W912QR25R0016_CERT_Final_Vol6_ PH1B_DrillFMCR_19of20_E3-0000.pdf

Solicitation For Rough River Dam Safety Modification Project Phase I - New Outlet Works and Cutoff Wall, Rough River Reservoir, Falls of Rough, KY

P2: 145870 Design-Bid-Build

Construction Materials and Foundation Completion Report - Karst Summaries Vol. 6 (19 of 20) Appendix E3 (3 of 4)

Certified Final

20 December 2024

W912QR25R0016

ARIMS: 1200

Disposition: Permanent

W912QR25R0016_CERT_Final_Vol6_ PH1B_DrillFMCR_19of20_E3-0000

Solution Feature in the Left Abutment and Underdrain System

Evolution of a Solution Chimney

• Initiated in fractures and joints

• Fractures are solutionally widened

• Water and material are often transported through an under drain

• Underdrains tend to initiate at an aquitard

Depiction of an underdrain

*Not all sinkholes evolve into vertical shafts.

Presenter Notes: The solution feature in the left abutment of Rough River Dam is a joint controlled solution chimney. Vertical shafts formed along orthogonal joints and fractures that emptied through an underdrain system. This underdrain exists at the interface of the Haney Limestone and the Big Clifty Formation at ~55-75' TVD. The upper portion if the Big Clifty is composed of an argillaceous shale and acts as an aquitard.

Change in slope is the surface expression of the chimney

View along dam centerline of left abutment

Presenter Notes: The left abutment was placed on a natural draw in the left bank of the river and the topographical expression of the sinkhole can be seen in original construction photos.

This arrow is pointing toward the sinkhole.

Sinkhole from an oblique angle

Evidence of Voids

• Rod drops

• Missing core samples

• OATV images

• Solid cores of grout

Presenter Notes: Voids in the subsurface were assumed whenever we experience rod drops, OATV images, and when either there was zero core recovery or when solid grout cores were returned. Solid grout cores often consisted of a dark sanded grout used to fill the feature shortly after original construction.

Not Evidence of Large Voids, But Likely Smaller Pathways (not included in the profile)

• Intermittent hammer

• V. fast drilling

• H2O loss

• Brown, tan, or yellow-brown flush from the rock drill

Evidence Gaps

• Only US primary holes were cored past 15’

• OATV images were only preformed on US primary holes and verification holes

• Some OATV images were blurry and unusable

• No coring or OATV preformed on DS holes

(Except two verification holes)

Presenter Notes: The abutment is likely filled with other pathways that aren’t depicted in this profile. There is evidence of smaller pathways through drill feed back in the forms of intermittent hammers, faster drilling speeds, and water losses. The returned cuttings also show evidence of smaller pathways. When the Haney LS is intensely weathered, it degrades into brownish-yellow quartz grains that are weakly cemented with calcite. Whenever these cutting are returned, it can be assumed that pathways are present. Intensely weathered Haney LS is often misclassified as a sandstone or shale.

There may also be larger voids present that are undiscovered due to evidence gaps. Only the US primary holes and verification holes were cored past 15’. Also, only the US primary holes and two verification holes were imaged and some of those images were blurry and unusable. The only coring performed on the downstream line were on two verification holes. This was a very good method for sampling the subsurface, and it should be understood that it was meant to provide a representative view and not a complete view.

• Voids along the US line evidenced by:

Lack of core recovery OATV data Drill rod drops

• Holes were drilled on 5 ft centers in the area of the large feature

• Very good data constraint and resolution on the US side

Upstream Line Upstream Verification Line

Upstream Line

Hardinsburg Sandstone

Haney Limestone

Big Clifty Shale/Sandstone

• Very high connectivity

• Mixture of intensely weathered Haney LS and sanded grout

• Large sections of solid sanded grout

• Flow direction is down and toward the centerline

Upstream Line Upstream Verification Line

UXP1056

UVP1055

OTV of UXP1056

Presenter Notes: This section of the feature shows very high hydraulic conductivity prior to grouting. This pathway flowed down through the intensely weathered Haney LS and through a larger drain at 27.5’ in the upstream direction toward the top of rock found by the verification hole UVP1055. The top of rock at UVP1055 showed a similar pattern of broken intensely weathered Haney LS in a sand grout matrix before it changed to a 4’ section of 90% solid grout. This shows that, at least at this section, run off flowed toward the centerline of the dam before flowing down into the sinkhole and toward the river along the draw. This grout was from original construction and shows evidence of hydraulic fracturing.

