P-403.pdf

NAVAL AIR TRAINING COMMAND

NAS CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS CNATRA P-403 (Rev. 9-14)

INSTRUMENT NAVIGATION

WORKBOOK

ADVANCED HELICOPTER

TH-57C

iii

STUDENT GUIDE

FOR

ADVANCED INSTRUMENT NAVIGATION WORKBOOK

TH-57C

P-403 iv

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES

Dates of issue for original and changed pages are:

Original...0...15 Sep 03 (this will be the date issued)

Revision 1…0…25 June 04

Revision 2…0…10 Aug 07

Revision 3…0…31 Mar 10

Revision 4…0…11 Sep 14

Change Transmittal1…1…21 Dec 17

TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 274 CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING:

Page No. Change No. Page No. Change No. Page No. Change No.

COVER 0 6-1 – 6-16 0

LETTER 0 6-17 (blank) 0 iii 0 6-18 0 iv (blank) 0 7-1 – 7-39 1 v - xii 0 7-40 (blank) 1 viii – ix 1 7-41 1 x 0 7-42 (blank) 1 xi – xii 1 8-1 – 8-7 0 viii – xiv 0 8-8 (blank) 0

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INTERIM CHANGE SUMMARY

The following Changes have been previously incorporated in this manual:

CHANGE

NUMBER

REMARKS/PURPOSE

The following interim Changes have been incorporated in this Change/Revision:

INTERIM

CHANGE

NUMBER

REMARKS/PURPOSE

ENTERED BY

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES ....................................................................................................v INTERIM CHANGE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER ONE - OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91 ....................................................... 1-1

100. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1-1

101. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 1-1

102. SPECIFIC TOPIC AREAS ........................................................................................ 1-2

103. REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTRUMENT RATINGS AND QUALIFICATIONS ... 1-3

104. INSTRUMENT FLIGHT REQUIREMENTS ........................................................... 1-5

105. OPNAVINST 3710.7 READING REQUIREMENTS .............................................. 1-6

REVIEW QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................ 1-7 REVIEW ANSWERS .............................................................................................................. 1-14

CHAPTER TWO - IFR FLIGHT ............................................................................................ 2-1

200. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 2-1

201. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 2-1

202. FLIGHT PLANS ........................................................................................................ 2-3

203. MILITARY INSTALLATIONS ................................................................................ 2-5

204. CIVILIAN FIELDS ................................................................................................... 2-6

205. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC) ............................................................................ 2-8

206. ATC CLEARANCES .............................................................................................. 2-12

207. INSTRUMENT DEPARTURES ............................................................................. 2-20

208. TAKEOFF/ALTERNATE MINIMUMS ................................................................ 2-20

209. ARRIVAL PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... 2-26

210. INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES ...................................................... 2-30

211. EXPLANATION OF TERMS ................................................................................. 2-36

212. LANDING MINIMUMS ......................................................................................... 2-39

213. COPTER ONLY APPROACHES ........................................................................... 2-42

214. VISUAL APPROACHES ........................................................................................ 2-46

215. MISSED APPROACH............................................................................................. 2-50

216. AIRPORT HOT SPOTS .......................................................................................... 2-51

REVIEW QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 2-53 REVIEW ANSWERS .............................................................................................................. 2-60

CHAPTER THREE - NAVIGATIONAL AIDS ..................................................................... 3-1

300. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 3-1

301. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 3-2

302. AIRWAY ROUTE SYSTEM .................................................................................... 3-3

303. NAVIGATION RECEIVER CHECKS ................................................................... 3-10

REVIEW QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 3-13 REVIEW ANSWERS .............................................................................................................. 3-18

CHANGE 1

viii

CHAPTER FOUR - TACAN AND VOR NAVIGATION ..................................................... 4-1

400. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 4-1

401. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 4-1

402. VOR - TACAN PROCEDURES AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ................ 4-2

403. HOLDING ................................................................................................................. 4-9

404. TACAN RANGE ..................................................................................................... 4-11

405. ARCING .................................................................................................................. 4-12

406. POINT TO POINT ................................................................................................... 4-17

REVIEW QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 4-23 REVIEW ANSWERS .............................................................................................................. 4-26

CHAPTER FIVE - INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM .................................................... 5-1

500. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 5-1

501. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 5-1

502. ILS COMPONENTS ................................................................................................. 5-2

503. ILS MINIMUMS ....................................................................................................... 5-6

504. ILS COURSE DISTORTION .................................................................................... 5-7

505. GUIDANCE INFORMATION ................................................................................ 5-10

506. TH-57C ILS RECEIVERS AND DISPLAYS ......................................................... 5-13

507. LOCALIZER APPROACHES PROCEDURES ..................................................... 5-18

508. SDF AND LDA APPROACHES PROCEDURES ................................................. 5-22

509. ILS FLIGHT PROCEDURES ................................................................................. 5-23

REVIEW QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 5-29 REVIEW ANSWERS .............................................................................................................. 5-34

