Attach__No__1B_-_Sample_Level_2_EBS.pdf

PHASE I ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE SURVEY

LIGHTHOUSE, OILHOUSE AND PROERTY

CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION

BREVARD COUNTY, FLORIDA

PREPARED FOR:

Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Foundation P.O. Box 1978

Cape Canaveral, Florida 32920

And

45th Space Wing, CCAFS Florida

PREPARED BY:

Gator Engineering & Aquifer Restoration, Inc

April, 2014

Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Gator Engineering & Aquifer Restoration, Inc (GEAR) was contracted by the Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Foundation (the Foundation) to perform a Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey (EBS) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Florida, of the lighthouse, the associated oil house, and immediate surrounding property (collectively referred to as the facility or Subject Property).

The Foundation, a non-profit organization formed in 2002, has been involved with upkeep of the historical lighthouse and immediate surrounding land area, and with the management of lighthouse tours. The 45th Space Wing, US Air Force intends to license the facility to the Foundation for it use. The lighthouse facility is of historical and cultural importance and is currently owned and maintained by the Air Force, but is used by the Foundation. An original lighthouse on Cape Canaveral was completed in 1848; construction of the present lighthouse was completed in 1868. During the period 1892-1894 it was moved to its present location about one mile inland from the eastern tip of the cape. At that time there were a number of other buildings including six (6) keeper buildings that included three (3) two-story living quarters, two (2) one-story storage buildings, and an “oil house”. All of those buildings with the exception of the oil house were destroyed or razed before about 1970. Originally owned by the US Coast Guard, the lighthouse was transferred to the Air Force on December 14, 2000. Restoration of the lighthouse began in 2004 when the Air Force completed restoration of the oil house which stands adjacent to the lighthouse.

The Lighthouse and property has been an Air Force asset, however the Foundation has for years promoted the suggestion to obtain a license for the lighthouse and property. Licensing the lighthouse and property to the Foundation will benefit the Air Force, Florida’s Historical Preservation Office, certain Indian tribes, and our Nation by providing on-going long-term preservation and educational activities, and reconstructing historically important lighthouse support buildings. As the Air Force moves forward to re-utilize CCAFS for industrial and commercial launch purposes and capabilities, preservation and protection of the lighthouse property and restored buildings will remain important for current and future visitors, while maintaining the continued memory and dignity of culturally and historically important grounds. Under the license, the Foundation plans to continue the Air Force’s lighthouse restoration activities by re-constructing four historically significant lighthouse keeper buildings and operating them as an historical, educational and commemorative site for the Air Force and the public.

The Subject Property includes the lighthouse which is approximately 151 feet tall, an associate oil house located approximately 40 feet east of the lighthouse, a number of historically important foundations from previous site structures, and surrounding grounds. The facility addressed in this EBS contains the following “fixed asset” buildings:

Lighthouse tower (Facility Bldg. # 7700) Oil House (Facility Bldg. # 1355)

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The parcel is planned for commercial use. General location maps of the EBS subject facility are shown on Figures 1 and 2 of Appendix C.

Based on the findings of this survey discussing the presences or absences of hazardous materials or petroleum products or their derivatives, the facility, buildings, and area properties were categorized in accordance with a 1999 Headquarters Air Force memorandum as shown below. These findings are relevant to the properties subject to the requirements of Section 120(h)(3) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). The following table provides a summary of the significant findings and assigned property categories.

Details of the findings for each facility can be found in Section 3.1 and 3.5, while findings for the facility and buildings are discussed in Section 3.4

Building Categorization Building/area Significant

Findings Potential

Pathways/Areas Impacted

Category

Lighthouse Building 7700

Soil contamination has been remediated;

shallow and intermediate groundwater contamination remains

Groundwater use;

See Land Use Controls in Appendix H

Category 4 − Areas where release, disposal, and/or migration of hazardous substances has occurred, and all removal or remedial action has been taken.

Oil House Building 1355

Soil contamination has been remediated;

shallow and intermediate groundwater contamination remains

Groundwater use;

See Land Use Controls in See Appendix H

Category 4 − Areas where release, disposal, and/or migration of hazardous substances has occurred, and all

Surrounding Property

Soil contamination has been remediated;

shallow and intermediate groundwater contamination remains

Groundwater use;

See Land Use Controls in See Appendix H

Category 4 − Areas where release, disposal, and/or migration of hazardous substances has occurred, and all

Additionally, since this EBS also generally followed methods described in the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) 1527-05 updated in ASTM 1527- 13 for the conduct of a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) related to property transactions, it addressed findings related to other substances and

Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 3 factors not subject to the requirements of Section 120(h)(3) of CERCLA. The following list provides a summary of those other facility findings:

Due to historic painting and sandblasting activities at the site, several contaminants of concern (lead, arsenic, barium and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]) were detected above Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) Soil Cleanup Target Levels (SCTLs).

Tilling was selected as the primary remediation method to treat an extended area of metals (lead, arsenic and barium) contaminated soil due to the potential of encountering cultural resources at the site. PCBs are not suitable for tilling, so PCB-contaminated soils, along with lead-contaminated site soils characterized as hazardous waste, were removed and disposed off-site.