• Voids in the DS line evidenced by:

Drill Rod Drops OATV Images (Verification Holes Only)

• Holes were drilled on 5’ centers in the area of the large feature both US and DS Very good data constraint

• OATV or coring preformed on verification holes only Less data resolution than the US side

Downstream Line Downstream Verification Line

Downstream Line

Hardinsburg Sandstone

Haney Limestone

Big Clifty Shale/Sandstone

Smaller Solution Chimneys

• Many features span across US and DS

• DS features drain toward the US features

• Solution is assumed to be joint controlled in low dipping beds

• Underdrain system present at 55-70’ TVD

Underdrain

Upstream Line Upstream Verification Line

Downstream Line Downstream Verification Line

Upstream and Downstream Lines, Combined

Hardinsburg Sandstone

Haney Limestone

Big Clifty Shale/Sandstone

Presenter Notes: When combined, the connectivity between the US and DS profiles is more evident. Further, the DS top of rock is generally higher than the US top of rock. This suggests that, when the sinkhole formed, water flowed toward the center of the draw which lies roughly along the centerline of the dam. There is evidence that at least some flow from the US line is also toward the centerline. Once at the bottom of the feature, flow would have continued toward the river, through the underdrain, along the centerline of the dam. This pathway along the centerline will still be present, and large portions of it may still be untreated.

The shape and width of the sinkhole along the centerline of the dam is unknown. It may be either wider or more narrow but, it is believed that depth is controlled by the top of the Big Clifty Formation at ~77’.

DXS1056 29.6-32' Yellow-brown Flush DXP1066 34.5-36.5' Intermittent Hammer DXS1076 54' Med-brown Flush

56' Tan Flush DXT1081 54.7-55' Rod Drop

56.9-57' Rod Drop DXP1086 48.5-49.5' Orange-brown Flush DXT1091 62-63.2' Dark Orange-brown Flush DXS1096 36.3' Dark Brown Flush

39.3' Light Brown Flush DXT1101 42.2-46.3' Multiple Rod Drops

Highly Weathered Cuttings Weak HCL Reaction

DXP1126 32-32.5' Orange-brown Flush Slightly Faster Drilling

35-36' Slightly Faster Drilling 35.8-35.9' H2O Loss 44.5-45' Orange-brown Flush

DXP1146 34.3-35.3' Intermittent Hammer 49.5-49.7' Rod Drop 54.2-54.7' Minor Rod Drops 63.2-64.2' Dark Brown Flush 64.2-64.7' Minor Rod Drops

DXP1166 38-39' Intermittent Hammer DXP1186 41-42' Rod Drop

53-55' Intermittent Rod Drops 59.3-59.6' Rod Drops 59.6-64.6' Very Fast Drilling

Weathered LS Cuttings DXS1196 43' Tan Flush

46' Med-brown Flush 49' Tan Flush 51' Alternating Brown and Tan Flush

DXP1226 64.3-67.3' Intermittent Rod Drops Fast Drilling

67.3-68.3' Dark Brown Flush

List of Features from the DS Line

• Only the rod drops were used as void evidence

• All instances were taken from the drill logs

• Everything not shaded suggests smaller, less extensive pathways

• Data resolution in the DS line not as high as the US line

Downstream

Upstream

Tunnel Location

Tunnel Location

• Many features span across US and DS

• DS features drain toward the US features

• Feature may be wider toward the centerline

• Controlled by joints and shale layer

Upstream Line Upstream Verification Line

Downstream Line Downstream Verification Line

Left Feature

Haney Limestone

Big Clifty Shale/Sandstone

Presenter Notes: When combined, the connectivity between the US and DS profiles is more evident.

