Attachment IV - Kadena Design Guide.pdf

FINAL SUBMITTAL

February 07, 2020

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

Kadena Design Guide ii 07 February 2020

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1‐1

1.1 Executive Summary 1‐1

1.2 Specific objectives 1‐2

1.3 Purpose 1‐2

1.4 Use and Implementation 1‐3

1.5 Base Information 1‐4

1.6 Local Characteristics 1‐5

1.7 Solar Gain 1‐9

1.8 Prevailing Architectural Character in Okinawa 1‐11

1.9 Topography 1‐13

1.10 Geology 1‐13

1.11 Cultural Assets 1‐14

1.12 Site Analysis 1‐15

1.13 Site Planning 1‐15

2. DESIGN POLICY 2‐1

2.1 References 2‐1

2.2 Regulations 2‐19

2.3 Japanese Materials and Products 2‐19

2.4 Application to GOJ Projects 2‐19

3. SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS 3‐1

3.1 General 3‐1

3.2 Design Development 3‐1

3.3 Designer Responsibility 3‐1

3.4 General Drawing Requirements 3‐1

3.5 Design Submittal Phases 3‐2

3.6 Parametric Design Requirements 3‐2

3.7 Concept Design Requirements 3‐2

3.8 Intermediate Design Requirements 3‐3

3.9 Final Design Requirements 3‐3

3.10 Geobase and Drawing Standards 3‐3

3.11 Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) 3‐3

4. WAIVER REQUIREMENTS 4‐1

4.1 General 4‐1

4.2 Deviation from the Department of Defense Standards. 4‐1

4.3 Kadena Air Base Waiver Process 4‐1

4.4 Airfield Construction Waiver Requirements 4‐1

4.5 Sole Source Justifications 4‐1

5. PLANNING DISTRICTS 5‐1

5.1 District 1 – Golf Course 5‐2

5.2 District 2 – West Family Housing 5‐4

5.3 District 3 – Fuels District 5‐6

5.4 District 4 – Community Core District 5‐8

5.5 District 5 – Logistics District 5‐10

5.6 District 6 – Lodging District 5‐12

5.7 District 7 – Administration Hill District 5‐14

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5.8 District 8 – Central Family Housing District 5‐16