Residual industrial solvents (volatile organic compounds [VOCs] and metals (cadmium, lead and manganese) were detected in groundwater above screening values in the past. Monitoring for metals was eliminated based on two rounds of sampling below FDEP Groundwater Cleanup Target Levels (GCTLs), however one well continues to be monitored for low-level vinyl chloride (VC).

Asbestos and lead-based paint has reportedly been removed from the buildings, or has not been present.

Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following actions should be taken prior to proceeding with a property transaction:

1. Prior to any construction activities or intrusive soil work, review the Land Use

Control Implementation Plan attached in Appendix I.

2. AF 813 form shown in Appendix B does require a National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) directed Environmental Assessment since re-construction of historical buildings on the site is planned.

3. Best management practices (BMPs) should be used to address the various issues that will arise associated with re-construction activities.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDY…….…………..……..6

1.1 Introduction……………………………………...……………………………………..…..6

1.2 Boundaries of the Subject Property and Survey Area…………………………………7

2.0 SURVEY METHODOLOGY

2.1 Approach and Rationale…………………………………………………………………...8

2.1.1 Description of Documents Reviewed……………………….…………………9

2.1.2 Property Inspections………………..………………………………………….11

2.1.3 Personal Interviews………………………..…………………………………...11

2.1.4 Sampling……………………….………………………………………………..12

2.2 Limitations and Exceptions of Assessment……………………………………………..12

2.3 Limiting Conditions and Methodology Used…………………………………………….13

3.0 FINDINGS FOR SUBJECT PROPERTY………………………………………………..13

3.1 History and Current Use……………………………………..……………………………13

3.1.1 Historical Use……………………..……………………………………………..13

3.1.2 Current Use……………………...………………………………………………15

3.2 Environmental Setting……………………………… …………………………………….15

3.2.1 Natural Resources………………………………………………………………16

3.3 Visual Property Inspection………………………………………………………………...16

3.3.1 Land Use…………………………….…………………………………………..17

3.3.2 Soils and Topography, and Geology………………………….………………17

3.3.3 Drinking Water and Groundwater……………………………………………..17

3.4 Hazardous Substances……..……………………………………………..………………18

3.4.1 Hazardous Materials and Petroleum Products……………………...……….18

3.4.2 Hazardous and Petroleum Waste………….………………………………….19

3.5 Installation Restoration Program Contamination……………………..………………...19

3.6 Storage Tanks…………………....………………………………….……………………..24

3.6.1 Aboveground Storage Tanks….…...………………………………………….24

3.6.2 Underground Storage Tanks…………………………………………………..24

3.6.3 Pipelines, Hydrant Fueling, and Transformer Systems……………………..24

3.7 Oil/Water Separators………………………...………………………..…………………..24

3.8 Pesticides………………………...…...……………………………………………………24

3.9 Medical or Biohazardous Waste…………………….………..………………………….25

3.10 Ordnance……………………...………...……..…………………………………………25

3.11 Radioactive Wastes………………………...…..……………………………………….25

3.12 Solid Waste………………..………………………….………………………………….25

3.13 Groundwater…………………...……...…...…………………………………………….25

3.14 Wastewater Treatment, Collection, and Disposal………………..……...………

3.15 Drinking Water Quality………..….……...………………………………………………25

3.16 Asbestos………..…..………...…………………………………………………………..26

3.17 Polychlorinated Biphenyls………..…..………...……………………………………….26

3.18 Radon………..…..………...………………………………………………………………26

3.19 Lead-Based Paint………..…..………...…………………………………………………26

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3.20 Stormwater…………………………………………………………………………….27

4.0 FINDINGS FOR ADJACENT PROPETIES…………………………………………27

4.1 Land Uses…….………………………………..……………………………………….27

4.2 Surveyed Properties..………………………………………………………………….27

4.3 Offsite Findings…………………………………………………………………………27

5.0 APPLICABLE REGULATORY COMPLIANCE ISSUES………………………….33

5.1 List of Compliance Issues……………………………………………………………..33

5.2 Description of Corrective Actions………………… …………………………………33

5.3 Estimates of Various Alternatives…………………………………………………….33

6.0 CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………..34

6.1 Facility Matrix………..…..………...……………………………………………………34

6.2 Property Categorization………..…..………...………………………………………..34

6.3 Resources Map………..…..………...…………………………………………………36

6.4 Data Gaps………..…..………...……………………………………………………….36

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………………………..37

8.0 CERTIFICATIONS……………………………………………………………………..39

8.1 Certifications by Environmental Professionals………………………………………39

8.2 Certification of the Environmental Baseline Survey…………………………………40

8.3 Signatures ………………………………………………………………………………41

APPENDICES

A: Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Terms B: Form 813 (Draft) C: Figures (1-6) D: Site Photographs E: Survey of total range area F: EDR Data Package (Radius Search and Historical Topography) G: Historical Aerials H: Adjacent Property “Fact Sheets” I: Land Use Control Implementation Plan for Lighthouse Area (SWMU NO. 200)

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1.0 PURPOSE OF THE PHASE I ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE SURVEY