CHAPTER SIX - ADF/NDB PROCEDURES ......................................................................... 6-1

600. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 6-1

601. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 6-1

602. ADF/NDB .................................................................................................................. 6-2

603. LF AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER KR-87 .................................................... 6-6

604. VHF/DIRECTION FINDER ................................................................................... 6-10

605. LOST AIRCRAFT PROCEDURE .......................................................................... 6-11

606. NDB (UHF) ............................................................................................................. 6-12

REVIEW QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 6-13 REVIEW ANSWERS .............................................................................................................. 6-18

CHAPTER SEVEN - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM .................................................. 7-1

700. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 7-1

701. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 7-1

702. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) OVERVIEW ....................................... 7-2

703. GPS NAVIGATION PROCEDURES ....................................................................... 7-3

704. WIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM (WAAS)............................................ 7-8

705. RECEIVER AUTONOMOUS INTEGRITY MONITORING (RAIM) ................... 7-9

706. GPS AND WAAS NOTAMS/AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION .................... 7-10

707. GPS STANDARD INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE (SAIP) DESIGN

CONCEPTS & TERMINAL ARRIVAL AREAS (TAA)..................................... 7-13 ix

708. GPS APPROACHES ............................................................................................... 7-18

709. GPS WAYPOINTS .................................................................................................. 7-21

710. DEPARTURES AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES (DP) .................................. 7-23

711. MISSED APPROACH............................................................................................. 7-23

712. THE KLN 900 GPS SYSTEM ................................................................................ 7-24

713. THE GTN-650 GPS SYSTEM ................................................................................ 7-26

714. INPUTTING AND FLYING GPS APPROACHES ............................................... 7-30

715. GDL-88 ADS-B TRANSCEIVER CAPABILITIES .............................................. 7-34

REVIEW QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 7-37 REVIEW ANSWERS .............................................................................................................. 7-41

CHAPTER EIGHT - KT-79 TRANSPONDER ...................................................................... 8-1

800. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 8-1

801. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 8-1

802. TRANSPONDER - GENERAL ................................................................................ 8-2

803. MODE-3 SQUAWKS ................................................................................................ 8-5

REVIEW QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................ 8-9 REVIEW ANSWERS .............................................................................................................. 8-12

CHAPTER NINE - GROUND CONTROLLED APPROACHES ........................................ 9-1

900. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 9-1

901. LESSON TOPIC LEARNED OBJECTIVES ............................................................ 9-1

902. GROUND CONTROLLED APPROACHES ............................................................ 9-2

903. LOST COMMUNICATIONS ................................................................................... 9-6

904. PRECISION FINAL APPROACH ............................................................................ 9-6

905. SURVEILLANCE FINAL APPROACH ................................................................ 9-10

906. MISSED APPROACH............................................................................................. 9-11

907. SUMMARY OF VOICE PHRASEOLOGY FOR RADAR-CONTROLLED

APPROACHES........................................................................................................ 9-13

REVIEW QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 9-17 REVIEW ANSWERS .............................................................................................................. 9-24

APPENDIX A - GLOSSARY ................................................................................................... A-1 A100. NOT APPLICABLE ................................................................................................. A-1

APPENDIX B - TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (TACAN) ...............................................B-1

APPENDIX C - LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.......................................................................... C-1 x

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 NATOPS Instrument Rating Request (OPNAV 3710/2) ................................ 1-5 Figure 1-2 Single-Piloted Minimums ................................................................................ 1-13

Figure 2-1 Departure Procedure (DP) .............................................................................. 2-19

Figure 2-2 Obstacles Departure Procedures .................................................................... 2-22 Figure 2-3 VOR-A .............................................................................................................. 2-23 Figure 2-4 Alternate Minimums ........................................................................................ 2-24 Figure 2-5 ILS RWY 20L ................................................................................................... 2-25 Figure 2-6 Instrument Approach Procedure ................................................................... 2-32

Figure 2-7 Approach Procedure ........................................................................................ 2-33 Figure 2-8 Holding Pattern ................................................................................................ 2-33

Figure 2-9 Leaving the Holding Pattern ........................................................................... 2-34 Figure 2-10 Sample Landing Minima Format ................................................................... 2-38 Figure 2-11 Copter Approach ............................................................................................. 2-44 Figure 2-12 Copter RNAV Approach w/Visual Flight Path ............................................. 2-45

Figure 2-13 CVFP ................................................................................................................. 2-49 Figure 2-14 Airfield Hot Spots ............................................................................................ 2-52

Figure 3-1 NAVAID.............................................................................................................. 3-4 Figure 3-2 Phase Difference Between Two Signals............................................................ 3-6