5.9 District 9 – East Family Housing District 5‐19

5.10 District 10 – North East Industrial District 5‐21

5.11 District 11 – Southside Operations District 5‐23

5.12 District 12 – Runway District 5‐25

5.13 District 13 – Northside Operations District 5‐27

5.14 District 14 – Marina District 5‐29

5.15 District 15 – Munitions District 5‐31

5.16 District 16 – Chibana District 5‐33

5.17 District 17 ‐ Bellows Air Force Station 5‐35

5.18 District 18 – Okuma Recreational District. 5‐36

5.19 District 19 to 23 ‐ Military Family Housing Districts 5‐38

5.20 District 19 – Camp Foster Housing District. 5‐39

5.21 District 20 ‐ Camp Courtney Housing District. 5‐41

5.22 District 21 ‐ Camp Kinser Housing District 5‐43

5.23 District 22 ‐ Camp Lester Housing District 5‐45

5.24 District 23 ‐ Camp McTureous Housing District 5‐47

5.25 District 24 – Air Range 5‐49

5.26 District 26 – Auxiliary Communication 5‐50

5.27 District 26 – Area 1 5‐51

6. HOUSING DESIGN STANDARDS 6‐1

6.1 General 6‐1

6.2 Civil Design Guide for Housing 6‐1

6.3 Architecture Design Guide for Housing 6‐1

6.4 Interior Design Guide for Housing 6‐6

6.5 Life Safety and Fire Protection Design Guide for Housing 6‐12

6.6 Mechanical Design Guide for Housing 6‐13

6.7 Piping and plumbing Design Guide for Housing 6‐13

6.8 Electrical Design Guide for Housing 6‐14

6.9 Telecommunications Design Guide for Housing 6‐15

6.10 Sustainability Design Guide for Housing 6‐15

6.11 Environmental Considerations for Housing 6‐15

7. ANTITERRORISM 7‐1

7.1 Standoff Distances 7‐1

7.2 Unobstructed Space 7‐1

7.3 Blast Analysis 7‐1

7.4 Design Components 7‐2

7.5 Structural Components 7‐2

7.6 Progressive Collapse Resistance 7‐2

7.7 Structural Isolation 7‐3

7.8 Windows and Skylights 7‐3

7.9 Blast Exterior Doors 7‐6

7.10 Construction Review Checklist 7‐6

7.11 Security considerations 7‐9

7.12 Vantage Points 7‐10

7.13 Building Entrance Layout 7‐11

8. CIVIL DESIGN GUIDELINES 8‐1

8.1 Submittal Requirements 8‐1

8.2 Geotechnical Investigation and Report 8‐1

8.3 Topographic Surveys 8‐1

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8.4 Demolition 8‐2

8.5 Facility and Land Use Siting Instruction 8‐2

8.6 Planning 8‐5

8.7 Parking 8‐6

8.8 Circulation 8‐8

8.9 Grading 8‐16

8.10 Storm Drainage 8‐18

8.11 Fencing 8‐24

8.12 Special Site Security Requirements 8‐30

8.13 Landscape 8‐31

8.14 Utilities 8‐33

8.15 Lighting 8‐51

8.16 Signage 8‐52

8.17 Planting 8‐53

8.18 Storm Water Management 8‐54

8.19 Site Furniture 8‐55

8.20 Soil Compaction 8‐57

8.21 Airfield Pavement 8‐58

9. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES 9‐1

9.1 General Design Standards 9‐1

9.2 Building Materials 9‐7

9.3 FOR QUESTIONS AND POCS 9‐22

9.4 OTHER KADENA AFB PLANS AND GUIDELINES 9‐23

10. INTERIOR DESIGN 10‐1

10.1 Function 10‐1

10.2 Cost Effectiveness 10‐1

10.3 Durability 10‐1

10.4 Maintainability 10‐2

10.5 Finishes – Non‐Housing (O&M) Projects 10‐2

10.6 Submittal Requirements 10‐10

FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY 11‐1

Definitions 11‐1 General Requirements 11‐1 General Building Requirements 11‐2 Fire Protection Water Supplies 11‐3 Fire Suppression Systems 11‐4 Fire Alarm and Mass Notification Systems 11‐8 Facilities Constructed by the Government of Japan (GOJ) 11‐10 Aircraft Hangars 11‐11 Miscellaneous Items 11‐12

12. STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES 12‐1

12.1 Structural Loadings 12‐1

12.2 Building Construction 12‐2

12.3 Foundation Design 12‐2

12.4 Concrete Design 12‐3

12.5 Building Slabs‐on‐Grade 12‐5

12.6 Concrete Wall Thicknesses 12‐6

12.7 Masonry 12‐6

12.8 Structural Steel 12‐6

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12.9 Steel Joist and Joist Girders 12‐8

12.10 Steel Decking 12‐8

12.11 Cold‐Formed Load Bearing Steel Stud Walls 12‐8

12.12 Special Construction 12‐8

12.13 Retrofit of Existing Building 12‐10

MECHANICAL DESIGN 13‐1

Mechanical Room Layouts Requirements 13‐1 Exterior Heat Distribution 13‐1 Design Heat and Cooling Distribution 13‐1 Equipment Identification 13‐2 Seismic Design Requirements 13‐2 Thermal Insulation of Mechanical Systems 13‐3 Compressed Air Systems (Non‐Breathing) 13‐4 Engine‐Generator System 13‐4 Interior Gas Piping System 13‐5 Boiler Oil System 13‐5 Interior Fuel System 13‐6 Heating System 13‐7 Steam System 13‐7 Vents and Stacks 13‐7 Refrigeration Systems for Cold Storage Facilities 13‐7 Cooling Systems 13‐8 Air Supply and Distribution System 13‐11 Ventilation and Exhaust Systems 13‐14 Food Service Facility Requirements 13‐15 Medical Facility Requirements 13‐16 HVAC Temperature Control System 13‐16 Energy Monitoring and Control Systems 13‐17 Specifications 13‐17 Elevators 13‐18 Heating and Cooling Load Calculations 13‐19

PIPING AND PLUMBING 14‐1

General Piping Requirements 14‐1 Identification of Piping 14‐1 Seismic Design Considerations 14‐2 Plumbing Systems 14‐2 Fixtures 14‐3 Backflow Prevention 14‐5 Medical Plumbing Systems 14‐5 GREASE INTERCEPTOR (Move from Mechanical) 14‐6

15. ELECTRICAL 15‐1

References 15‐1 Design Submittal Requirements 15‐1 Calculations and Power System Analysis 15‐2 Exterior Electrical Design 15‐2 Interior Electrical Design 15‐7

16. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 16‐1

References 16‐1 Design Submittal Requirements 16‐2

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Exterior Telecommunications Design 16‐2 Interior Telecommunications Design 16‐4

17. SUSTAINABILITY 17‐1

17.1 Sustainability Design Goals 17‐1

17.2 Sustainable Certification and Metrics 17‐1

17.3 Sustainable Documentation and Compliance Tracking 17‐1

17.4 Sustainability Guide 17‐2

17.5 HPSB II: Optimize Energy Performance 17‐4

17.6 HPSB IV: Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality 17‐8

17.7 HPSB V: Reduce Environmental Impact of Materials 17‐10

17.8 HPSB VI: Address Climate Change Risk 17‐11

17.9 Sustainability Adaptation for Okinawa, Japan 17‐11

18. CLIMATE DATA 18‐1

19. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 19‐1

19.1 General 19‐1

19.2 Design Criteria 19‐1

19.3 Environmental Compliance (General) 19‐1

19.4 Asbestos 19‐2

19.5 Lead and Lead‐Based Paint (LBP) 19‐3

19.6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 19‐4

19.7 Fluorescent and Other Hi‐Luminosity Mercury Containing Lamps 19‐6

19.8 Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) 19‐6

19.9 Radio Isotopes 19‐7

19.10 Radon 19‐7

19.11 Protection of Cultural and Historical Resources 19‐8

19.12 Protection of Natural Resources and Endangered Species 19‐8

19.13 Potable Water Testing 19‐8

19.14 E.O. 12114 – Environmental Impacts Abroad of Major Federal Actions 19‐9

19.15 Remediation of Soil Contamination Outside of the United States 19‐9

20. PETROLEUM, OIL, LUBRICANT (POL) ENGINEERING 20‐1

20.1 Definitions 20‐1

20.2 General Requirements 20‐2

20.3 Bulk Fuel Storage Facilities 20‐2

20.4 Interterminal Pipelines 20‐3

20.5 Atmospheric Storage Tanks 20‐3

20.6 Piping Systems 20‐5

21. CORROSION ENGINEERING 21‐1

21.1 Exposure 21‐1

21.2 Petroleum, Oil, and Lubrication 21‐5

21.3 Water Transfer and Storage Assets 21‐7

21.4 Waterfront 21‐7

21.5 Structural, Architectural, Electrical and Mechanical 21‐7

21.6 Cathodic Protection Systems 21‐8

22. ABBREVIATIONS 22‐1

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1. General Instructions

1.1 Executive Summary

Kadena Air Base (KAB) is the hub of air power in the Pacific and home to the Air Force’s largest combat wing. To support the base’s mission, future development must sustain the base’s position as the Pacific’s preeminent power projection platform and support the base’s ability to provide unmatched combat power for joint and multilateral engagements.