1.1 Introduction

GEAR was contracted by the Lighthouse Foundation to perform a Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey (EBS) of the Lighthouse property on CCAFS in Brevard County, Florida. A summary of all terms, acronyms, and abbreviations is provided in Appendix A of this report. The Lighthouse will continue to be used as an historical landmark, and educational site. The Subject Property is located on the west side of Lighthouse Road; the coordinates for the lighthouse are 28° 27’ 37.18’’ N and 80° 32’ 35.96’’ W. The Subject Property is bounded on the north by facility 1360-Security Police Support Building and undeveloped land. To the south is Facility 1348-Hangar C. To the east is Launch Complex 21/22 (LC 21/22), Facility 1428 Experimentation Center, Facility 6011 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) office, and undeveloped land. To the west is undeveloped land. According to Air Force Form 813 shown in Appendix B, modifications to the facility are expected in the near future. Appendix C to this report contains figures showing the location of the lighthouse facility.

The United States Air Force 45th Space Wing at CCAFS proposes to license land to the Lighthouse Foundation. The license would be a 5-year commercial license consisting of the land, the existing structures, and all future buildings. The facility currently supports education, tourism, and commemorative purposes of the Foundation.

Department of Defense (DoD) policy requires an EBS be prepared before federally owned property can be sold, leased, licensed, or acquired. The purpose of this EBS is to evaluate past and current practices at facilities and neighboring properties that may have impacted the area of and around the lighthouse, and to document current environmental conditions at this location.

This EBS evaluates the Foundation’s potential liabilities with respect to the environment and human health and safety, and to establish and document the current reported status of the facilities proposed for lease/license. The purpose of this EBS is also to identify, to the extent feasible, recognized environmental conditions in connection with the property.

This EBS followed the guidelines and format set forth in Air Force Instruction (AFI) 32-7066, Environmental Baseline Surveys in Real Estate Transactions (USAF 1994) and the Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 32-70, Environmental Quality, which lays out responsibilities and procedures for an EBS. This EBS also used guidance stated in ASTM E 1527-05, updated in 2013 Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process. A chain of title was not conducted as part of this assessment.

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The use of the term “facility” in this document is not intended to correspond with the legal definition of “facility” under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). At Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), the term “facility” has historically referred to any area, building, or structure designated with a number and used for a specific purpose or activity. In order to avoid potential future confusion among United States Air Force (USAF) personnel who may be reviewing this document and implementing further assessment or corrective action based on its recommendations, it was decided to continue using the term “facility” in its historical CCAFS context, rather than employing a more generic term. This document will also refer to the lighthouse facility and surrounding land area intended to be included in the “license” as the “Subject Property”.

1.2 Boundaries of the Subject Property and Survey Area

The site proposed for lease/license consists of the lighthouse, the oil house, and the surrounding property. Figure 1 in Appendix C shows the general location of CCAFS; Figure 2 shows the location of the lighthouse. The legal description of the property is the NE¼ of Section 29, Township 23 South, Range 38 East of the Cape Canaveral (USGS 1989) Quadrangle Map (Figure 3). The current facility’s boundaries are Lighthouse Road to the east, a drainage swale to the south, scrub to the west, and the property line for Building 1360 to the north. Figure 4 shows the location of the “expanded” parcel of land, and Figure 5 (from the Site Plan) shows the facility building layout. Photographs in Appendix D show various views of the facilities and boundary areas taken during the January 21, 2014 site inspections, including adjacent property. Legal descriptions of the parcels were provided within the survey of the expanded area shown in Appendix E.

References to the site property boundaries are based on observations during the site reconnaissance, and the actual site property boundaries may differ.

Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 8

2.0 SURVEY METHODOLOGY

The methods used to conduct the EBS for the subject property are described in this section.

2.1 Approach and Rationale

This Phase I EBS documents the nature of known environmental contamination and establishes the environmental due diligence baseline of the environmental condition of the Subject Property, and identifies any potential environmental concerns. The EBS provides notice in accordance with Section 120(h)(1) of the CERCLA (42 United States Code (U.S.C.) 9620(h)(1)) of the type and quantity of any hazardous substance and the timeframe of the storage, release, or disposal of such substance on the property.

Reasonably obtainable documents were reviewed, a visual site inspection was completed, and interviews were conducted with individuals familiar with the current use and past history of the Subject Property. This EBS did not include subsurface or other invasive assessments or business environmental risk evaluations. Findings in this report are based upon the site’s current utilization, Federal and state database searches, and information derived from the most recent reconnaissance and from other activities described herein. This information is subject to change. Certain indicators of the presence of hazardous substances or petroleum products may have been inaccessible, unobservable, or not present during the most recent reconnaissance and may subsequently become observable after commencement of planned site activities. The conclusions in this document are based on information and data available at the time of report preparation, obtained through document searches, aerial photography, and interviews with key personnel. Visual site inspections and searches were performed on the latest known and proposed boundaries provided by the USAF Site Plan dated September 30, 2013. A current survey is provided in Appendix E.

The information in this report has not been independently verified but is considered to be from reliable sources. Information obtained from Federal, state, and local databases; real property records; personnel interviews; and past reports are assumed to be accurate.

Phase I ESA and EBS reports, by their very nature, are limited. GEAR has endeavored to meet what it believes is the applicable standard of care, and, in doing so, is obliged to advise the Client and User of Phase I ESA limitations.