Figure 4-1 KDI-573 ............................................................................................................... 4-3 Figure 4-2 KDI-572 ............................................................................................................... 4-3

Figure 4-3 KNS-81 Control Functions ................................................................................ 4-4

Figure 4-4 KNI-582 RMI ..................................................................................................... 4-4 Figure 4-5 KDI-525A HSI .................................................................................................... 4-5 Figure 4-6 KDI-206 CDI ...................................................................................................... 4-5

Figure 4-7 Slant Range ......................................................................................................... 4-7 Figure 4-8 Slant Range vs. Actual Range ........................................................................... 4-7

Figure 4-9 ACAN Station ..................................................................................................... 4-8 Figure 4-10 Cone of Confusion .............................................................................................. 4-8 Figure 4-11 TACAN Holding................................................................................................. 4-9 Figure 4-12 TACAN Holding................................................................................................. 4-9

Figure 4-13 Station-side, Standard Holding Pattern ......................................................... 4-10 Figure 4-14 Nonstation-side, Nonstandard Holding Pattern ............................................ 4-10 Figure 4-15 Station-Side Holding ........................................................................................ 4-10

Figure 4-16 Course Tangent ................................................................................................ 4-12 Figure 4-17 TACAN Approach ........................................................................................... 4-13 Figure 4-18 TACAN RWY 27.............................................................................................. 4-14 Figure 4-19 RMI ................................................................................................................... 4-15

Figure 4-20 Correcting for Crosswinds .............................................................................. 4-16 Figure 4-21 Point to Point Direct Course ........................................................................... 4-18 Figure 4-22 Intercept Point .................................................................................................. 4-19 Figure 4-23 Range Indicator ................................................................................................ 4-20 Figure 4-24 Range Scale ....................................................................................................... 4-21 xi

Figure 4-25 Square Grid ...................................................................................................... 4-21

Figure 5-1 Normal Limits of Localizer Coverage .............................................................. 5-3

Figure 5-2 FAA Instrument Landing Systems ................................................................... 5-9 Figure 5-3 Localizer Transmitters .................................................................................... 5-10 Figure 5-4 ILS RWY 36 ..................................................................................................... 5-12 Figure 5-5 KDI-525A HSI .................................................................................................. 5-14 Figure 5-6 KDI-206 CDI .................................................................................................... 5-14

Figure 5-7 KR-21 ................................................................................................................ 5-16 Figure 5-8 ILS RWY 17 ..................................................................................................... 5-17 Figure 5-9 ILS Z RWY 19 .................................................................................................. 5-19 Figure 5-10 LOC BC RWY 16R .......................................................................................... 5-20 Figure 5-11 ILS RWY 36L ................................................................................................... 5-21

Figure 5-12 SDF RWY 24 – LDA-C.................................................................................... 5-23 Figure 5-13 Compass Locator ............................................................................................. 5-24

Figure 5-14 Outbound Front Course Localizer ................................................................. 5-25

Figure 5-15 ILS RWY 31 ..................................................................................................... 5-25 Figure 5-16 Southwest of Localizer Course ....................................................................... 5-26 Figure 5-17 ILS RWY 14 ..................................................................................................... 5-26

Figure 5-18 West of the Localizer Course .......................................................................... 5-27 Figure 5-19 ILS RWY 36R .................................................................................................. 5-27

Figure 5-20 ILS RWY 9 ....................................................................................................... 5-31 Figure 5-21 LOC BC RWY 20............................................................................................. 5-32 Figure 5-22 TACAN or LOC/DME RWY 5 ....................................................................... 5-33

Figure 6-1 Loop Antenna ..................................................................................................... 6-4

Figure 6-2 KR-87 Automatic Direction Finder .................................................................. 6-6 Figure 6-3 ADF Needle ......................................................................................................... 6-8

Figure 6-4 Identify Position ................................................................................................. 6-9

Figure 7-1 ILS Z or RNAV (GPS) RWY 32 as Whiting Field NAS-South ..................... 7-5

Figure 7-2 RNAV (GPS) RWY 17 ....................................................................................... 7-6 Figure 7-3 RNAV Minimums example with LPV, LNAV/VNA, and LNAV minima.... 7-9

Figure 7-4 RNAV Minimums example with LP minima .................................................. 7-9 Figure 7-5 DINS Website ................................................................................................... 7-11 Figure 7-6 Garmin Website ............................................................................................... 7-12

Figure 7-7 Basic "T" Design #1 ......................................................................................... 7-13 Figure 7-8 Basic "T" Design #2 ......................................................................................... 7-14

Figure 7-9 TAA Area .......................................................................................................... 7-15 Figure 7-10 Sectored TAA Areas ........................................................................................ 7-16

