apart:

• Initial application: Barricade-Flo @ 36oz/acre

• Second application: Barricade-Flo @ 36oz/acre

$20.00 /acre $20.00 /acre

March thru Turfgrass fertilization Apply complete analysis turfgrass fertilizer after spring growth August flush subsides, usually after Memorial Day. Select fertilizer with 30-60% controlled release nitrogen** from sulfur coated urea or similar product with a 3-1-3 ratio of N-P-K.

Example of Program:

• March/April: 18-0-18, 30% SCU – 185 lb./acre

• June: 20-2-15 30%-50% SCU – 185 lb./acre

• July: 20-2-15 30%-50% SCU – 185 lb./acre

• August: 29-2-15 30%-50% SCU – 24 lb./acre

$185.00 /acre

$185.00 /acre

$245.00 /acre

* See Appendix E for specific protocols regarding weed prevention and control.

**Cemetery staff responsible for turfgrass maintenance will consult with their district Agronomist to determine the appropriate percentage of nitrogen from controlled release sources based on the soil type and any other applicable factors at their site(s).

B-1 certain states).

Estimated Cost (See Appendix C)

May – September

Turfgrass disease control

Apply a fungicide tank-mix spray containing both curative and systemic products labeled to control the diagnosed disease pathogens. Repeat as required to achieve desired level of control. Example of broad-spectrum mixture:

• Daconil Action @5oz. + Heritage TL @ 2oz./1,000 sq. ft. $526/acre August Grub Control ** Apply soil insecticide in turfgrass areas diagnosed with a grub population above the standard damage threshold of 10 larvae/square foot. For effective performance, this insecticide must receive enough water (¼ to ½ inch) to move the active ingredient into the root feeding zone at the soil turfgrass interface.

• Merit @ 0.3 lb. a.m./acre

• Spray – 75 WSP

• 0.2% on fertilizer (0-0-7) @ 150 lb./acre

$120.00 acre $80.00 /acre

September Turfgrass aerification Remove soil cores to a depth of 3-4 inches with between core spacing of 5-6 inches. Leave cores lying on the turfgrass surface. Where soil compaction is severe, such as heavy traffic areas, make a second pass across the area at a right angle to the first pass.

Variable

As required Turfgrass renovation Prepare turfgrass areas with thin turfgrass stands or substantial exposed bare ground for reseeding. Various methods can be used to loosen the soil and provide satisfactory seed-to-soil contact for improved seed germination and survival.

Variable

** See Appendix D for specific protocols regarding insect and animal prevention and control.

B-2

APPENDIX C – ESTIMATED COST INFORMATION

General Rate and Price Guidance

Typical Turfgrass Seeding Rates Estimated Cost

Ky. bluegrass -- 2 to 3 lb./1,000 sq. ft. $5.00-$5.50/lb.

Per. ryegrass -- 8 to 10 lb./1,000 sq. ft. $1.60 to $2.75/lb.

Tall fescue -- 8 to 10 lb./1000 sq. ft. $1.60-$2.75/lb.

Fine fescue -- 6 to 8 lb./1000 sq. ft. $1.50-$2.50/lb.

Bermuda Grass -- 2 lb./1000 sq. ft. $18.00-$25.00/lb.

Typical cost for cool season turfgrass sod delivered: $1.75 – 2.50/yd. Add $0.75 -

1.25/yd for installation.

Typical cost for warm season turfgrass sod delivered

$4.25-$6.25/yard. (Add $3.50-

$7.00 for installation).

Roundup Pro: 41% glyphosate

(Banned from use in SED)

$50.00 /gallon

Barricade 0.38% impregnated on 5-5-25 fertilizer $50.00 /bag

Heritage fungicide: 50% azoxystrobin $315/lb.

C-1

Typical Costs for Landscape Supplies and Materials for an NCA Facility with 50 Acres of Turfgrass Sections

FERTILIZER – 3 applications of a complete analysis turfgrass fertilizer Analysis = 20-2-15, 30%-50% SCU

Application 1: 250 lb./acre, Cost per bag = $50.00 X 250 bags $12,500 Application 2: 250 lb./acre, Cost per bag = $50.00 X 250 bags $12,500 Application 3: 350 lb./acre, Cost per bag = $50.00 X 350 bags $17,500 Total Cost of Fertilizer $42,500

SEED – Assume 10 acres of turfgrass seeded/reseeded each season with a standard seed mixture of 20% Ky. bluegrass + 80% Turf-type perennial ryegrass

250 lb./acre X 10 = 2500 lb., Cost per lb. = $5.00 $12,500

Total Cost of Seed

PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS – Primarily herbicides and insecticides with occasional use of fungicides

Herbicides: Broadleaf weed control for dandelions and other broadleaf weeds.