GEAR believes that providing information about limitations is essential to help the Client and User identify and thereby manage its risks. Through additional research, these risks can be mitigated, but they cannot be eliminated.

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GEAR has prepared this EBS for the Foundation and the USAF. GEAR's assessment represents a review of certain information relating to the site that was obtained by methods described above and does not include sampling or other monitoring activities at the property. While GEAR has used reasonable care to avoid reliance upon data and information that is inaccurate, GEAR is not able to verify the accuracy or completeness of all data and information available during the investigation. Some of the conclusions in this report would be different if the information upon which they are based is determined to be false, inaccurate or incomplete.

This report is intended for the sole use of the Foundation and USAF. Its contents may not be relied upon by other parties without explicit written consent of GEAR.

This is not a statement of suitability of the property for any use or purpose.

2.1.1 Description of Documents Reviewed

During the development of this EBS, the documents mentioned below were reviewed. In essence, this EBS has determined current existing conditions at the lighthouse facility, and has verified to some degree certain conditions discussed in the following documents.

Air Force Instruction (AFI) 32-7006, Environmental Baseline Surveys in Real estate Transactions, April 25, 1994;

American Society for Testing and Materials Practice E 1527-13, Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process;

Annual Long-Term Monitoring Report, Hangar C, Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU) No C154 and Lighthouse Area SWMU No C200, CCAFS, July 29, 2013;

Archeological Testing and Contaminated Soil Cleanup Monitoring at the Cape Lighthouse (8BR212) and New Lighthouse Site (8BR1660), CCAFS, Brevard County, Florida, 45 SW CES/CEAN, Tom Penders, December 2012;

Environmental Data Resources, Inc., EDR Aerial Photo Decade Package, Inquiry Number 3832528.3, dated January 16, 2014;

Environmental Data Resources, Inc., EDR RadiusMap Report, Inquiry Number

3832528.4s, dated January 16, 2014;

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Environmental Data Resources, Inc., EDR Sanborn Map Report, Inquiry Number

3832528.5, dated January 16, 2014;

Flood Insurance (FEMA) Map Brevard County, Florida, http://www.brevardpublicworks.org/floodzonemap2;

Land Use Control Implementation Plan for Lighthouse Area Solid Waste Management Unit 200 (SWMU NO. 200) 45TH SPACE WING CCAFS;

Lighthouse Area Preliminary Assessment (PA) Report, URS Group, Inc.

January 2007;

Lighthouse Confirmation Sampling Report for the Lighthouse Area (Rev 2) at CCAFS, Florida, URS Corp. May 2008;

Lighthouse Area Interim Measures For Solid Waste Management Unit

C200, 45th SW Facilities, CCAFS Brevard County, FL November 2010;

National Historic Landmarks Program website:http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1885&ResourceT ype=District;

United States Department of Agricultural Online Soil Survey, http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app;

United States Environmental Protection Agency Map of Radon Zones, http://www.epa.gov/radon/zonemap.html;

United States Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory Online Wetlands Mapper, http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Data/Mapper.html;

FACT SHEETS for Adjacent Properties to the Lighthouse shown in Appendix H.

As a part of this assessment, GEAR also reviewed information sources to obtain existing information pertaining to a release of hazardous substances or petroleum products on or near the site. GEAR obtained an ASTM regulatory database search through Environmental Data Resources, Inc. (EDR). A copy of the database report is included in Appendix F; Appendix G contains historical aerial photographs for easier access. In Section 4.0, Table 2 presents the summary of the regulatory database report. Appendix H contains Fact sheets for adjacent properties, and Appendix I contains a copy of the Land Use Control

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Implementation Plan for Lighthouse Area Solid Waste Management Unit 200

(SWMU NO. 200).

It must be noted that the best document found which clearly and concisely documents the complete history of the Subject Property is the Archeological Testing and Contaminated Soil Cleanup Monitoring at the Cape Lighthouse document developed in December of 2012 by the 45th SW and reference above.

Consequently, should the reader desire to find additional data, this is an excellent source.

2.1.2 Property Inspections

Air Force guidelines and ASTM 1527-13 require that a site inspection of the subject site be conducted as part of an EBS effort. GEAR and USAF personnel conducted a site reconnaissance of the facility buildings and surrounding land area on January 21, 2014.

The parcel was traversed by GEAR to identify unnatural surface features, stained soils, stressed vegetation or exposed soils, storm water drainage patterns, water bodies, signs of excavation or burial, and any unusual odors that could indicate potential environmental contamination. Additionally, a visual inspection of unoccupied structures was conducted for materials of construction, storage of hazardous substances, and other human health and environmental concerns.

The two structures inspected were generally in good condition. The structures (Lighthouse and Oil Building) were originally constructed between 1859 and 1868.The facility was moved to its present location in 1894. The lighthouse contains memorabilia associated with its history and is used for educational and historical purposes. The Oil House contains storage items and is primarily empty. Findings from the site inspection are discussed for each facility in Section

3.1 below.

2.1.3 Personal Interviews

USAF personnel and Foundation personnel with knowledge of the subject facility were interviewed or emailed to obtain information on recognized environmental conditions in connection with the two buildings and surrounding property, see Section 3.1.2 for interview details.