Figure 7-11 TAA with Left and Right Base Areas Eliminated......................................... 7-16 Figure 7-12 TAA with Right Base Eliminated ................................................................... 7-17 Figure 7-13 TAA with Feeders from an Airway ................................................................ 7-17 Figure 7-14 RNAV (GPS) RWY 17 ..................................................................................... 7-18 Figure 7-15 Example RNAV Approach with Fly-by and Fly-over Waypoints ............... 7-22 Figure 7-16 KLN-900 GPS Interface .................................................................................. 7-24 xii

Figure 7-17 Left and Right Page Summary ....................................................................... 7-25

Figure 7-18 GTN 650 Interface ........................................................................................... 7-27 Figure 7-19 GTN-650 Home Page ....................................................................................... 7-28

Figure 7-20 GTN-650 Default Navigation Page ................................................................. 7-28 Figure 7-21 GTN-650 Important Messages and Failure Modes....................................... 7-29 Figure 7-22 GTN-650 GPS to VLOC Transition Illustration .......................................... 7-33 Figure 7-23 GTN-650 Missed Approach Message ............................................................. 7-34 Figure 7-24 ADS-B, TIS-B, FIS-B Broadcast Services Architecture ............................... 7-35

Figure 8-1 Primary and Secondary Radars Combined on One Display ......................... 8-2 Figure 8-2 KT-79 Transponder Control Panel .................................................................. 8-3 Figure 8-3 Radarscope – Primary and Secondary Radar Returns Shown ..................... 8-5 Figure 8-4 Radarscope Alphanumeric Data ...................................................................... 8-7

Figure 9-1 Glideslope Information ...................................................................................... 9-8

Figure B-1 TACAN Ground Beacon Antenna ....................................................................B-2 Figure B-2 Cardioid Pattern ................................................................................................B-2 Figure B-3 Fine Azimuth Pattern ........................................................................................B-3

Figure B-4 Combination of Signal Received by Aircraft...................................................B-4 Figure B-5 DME Principles ..................................................................................................B-5

Figure B-6 DME Distances ...................................................................................................B-6 Figure B-7 TACAN Azimuth Cone of Confusion ...............................................................B-7 xiii

ADVANCED PHASE

DISCIPLINE: Instrument Navigation Advanced Helicopter

COURSE TITLE: Instrument Navigation

UNIT: Instrument Navigation Advanced Helicopter Workbook

WORKBOOK SCOPE

Upon completion of this workbook, student naval aviators will interpret all elements involved in planning, filing, and flying on an instrument flight plan and respond to questions on the criterion test with a minimum score of 80%.

TERMINAL OBJECTIVES

1. Recall OPNAVINST 3710.7, FAA Flight Rules and Regulations, and FLIP procedures.

2. Recall approach procedures, approach clearances, ATIS, terminal radar control and other related information.

3 Recall elements of the airways route system and techniques for the proper utilization of navigational aids, specifically the VOR, TACAN, and VORTAC.

4. Interpret the functions of the TACAN and VOR navigation by solving given problems and answering related questions.

5. Interpret the functions of the instrument landing system as it applies to the TH-57C.

6. State the use of nondirectional radio beacons, ADF procedures, and the TH-57C helicopter direction finding equipment.

7. Recall elements of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and state techniques and procedures as they apply to the TH-57C.

8. Recall facts about the development, uses, and operation of the KT-79 Transponder.

9. Recall procedures and general information for executing Ground Controlled Approaches.

10. Recall IFR holding procedures.

11. Write voice reports in the correct format using the correct phraseology.

12 Resolve the correct procedure to follow in the event of two-way communication failure during IFR flight on the federal airways.

xiv

INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENT NAVIGATION ADVANCED HELICOPTER

WORKBOOK

The purpose of this unit is to introduce and review procedures and concepts related to instrument navigation. Special emphasis will be given to the advanced procedures needed by helicopter aviation students. Many of the specific details will pertain to a single-piloted TH-57C.

There is a multitude of publication instructions, regulations, and various other information sources that a pilot must be aware of before attempting a flight, especially in IFR conditions.

This book will highlight some of the more important points and the ones that are most commonly misinterpreted or incorrectly applied. Source documents for this workbook are located on page

C-1. All the information presented therein was current at the time of publication, but is subject to change upon update and revision of the source documents. From time to time, various elements in these publications are either deleted, moved to another publication, or added. Thus, it is imperative the naval aviator stay abreast of all of the changes. The reason a thorough knowledge is important is that not only can ignorance of the proper procedures lead to a flight violation, but it may also lead to loss of an aircraft or even a life.

Two of the most important publications involving naval aviators are the Federal Aviation

Regulations (FAR) and the NATOPS General Flight and Operating Instructions (OPNAVINST

3710.7). The Federal Aviation Administration publishes the section which most concerns the military pilot; FAR Part 91. This section deals primarily with the rules of the road. The Chief of

Naval Operations has set forth rules governing the operations of naval aircraft. These rules are found in the OPNAVINST 3710.7 (series).

