Top 100 Contractors in NAICS 511130: Book Publishers, FY2021

Full ranking

Rank	Contractor	Net obligations	Share	Trend
1	General Dynamics Corporation Through General Dynamics Information Technology Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$25,294,584	23.1%	Rank history: #2 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; unchanged since FY2020.
2	Koniag, Inc. 2 awardees, including Digitized Schematic Solutions LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$23,648,574	21.6%	Rank history: #1 in FY2022, #1 in FY2023, #1 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; up 3 since FY2020.
3	Afognak Native Corporation Through Mccallie Associates, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$7,613,296	7.0%	Rank history: #3 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
4	Carnegie Learning Inc. Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$7,592,167	6.9%	Rank history: #46 in FY2022, #67 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 13 since FY2020.
5	Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes 2 awardees, including S & K Logistics Services LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$6,181,326	5.6%	Rank history: #4 in FY2022, #2 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; down 2 since FY2020.
6	Cox Subscriptions, Inc. Top agencies Commerce (Department of Commerce) DHA (Defense Health Agency) VA (Department of Veterans Affairs)	$5,047,054	4.6%	Rank history: #6 in FY2022, #6 in FY2023, #7 in FY2024 and #2 in FY2025; down 2 since FY2020.
7	Teachers Curriculum Institute LLC Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$4,743,892	4.3%	Rank history: #55 in FY2022, #30 in FY2023, #16 in FY2024 and #18 in FY2025; new, not ranked in FY2020.
8	Houghton Mifflin Company 2 awardees, including HMH Education Company and Greenwood Publishing Group, LLC Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity) DOI (Department of the Interior)	$1,970,965	1.8%	Rank history: #5 in FY2022, #14 in FY2023, #13 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; down 2 since FY2020.
9	NCS Pearson Inc. 4 awardees, including Pearson Education, Inc. and Pearson France Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) DHA (Defense Health Agency) USSOCOM (United States Special Operations Command)	$1,728,693	1.6%	Rank history: #10 in FY2022, #48 in FY2023, #39 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; up 4 since FY2020.
10	Thomson Reuters (Tax & Accounting) Inc. 3 awardees, including West Publishing Corporation Top agencies DOE (Department of Energy) USDA (Department of Agriculture) Treasury (Department of the Treasury)	$1,672,115	1.5%	Rank history: #9 in FY2022, #7 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; down 2 since FY2020.
11	Complete Book & Media Supply, LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) USUHS (DOD Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,535,267	1.4%	Rank history: #17 in FY2022, #13 in FY2023, #17 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; down 2 since FY2020.
12	United States Naval Institute Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,421,831	1.3%	Rank history: #25 in FY2022, #31 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 6 since FY2020.
13	Contiem, Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,338,895	1.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
14	John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2 awardees, including Wiley Subscription Services, Inc. Top agencies Commerce (Department of Commerce) NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) DHS (Department of Homeland Security)	$1,086,786	1.0%	Rank history: #13 in FY2022, #9 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 62 since FY2020.
15	Ebsco Industries Inc. 2 awardees Top agencies NSF (National Science Foundation) HHS (Department of Health and Human Services)	$909,176	0.8%	Rank history: #15 in FY2022, #8 in FY2023, #6 in FY2024 and #6 in FY2025; up 25 since FY2020.
16	Advanced Communication Technologies, LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$843,912	0.8%	Rank history: #16 in FY2022, #10 in FY2023, #9 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; down 1 since FY2020.
17	Savvas Learning Company LLC Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity) DOI (Department of the Interior)	$811,877	0.7%	Rank history: #20 in FY2022, #22 in FY2023, #26 in FY2024 and #16 in FY2025; up 19 since FY2020.
18	Unite for Literacy LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$665,240	0.6%	Rank history: #14 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; up 3 since FY2020.
19	Digitized Schematic Solutions LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$631,593	0.6%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2023 lists, #3 in FY2024 and #1 in FY2025; new, not ranked in FY2020.
20	Wolters Kluwer N.V. 3 awardees, including CCH Incorporated and Uptodate, Inc. Top agencies CFTC (Commodity Futures Trading Commission) Treasury (Department of the Treasury) HHS (Department of Health and Human Services)	$601,993	0.5%	Rank history: #19 in FY2022, #18 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 10 since FY2020.