The following people were personally interviewed or contacted via telephone or email for information on the subject lighthouse facility:

• Dr. Sonny Witt, 45 CES/CEIE Asset; Lighthouse project sponsor

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• Ginny Davis, Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Foundation Board of Directors Secretary

• Eva Long, Environmental Planner, 45 CES/CEIE Asset Optimization, Program Support Manager 45th Space Wing CCAFS

• Mr. Thomas E. Penders 45th Space Wing Cultural Resources Manager

• Loren Lorenz, USAF HAF AFCEC / CZO (IRP Program)

• William (Bill) Stoeckel, USAF AFSPC INDYNE/IOMS (Plans, Programs, and Real Property)

• Robert Elliott, USAF 45th Space Wing Civil Engineer

• Vincent Greenwade, USAF 45th SW Contractor with VZT (Compliance)

2.1.4 Sampling

This document is a Phase I EBS; therefore, no sampling was conducted.

Additionally, since the Subject Property is in the IRP program as SWMU 200, regular, periodic groundwater sampling is being accomplished.

2.2 LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS OF ASSESSMENT

The site reconnaissance, interviews, and records review are intended to be used in concert with each other. Additional sources may be utilized if information from one source indicated the need to provide additional information. This EBS report is not a comprehensive site characterization, and should not be construed as such. This EBS report is limited to the information obtained. No guarantee or warranty of the findings and conclusions is implied within the intent of this report or any subsequent reports, correspondence, or consultation, either expressed or implied. The user should recognize that the services performed for the assessment were conducted in accordance with the local standard of care in the geographic region at the time these services were rendered. No implication is intended as to the relative importance of inquiry into the above list of non-scope considerations and the list is not intended to be all inclusive. The listed nonscope items are not included in the CERCLA definition of hazardous substances or otherwise present potential CERCLA liability. In addition, a determination of compliance with Activity and Use Limitations (AULs) is beyond the scope of this practice.

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2.3 LIMITING CONDITIONS AND METHODOLOGY USED

GEAR performed this EBS according to the scope and format recommended in the Air Force Instruction (AFI) 32-7066 and the ASTM Practice E 1527-13. The findings and conclusions presented in this report are based on the results of the site reconnaissance, review of the specified regulatory records, review of available historical reports, and interviews with the property owner(s) or a designated representative. The findings in this report are also limited by the potential for the presence of hazardous substances or other conditions that are buried, covered by vegetation, or otherwise obstructed from view.

3.0 FINDINGS FOR SUBJECT PROPERTY

This section of the EBS presents the findings of the record search, site reconnaissance, and interviews for the subject properties.

3.1 History and Current Use

3.1.1 Historical Use

The Subject Property lies within a larger parcel that was purchased by the United States government in 1940. Authorized by the Naval Expansion Act of 1938, Naval Air Station (NAS) Banana River was commissioned October 1, 1940 as a sub-base of NAS Jacksonville, Florida and operated by the United States Navy as a World War II Patrol Base. NAS Banana River closed in September 1947 after a gradual deactivation and was placed in a caretaker status. In September 1948, the facility was transferred to the United States Air Force and became Patrick Air Force Base. CCAFS is an installation of the United States Air Force Command’s 45th Space Wing, headquartered at nearby Patrick Air Force Base.

CCAFS formerly contained homesteads and a fish camp, and has been used as a launch site since 1949 and was originally a long-range missile testing area. The location was selected primarily because of the weather, geographic isolation, proximity to the equator, and to allow for space launches out over the Atlantic Ocean. Since the mid 2000’s some launch complex (LC) facilities such as near-by LC-36 have been demolished in preparation for other launch related future plans.

This area of CCAFS was utilized by Native Americans prior to and after European colonization of Florida. On the eastern shore of CCAFS, the first lighthouse was completed in January 1848, stood 65 feet tall, had a 55-foot brick tower and a 10-foot lantern room equipped with 15 lamps on 21-inch reflectors.

In 1868 a newer 151- floor iron tower was erected and topped with a 1st order Fresnel lens. The tower’s living quarters were used for storage and a weather station. In 1871 a storm surge washed over the lighthouse area spoiling lamp oil and drinking water. This and the shoreline erosion caused the lighthouse to be moved. From October 1893 to July 1894 the tower was dismantled, moved by

Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 14 tram one mile inland and re-erected, at its present location, along with a 1st and 2nd assistants and keepers homes. In 1939 the Coast Guard obtained ownership of the Subject Property for continued use as an aid to navigation. In 2000 ownership was transferred to the 45th Space Wing, Patrick AFB. A chain-of-title report for the site was not provided to GEAR by the User or Client. Discussions with USAF personnel also indicated that an EBS does not exist for the 2000 ownership transfer. Historical aerial photographs (Appendix G) from 1943 show that the lighthouse existed at that time.

The lighthouse was built to warn mariners of the shoals off of the coast of Cape Canaveral. Originally, the lighthouse contained 15 whale oil lamps. From 1885 to 1920, oil and kerosene were used as fuel sources. However from 1920 on, the lighthouse has been powered by elelctricity. Other than oil and kerosene, no other hazardous materials are known to have been stored at the facitity.