Kadena Air Base Design Guide (KABDG) is developed as guidance for design and construction projects for all KAB Planning Districts and its Geographically Separated Units (GSU). The goal of the guide is to provide measurable means to continually improve the quality of existing and future construction projects specific to the KAB mission with its unique physical and climate challenges. Specifically, KAB is located within a climate and geographic zone that requires special attention to corrosion, humidity, solar gain, wind loads, precipitation loads, and seismic effects. These features of KAB have proven to degrade structures and systems at an accelerated rate, in turn costing additional time, money, and resources. Hence, the KABDG is to augment all applicable codes by providing additional direction to address these unique challenges.

The KABDG intends to provide guidance for all physical features of KAB and its GSU, including but not limited to interdisciplinary design, new construction works, renovation of existing structures, retrofitting and maintenance works.

The design, construction, and maintenance of each physical features on KAB affects the quality of the overall environment and in turn impact the effectiveness of all aspects of the KAB mission. Just as the people and equipment for the mission must be well-maintained, well-suited to their function, adaptable, and highly resilient, so too must the built environment they rely on.

To that end, physical assets must be designed and built to conserve limited resources: time, money, and materials; and must endeavor to achieve the lowest Life Cycle Cost possible for the long-term success of the mission.

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1.2 Specific objectives:

a. Provide historical data and KAB specific resources of designs, means and methods that have proven to be more effective in reaching the goals of the mission.

b. Minimize the impact of seismic effects, solar gain, wind loads, precipitation loads and other environmental factors, which leads to early corrosion and deterioration of facilities.

c. Promote the sense of a unified community by strengthening the prevailing character of KAB and its GSU.

d. Create or sustain facilities to last 100 years or more.

e. Increase the adaptability, extendibility, Partitionability and multifunctionality of all new buildings and systems.

f. Provide lessons learned and other resources for maintenance of existing facilities.

g. Reduce design time and minimize construction cost.

h. Provide the DOR and contractors a clear direction in their development of plans, including design data, specifications, material samples and aesthetic guidelines for KAB.

i. Standardize all current and future development of KAB and its GSU.

1.3 Purpose

The purpose of the KABDG is to establish guidelines that ensure consistency in the construction and design of buildings, their interiors, and infrastructure systems throughout KAB and its GSU in order to:

a. Meet or exceed current and future requirements of the KAB mission.

b. Design facilities and building systems efficiently, with the unique qualities of the KAB geographical location, seismic effects, climate and environmental factors.

c. Create common understanding and guidance in designing future projects within KAB and its GSU to maintain and strengthen its prevailing character.

d. Maximize the life of all buildings to last more than 100 years, with minimal life cycle cost.

e. Design new building and systems to readily facilitate horizontal and vertical expansion.

Provide functional, adaptable and multifunctional spaces and building system layout to accommodate facility requirements and its future use.

f. Aid in renovating, retrofitting and maintaining of existing facilities.

g. Increase efficiency of design and construction.

h. Guide the Designer of Record (DOR) and contractors on acquiring KAB specific documents, references and KAB specifications included in the appendices.

i. Achieve coherence with the requirements of this design guide regarding all planning, design and construction activities in KAB and its GSU.

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1.4 Use and Implementation

The KABDG is a tool to chart a course towards installation excellence and provides a means to assess the installation’s progress in achieving that end. The KABDG is intended to be used at all stages of the facility development process starting from programming through construction, and even during operations and maintenance. It is essential that the design agent and Architect- Engineer (A-E) review the KABDG early in the design process to assure their understanding of the applicable design standards and objectives for the project.

The KABDG is a living document that shall be continually coordinated and updated with team effort from the entire base community.

1.4.1 How to Use this Guide

Part 1 to 6 of this guide provides a general overview of KAB and its GSU. The succeeding parts 7 to 21 provide specific design guidance by discipline. Each discipline shall refer to the appendix for related documentation or references mentioned in the guidelines. All documents in the appendices are “living documents” that are regularly updated by base-level personnel.

Therefore, it is imperative that the A-E confer with the contracting officer to determine if updates are available.

Citations from various references indicated herein are intended for conciseness of KABDG. All criteria, regulations, and standards that are referenced herein correspond to the most recent versions available at the time of writing. Other documents and references may apply to the project at hand and it is imperative that the A-E consider any and all references that are not specifically indicated in the KABDG.

Comply with Department of Defense (DoD) Criteria and Air Force Corporate Standards for Overview:

http://www.wbdg.org/ http://afcfs.wbdg.org/index.html

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1.5 Base Information

1.5.1 Mission Statement

The 18th Wing's mission is to defend U.S. and Japan mutual interests by providing responsive staging and an operational airbase with integrated, deployable, forward-based airpower.

Strategy used to employ this mission centers around a composite force of combat-ready fighter, air refueling, airborne warning and control, and rescue aircraft as well as medical aircrews tasked with transporting patients by air.

1.5.2 Japanese Prefectural Differences

Japan is officially divided into following eight regions:

Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki/ Kansai, Chugoku, Shikoku and Kyushu (including Okinawa).

All the regions in Japan is divided for administrative purposes into 47 prefectures stretching from Hokkaido in the north to Okinawa in the south. Japan's four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu.