One total area treatment – Confront, Millennium Ultra, etc., Cost of $42.00/acre X 50 acres $2,100

Periodic spot treatments – Confront, Millennium Ultra, etc., Cost of $42.00/acre X 2 acres (maximum) $84

Split applications for pre-emergence crabgrass control – Barricade at 12 oz/acre per application, Cost of $50.00/acre X 50 acres X 2 $5,000

Spring and fall applications of pre-emergence herbicide on landscape beds

– Snapshot granular at 200 lb./acre per application, Cost of $500.00/acre X 5 acres (maximum)

$2,500

Insecticides: Grub control.

Single (1) application per season – Merit insecticide spray at 0.3lb.

a.i./acre, Cost of $ 120.00 /acre X 50 acres $6,000

Total Cost of Plant Protection Products Supply (excluding Fungicides) $15,684

TOTAL COST For All Landscape Materials and Supplies (excluding Fungicides) for an NCA Facility with 50 Acres of Turfgrass Sections $70,684*

*Or $1,413.68 per Acre

C-2 https://1,413.68

APPENDIX D – INSECT AND ANIMAL TURFGRASS PEST CONTROL

There are many kinds of insects and insect-like pests that can cause damage to turfgrass, including Japanese beetles (adult and grub form), June beetles, sod webworms, crane fly, army worms, cutworms, chinch bugs, leaf hoppers, and ants. Animals, such as moles, pocket gophers, wild pigs, skunks, and field mice, can also damage lawns.

NOTE: Listed pesticide products are only examples, as some are restricted in certain states.

1. Animals:

Most animals invade turfgrass in search of grubs and other insects. An adequate insect control program will serve to deter animal invaders. Poison baits will control pocket gophers and mice. Traps in tunnels are a moderately effective means of mole control; poison baits tend to not be taken by moles. A mole control product called Talpirid has proven effective at NCA sites.

2. Insects:

a. Turfgrass is subject to damage by insect pests commonly referred to as “grubs.”

Grubs are the immature larval stage of several different species of beetles. They cause damage as they feed on the turfgrass roots. This can occur during spring and/or fall and depends on which of the several species of beetle larvae are present.

(1) Immature larval stages of Japanese beetle, European chafer, northern masked chafer, southern masked chafer, Oriental beetle, and Asiatic garden beetle:

These species complete their life cycle in one year. Adults emerge from the soil and lay eggs on or beneath the soil surface. After the eggs hatch, the larvae feed on the turfgrass roots and cause extensive damage.

(2) The immature stage of the beetles referred to as May beetles or “June” bugs complete their life cycle in 2 or 3 years.

b. The first step in developing an effective control strategy for these common insect pests is determining whether the number of larvae in the soil is large enough to warrant application of an insecticide. Generally, a grub population in excess of 10 per square foot will trigger a need for treatment.

(1) Periodic population counts will be made in areas where: there is a history of previous grub damage; boarding woods have high levels of adult beetle activity; turfgrass injury symptoms appear; significant mole activity is observed;

or skunks or raccoons are seen or leave evidence of digging up in search of food.

(2) Counts will be made by laying back a section of sod that is sliced on three sides to expose the soil surface at the root soil interface of the turfgrass. This is done in late May or September when beetle larvae are most likely to be actively feeding near the soil surface. To get a more thorough count of all

D-1 grubs in the area, pour a solution of sudsy water over the entire exposed soil surface. This will drive any grubs not fully visible up to the soil surface.

c. There are several recommended approaches for the control of grubs:

(1) The most common approach is to use a moderately residual insecticide applied in a preemptive manner during the spring feeding period. This type of treatment controls actively feeding grubs and has enough residual action to control any larvae that surface for feeding from late August through September. Imidacloprid (Trade name Merit) and halofenozide (Trade name Mach 2) are both highly effective for controlling grubs when used in this manner. Application of these products may also be made in late summer prior to the heavy fall feeding period of newly hatched grubs.

(2) In situations where grub populations progress beyond reasonable expectations of control from Merit or Mach 2 and a ‘rescue’ treatment is warranted, the choice is trichlorfon (Trade names Dylox and Proxol). Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide and must be handled with care to avoid any exposure to applicators or others in the application area.

NOTE: Proper storage requirements, safe handling and application procedures must always be adhered to for all pesticides/insecticides. All chemical pesticides and fungicides must be applied by a State-licensed applicator. Records must be kept of the day, time, weather, name of product and manufacturer, and quantity use, among other information. See NCA Directive 3410.

D-2

2. Selective broadleaf weed control

APPENDIX E – WEED CONTROL IN TURFGRASS AREAS

1. Background:

a. A weed is a plant growing where it is not wanted, or essentially, a plant out of place.

Weed encroachment into an established turfgrass area occurs when the turfgrass has become weak and thin due to environmental stress, damage by pests and diseases, improper cultural practices (scalped by mowers or string trimmers), or intense wear from foot or vehicle traffic.

b. Weed control is the process of limiting a weed infestation so that turfgrass can grow properly. Weed control practices are not effective on a long-term basis unless the original cause of weed encroachment is corrected.