Investigations

During the past several weeks GEAR has interviewed those personnel listed above in order to gather information about the facility, and reviewed the referenced documents. Following establishment of the Air Force Station, some structures were added for use by the military and some of the existing structures were adapted for use. These structures included an oil house, an outhouse, a water tower, storage buildings, vehicle repair shelter, and a barn/garage/camera building. Figure 1-6 shows the site layout with past structures of historical interest and current structures. About 1967 the last of the original buildings were razed; some were used for firefighting practice. The Lighthouse Area is an important cultural resource. Artifacts and historical accounts show that the grounds of CCAFS were utilized by Native Americans during prehistoric times.

The 45th SW, USAF Archaeologist found and substantiated the presence of human remains in the vicinity of the Lighthouse (45 CES/CEAN, verbal communication). The occupancy and use of the site for Lighthouse operations from the 1890s through the 1950s is also of historical interest. Over the years, the lighthouse has been maintained and repainted on many occasions.

Building 7700 Lighthouse

This building is a cast iron fabricated structure with a circular concrete floor that has a diameter of about 23 feet. Its base is approximately 415.5 square feet and is about 151 feet tall. It contains historical memorabilia and material from the Foundation for public education. Electrical service (120 V) provides lighting and is supplied by the USAF. Water and natural gas is not available. The lighthouse does not have toilet facilities and is not connected to a sewer system at this time.

In the 2004 and 2005 time frame the lighthouse underwent substantial refurbishment. Structural aspects were repaired and rusted elements were

Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 15 refurbished and/or replaced. Any remaining lead-based paint was removed.

The USAF 45th SW managed that project.

Building 1355 – Oil House building

This one-story building is a windowless single-room brick structure set on a concrete foundation. It is 224 square feet (approximately 22 feet by 10 feet) in size and although mostly empty, currently contains storage items, signage, and some paper products. Its historical use was to store the lamp oil and fuel used for lighthouse operations, and other supplies. Additionally, from 1989 to 2003, it was used for radar equipment storage. The Oil House does not have water, gas, or electrical service.

3.1.2 Current Use

The Lighthouse facility currently supports activities of the Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Foundation, who in conjuction with the 45th Space Wing Public Affairs Office conducts public bus tours of CCAFS and the lighthouse. The purpose of the Lighthouse Foundation is to preserve, protect and educate the public as to the Subject Property‘s historical significance to the Florida Space Coast, State of Florida, Indian Tribes, and the United States. Tours occur during the day and the facilities are not used overnight.

The facilities include the lighthouse, the oil house, and the surrounding property.

Foundation plans, once approved, include rebuilding four of the historical keepers cottages that once stood on the Subject Property. These buildings would be used for exhibits, storage, and hosting small educational related gatherings.

3.2 Environmental Setting

The Subject Property and surrounding area displays a generally flat topography;

the Subject Property project area consists of an open mowed grass area in front of the lighthouse. Across the grassy area from Lighthouse Road west to the lighthouse is a pathway consisting of crushed white shells bordered by rocks. It extends from the unpaved parking area adjacent to Lighthouse Road to the lighthouse where it joins to a brick-paved walkway. Behind the lighthouse is an area of dense vegetation containing primarily Brazilian pepper as well as sand live oak, Australian pines, saw palmetto, cogon grass, ornamental plants, and various coastal plant species. Figure 6 in Appendix C shows that this area is considered a Freshwater Forested/Scrub area. Further west into the natural underbrush were several unpaved trails in and around this area and an old concrete slab; probably from a former keeper cottage. A drainage ditch runs along the southern margin of the site separating it from Hangar C to the south.

Vegetation composition for dense coastal strand may include sand live oak, sea grape, nakedwood, saw palmetto, wax myrtle, varnish leaf, buckthorn, Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 16 andrapanea as well as a mixing of pioneer herbs and shrubs. It is located approximately 1.6 km (1-mi) west of the Atlantic Ocean and 4.8 km (3 mi) east of the Banana River. An unnamed asphalt paved road and a cement ramp bound the project to the north, undeveloped land to the south and earthen berms to the south and west. Land to the north and east is developed with mowed grasses.

3.2.1 Natural Resources

Land immediately adjacent to the Lighthouse on all sides except the west-northwest are developed and generally do not contain permanent federally listed endangered species. A site walk on January 21, 2014 did not reveal any such species and noted the absence of any gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows on adjacent lands (state listed threatened species). However natural habitats immediately adjacent to the Lighthouse to the west-northwest include area of dense vegetation containing primarily Brazilian pepper as well as sand live oak, Australian pines, saw palmetto, cogon grass, ornamental plants, and various coastal plant species. Figure 6 in Appendix C shows that this area is considered a Freshwater Forested/Scrub area. Also, although not seen, parts of this habitat may support three federally listed threatened species; Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), southeastern beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris), and eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon corais couperi).

Also as mentioned, while not observed, the gopher tortoise is known to inhabit the area near the lighthouse boundary. No federally listed plant species are present in the lighthouse area. Numerous bird species federally protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act are known to nest and/or reside in the area around the lighthouse. The presence of federally and state protected species must be disclosed to the Grantee during the real property transaction. Section 7 Consultation with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) would be required for any activities that may adversely impact federally listed species. Relocation of any gopher tortoises present would be required for any activity involving ground disturbance.

3.3 Visual Property Inspection

Representatives of GEAR conducted a visual inspection of the Subject Property and adjacent properties on January 21, 2014 to observe evidence of environmental concerns recognized environmental conditions. Photographs documenting the relevant site features are included in Appendix D. The area surrounding the Subject Property to the west consists of primarily undeveloped land covered in native vegetation. GEAR observed manholes, a drain along the southern boundary, old building and antenna foundations, an electrical box, two active groundwater monitoring wells, an old pump house foundation, and a sewer lift station on the northern adjacent property. The mowed area and surrounding land did not show any evidence of stressed vegetation.

Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 17

3.3.1 Land Use

The Subject Property with the Lighthouse facility at CCAFS occupies approximately 4.8 acres of land within the over 15,800acres of the CCAFS property in Brevard County, Florida. The facility is bordered on all sides by USAF owned land. The Subject Property, since at least 1894 has been used as a lighthouse facility with residential buildings. At the time of GEAR’s investigation, the Subject Property consisted of the lighthouse and oil house and has been used as an education center and tourist attraction for guided tours. An aerial view in Figure 4, Appendix C shows all current buildings in existence.

3.3.2 Soils, Topography and Geology

The State of Florida State Board of Conservation Division of Geology, Geological Survey and Water Resources of Brevard County, Florida was reviewed to identify native soil characteristics in the vicinity of the site. According to the survey, the soils at the surface are surficial sands from marine deposits and are classified as a Canaveral-Anclote complex, gently undulating. Most of the area is a mixture of sand and shells. The surficial sediments and erosion material are underlain by the Caloosahatchee Marl which in turn are underlain by the Hawthorn Formation.

Anclote soils are very deep and poorly drained with rapid permeability. Storm water discharges flow directly off the land into surrounding ditches and swales.

The area is located in Section 29, Township 23 South, Range 38 East as referenced in the Cape Canaveral (USGS 1989) Quadrangle Map (Figure 2).

Based on a review of the topographic map, the site appears to essentially flat at about 5 feet above sea level.

The geology underlying the lighthouse facility can be generally defined by the surficial sands, the Caloosahatchee Marl, the Hawthorn Formation, and the limestone formations of the Floridan aquifer. The surficial sands immediately underlying the surface are marine deposits that typically extend to depths of approximately 10 to 30 feet below the surface. The Caloosahatchee Marl underlies the surficial sands and consists of sandy shell marl that extends to a depth of approximately 70 feet below the surface. The Hawthorn Formation, which consists of clays, underlies the Caloosahatchee Marl and is the regional confining unit for the Floridan aquifer. This formation is generally 80 to 120 feet thick, typically extending to a depth of approximately 180 feet below the surface.

Beneath the Hawthorn formation lies the limestone formation of the Floridan aquifer, which extends several thousand feet below the surface.

3.3.3 Drinking Water and Groundwater

Potable water is supplied to CCAFS by the City of Cocoa, however no potable water is currently supplied to the Lighthouse facility. There is evidence however (1922 historical site map) that an on-site artesian well provided potable water to the cottages in the past. Two aquifer systems underlie the site, the surficial and

Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 18 the Floridan aquifers. The surficial aquifer contains groundwater under non-artesian conditions and is approximately 1-m (3.3 ft) bls. Water enters the aquifer through the percolation of rainwater. The Floridan aquifer contains water under artesian conditions. Water enters the aquifer near the center of the Florida peninsula and moves laterally toward the coasts. In the vicinity of CCAFS, groundwater in the Floridan aquifer flows to the northeast The surficial aquifer system, which comprises generally sand and marl, is unconfined and is approximately 70 feet thick. Recharge to the surficial aquifer is principally by percolation of rain and runoff. Groundwater in the surficial aquifer at CCAFS generally flows to the northeast, however groundwater elevation data obtained from the Hangar C/Lighthouse Long Term Monitoring (LTM) program indicates flow is to the southeast in the Lighthouse area. A confining unit composed of clays, sands and limestones separates the surficial aquifer from the underlying Floridan aquifer. The confining unit is generally 80 to 120 feet thick. The Floridan aquifer is the primary source of potable water in central Florida.

3.4 Hazardous Substances

There was contamination from prior use of hazardous substances at sites which may exist in other areas, which does not exist now. Hazardous substances have not been used and stored at the sites recently (since at least 2000), and substances considered highly hazardous were not previously used at the sites.

The Subject Property and the Hangar C area has been the subject of considerable investigation and assessments under RCRA. See Section 3.5.

3.4.1 Hazardous Materials and Petroleum Products

Hazardous materials and petroleum products previously used or stored on site included kerosene and oil. If vacating a property, occupants are required by the USAF to remove all hazardous materials and petroleum products. During the reconnaissance visit, hazardous materials and petroleum products were not observed at either building. Table 1 provides a summary of hazardous materials and proposed future actions.

Table 1 Actions for Observed Hazardous Material Containers

Building Observed Status Future Utilization/Action Lighthouse Tower (Bldg 7700)

No current use or storage of hazardous material.