At the northern and southern extremities of Japan, both Hokkaido and the islands of Okinawa are one administrative unit each.

1.5.3 Location of Kadena Air Base

Okinawa, the principal island of Okinawa Prefecture's 113 or so islands, is often referred to as the "Keystone of the Pacific" because of its strategic location relative to major Far East cities. KAB is about 1448.5 km (900 miles) from Tokyo, Manila, Seoul and Hong Kong, and about 1931 km (1,200 miles) west of Guam. The main island, Okinawa, is 108 km (67 miles) long and 5 to 32 km (3 to 20 miles) wide. The capital of Okinawa Prefecture is Naha City, located in the southern portion of the main island. The climate compares to U.S. southeastern coastal areas, making it perfect for those who enjoy outdoor activities. Kadena Air Base (嘉手納飛行場 “Kadena Hikōjō”), is located within the boundaries of the towns of Kadena, Chatan and the city of Okinawa, in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

1.5.4 History of the Base

In April 1945, during WWII, the Tenth US Army captured the 1402m (4,600 ft.) coral-surfaced runway that is located by the small village of Kadena. By August, an additional 2286m (7,500 ft.) bomber runway was operational. The Japanese Imperial Forces officially surrendered the chain of islands that includes Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands on September 7, 1945.

Kadena Air base from Okinawa Map

Map of Japan showing its various regions

Okinawa Operations, 1945. Six USS Hancock (CV

19) TBM bombers fly near Okinawa, while supporting the invasion forces

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Between the end of WWII and the Korean War, KAB supported the operations and training of B-29 and reconnaissance units. During the Vietnam conflict, KAB was a staging base for aircraft and equipment. The dual runways of KAB were improved and extended to 3688m (12,100 ft.) in 1967. In 1972, the Ryukyu Islands reverted to Government of Japan control. The wing received its present-day workhorse, the F15-C, and D models in 1980.

The 18th Tactical Fighter Wing (18 WG) was re-designated as the 18 WG in 1991. The 353 Special Operation Group (SOG) was then relocated to KAB.

Today, KAB is the largest base in Japan with two Class B runways and nearly 2.6 million square yards of pavement.

The 18th WG is a composite force of combat-ready fighter, air refueling, airborne warning and control, and rescue aircraft. Kadena Air Base is home to the USAF's 18th Wing, the 353 Special Operations Group, Reconnaissance Units, 1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery, and a variety of associated units. Over 20,000 American service members, family members, and Japanese employees live or work aboard Kadena Air Base. It is the largest and most active US Air Force base in the Far East.

1.6 Local Characteristics

1.6.1 Weather

The islands of Okinawa are located south of the Japanese mainland between latitudes 24° to 27° north. Generally, KAB, Okinawa is under climate zone 2A, defined as hot-humid climate as per ASHRAE 169-2013. At KAB, the summers are hot, oppressive, wet, and overcast. The winters are cool and partly cloudy, and it is windy year-round.

Typhoons and tropical cyclones of Southeast Asia affects KAB, which contributes to frequent rain and occasional typhoons. Although only a few directly hits Okinawa, it brings a bigger damage as a big one hits.

1.6.1.1 Temperature

Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses the subjective sensations of hot and cold.

KAB hot season lasts for 4 months, from June to October, with an average daily high temperature above 29°C(85°F). The hottest month of the year is July, with an average high of 31°C (89°F) and low of 27°C (80°F). The cool season lasts for 3 months, from December to March, with an average daily high temperature below 22°C (71°F). The coldest month is January, with average low of 13°C (57°F) and high at 19°C (66°F). The remaining months have an average temperature of 22.39°C (72.3°F).

The hot and humid temperature Okinawa creates heat damage and corrosive environment that decreases the life cycle of buildings, building systems, equipment and materials. Building materials shall be non-corrosive materials and design of the building envelope shall meet or exceed the mechanical HVAC requirements. Recommendations to protect KAB facilities from heat and humidity are indicated in the succeeding chapters. (See Chapter 8 Architectural Design Guide; Chapter 21 Corrosion Engineering)

Aerial view of Ryukyus surrender, Okinawa, 7 Sept 1945

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1.6.1.2 Humidity

Humidity is defined as the amount of wetness or water vapor in the air. Kadena Air Base experiences extreme seasonal variation in the perceived humidity.

The muggier period of the year lasts for 8 months, from March to November, during which time the comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable at least 28% of the time. The muggiest month of the year is July, with muggy conditions 100% of the time. The least humid is around January with muggy conditions 4% of the time.

The high humidity in Okinawa affects the performance of buildings, causing condensation, mold growth, mildew staining, slip hazards, damage to equipment and the corrosion and decay of the building fabric as well as poor performance insulation. Humidity can be controlled by limiting the sources of moisture, increasing temperatures, humidification or dehumidification and by ventilation. Condensation can be further avoided by increasing surface temperatures through proper design of building envelope and fenestration. Recommendations to protect KAB facilities from humidity effects are indicated in the succeeding design discipline chapters.

The average hourly temperature, color coded into bands. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point.

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1.6.1.3 Precipitation

Okinawa has 462 mm (18.9 inches) of average yearly. Monthly rainfall of more than 150 mm can occur during the summer months from May to October. Okinawa is situated in an area susceptible to typhoons during the period between June through November, with as many as 26 typhoon per season. Refer to section 18 Climate Data for average rainfall in Okinawa.