HOW TO USE THIS WORKBOOK

1. Read and become familiar with these objectives. These objectives state the purpose of each chapter of instruction in terms of WHAT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO DO after you complete the unit. Most importantly, your end-of-course examination is developed directly from these instructional objectives. Therefore, it is to your benefit to know all information the objectives are asking you to comprehend.

2. Read and comprehend the information in each chapter. Each chapter consists of a set of facts and explanations. After comprehending all facts and information indicated by the objectives, complete the post test and check your answers. If you answer the questions correctly, continue to the next chapter. If you incorrectly answer a question(s), review the objective and information covering that subject area.

OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91 1-1

CHAPTER ONE

OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91

100. INTRODUCTION

OPNAVINST 3710.7 paragraph 1.2.3 states that "naval aircraft shall be operated in accordance with applicable provisions of FAR Part 91 except where this instruction prescribes more stringent requirements." However, there are a few areas in which FAA has permitted the Navy to deviate from FAR Part 91. In certain areas dealing with aircraft speed, alternate airport weather requirements, and special low level missions, the Navy is less stringent than the corresponding regulation in the FAR Part 91.

101. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Terminal Objective

The specific purpose of this chapter is to recall OPNAVINST 3710.7, FAA Flight Rules and

Regulations, and FLIP procedures. Using the listed publications, the student should answer all questions on the criterion test.

Enabling Objectives

1. List the services of Flight Service Stations (FSS) and their standard operating frequencies.

2. State VFR/IFR semicircular cruising rules.

3. List FAR/OPNAV cloud clearances and visibility requirements to operate in controlled airspace and uncontrolled airspace and special rules for helicopters (if any).

4. State the OPNAV rules for operating helicopters in Class B, C, and D airspace and special rules for helicopters (if any).

5. List OPNAV restrictions for operating aircraft near persons, vessels, vehicles, structures, disaster areas, resorts, cities, villages, and beaches.

6. State the responsibilities of an aircraft commander.

7. State the requirements for annual instrument evaluations.

8. List personnel authorized to start helicopter engines.

9. List personnel authorized to engage the rotors of helicopters.

10. State the OPNAV requirements for the use of life rafts, life jackets, and parachutes, and special requirements for their use which apply to helicopters.

CHAPTER ONE INSTRUMENT NAVIGATION WORKBOOK

1-2 OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91

11. State the OPNAV restrictions for the operation of aircraft near commercial and civil aircraft.

12. List OPNAV standard card takeoff weather minimums.

13. State the OPNAV definition of a multi-piloted aircraft.

14. State OPNAV approach minimums for single-piloted and multi-piloted aircraft and special rules for helicopters (if any).

15. State OPNAV requirements for selection of alternate airports on IFR flight plans.

16. Apply OPNAV flight planning approach minimums at the destination airport for the approach being made.

17. Apply OPNAV requirements for selection of an alternate airport.

18. Complete minimum fuel reserve as required by OPNAV for turbine-powered aircraft (and helicopters).

102. SPECIFIC TOPIC AREAS

The following contains specific topic areas covered by either the FAR or OPNAVINST 3710.7 or both. It is imperative the naval aviator thoroughly understand each concept.

Emergencies

The FAA, realizing there are situations when a pilot may not be able to follow FAR, makes provisions for deviations from FAR. FAR Part 91.3 states, "In an emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule...to the extent required to meet that emergency."

Preflight Planning

FAR states a pilot in command shall, before beginning every flight, familiarize himself/herself with all available information concerning that flight. This information gathering is called

"preflight planning" and should include (but is not limited to) information concerning weather, NOTAMs, fuel requirements, possible alternate or emergency airfields enroute, and anticipated delays.

Pilot in Command

FAR Part 91 states the "pilot in command" of an aircraft is the pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft. OPNAVINST 3710.7 paragraph 3.7.1 further defines the pilot in command as the pilot who is assigned the responsibility for the safe and orderly conduct of a flight and for the well-being of the crew. The authority and responsibility of the pilot in command shall not be transferred during flight.

INSTRUMENT NAVIGATION WORKBOOK CHAPTER ONE

OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91 1-3

OPNAVINST 3710.7 paragraph 3.7.1 additionally states the authority and responsibility of a pilot in command is independent of rank or seniority in relation to other participants in the flight except in the following situations:

1. OFFICER IN TACTICAL COMMAND EMBARKED. Wing, group, or squadron commanders, if embarked on a mission involving aircraft of their command retain full authority and responsibility regarding command, including the mission in which participating.

2. FLAG OR GENERAL OFFICER EMBARKED. A flag or general officer eligible for command at sea or in the field embarked aboard an aircraft as a passenger, may elect to exercise his authority to command the aircraft, thereby assuming full responsibility for the safe orderly conduct of the flight.

103. REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTRUMENT RATINGS AND QUALIFICATIONS

OPNAVINST 3710.7, Chapter 13 gives guidelines on the requirements for a standard or special instrument rating, as well as annual requirements for qualification. The instrument check ride you will fly at the end of the radio instrument syllabus constitutes your initial qualification, which expires one year after the last day of the month in which the evaluation was completed.

Renewal of instrument ratings shall be accomplished annually.

Within the six months preceding the date of the instrument evaluation flight, each pilot must have completed a minimum of:

1. Six hours of instrument flight, either actual or simulated;

2. Twelve approaches (six precision and six non-precision), either actual or simulated.

Within 12 months, a minimum of:

1. Twelve hours of instrument flight, either actual or simulated.

2. Eighteen approaches (twelve precision and six non-precision), either actual or simulated.

Furthermore, a formal instrument ground syllabus with a written examination must be completed within 60 days prior to the evaluation flight. If such a syllabus is not available, the command to which the pilot is assigned shall ensure the completion of an examination.

Standard ratings are assigned with 50 hours of instrument flight and successful completion of an instrument flight evaluation. Special ratings require:

1. Five years of military and nonmilitary flying experience.

2. Two thousand hours flight time.

3. One hundred hours of military actual instrument time.

1-4 OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91

Instrument evaluation flights are conducted in accordance with the NATOPS Instrument Flight

Manual (NIFM). The instrument flight evaluation consists of two parts; one part covers basic instrument flying and the other covers the planning and conduct of a flight under actual or simulated instrument conditions in control areas. Specific maneuvers to be evaluated and their grading criteria are listed in NIFM. An unsatisfactory grade in any area shall result in an unsatisfactory grade for the flight.

OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91 1-5

104. INSTRUMENT FLIGHT REQUIREMENTS

Figure 1-1 NATOPS Instrument Rating Request (OPNAV 3710/2)

1-6 OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91

105. OPNAVINST 3710.7 READING REQUIREMENTS

OPNAVINST 3710.7 prescribes general flight and operation instructions and procedures applicable to all naval aircraft. Therefore, all designated Naval Aviators should be familiar with its contents.

For the purposes of this course of instruction and the examination, chapters 4, 5 (excluding

ACM), 6 and 9 are testable along with the Glossary and Abbreviations appendices. Chapters 1, 3, 7, 8 and 13 have information you should be familiar with prior to your instrument check flight and receiving your wings.

OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91 1-7

REVIEW QUESTIONS

The following publications may be used with this review.

OPNAVINST 3710.7 series

General Planning (GP)

Area Planning (AP-1)

IFR Supplement

Low Altitude Approach Procedures, Volumes 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19, dated 27 Oct 2005

Aeronautical Information Manual

IFR Enroute Low Altitude Chart, dated 27 Oct 2005

1. Which sub-agency of the FAA is responsible for providing all aircraft with in-flight radio assistance such as weather broadcasts, VFR position reports and accepting amended flight plans?

a. "Pensacola Metro" b. "Jacksonville Center"

c. "Orlando Approach Control" d. "Dothan Radio"

2. In the absence of direct orders from higher authority, the responsibility for starting or continuing a mission with respect to weather or any other condition affecting safety of the aircraft rests with the pilot in command.

a. True b. False

3. When the engine of a helicopter is started, the controls should be manned by a qualified

____________. Commanding Officers may authorize certain specifically qualified personnel, other than pilots, to ground test helicopters when a pilot is not available. Rotors shall not be engaged except by a qualified ____________.

a. Pilot . . . Pilot b. Helicopter pilot . . . Helicopter pilot

c. Pilot . . . Mechanic d. Mechanic . . . Pilot

4. Inflatable life preservers shall be worn during all flights originating from or terminating on ships or landing platforms and should be readily available when operating from aerodromes in the vicinity of coastal waters or when operating from inland aerodromes where takeoff, route of flight, or approach path is over water.

1-8 OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91

5. For the execution of a straight-in landing, the visibility required for helicopters may be reduced by one-half that of Category-A aircraft, but in no case may it be reduced to less than one-fourth mile or 1200 feet RVR for single-piloted aircraft.

6. In the case of major accidents, natural disasters, or events of high public interest, temporary flight restrictions may be placed in effect. Normally, the exact dimensions of this airspace will be included in the

a. VFR Supplement. b. IFR Supplement

c. NOTAMs. d. AP-1A/2A/3A.