21	Cengage Learning Inc. 2 awardees Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity) DOI (Department of the Interior) DOJ (Department of Justice)	$593,441	0.5%	Rank history: #18 in FY2022, #15 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 5 since FY2020.
22	Bloomberg LP Through Bloomberg Industry Group, Inc. Top agencies PBGC (Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation)	$516,014	0.5%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; up 3 since FY2020.
23	Quickseries Publishing Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) DOI (Department of the Interior) Army (Department of the Army)	$510,521	0.5%	Rank history: #27 in FY2022, #28 in FY2023, #11 in FY2024 and #24 in FY2025; up 5 since FY2020.
24	Benchmark Education Company LLC Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity) DOI (Department of the Interior) DOJ (Department of Justice)	$508,737	0.5%	Rank history: #8 in FY2022, #5 in FY2023, #5 in FY2024 and #21 in FY2025; down 17 since FY2020.
25	R. S. Means Company LLC Through R.s. Means Company LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior) DHS (Department of Homeland Security) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$455,629	0.4%	Rank history: #24 in FY2022, #29 in FY2023, #29 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; up 4 since FY2020.
26	Mcgraw Hill LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior) DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity) Army (Department of the Army)	$445,689	0.4%	Rank history: #32 in FY2022, #21 in FY2023, #22 in FY2024 and #13 in FY2025; new, not ranked in FY2020.
27	Reed Elsevier Inc. 3 awardees, including Elsevier B.V., Relx Inc. and Elsevier Inc. Top agencies NSF (National Science Foundation) Army (Department of the Army) NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)	$424,970	0.4%	Rank history: #29 in FY2022, #20 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 8 since FY2020.
28	Everway LLC Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$369,471	0.3%	Rank history: #33 in FY2022, #16 in FY2023, #19 in FY2024 and #9 in FY2025; up 3 since FY2020.
29	Comptech Cdo, LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$332,991	0.3%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; down 27 since FY2020.
30	School Specialty, Inc. 2 awardees Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity) DOI (Department of the Interior)	$330,314	0.3%	Rank history: #12 in FY2022, #12 in FY2023, #23 in FY2024 and #17 in FY2025; up 2 since FY2020.
31	The Myers-Briggs Company Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) VA (Department of Veterans Affairs)	$302,115	0.3%	Rank history: #43 in FY2022, #33 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 10 since FY2020.
32	Staywell Company LLC the Top agencies VA (Department of Veterans Affairs)	$282,373	0.3%	Rank history: #37 in FY2022, #23 in FY2023, #24 in FY2024 and #14 in FY2025; up 17 since FY2020.
33	Pearson Education, Inc. Top agencies DHA (Defense Health Agency)	$275,960	0.3%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
34	Personal Strengths Publishing, LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$272,256	0.2%	Rank history: #36 in FY2022, not on the FY2023–FY2024 lists and #36 in FY2025; up 43 since FY2020.
35	Korn / Ferry International Through Sensa Solutions, Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$264,082	0.2%	Rank history: #31 in FY2022, #35 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 12 since FY2020.
36	Francisco Partners Management Through Discovery Education, Inc. Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$259,500	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; down 13 since FY2020.
37	Vitalsmarts LC. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$223,944	0.2%	Rank history: #30 in FY2022, #26 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 2 since FY2020.
38	Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska 2 awardees, including Flatwater Metals Company Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$216,828	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; down 26 since FY2020.
39	Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC Top agencies DHA (Defense Health Agency) USSOCOM (United States Special Operations Command) DOJ (Department of Justice)	$203,336	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2022 list, #52 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 97 since FY2020.
40	D.r. Myers Distributing Co Top agencies DHS (Department of Homeland Security)	$193,467	0.2%	Rank history: #44 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; up 6 since FY2020.
41	Mcgraw Hill Financial Inc. Through Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC Top agencies Treasury (Department of the Treasury)	$165,562	0.2%	Rank history: #63 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; up 3 since FY2020.
42	University of Oxford 2 awardees, including The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford Top agencies HHS (Department of Health and Human Services) Smithsonian (Smithsonian Institution)	$161,535	0.1%	Rank history: #34 in FY2022, #44 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 14 since FY2020.