Okinawa has several rainy seasons. In wintertime, it becomes cloudy and rainy, because the dominating air is the unstable, monsoonal Siberian air mass that has been modified by the warm sea surface. In early spring, air from the Continent and the warm air developing over the South China sea form a depression. This depression is called the Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait cyclone. This cyclone advances with its associated front and brings rainfall to Okinawa.

After a few weeks of transitional weather from winter to the warmer season, stable fine weather characterizes the early summer from the middle of April to early May. Thereafter, an extremely rainy season called the “Bai-u” in Japanese (called Suman-Bozu in Okinawa) occurs from mid- June. During the Bai-u, 25% of the total annual precipitation on Okinawa occurs. In the last part of June, the southerly summer monsoon begins over Okinawa. In this period, from mid-June to September, typhoons are most active and heavy rain can occur. The Polar Frontal Zone, called the “Shurin”, appears at the end of September into the first ten days of October. After which, the weather changes and cloudy weather alternates with fine weather. The cold air of the Siberian Continent begins to break out over the Pacific in December.

The percentage of days in which various types of precipitation are observed

The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.

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Precipitation and typhoon in Okinawa affect the performance of facilities through water seepage on porous building materials, leading to corrosion, internal structure damage and fungal growth on walls. The stagnant rainwater on building surfaces or roof also contributes to decay of exterior finishes or waterproofing materials. Hard rain or typhoon in Okinawa mostly carry salt particles in the air. In effect, the buildings, building systems, equipment and materials rapidly deteriorate. The building elements and materials shall be non-corrosive. Provide superior quality waterproofing and paint coating materials. Check for possible seepage, leakages, and cracks in the building. Ensure all external building joints, roof, walls, doors, fenestration and other building envelope elements are of water-tight material and construction.

1.6.2 Typhoon

A typhoon is a system of spiraling winds converging with increasing speed toward the storm’s center (the eye of the typhoon). The diameter of the storm varies between 80.5 and 965.6 km (50 and 600 miles). A typhoon’s forward movement (translational speed) can vary between 8.05 to 40.2 kph (5 to 25 miles per hour). Besides being capable of delivering extremely strong winds for several hours, many typhoons also bring very heavy rainfall. Typhoons are rated on a scale from Category I (the weakest) to Category V (the strongest).

Typhoons in the winter months occur far south of Okinawa. It approaches the vicinity of Okinawa during the summer months until fall. Typhoons advance to the northwest and re-curve to the northeast in the vicinity of Okinawa during fall. In effect, typhoons stagnate while its re-curve. Miyako Island, Ishigaki Island, and Okinawa are where typhoons tend to stay for a considerable duration.

The definition of “typhoon” is different between the Japanese standard and the international standard. A tropical storm with the wind speed of more than 63 kph (39 mph) is already considered a typhoon in Japan, while in the international standard, it will be considered a typhoon only when the wind speed reaches of more than 119 kph (74 mph).

Typhoons affect buildings and other structure through direct force of wind into a building or projectiles, by picking up and launching building materials, tree branches and other debris into structures. The heavy and persistent rainfall and coastal storm surges that typhoons bring can also have devastating effects. The flooding associated by strong typhoons can make roads impassable and create damage on site conditions. To protect facilities and its exterior equipment from typhoon damage, design facilities and select materials to withstand or exceed uplift forces and wind speed on KAB (See sub paragraph Wind/ Building Interactions). Provide fasteners to secure and protect equipment and building elements. Design guide to protect KAB facilities from Typhoon are indicated in the succeeding design discipline chapters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency

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1.6.3 Wind/ Building Interactions

The average hourly wind speed at Kadena Air Base experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The windier part of the year lasts for 6 months, from September to March, with average wind speeds of more than 23.17 kph (14.4 mph). The windiest day of the year is December, with an average hourly wind speed of 26.87 kph (16.7 mph).

The calmer time of year lasts for 6 months, from March to September. The calmest month of the year is May, with an average hourly wind speed of 19.63 kph (12.2 mph).

When wind interacts with a building, both positive and negative (i.e., suction) pressures occur simultaneously. Most wind damage occurs because various building elements have limited wind resistance due to inadequate design, application, material deterioration, or poor maintenance of the building components or structure.

For design purposes, basic wind speed on KAB shall be obtained from the UFC 3-301-01 for the pressures on the main wind force resisting system, the components and cladding of the structure.

1.7 Solar Gain

Solar gain (also known as solar heat gain or passive solar gain) is the increase in thermal energy of a space, object or structure as it absorbs incident solar radiation. The amount of solar gain a space experiences is a function of the total incident solar irradiance and of the ability of any intervening material to transmit or resist the radiation.

Solar gain can be beneficial in cooler climates when it can be used as a passive way of heating buildings. However, in hot climates room temperatures can increase to uncomfortable levels due to the heating effect of the sun.

The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.

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The average daily incident shortwave solar energy in Okinawa experiences some seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The brighter period of the year lasts for 3 months, from June to September, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter above 5.1 kWh. The brightest month of the year is July, with an average of 5.5 kWh.

The darker period of the year lasts for 3 months, from November to February, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter below 3.6 kWh. The darkest month of the year is December, with an average of 3.2 kWh.

The solar gain in Okinawa increase the cooling required in a building, particularly during hot season, thus increasing the consumption of electricity. In effect, this decreases the life cycle of building systems, equipment and materials.

Consider the following complex ways to utilize solar heat gain in design: location, landscape, building orientation, building massing, shading, thermal mass, insulation, internal layout, the positioning of openings, thermal optical properties of openings and thermal properties of building envelope.

Reduce excessive solar heat gain effects through:

• Orientating openings away from the sun path.

• Limiting the area of openings.