Upstream Line Upstream Verification Line

Downstream Line Downstream Verification Line

Right Feature

Haney Limestone

Big Clifty Shale/Sandstone

Presenter Notes: This suggests a complex flow pattern where the flow began somewhere on the upstream line and flowed down the draw toward the downstream line and into the small sinkhole, through the underdrain and exited under the downstream ledge. It’s possible that it then turned toward the lower relief of the upstream line and round the high top of the rock on the downstream line before continuing to the river.

• Preconstruction photo, 15MAY57

• Taken from 23+55 looking toward 0+00 down the centerline.

• Change in slope is the surface expression of the LS chimney

• Possible location of the smaller RS feature

• Spring is ~445’ EL (110’ TVD from road surface) draining the Big Clifty

• Spring is too low to be the underdrain in the Haney, but are likely connected

Presenter Notes: This slide is to help visualize the solution chimney in 3-D after seeing the combination of the two profiles.

Outcrop Examples of the Underdrain

• Haney/Big Clifty Contact

• Right US Abutment, by the tower

Evidence from Individual Holes

UXP1016

• Open void with breakdown from 64.2-65.5’

• Part of the underdrain

UXP1056

• Grout Filled Void from 29-33’

• Old grout from original construction

• Open void from 61.5-63’

Part of the underdrain

UXT1061

• Grout filled void from 29-46.5’

• Old grout from original construction

• Old grout filled void from UXP1056 also starts at

29’

UXS1066

• Void from 36.9-46.8’

• 36.9-46.8’ no core recovery

Not Depicted in the Profile

• 27.1-36.9’ only 49% core recovery

The roof of the void may be higher than depicted

• 46.8-55’ Shale

UXT1071

• Void from 38.2-46.6’

• No Core from 38.2-46.6’

Not Depicted as a void, but possibly smaller pathways

• 57-67’ Shale

There is no shale in the Haney The mudlogger is likely describing intensely weathered Haney LS with grout.

UXP1076

• Void from 44-52’

• OATV stops at 49.5’

• Core has 26% recovery to 52’

• Floor may extend much lower based on rock drill log

Soil Drilling and Casing Installation

Field Notes: 02/02 - The mini sonic started shift on UXP1076 ready to start drilling. Began drilling at 0722. Encountered the top of rock at 32 feet and the bottom of the hole is at 35 feet. Completed at 0850. The sleeveport PVC was inserted, and grout cart 3 set up. Began grouting the bag at 0935, and it took 5 gallons of “Bag-mix”. The annulus was grouting and took at total of 116.7 gallons – complete (including top off) at 1034.

02/03 - Cart 3 set up on UXP1076. Began grouting the interface at 0944. The A-mix had only about 1 psi of pressure, so the mix was immediately thickened to the B mix. There were 3 medium batches of both B and C mixes. At D mix, target pressure was reached (20 psi) at approximately 9.5 gpm flow. The flow began to slowly decrease. Rather than switch to the sanded mix and immediately stop flow, we continued making D-mixes. At 1545 (flow was at approximately 5.5 gpm), we paused grouting to switch to the sanded mix, but the sand mixer starter was not working. The batch plant had already made a medium D mix (that would’ve been sent to the sand mixer to make the E mix), so the remaining grout was pumped into the hole. Grouting complete at 1808. Pumped 2225 gallons total (1155 gallons of D mix).

May have affected PZs reactions Pool Elevation rose considerably 02/03- Cubex set up on DXP2382 and began drilling at 0928. Grout was at 73 feet.

Rock was at 140 feet. The total depth of 215 feet was reached at 1114.

Top of hole

Top of rock

UXP1076

Interface Grout

2225 gallons

Rock Drilling at DXP2382 likely caused some reactions in the PZs

2015 Profile

No 2A of hole

Top of rock

UXP1076

Interface Grout 2225 gallons

Rock Drilling at DXP2382 began at 0928

PZ44

UXP1076

Interface Grout hole

Top of rock

UXP1076

Interface Grout hole

Top of rock

UXP1076

Interface

Grout

UXP1076 soil samples (Left of

Grike)

This hole is just left of the Grike and the upper soil structure indicates some desiccation 15-20 fbgs and also soft raveled soil between 22-30 fbgs.