43	Kevin M Boylan Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$151,500	0.1%	Rank history: #45 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
44	Effective Communication Strategies LLC Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$148,774	0.1%	Rank history: #70 in FY2022, #36 in FY2023, #38 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; up 13 since FY2020.
45	IMG Inspection Management Group, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$144,075	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
46	Dura Brands, Inc. Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior) Army (Department of the Army)	$143,183	0.1%	Rank history: #42 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; up 14 since FY2020.
47	Editorial Edinumen SL Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$138,873	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022 list, #72 in FY2023, #55 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; down 31 since FY2020.
48	American Nautical Services, Inc. Top agencies DHS (Department of Homeland Security)	$121,733	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; down 5 since FY2020.
49	Curriculum Associates, LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior) DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$120,341	0.1%	Rank history: #56 in FY2022, not on the FY2023 list, #49 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; down 35 since FY2020.
50	Leduc S Editions Top agencies DOS (Department of State)	$115,427	0.1%	Rank history: #92 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; up 90 since FY2020.
51	Math Teachers Press Inc. Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$114,016	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022 list, #71 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; down 40 since FY2020.
52	Mortimer John Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$114,000	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
53	Kpaul Properties LLC Top agencies VA (Department of Veterans Affairs) USDA (Department of Agriculture) DOS (Department of State)	$113,645	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; up 28 since FY2020.
54	Therapeutic Resource Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) USAF (Department of the Air Force) GSA (General Services Administration)	$103,904	0.1%	Rank history: #38 in FY2022, #25 in FY2023, #27 in FY2024 and #7 in FY2025; up 21 since FY2020.
55	Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC Through Metal Bulletin Holdings LLC Top agencies DLA (Defense Logistics Agency)	$95,000	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; up 4 since FY2020.
56	Association L'Assomption ET SES Oeuvres Through Bayard Editions Top agencies DOS (Department of State)	$83,934	0.1%	Rank history: #78 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
57	Hazardous Materials Publishing Co. Top agencies DLA (Defense Logistics Agency)	$83,674	0.1%	Rank history: #54 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
58	Discovery Books LLC Top agencies USUHS (DOD Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences)	$83,304	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; down 21 since FY2020.
59	Cutwater Maritime Educational Services, Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$78,000	0.1%	Rank history: #58 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
60	International Council of E-Commerce Consultants Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$72,534	0.1%	Rank history: #60 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
61	K5 Defense LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$69,112	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
62	Fiscalnote, Inc. Through Cq-Roll Call, Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$67,891	0.1%	Rank history: #62 in FY2022, #38 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
63	Pearson France Top agencies DOS (Department of State)	$66,126	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; up 11 since FY2020.
64	Rexis Financial LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$65,700	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
65	UnitedHealth Group Incorporated 2 awardees, including Optum360 LLC Top agencies VA (Department of Veterans Affairs) HHS (Department of Health and Human Services) SSA (Social Security Administration)	$63,985	0.1%	Rank history: #65 in FY2022, #34 in FY2023, #33 in FY2024 and #20 in FY2025; down 7 since FY2020.
66	Certeza Empresa Con Vision Y Precision Scrl Top agencies USAID (US Agency for International Development)	$63,784	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
67	Sigma Assessment Systems Inc. Top agencies USSOCOM (United States Special Operations Command)	$63,449	0.1%	Rank history: #35 in FY2022, #24 in FY2023, #25 in FY2024 and #12 in FY2025; down 4 since FY2020.
68	Labor Management Institute Inc. Top agencies VA (Department of Veterans Affairs)	$61,782	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; up 3 since FY2020.
69	Paxen Publishing, LLC Top agencies DOJ (Department of Justice) HHS (Department of Health and Human Services)	$61,512	0.1%	Rank history: #71 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
70	American College of Surgeons Top agencies DHA (Defense Health Agency)	$60,280	0.1%	Rank history: #72 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; up 87 since FY2020.
71	The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity) DOJ (Department of Justice)	$59,499	0.1%	Rank history: #68 in FY2022, #41 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; down 6 since FY2020.
72	Booth Society, Inc. Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$57,682	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
73	ARTEMIS Top agencies DOS (Department of State)	$57,312	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
74	Brodart Co 2 awardees Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) DOT (Department of Transportation)	$54,148	<0.1%	Rank history: #66 in FY2022, #56 in FY2023, #45 in FY2024 and #33 in FY2025; up 11 since FY2020.