7. According to OPNAVINST 3710.7, commercial and civil aircraft shall be avoided by at least ______ feet vertically or ______ mile(s) laterally.

a. 500 . . . 1 b. 500 . . . 2

c. 1000 . . . 1 d. 1000 . . . 2

8. Generally Class "D" Airspace is composed of a ____________ and controls aircraft up to

___________ with horizontal limits as needed.

a. Control Tower . . . 2500 AGL b. Control Tower . . . 2500 MSL

c. Control Tower . . . 3000 AGL d. Control Tower . . . 3000 MSL

9. Helicopter flights within Class "D" airspace shall be in accordance with the local flight rules. Where no guidance is provided, pilots shall not exceed ______ AGL unless specifically cleared by the tower or other control agency.

a. 200 b. 500

c. 1000 d. 1200

10. No person may operate an aircraft within Class "B" Airspace unless that person has received ____________ from Air Traffic Control (ATC) prior to operation.

11. For a turbine-powered helicopter, OPNAVINST 3710.7 states that the planned reserve fuel after final landing at the destination or alternate, if required, shall not be less than that fuel required for 20 minutes of flight at a fuel consumption based on

a. Maximum endurance operation at normal cruise altitude.

b. Maximum endurance operation at 10,000 feet.

c. Operation at planned flight altitude.

d. Reserve fuel not required for a VFR flight.

OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91 1-9

12. For a standard card pilot departing North Myrtle Beach Rwy 23 and all equipment is up and operating, the absolute lowest takeoff weather minimums are

a. 200 . . . ¼ b. 200 . . . ½

c. 300 . . . ¾ d. 300 . . . 1

13. According to OPNAVINST 3710.7, the TH-57C meets the requirements of a multi-piloted aircraft when being flown by two pilots, both meeting the requirements of the TH-57C NATOPS

Manual.

14. With reported weather of 200 feet broken and 3 miles visibility, may a single-piloted helicopter depart NAS Meridian, Mississippi, on duty runway 19? If yes, could the departure be

VFR?

a. No . . . No b. Yes . . . Yes

c. No . . . Yes d. Yes . . . No

15. What is the absolute lowest weather minimum for a single-piloted helicopter executing a precision (PAR, ILS) approach?

a. 200 . . . ¼ or 1200 RVR

b. 200 . . . ½ or 2400 RVR

c. Both a and b above, whichever is higher

d. 33 . . . 1

16. When selecting a suitable alternate, radar (PAR/ASR) approach minimums at the alternate may NOT be used by pilots flying

a. single-piloted aircraft.

b. multi-piloted aircraft.

c. aircraft with one operable UHF/VHF transceiver.

d. both a and c.

17. Alternate weather requirements are based on the pilot's best judgment as to the runway that will be in use upon arrival at the destination and alternate.

1-10 OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91

18. Assume that you are flying in a single-piloted TH-57C and your destination is Dobbins

ARB, Georgia. The forecast winds at Dobbins at your planned ETA are 27015KT. What are your lowest approach minimums for the execution of an approach at Dobbins ARB?

a. 100 . . . ¾ b. 300 . . . ½

c. 200 . . . ½ d. 200 . . . ¼

19. In reference to question 18, Dobbins ARB forecast weather at your planned ETA (+1 hour) is KMGE BCMG 0350 14008KT 1600 +RA BKN004 OVC010 QNH 2992INS. To file an

IFR flight plan to Dobbins, you must select a suitable alternate whose forecast is at least

a. 3000 ... 3.

b. Non-precision approach published minimums plus 300 . . . 1.

c PAR approach published minimums plus 200 . . . ½.

d. 1000 . . . 1.

20. You are planning an IFR flight to NAS Pensacola in a single-piloted helicopter.

Pensacola's forecast weather at your planned ETA (+1 hour) is KNPA FM1200 20015KT 1600

FG BKN003 OVC010 QNH 2998INS. For flight planning purposes, what are your lowest approach minimums at NAS Pensacola?

a. 200 . . . ¼ b. 200 . . . ½

c. 400 . . . ¼ d. 400 . . . ½

21. In reference to question 20, and in accordance with OPNAVINST 3710.7, if NAS South

Whiting is your planned alternate, what must NAS Whiting Field be forecasting before you can file an IFR flight to NAS Pensacola?

a. 300 . . . ¼ b. 300 . . . ½

c. 600 . . . 1 d. 400 . . . 1

22. Your destination is Tyndall AFB, Florida, and you are flying a single-piloted helicopter.

The weather at Tyndall at your planned ETA (+1 hour) is KPAM TAF FM1400 03016KT 3200

RA BKN003 OVC010 QNH 3013INS. If Moody AFB, Georgia, is the only available alternate, what is the minimum weather Moody may be forecasting for you to file an IFR flight plan to

Tyndall AFB?

a. 400 . . . ½ b. 400 . . . 1

c. 700 . . . 1½ d. 3000 . . . 3

OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91 1-11

23. Assume you are planning a flight to NAS Whiting Field North in a TH-57 from NAS New

Orleans with an ETE of 1+45 minutes and your TH-57 has 2+30 minutes of fuel on board. If

Whiting is forecasting KNSE TAF BCMG 1819 12010KT 3200 RA BKN002 OVC010 QNH

2992INS at your planned ETA (+1 hour) and all the suitable alternates within 100 NM of

Whiting are lower, can you file an IFR flight plan to Whiting Field?

a. Yes b. No

24. Assume you are flying a TH-57C and your final destination is NAS North Whiting Field.

Pensacola Approach Control has cleared you for North Whiting TACAN Rwy 14 approach and reports Whiting weather is KNSE FM1900 03006KT 4800 HZ BKN002 QNH 3016INS.