Haney LS at 32 fbgs.

UXP1096 soil samples (at Grike)

At a depth of 25 to 35 fbgs the soil has some dark gray to black staining. The soil is dry lean clay which appears to have dessicated and crumbled from drying out. There appears to be some infill occurring from 37 to 44 ftbgs. The soil appears to have some stratigraphic layers indicating that the material was deposited over time. This material appears to have low cohesion. At a depth of 44 fbgs the soil becomes blocky and then becomes soft with dark gray and staining to a depth of 55 fbgs. Some areas appear to have increased moisture but and it is unclear whether or not this natural variations or if it is attributed to extruding the material. At a depth from 55 – 65 fbgs the soil becomes very soft and with a penetrometer value of zero. The shear strength also appears low. Some weathered gravels were present in the soil. From 50 – 64 fbgs the soft gravelly clay with angular limestone was encountered. The soft soils and angular gravels are attributed to infill soils collecting inside the solution feature in the bedrock.

UXP1076 2228 gallons 12/2/15 Haney LS

UXP1096 87 gallons 1/29/16 Haney LS

UXT1101

• Void from 33.5-46.6’

• 36.7-46.6’ had two feet of recovery, however only 1’ of solid core

• The solid core was not at the bottom of the void since samples below the solid core showed intense weathering and fluid migration

• Because the solid core was only 1’ out of 10’ and not clear where in the run it’s from, the interval is depicted as one large 13.1’ void

Not depicted as a void

• 56-60’, Rock drill flush suggested that this interval is intensely weathered limestone

• Flush color was not considered convincing enough for a large void

• Likely smaller pathways and part of the underdrain system

Only 1’ of solid core.

UXS1106

• Void from 36.8-57’

• 37.3-41.9 No core

• 41.9-57’ Grout

UXS1106 (continued) Not Depicted as a void, but possibly smaller pathways

• 57-67’ Shale

There is no shale in the Haney The mudlogger is likely describing intensely weathered Haney LS with grout.

• 69.5’ Drilling delayed due to collapsing hole (from field notes)

Likely part of the underdrain

UXT1111

• 64-68’ Rod drops

• 67.5’ grout and “sandstone” cuttings

• Intensely weathered Haney is easily and often mistaken for sandstone

• Grout present in cuttings

UXT1116

• Void from 35-35.5’

• Old grout pieces present

Thursday, 03/10/16:*

The track rig set up on hole UXP2182 from 1202-1530 advancing to 135 feet before lightening ended the day at 1530.

DXT2145: The 2nd annular space was grouted from 750-1051 taking 110 gallons of grout.

The L90 Core Drill set up on the following holes:

UXP1916 from 1306-1525 at a depth of 145-161 in the Beech Creek LS and Elwren Shale. Oil was detected in the upper part of the Elwren Shale with the apparent source in the lower part of the shale.

Oil flow was small and consisted of seepage along the fresh rock faces. No oil was observed on the weathered faces. There is no evidence of seepage past the Elwren into the Beech Creek Limestone.

There was no change in the drill fluid where this material was encountered. However when the run reached a depth of 158 fbgs near the bottom of the run, the hole communicated drilling fluid with hole UXP1896 resulting in a partial fluid loss and the hole was terminated. There were 3 holes between UXP1896 and UXP1916 which not been cored yet, and therefore showed no signs of communication along this pathway.

UXT1911 was cored from 1306-1525 from a depth of 145-160.

Cubex cleared blockages in holes:

UXP1776 - 9:30-10:30

UXP1356 - 13:00-14:30

Grouting:

UXP2162: Stg 2 annulus was grouted from 958-1017 taking 70 gallons of grout at 35 psi.

UXP1156: Lower Gravity zone grouted from 1216-1340 taking 134 gallons of grout at 16 psi.

Full Depth Grouting:

DXP2442: Grouted from 1123-1445 -No takes were greater than 10 gallons. Grouting was interrupted by Lightening.

DXP2362: Grouted from 100-1030 finishing last 2 stages. No takes were greater than 25 gallons.