• Horizontal shading.

• Reducing solar transmittance through openings.

• Purging heat gains by the introduction of ventilation.

• Insulating the building envelope to prevent the transmission of indirect solar gains.

The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.

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• Reducing the solar absorptance of the building envelope.

• Reducing the urban heat island effect.

• Planting to provide shading and to reduce the solar absorption of roofs.

Further guide to utilize solar gain and prevent its deteriorating effects are indicated in the succeeding chapters.

1.8 Prevailing Architectural Character in Okinawa

1.8.1 Early Okinawan Architecture

The Early Okinawan vernacular buildings is mainly influenced by Chinese, Japanese, and Southeast Asian architecture in rather distinctive local forms. Red-orange clay roof tiles, wooden walls and the white Okinawan limestone used in walls are among the most recognizable, or often-cited features. Stonework is extensively used in the perimeter wall fence of residential compounds, the walls of castles, and stone bridges. While the styles of stacking stones are similar to those used in Japan, Okinawan stonework most often uses the Ryukyus' distinctive white limestone, resulting in an aesthetic rather different from that in mainland Japan.

The main entrance opening of stone perimeter wall is blocked with a stone section called “hinpun”, which prevent passersby on the street from seeing directly into the house and is said to block the entry of evil spirits. A pair of “shisa” (lion-dogs), typically in ceramic, are placed atop the roof or on either side of the gate, also in order to protect the home from evil spirits.

The house is elevated a short step above the ground, and is held up by wooden pillars, with some of the walls separating rooms being comprised of sliding door panels. The sliding doors allow air to pass through to ameliorate the high temperatures and humidity typical of Okinawa's climate. A porch running along the front of the house, under the eaves, known as “amahaji” and facing the front yard, provides a breezy and shaded space to sit. other rural homes have additional buildings, or areas within the walls, including livestock sheds, pigsties, vegetable gardens, and/or a well.

Other houses most commoners lived have thatched-roofed homes instead of clay roof tiles.

1.8.2 Notable buildings in Okinawa

Okinawa has developed a distinct architecture of it’s own, reflecting it’s subtropical setting and harsh climate, as well as historical influences from japan, China and the United States.

Below are some of it’s notable buildings.

Traditional Takara’s house, Geruma Island

Thatched roof house

Nago City hall, Nago City, Okinawa

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Nago City Hall - completed in 1981, is one of the most notable public buildings in Okinawa Prefecture. It incorporates many of the key aspects of contemporary Okinawan architecture.

Shuri-Castle - For more than 400 years, Shuri castle was the political, cultural and diplomatic center for the dynasty that ruled the Ryukyu kingdom, including Okinawa. It was destroyed during World War II but later rebuilt, following the war. It has been turned into a state-run park centered around the Main Hall. In 2019 of October, a fire has destroyed all main structures of the castle. It is currently under restoration.

Shikinaen Garden – inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Lists as one of the Gusuku Sites and Related properties of the kingdom of Ryukyu. It was built in the 18th Century as the second residence of the Ryukyu Kings. It was completely destroyed in the Battle of Okinawa of 1945 but has been restored in the post-war years.

Among numerous historical sites in Okinawa, some of the notable buildings include: Miyaradunchi gardens, Enkaku-ji site, Tamaudun, Zakimi Castle site.

1.8.3 Modern Okinawan Architecture

Typically, modern homes in Okinawa are constructed of concrete with barred windows for protection from flying debris during typhoons. It is common to see “flat” roofs on multi-family residential units and newer contemporary styled houses.

Older commercial structures are mostly of on-site cast-in place concrete construction although recently, more and more steel framed buildings with in-fill panels of CMU or storefront glass panels are being erected.

Examples of moderns buildings are Okinawa Institute of Science and technology and Okinawa prefectural museum of Art.

1.8.4 Okinawan Architecture On-base

The prevailing architectural character of Okinawan commercial and Multifamily Residential buildings in KAB can best be described as modern Okinawan style, with features softer than the box look of the flat roof traditional military style. This look is mainly driven by climatic condition on Okinawa, deep recessed windows, and overhangs over the protected entrances. The prevailing exterior construction method is cast-in-place concrete for walls and roofs.

See Chapter 8 Architectural Design Guide for pictures of destination buildings at KAB.

Shuri Castle, Naha City, Japan

Shikinaen Garden, Naha City, Japan

Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa

Multifamily residential building, KAB

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1.9 Topography

Oriented roughly northeast to southwest, Okinawa is 108 kilometers (67miles) long and 4 to 32 kilometers (3 to 20 miles) wide. The northern part of the island is rugged, mountainous, and wooded, with few inhabitants and very little cultivated land. The southern part consists of hills and plateaus which are highly cultivated and densely settled. Coral reefs fringe Okinawa, especially in the southwest part, where conditions are favorable for rapid growth. The development of coral reefs greatly affects the bays and harbors of the island.

1.9.1 Kadena Air Base Topography

Topography and elevation at KAB vary. The northern half of the cantonment area has gently sloping terrain cut by small ravines that naturally drain the area. Its elevation is some of the lowest on the base and includes much of the airfield and North Ramp district.

The southern half of the cantonment area is characterized by flat terrain with areas of gently rolling hills that slope westward. It’s higher in elevation than the northern half. A portion of the southwest quadrant is gently sloping ground, but the majority is composed of steep slopes, hills, and ravines that limit development in those areas. The southeast quadrant, where most of the permanent housing has been constructed, is characterized by high pinnacles and rolling hills divided by deep ravines and coral outcrops.