May you accept the approach clearance and commence the approach?

a. Yes b. No

25. Outside of controlled airspace, a helicopter may be operated below 1200 feet AGL when the visibility is less than 1 statute mile.

26. A helicopter is operating under special VFR clearance in Class "E" Airspace. Which of the following requirements does not apply?

a. Pilot and aircraft must be certified for instrument flight.

b. Remain 500 feet below clouds.

c. Authorization from ATC in Class "E" Airspace

d. Maintain 1 mile visibility unless waived for operational necessity.

27. VFR semicircular cruising rules begin at

a. 1000 feet MSL.

b. 2000 feet AGL.

c. 3000 feet MSL.

d. 3000 feet AGL.

28. What are FSS's two standard frequencies?

a. 255.4 . . . 272.2 b. 122.2 . . . 255.4

c. 243.0 . . . 255.2 d. 121.5 . . . 122.1

29. A TH-57C must have an operable clock with a sweep second hand for instrument flight.

1-12 OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91

30. You are flying a TH-57C single-piloted, and your destination is forecasting at or above your lowest approach mins but below 3000 feet/3 mile visibility. With Keesler AFB as your alternate, what are the lowest acceptable weather mins for filing purposes?

a. 700 . . . 1¾ b. 800 . . . 2

c. 400 . . . 1 d. 300 . . . ¾

31. Within 12 months of an instrument evaluation, a pilot is required to have a minimum of

______ hours of instrument flight and ______ approaches, (______ precision and ______ non-precision).

32. Helicopters may reduce Category A visibility on non-copter procedures to ______ of published minima, but no lower than ____________ when executing an approach. This is based on airspeeds not exceeding 90 knots on final approach.

OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91 1-13

Figure 1-2 Single-Piloted Minimums

1-14 OPNAVINST 3710.7/FAR PART 91

REVIEW ANSWERS

1. d. GP 17. a. 3710

2. a. 3710 18. d. 3710/APP VOLS

3. b. 3710 19. b. 3710

4. a. 3710 20. a. 3710

5. a. 3710 21. d. APP VOLS

6. c. FAR 91 22. b. APP VOLS

7. a. 3710 23. b. 3710

8. a. (GP) 24. b. 3710

9. b. 3710 25. a. 3710

10. clearance (AP-1) 26. b. 3710/FAR

11. c. 3710 27. d. FAR

12. b. 3710 28. b. IFR Low Alt Chart

13. a. 3710 29. b. 3710

14. d. APP VOLS/3710 30. c. APP VOLS

15. a. 3710 31. 12, 18, 12, 6 3710

16. d. 3710 32. ½, ¼ mile or 1200 RVR 3710

IFR FLIGHT 2-1

CHAPTER TWO

IFR FLIGHT

200. INTRODUCTION

This chapter is intended to review the important concepts of filing and flying an IFR flight plan.

Additionally, it touches upon the organization of ATC and how it affects your flight.

201. LESSON TOPIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Terminal Objective

Upon completion of this chapter, and in response to questions and examples given on the post test, the student will recall approach procedures, approach clearances, ATIS, terminal radar control and other related information with a minimum score of 80%.

Enabling Objectives

1. List the uses of each of the four FLIP publications.

2. List the information and services provided by ATIS.

3. State the two major responsibilities of Approach Control.

4. State the relationship between the ATRCC and Departure/Approach Controls.

5. State takeoff minimums for standard card pilots and special card pilots.

6. State the ceiling and visibility minimums for various approaches.

7. State specific ceiling and visibility minimums for the type of approach to be executed.

8. Label approach diagrams with correct approach procedures.

9. List the differences between a visual approach and a contact approach.

10. Define "Sidestep Maneuver."

11. State missed approach procedures.

12. Select the correct procedure by translating approach clearances issued by Approach

Control.

13. Select the correct requested information provided by approach plates.

14. Determine when to use straight-in landing minimums or circling landing minimums.

CHAPTER TWO INSTRUMENT NAVIGATION WORKBOOK

2-2 IFR FLIGHT

15. Apply OPNAV Instructions minimums for takeoff to various given situations.

16. Apply OPNAV Instructions for approach…