UXP1156

Grouting

10-MAR (1215-1340)

Overburden Soils PZs Haney Lst PZs

Big CliftySandstone Beech Creek Lst PZs

Elwren Shale PZs Reelsville Lst PZs

PZ66A – 1.5’

PZ66B – 0.2’

PZ66C – 2’

UXP1156

Grouting

10-MAR (1215-1340)

UXP1196

• Open Bedding plane at 52.5-53’

• Open void from 61.5-64.0’

• Both part of the underdrain

• Not a void but concerning 54.0-55.5’ High angle soil filled fracture

• All part of the underdrain

Field Notes 02/28/16

Lower gravity grouting - 15’ zone UXP1196 from 926-1321 taking 352 gallons (300A +52B) at 26 psi

UXT1921 from 1039-1757 taking 298A/135B/63C/187D gallons at 81 psi.

The final flow was 1.1 gpm. This hole may be set up on again for future grouting.

This PZ had a strange interaction with PZ-72B-D.

Based on where we have hit methane u/s to d/s, and other interactions for the installation of PZ-73 there appears to be a relationship on the left side of the historic channel that jogs at about a 20-30 degree angle left across the core of the dam.

I also recommend a formal alarm be placed on PZ-72B-D as it appears possible we could generate pressures which could exceed elevation 550 as we continue to grout in the future.

352 gallons

PZ13A – 0.25’

PZ44 – 4.5’

PZ48 – 0.25’

PZ46 – 6.5’

PZ72B – 9.0’

PZ72C – 32’

PZ72D – 35’

PZ70A – 0.8’

PZ70B – 0.9’

UXT1921

683 gallons

The majority of Piezometer Reactions noted in the slide set are considered most-likely attributable to grouting activities taking place simultaneously at UXT1921 between 1039-1757

UXT1921

683 gallons

Reaction in PZ46 is considered unlikely to have been triggered by activities at UXP1196

PZ13A – 0.25’

PZ44 – 4.5’

UXT1921

683 gallons

Reactions in PZ44 and PZ13A are considered unlikely to have

UXT1921

683 gallons

Reactions in PZ70 and PZ72 are considered unlikely to have

UXP1256

CLEARED AND RETRIEVED

ROCK HAMMER

*PZ44 – 11’

Overburden Soil PZs Beech Creek Lst PZs

Big Clifty Sandstone PZs Reelsville Lst PZs

PZ66A – 1.5’

PZ70A – 2.5’

*PZ70B – 10’

* Reactions with an asterisk are considered unlikely related to clearing / retrieving activities

*PZ46 – 1.5’

*PZ71B – 13’

*PZ71C – 10’

ROCK HAMMER

ROCK HAMMER

* These reactions are considered unlikely related to clearing / tool retrieval activities

ROCK HAMMER

ROCK HAMMER

Field Notes Sunday, 02/28/16:

Lower gravity grouting - 15’ zone UXP1176 from 727-838 taking 15 gallons at 21 psi UXP1216 from 1352-1500 taking 73 gallons at 37 psi rock

UXP

Top of hole

UXP

Top of rock

UXP

Top of hole

UXP

Overburden Soils PZs Reelsville PZs

Haney PZs

PZ66A – 1.5’

PZ75B - .1’’PZ65A –

.15’

PZ78C - .15’, .2’

UXP1216

15’ Rock Grout 73 gal.

UXP1216

15’ Rock Grout 73 gal.

Top of rock

UXP

Top of hole

UXP

Top of rock

UXP

Top of hole

UXP

UXP1216

15’ Rock Grout 73 gal.

UXP1216

15’ Rock Grout 73 gal.

UXP1176

15’ Grout 15 gal..

Top of rock

UXP

Top of hole

UXP

Top of rock

UXP

Top of hole

UXP

UXP1296

90’ – 107’ 56 gallons

Overburden Soils PZs Big Clifty Sst PZs

Beech Creek Lst PZs Shale-Sandstone PZs

PZ66A – 0.15

PZ66B – 0.075

UXP1296

90’ – 107’ 56 gallons

PZ66A – 0.15

PZ66B – 0.075

Grouting started @ 1249, ended @1339

Grouting started @ 1249, ended @1339

UXP1216 487 gallons 1/27/16 Haney LS