Continued current utilization; No hazardous material.

Oil House (Bldg 1355)

No current use or storage of hazardous material.

Continued current utilization; No hazardous material.

Surrounding area

No current use or storage of hazardous material.

Continued current utilization; No hazardous material.

Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 19

3.4.2 Hazardous and Petroleum Waste

No hazardous or petroleum wastes were observed on the parcel during the site reconnaissance. If vacating a property, occupants are required by the USAF to remove all hazardous materials and petroleum products. However, since the facility has not been occupied, and will remain unoccupied by the same, this is not required at this time.

3.5 Installation Restoration Program Contamination

The Department of Defense’s Defense Environmental Restoration Program (AFI 32-7020) requires installations to identify, confirm, quantify, and remediate suspected problems associated with past hazardous material disposal sites.

CERCLA, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (42 U.S.C. 9601, et seq.), provides Federal agencies with the authority to inventory, investigate, and clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites. CCAFS however has a Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment (HSWA) permit issued under RCRA. This permit establishes a corrective action program that parallels the CERCLA program and is enforceable. Therefore CCAFS follows the RCRA program; the Lighthouse facility is considered a contaminated site.

Historical releases of lead, arsenic, barium and PCBs by past operations in the vicinity of the Cape Canaveral Lighthouse resulted in soil contaminated at levels above the residential and industrial SCTLs. As part of of RCRA corrective action requirements at CCAFS, in late 2006 and January of 2007 the URS Group completed a Preliminary Assessment (PA) of the Lighthouse Area for the 45th SW. That document reviewed all historical buildings (including those no longer present) and uses. While that document contains significant relevant information, the following is a summary of the background and operational history discovered from that report which focuses on the existing Subject Property.

Facility # 1350-Storage (two-story Keepers dwelling-or 1st assist keepers)

The following Potential Release Location (PRL) was identified at Facility # 1350 - Storage:

1. 1350-PRL01– Located approximately 80-ft south to southwest of the Lighthouse. This PLR (1350-PRL01) was recommended for further investigation for unknown drum contents, fuel leaks and/or paint spills.

Facility # 1351 – Storage (two-story keepers Dwelling) The following PRL was identified at Facility # 1351 - Storage:

1. Facility # 1351-PRL01 – Located approximately 80-ft north to northeast of the Lighthouse. This PLR (1351-PRL01) was recommended for further investigation for fuel leaks and/or paint spills from unknown drum contents.

Phase I Environmental Baseline Survey Lighthouse Facility, April 2014 20

Facility # 1352 Storage (one-story storage) The following PRL was identified at Facility #1352 - Storage:

1. Facility # 1352-PRL01. Located approximately 130-ft west to northwest of the Lighthouse. This PLR (1352-PRL01) was recommended for further investigation for fuel leaks and/or paint spills.

Facility # 1353- Storage (one-story 2nd assistant keepers dwelling) The following PRL was identified at Facility # 1353 - Storage:

1. Facility #1353-PRL01. Located approximately 120-ft northwest of the Lighthouse. This PLR was recommended for further investigation for fuel leaks and/or paint spills.

2. #1353-PRL02 This PRL was recommended for further investigation for potential spills and leaks of hazardous materials or chemicals stored at the site.

Facility # 1354- Storage (one-story storage) The following PRL was identified at Facility # 1354 - Storage:

1. 1354-PRL01 – Located approximately 140-ft north of the Lighthouse.

This PLR was recommended for further investigation for fuel leaks and/or spills from unknown drum contents.

Facility # 1355 – Storage [Currently known as the Oil House] The following PRL was identified at Facility # 1355 - Storage:

1. 1355-PRL01 – Located approximately 40-ft south to southeast from the Lighthouse. This PLR was recommended for further investigation for paint, fuel leaks and/or hazardous material spills.

Facility # 1356 – Storage and Water Tower The following two (2) PRLs were identified at Facility # 1356:

1. 1356-PRL01 – Located within the northeast vicinity of Facility 1355.

This PLR was recommended for further investigation for paint related.

2. 1356-PRL02 - Located within the northeast vicinity of Facility 1355. This PLR was recommended for further investigation for fuel leaks and/or hazardous material spills.

Facility # 1357 – Vehicle Repair Shelter The following PRL was identified at Facility # 1357 – Vehicle Repair Shelter:

1. 1357-PRL01 – Located approximately 150-ft northwest of the Lighthouse. This PLR was recommended for further investigation for fuel leaks, spills from paints and/or vehicle maintenance.

Facility # 1363 – Antenna Tower The following PRL was identified at Facility # 1363 – Antenna Tower:

1. 1363-PRL01 – Located approximately 130-ft southeast of the Lighthouse. This PLR was recommended for further investigation for spills.

Facility # 7720- Storage Building The following PRL was identified at Facility # 7720 – Storage Building:

1. 7720-PRL01– Located approximately 160-ft north of the Lighthouse.

This PLR was recommended for further investigation for fuel leaks, unknown hazardous materials and/or paint spills.

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Facility # AIP-12 - Former #1356 The following PRL was identified at Facility # AIP-12:

1. AIP-12-PRL01 – Located…