1.10 Geology

The general surface geologic mapping indicates the primary formations under KAB are Ryukyu Limestone and Kunigami gravel bed geologies overlaid by clayey and silty surface layers of variable thickness (several meters). Fill layers and other surface layers, particularly those of clay and/or silt consistency, may not be suitable to provide adequate bearing for certain structures.

In many cases, deep foundations or soil improvements are needed at KAB to bring foundations to a competent bearing layer. Both Ryukyu limestone and Kunigami gravel layers are common bearing layers for deep foundations. Ryukyu limestone consists of unconsolidated, semi-consolidated, to consolidated calcareous sediments which are generally weathered at shallow depths and comprised of sandy or silty gravels. These weathered layers of Ryukyu limestone often provide sporadic densities at shallower depths with increased density and consistency in less weathered zones. Kunigami group consists predominantly of weathered phyllites and sandy consolidated sedimentary rocks and green stones which may also be encountered at various locations throughout KAB and can provide a dense and competent target layer for deep foundations.

Ground water is generally deeper than 10 meters below ground surface and does not normally pose an issue during construction activities at KAB. However, ground water may fluctuate based on seasonal weather conditions and perched water tables do occur and can cause high ground water in some cases at some sites.

Topography of Kadena Air Base from IDP

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1.11 Cultural Assets

Historic sites and structures can be community and cultural focal points. If tombs are found to be on site, a plan must be developed to either relocate or to not disturb the tomb. Coordinate action with the Natural/Cultural Resources office of the Asset Management Flight, 718th CES.

1.11.1 Cultural Assets between KAB and Local Okinawan

Authorities

Cultural resources are well known at KAB. Their preservation is a concern to local Okinawan authorities and plays a role in the relationship between KAB and its host communities. The local communities maintain an inventory of all cultural property located on the base. In addition to the municipal lists, the Okinawan Prefectural Board of Education (OPBOE) maintains listings of cultural property on US bases throughout Okinawa and monitors their condition. The cultural resources on KAB fall into one of four categories:

tombs, ritual or prayer sites, historic structures, and archaeological sites, but also include natural features of local cultural importance. An initial cultural assets inventory was conducted in 1993 for KAB and the Kadena Ammunition Storage Annex (MUNS). The Survey was incomplete, leaving many areas with the potential for additional cultural resources unexplored. During 2005-2006, surveys were conducted in the ravines and unimproved areas of Kadena’s main base. In all, 115 sites comprising 750 features (tombs, prayer sites, historic structures, and archeological sites) were documented.

Since the US Air Force is required by law to protect and manage these nonrenewable resources, guidelines for the implementation of a cultural resources management program were developed through the completion of the Historic Preservation Plan and the Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan (ICRMP). These plans establish standard operating procedures to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations while facilitating the management and preservation of significant prehistoric, historic, and archaeological resources. Many of the sites on the prefectural inventory are traditional folk sites, including shrines (prayer sites), WWII revetments, tombs, remnants of villages, banyan trees, field terraces, and other natural features that are important in Okinawan folklore. Two sites located at the Kadena Marina have been designated Prefectural Historical Monuments: the Noguni Shell mound and the Tomb of Noguni-Sokan.

Sensitive Cultural Sites, Kadena Main Base (Jan 2019)

Sensitive Cultural Assets in MUNS, ICRMP, Rev.2 (2008-2012)

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1.12 Site Analysis

Site Analysis involves taking an inventory of site elements and analyzing them relative to the clients’ needs and/or requirements. Gather relevant information on the site, including topography, climate, wind patterns, vegetation, and cultural and man-made features such as utilities (sanitary, water supply, storm drainage, fuel supply lines, electrical etc.), hardscaping, and site furnishings.

Analyze the conditions to determine the ideal location for buildings. High spots may be advantageous for buildings and low spots for bodies of water. Utilize trees to buffer prevailing winds. Locate operable openings in buildings to allow cross ventilation of cooler winds.

A Site Analysis Plan is used to develop an understanding of the site and its context and analyzing the constraints and opportunities for development. The Site Analysis Plan forms the basis for good site planning, retention of desirable landscape elements, establishing building footprints, and determining building orientation, as well as protecting historic cultural heritage significance of the place.

The Site Analysis Plan allows a comprehensive view of the constraints and opportunities of the development site. It forms the basis for a designer to develop a proposal that utilizes the positive aspects of the site and ameliorates the negative aspects.

A Site Analysis Plan must be prepared at the Concept Design stage to facilitate productive discussions on the proposed development. The details of the Site Analysis Plan must be tailored to the site and complexity of the proposed development.

1.13 Site Planning

Site planning is a critical phase in the design process in which land uses are allocated to derive efficient utilization of resources and disposal. Several considerations must be determined such as environmental requirements, land use restrictions, building setbacks, flood hazard areas, utility connections, utility offsets, vehicle circulation, buffers from natural and manmade features and other similar requirements. The following factors shall be considered during the site planning phase:

• Buildings shall be sited in accordance with the Kadena Air Base Installation Development plan (KAB IDP).

Coordinate with the Kadena Air Base (KAB) Installation Community Planning Office for the latest KAB IDP document.

• Any permanent projects that rises above the ground and creates a new footprint on KAB must have a siting approval. The request will go to a Facilities Board which will be held once a quarter. The siting will either be approved or disapproved by the Wing commander or his delegate of authority. See 718 CENP for a siting Request Form.

• Projects shall be oriented to take advantage of important site planning criteria, such as views, solar exposure, and prevalent wind direction.

• Entrances shall be oriented with respect to established circulation paths.