75	Fletcher Books Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$52,433	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
76	Carolina Biological Supply Co Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$50,772	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
77	Riverside Assessments, LLC Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$49,800	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; up 3 since FY2020.
78	American Immigration Lawyers Association Top agencies DHS (Department of Homeland Security)	$48,863	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
79	Maryland Nautical Sales, Inc. Top agencies DHS (Department of Homeland Security)	$48,285	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
80	Vista Higher Learning, LLC Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$48,123	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; down 16 since FY2020.
81	Empower Educational Consulting, LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$45,000	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
82	Prenax Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) VA (Department of Veterans Affairs)	$44,728	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
83	U.s. Pan American Solutions LLC Top agencies DOJ (Department of Justice)	$44,442	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
84	Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Top agencies USSOCOM (United States Special Operations Command)	$43,692	<0.1%	Rank history: #52 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; down 12 since FY2020.
85	Informa Business Intelligence Inc. Through Taylor & Francis Group LLC Top agencies DHS (Department of Homeland Security) DOJ (Department of Justice)	$41,500	<0.1%	Rank history: #41 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; up 24 since FY2020.
86	Law Business Research Limited Top agencies DOJ (Department of Justice) FTC (Federal Trade Commission)	$41,407	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; down 7 since FY2020.
87	Flyby Distribution Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$39,627	<0.1%	Rank history: #47 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
88	Office Tree LLC Top agencies DOS (Department of State)	$39,397	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
89	Jupiter Associates LLC Top agencies USSOCOM (United States Special Operations Command)	$39,092	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
90	American Labelmark Company Top agencies DLA (Defense Logistics Agency)	$38,867	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022 list, #49 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; up 4 since FY2020.
91	Mind Garden, Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$37,500	<0.1%	Rank history: #73 in FY2022, #40 in FY2023, #42 in FY2024 and not on the FY2025 list; up 70 since FY2020.
92	JTM Enterprises LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$36,235	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
93	Follett Corporation Through Follett Software, LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$34,609	<0.1%	Rank history: #49 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; down 42 since FY2020.
94	University of Texas System Through University of Texas At Austin Top agencies DODEA (Department of Defense Education Activity)	$33,195	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022 list, #64 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024–FY2025 lists; down 3 since FY2020.
95	Mooweep LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$32,115	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.
96	Thomas International USA Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$31,770	<0.1%	Rank history: #57 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; up 1 since FY2020.
97	ICC the Compliance Center Inc. Top agencies DLA (Defense Logistics Agency)	$31,594	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; up 36 since FY2020.
98	Mcgraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC Top agencies DOI (Department of the Interior)	$31,528	<0.1%	Rank history: #69 in FY2022 and not on the FY2023–FY2025 lists; down 36 since FY2020.
99	Penguin Random House LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$30,068	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; up 38 since FY2020.
100	The Oceanography Society Top agencies Commerce (Department of Commerce)	$30,000	<0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2022–FY2025 lists; new, not ranked in FY2020.

How this ranking works

• Source: every contract action FPDS records (as published on SAM.gov) in the period, as GovTribe received it.
• Amounts are net obligations: what was obligated, less what was deobligated. Shares are of $109 million obligated before deobligations, so they never pass 100%.
• Parent companies: each action counts under the ultimate parent its award record names, or under the awardee when it names none, so no dollar counts twice. Parents of the same name (Inc., LLC and the like aside) count as one company, since FPDS records a company's parent under more than one UEI over time. GovTribe corrects a few parents and names by hand; see the corrections.
• Fiscal year 2021 ran Oct 1, 2020 – Sep 30, 2021. The Department of Defense reports its contract actions to FPDS about 90 days late, so a fiscal year is ranked once they're in, in February, and the list doesn't change after.
• Rank changes compare with FY2020. "New" marks a company outside that period's top 500, and "Returned" one of those that was on an earlier fiscal year's list.
• Rank lines show each company's rank on every fiscal year's list since FY2021, #1 at the top, on a scale that gives the top of the list more room. A dashed stretch spans years it wasn't on the list. The step from FY2020 takes the color of the rank change beside it.
• Placeholder recipients FPDS uses when it names no company ("Miscellaneous Foreign Contractors" and the like) aren't ranked.

Quick answers