KAB Planning Districts from IDP

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Refer to UFC 3-201-01 Chapter 2 Site Design prior to starting design to determine specific project requirements. (See Chapter 8 Civil).

END OF CHAPTER

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2. Design Policy

2.1 References

The references listed below are an overview of the minimum references cited in the KABDG.

References shall not be limited as shown, and the A-E shall endeavor to apply every applicable reference to the project at hand. Refer to the succeeding chapters of this guide for additional references.

Publication dates are intentionally not included in the list of references below, except for the International Code Council (ICC) family of codes whose version dates are stated in UFC 1-200- 01 DoD Building Code (General Building Requirements). In general, the latest available issuance of the reference shall be used.

2.1.1 18th Wing Pacific Air Forces:

18th Wing Pacific Air Forces Above Ground Fuel Storage Tank Installation Details and Specifications

2.1.2 718th Civil Engineer Squadron, Kadena Air force Base, Okinawa, Japan

CADD Drawing Preparation and As-Built Submittal Standard

Geographic Information System (GIS) Standard

Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan (INCMP)

Kadena Air Base Installation Development Plan

KAB Instruction 31-218 Security, Motor Vehicles Traffic Supervision

Kadena Air Base Instruction 32-2001, 4 March 2016 Certified Current, 12 November 2018 Civil Engineering, Fire Prevention and Protection

Kadena Air Base Sign Standard

Spill Prevention and Response Plan (SPRP)

Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)

2.1.3 Aerospace Material Specification standard (AMS)

2.1.4 AMS Federal Standard Color (FSC) Superseded by Aerospace Material Specification

2.1.5 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI)

ARI 1010 Self Contained, Mechanically Refrigerated Drinking Water Coolers

2.1.6 Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI)

550/590 Testing Standard for Performance Rating of Water Chilling and Heat Pump Packages Using the Vapor Compression Cycle

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2.1.7 Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC)

A-GRAM 17-01 Change to AF New Construction and Major Renovation Certification Requirements

2.1.8 Air Force Instructions (AFI)

AFI 32-1021 Planning and Programming Military Construction Projects

AFI 32-1023 Designing and Constructing Military Construction Projects

AFI 32-1054 Corrosion Control

AFI 32-1065 Grounding Systems

AFI 32-1066 Plumbing Systems

AFI 32-1067 Civil Engineering Water Systems

2.1.9 Air Force Manuals (AFMAN)

AFMAN 32-1084 Facility Requirements Standards

AFMAN 91-201 Explosives Safety Standards

2.1.10 Air Force Pamphlet (AFPAM)

AFPAM 10-219 Airfield Damage Repair Operations

2.1.11 Air Force Sustainable Design and Development (AF-SDD)

AF-SDD Implementing Guidance Memorandum, 2

2.1.12 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Office (AASHTO)

AASHTO GHDS Geometric Design for Highways and Streets

AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications

AASHTO RSDG-4 Roadside Design Guide

AASHTO VLVLR Very Low-Volume Local Roads

2.1.13 American Concrete Institute (ACI)

ACI 222.3 Design and Construction Practices to Mitigate Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Structures

ACI 223R Guide for the Use of Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete

ACI 224R Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures

ACI 224.3R Joints in Concrete Construction

ACI 302.1R Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction

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ACI 302.2R Guide for Concrete Slabs that Receive Moisture-Sensitive Flooring Materials

ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

ACI 350.4R Design Considerations for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures

ACI 350 Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures

ACI 351.3R Foundations for Dynamic Equipment

ACI 357R Guide for the Design and Construction of Fixed Offshore Concrete Structures

ACI 360R Guide to Design of Slabs-on-Ground

ACI 364.3R Guide for Cementitious Repair Material Data Sheet

ACI 372R Design and Construction of Circular Wire and Strand-Wrapped Prestressed Concrete Structures

ACI 530 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structure

ACI SP-66 Detailing Manual

2.1.14 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Steel Construction Manual

AISC 341 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings

2.1.15 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

ANSI/NETA ATS Standard for Acceptance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Equipment and Systems

ANSI/TIA-568-C.1 Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard, Part 1: General Requirements.

ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 Balanced Twisted-Pair Telecommunications Cabling Components Standards

ANSI/TIA-569-D Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces.

ANSI/TIA-570-C Residential Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard

ANSI/TIA-606-B Administration Standard for Commercial Telecommunications Infrastructure.

ANSI/TIA-607-B Commercial Building Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications.

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2.1.16 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

ASCE 24-14 Flood Resistant Design and Construction

ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures

ASCE/SEI 41 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings

2.1.17 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications

ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Systems and Equipment

ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals

ASHRAE 15 Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems

ASHRAE 34 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants

ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

ASHRAE 62.2 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings

ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings

ASHRAE 135 BACnet Protocol for Building Automation and Control Networks

ASHRAE 169 Climatic Data for Building Design Standards

ASHRAE 189.1 Standard for the Design of High Performance, Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings

2.1.18 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

ASME A112.19.2 Standard for Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures for Hydraulic Requirements for Water Closets and Urinals

ASME A112.19.M Standard for Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures for Hydraulic Requirements for Water Closets and Urinals

ASME A112.19.3 Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures

ASME A112.6.1M Floor Affixed Supports for Off-the-Floor Plumbing Fixtures for Public Use

ASME B31.1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

2.1.19 American Society for Testing and Materials, International (ASTM)

ASTM A1064 Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete

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ASTM A36 Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

ASTM A53 Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc- Coated, Welded and Seamless

ASTM A121 Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated Carbon Steel Barbed Wire

ASTM A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000psi Tensile Strength

ASTM A325 Standard Specification for High-Strength Bolts, Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural…