Attachment_J-8_-_3_of_4_NUREG-1757_Vol_2.pdf

NUREG-1757

Vol. 2, Rev. 1

Consolidated Decommissioning Guidance

Characterization, Survey, and Determination of Radiological Criteria

Final Report

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards Washington, DC 20555-0001

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(NUREG–0750).

NUREG-1757

Vol. 2, Rev. 1

Consolidated Decommissioning Guidance

Characterization, Survey, and Determination of Radiological Criteria

Final Report

Manuscript Completed: September 2006 Date Published: September 2006

Prepared by D.W. Schmidt, K.L. Banovac, J.T. Buckley, D.W. Esh, R.L. Johnson, J.J. Kottan, C.A. McKenney, T.G. McLaughlin, S. Schneider

Division of Waste Management and Environmental Protection Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555-0001 iii NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1

ABSTRACT

As part of its redesign of the materials license program, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards (NMSS) has consolidated and updated numerous decommissioning guidance documents into a three-volume NUREG.

Specifically, the three volumes address the following topics:

(1) “Decommissioning Process for Materials Licensees”;

(2) “Characterization, Survey, and Determination of Radiological Criteria”; and

(3) “Financial Assurance, Recordkeeping, and Timeliness.”

This three-volume NUREG series replaces NUREG-1727 (NMSS Decommissioning Standard Review Plan) and NUREG/BR-0241 (NMSS Handbook for Decommissioning Fuel Cycle and Materials Licensees). This NUREG series is intended for use by NRC staff, licensees, and others.

Volume 2 of the NUREG series, entitled, “Consolidated Decommissioning Guidance:

Characterization, Survey, and Determination of Radiological Criteria,” provides guidance on compliance with the radiological criteria for license termination (License Termination Rule (LTR)) in 10 CFR Part 20, Subpart E. This guidance takes a risk-informed, performance-based approach to the demonstration of compliance. The approaches to license termination described in this guidance will help to identify the information (subject matter and level of detail) needed to terminate a license by considering the specific circumstances of the wide range of NRC licensees. Licensees should use this guidance in preparing decommissioning plans, license termination plans, final status surveys, and other technical decommissioning reports for NRC submittal. NRC staff will use the guidance in reviewing these documents and related license amendment requests.

Volume 2 is applicable to all licensees subject to the LTR.

PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT STATEMENT

The information collections contained in this NUREG are covered by the requirements of 10 CFR Parts 19, 20, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 51, 60, 61, 63, 70, 72, and 150 which were approved by the Office of Management and Budget, approval numbers 3150–0044, 0014, 0017, 0015, 0007, 0010, 0158, 0130, 0020, 0021, 0127, 0135, 0199, 0009, 0132, and 0032.

PUBLIC PROTECTION NOTIFICATION

The NRC may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a request for information or an information collection requirement unless the requesting document displays a currently valid OMB control number.

v NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

1 PURPOSE, APPLICABILITY, AND ROADMAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND APPLICABILITY OF THIS VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2 ROADMAP TO THIS VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.3 ROADMAP FOR GUIDANCE ON RESTRICTED USE, ALTERNATE CRITERIA, AND

USE OF ENGINEERED BARRIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

1.4 ITERATIVE NATURE OF THE COMPLIANCE DEMONSTRATION PROCESS: A

DECISIONMAKING FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8

1.4.1 CONTENTS AND GENERAL CONCEPTS OF THE ITERATIVE APPROACH IN

USING THE DECISION FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11

1.4.2 STEPS OF THE DECISION FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12

1.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUPERSEDED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14

1.5.1 NRC DECOMMISSIONING DOCUMENTS REFERENCED IN THIS VOLUME . . . . 1-15

1.5.2 OTHER NRC DOCUMENTS REFERENCED IN THIS VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17

1.5.3 OTHER DOCUMENTS REFERENCED IN THIS VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18

1.5.4 DOCUMENTS SUPERSEDED BY THIS VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19

1.5.5 REQUEST COPIES OF DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19

2 FLEXIBILITY IN DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE WITH 10 CFR PART 20, SUBPART E . . . 2-1

2.1 RISK-INFORMED APPROACH TO COMPLIANCE DEMONSTRATIONS AND REVIEWS . . . . 2-1

2.2 FLEXIBILITY IN SUBMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

2.3 USE OF CHARACTERIZATION DATA FOR FINAL STATUS SURVEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2.4 CHOICE OF NULL HYPOTHESIS FOR FINAL STATUS SURVEY STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

2.5 DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE USING DOSE ASSESSMENT METHODS VERSUS

DERIVED CONCENTRATION GUIDELINE LEVELS AND FINAL STATUS SURVEYS . . . . . . . 2-9

2.5.1 DOSE MODELING APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.5.2 DCGL AND FSS APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

2.6 MERITS OF SCREENING VERSUS SITE-SPECIFIC DOSE ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

2.7 SUM OF FRACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

2.8 FLEXIBILITY FOR USE OF INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS AND ENGINEERED

BARRIERS AT RESTRICTED USE SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

3 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1 TRANSPARENCY AND TRACEABILITY OF COMPLIANCE DEMONSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

3.3 INSIGNIFICANT RADIONUCLIDES AND EXPOSURE PATHWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR OTHER CONSTRAINTS ON ALLOWABLE RESIDUAL

RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3.5 USE OF ENGINEERED BARRIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1 vi

3.5.1 RISK-INFORMED GRADED APPROACH TO ENGINEERED BARRIERS . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3.5.2 ENGINEERED BARRIER ANALYSIS PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

3.5.3 TECHNICAL BASIS FOR ENGINEERED BARRIER PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13

3.5.4 DEGRADATION MECHANISMS AND FUNCTIONALITY OF COMMON

ENGINEERED BARRIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

3.5.5 SUMMARY OF EXISTING GUIDANCE AND REFERENCE INFORMATION . . . . . 3-25

4 FACILITY RADIATION SURVEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1 RELEASE CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4.2 SCOPING AND CHARACTERIZATION SURVEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

4.3 REMEDIAL ACTION SUPPORT SURVEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12

4.4 FINAL STATUS SURVEY DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

4.5 FINAL STATUS SURVEY REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16

4.5.1 AREAS OF REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17

4.5.2 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17

4.5.3 REVIEW PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18

4.5.4 EVALUATION CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22

4.6 ISSUES NOT COVERED IN MARSSIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22

5 DOSE MODELING EVALUATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.1 UNRESTRICTED RELEASE USING SCREENING CRITERIA

(DECOMMISSIONING GROUPS 1–3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

5.1.1 BUILDING SURFACE EVALUATION CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11

5.1.2 SURFACE SOIL EVALUATION CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13

5.2 UNRESTRICTED RELEASE USING SITE-SPECIFIC INFORMATION

(DECOMMISSIONING GROUPS 4–5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15

5.3 RESTRICTED RELEASE (DECOMMISSIONING GROUP 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25

5.4 RELEASE INVOLVING ALTERNATE CRITERIA (DECOMMISSIONING GROUP 7) . . . . . . . . 5-35

6 ALARA ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1 SAFETY EVALUATION REVIEW PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.2 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.3 EVALUATION CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 vii NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1

FIGURES

1.1 Continuum of Site Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

1.2 Decommissioning and License Termination Decision Framework

(modified from NUREG–1549) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10 D.1 MARLAP Road Map – Key Terms and Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-6 D.2 Typical Components of the Radioanalytical Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7 F.1 General Monitoring Well Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-4 I.1 Conceptual Model Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-32 I.2 Decommissioning Decision Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-33 I.3 DandD Conceptual Model of the Ground-Water and Surface-Water Systems

(from NUREG/CR–5621) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-36 I.4 Activity Ratio of Vapor to Particulate as a Function of Contaminated Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-39 I.5 Conceptualization Modeled by RESRAD (from ANL/EAD/LD–2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-43 I.6 Treatment of Parameter Uncertainty in DandD Version 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-75 I.7 Treatment of Parameter Uncertainty in DandD Version 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-76 I.8 Application of “Peak of the Mean” Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-78 J.1 Conceptual Figure of Soil at the Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-1 J.2 Alternative Conceptual Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-3 J.3 Conceptual Disposal Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-3 M.1 Panel 1: Beginning the Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-5 M.2 Panel 2: Land Use Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-6 M.3 Panel 3: Start with Resident Farmer — Ground Water Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-9 M.4 Panel 4: Agriculture — No Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-10 M.5 Panel 5: Aquatic Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-11 M.6 Panel 6: Agriculture — No Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-14 M.7 Panel 7: Agriculture — All Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-15 M.8 Panel 8: Potability — No Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-16 M.9 Panel 9: Potability — All Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-19 M.10 Panel 10: Topography and Soil — No Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-20 M.11 Panel 11: Topography and Soil — All Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-21 M.12 Panel 12: Urban Resident and Industrial Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-23

NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1 viii

TABLES

1.1 Description and Examples of Each Decommissioning Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2 Applicability of Volume 2 to Decommissioning Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.3 Cross-References for Restricted Use, Alternate Criteria, and Use of Engineered Barriers . . . . . . . . 1-8

1.4 Documents Superseded by this Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19

1.5 NRC Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20

2.1 Comparison of FSS Statistical Test Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

2.2 Comparison of Dose Modeling to DCGL and FSS Approaches to Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.3 Attributes of Screening and Site-Specific Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12

3.1 Examples of Surviving Native American Mounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

3.2 Summary of Existing Key Documents Related to Engineered Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28

4.1 Cross-References for Principal Steps in the Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Process . . . . . 4-1

4.2 Scope of MARSSIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24

5.1 Comparison and Description of Scenario Terms Used in this Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 A.1 Suggested Survey Unit Areas (MARSSIM, Roadmap Table 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 A.2 Scanning Coverage Fractions and Scanning Investigation Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11 A.3 Interpretation of Sample Measurements when a Reference Area is Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-18 A.4 Interpretation of Sample Measurements when No Reference Area is Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-18 C.1 Critical Points for Two-Stage Test of Normal Mean for a One-Sided Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9 D.1 The Radioanalytical Data Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5 H.1 Acceptable License Termination Screening Values of Common Radionuclides for

Building-Surface Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-7 H.2 Screening Valuesa (pCi/g) of Common Radionuclides for Soil Surface Contamination Levels . . . . H-8 I.1 Summary of Source-Term Abstraction Approaches Based on Dose-Modeling Objective . . . . . . . . . I-9 I.2 Pathways for Generic Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-17 I.3 Potential Scenarios for Use in Dose Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-21 I.4 Site Features and Conditions that May be Incompatible with Those Assumed in DandD . . . . . . . . I-38 I.5 Issues To Be Considered in Developing a Site-Specific Conceptual Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-40 I.6 Site Features and Conditions that May be Incompatible with the Assumptions in RESRAD . . . . . I-46 I.7 Maximum Entropy Probability Distributions (Adapted from Harr 1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-81 L.1 Example of Summary Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-12 M.1 State Web Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-28 M.2 Land Use Information Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-29 M.3 Federal Sites Containing Data Relevant to Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-29 M.4 State Sites Containing Data Relevant to Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-30 M.5 EPA Standards for Surface Waters to Support Freshwater Aquatic Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-38 M.6 Recommended Limits for Components in Drinking Water for Livestock and Poultry . . . . . . . . . . M-39 M.7 Effects of Salinity of Drinking Water on Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-40 M.8 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Inorganic Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-42 M.9 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Radionculides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-42 M.10 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-42 M.11 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Organic Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-43 ix NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1

M.12 National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-44 N.1 Possible Benefits and Costs Related to Decommissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-3 N.2 Acceptable Parameter Values for Use in ALARA Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-10 O.1 Example Radionuclide Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O-2 P.1 Summary of the Graded Approach for the Design of Erosion Protection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-7 P.2 Examples of Engineered Barriers Used to Solve Erosion Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-9

NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1 x

APPENDICES

A Implementing the MARSSIM Approach for Conducting Final Radiological Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A.1 Classification of Areas by Residual Radioactivity Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A.2 Selection and Size of Survey Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 A.3 Selection of Background Reference Areas and Background Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 A.4 Methods to Evaluate Survey Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7 A.5 Instrument Selection and Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-8 A.6 Scanning Coverage Fractions and Investigation Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11 A.7 Determining the Number of Samples Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12 A.8 Determining Sample Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-16 A.9 Determination of Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-17 A.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19

B Simple Approaches for Conducting Final Radiological Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B.1 MARSSIM Simplified Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B.2 Alternative Simplified Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2

C Use of Two-Stage or Double Sampling for Final Status Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.1 Double Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.2 Two-Stage Sequential Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5 C.3 An Alternative Two-Stage, Two-Sample Median Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-10 C.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-10

D Survey Data Quality and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1 D.1 An Overview of Marlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1 D.2 Use of Marlap in Decommissioning and Cleanup Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3 D.3 Benefits of Using Marlap in Decommissioning and Cleanup Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4 D.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-8

E Measurements for Facility Radiation Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 E.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 E.2 Direct Measurements (Fixed Measurements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2 E.3 Scanning Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2 E.4 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-3 E.5 Minimum Detectable Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-4 E.6 Survey MDCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-5 E.7 Survey Instrument Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-6 E.8 Laboratory Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-9 E.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-10

F Ground and Surface Water Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1 F.1 Planning for Surface Water and Ground Water Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1 F.2 Ground Water Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-2 F.3 Indicators for Potential Ground Water Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-5 F.4 Monitoring Practices and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-6 F.5 Sampling Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-7 xi NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1

F.6 Surface Water and Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-8 F.7 Geochemical Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-9 F.8 Surface Water and Ground Water Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-10 F.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-10

G Special Characterization and Survey Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1 G.1 Surveys for Special Situations in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1 G.2 Surveys for Special Situations on Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-6 G.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-7

H Criteria for Conducting Screening Dose Modeling Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1 H.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1 H.2 Issues in Performing Screening Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-2

I Technical Basis for Site-Specific Dose Modeling Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1 I.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

I.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3 I.1.2 Brief Description and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4

I.2 Source-Term Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5 I.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5 I.2.2 Issues Associated with Source-Term Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-7 I.2.3 Approach to Source-Term Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-8

I.3 Criteria for Selecting and Modifying Scenarios, Pathways, and Critical Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-14 I.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-14 I.3.2 Issues in Selecting and Modifying Scenarios, Pathways, and Critical Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . I-16 I.3.3 Recommended Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-16 I.3.4 Generic Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-29

I.4 Criteria to Establish Conceptual Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-31 I.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-31 I.4.2 Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-33 I.4.3 Recommended Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-34 I.4.4 Generic Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-46

I.5 Criteria for Selecting Computer Codes/Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-48 I.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-48 I.5.2 Issues in Selection of Computer Codes/Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-49 I.5.3 Recommended Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-50 I.5.4 Use of Codes and Models Other than DandD and RESRAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-59

I.6 Criteria for Selecting or Modifying Input Parameter Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-60 I.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-60 I.6.2 Issues in Modifying Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-60 I.6.3 Input Parameter Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-63 I.6.4 Recommended Approach to Parameter Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-66

I.7 Uncertainty/Sensitivity Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-73 I.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-73 I.7.2 Issues in Uncertainty/Sensitivity Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-74 I.7.3 Recommended Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-75

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I.7.4 Input Parameter Distributions for Monte Carlo Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-79 I.7.5 Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-81 I.7.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-86

I.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-87 J Assessment Strategy for Buried Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-1

J.1 Generic Description of Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-1 J.2 Scenario, Exposure Pathways, and Critical Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-2 J.3 Analyses with DandD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-4 J.4 Analyses with RESRAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-10 J.5 Derivation of Equations J-4 through J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-13 J.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-17

K Dose Modeling for Partial Site Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1 K.1 Dose Modeling Considerations for Partial Site Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1 K.2 Partial Site Release Technical Basis for Dose Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-6 K.3 Hypothetical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-17

L Worksheet for Identifying Potential Pathways for Partial Site Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1 L.1 Screening Sources (Yes/No) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1 L.2 Screening Transport Processes (Yes/No) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-3 L.3 Exposure Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-9

M Process for Developing Alternate Scenarios at NRC Sites Involved in DandD and License Termination . . . M-1 M.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-2 M.2 Process Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-3 M.3 Initial Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-24 M.4 Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-26 M.5 Introducing Site-Specific Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-26 M.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-46 M.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-46

N ALARA Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-1 N.1 Benefits and Costs for ALARA Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-3 N.2 Determination of “Net Public or Environmental Harm” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-13 N.3 Demonstration of “Not Technically Achievable” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-14 N.4 Demonstration of “Prohibitively Expensive” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-14 N.5 Derivation of Main Equations to Calculate ALARA Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-15

O Lessons Learned and Questions and Answers to Clarify License Termination Guidance and Plans . . . . . . . O-21 O.1 Nuclear Energy Institute Questions and Answers to Clarify License Termination Guidance . . . . . . . . O-1 O.2 Lessons Learned Related to Recently Submitted Decommissioning Plans and License

Termination Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O-9 O.3 Lessons Learned During Decommissioning Final Status Survey In-Process Inspections and

Confirmatory Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O-22 P Example of a Graded Approach for Erosion Protection Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-1

P.1 Graded Approach for Erosion Protection Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-1 P.2 Erosion Protection Cover Analysis Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-5 P.3 Technical Basis for Design and Performance of Erosion Protection Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-7 P.4 Degradation Mechanisms for Erosion Control Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-11

1 As of September 2006, NRC is planning to reorganize NMSS and the Office of State and Tribal Programs (STP) to create two new offices: the Office of Federal and State Materials and Environmental Management Programs, which will focus on materials programs; and the new NMSS, which will focus on fuel cycle programs. This reorganization is scheduled to take effect on October 1, 2006. This document contains references to NMSS and STP. These references will be updated in future revisions of this document.

xiii NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1

FOREWORD

NRC staff suggests that licensees contact NRC or the appropriate Agreement State authority to assure understanding of what actions should be taken to initiate and complete decommissioning at facilities.

In September 2003, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff in the Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards (NMSS)1 consolidated and updated the policies and guidance of its decommissioning program in a three-volume NUREG series, NUREG-1757, “Consolidated NMSS Decommissioning Guidance.” This NUREG series provides guidance on: planning and implementing license termination under the NRC’s License Termination Rule (LTR), in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 10, Part 20, Subpart E; complying with the radiological criteria for license termination; and complying with the requirements for financial assurance and recordkeeping for decommissioning and timeliness in decommissioning of materials facilities. The staff periodically updates NUREG-1757, so that it reflects current NRC decommissioning policy.

In September 2005, the staff issued, for public comment, draft Supplement 1 to NUREG-1757, which contained proposed updates to the three volumes of NUREG-1757. Draft Supplement 1 included new and revised decommissioning guidance that addresses some of the LTR implementation issues, which were analyzed by the staff in two Commission papers (SECY-03-0069, Results of the LTR Analysis; and SECY-04-0035, Results of the LTR Analysis of the Use of Intentional Mixing of Contaminated Soil). These issues include restricted use and institutional controls, onsite disposal of radioactive materials under 10 CFR 20.2002, selection and justification of exposure scenarios based on reasonably foreseeable future land use (realistic scenarios), intentional mixing of contaminated soil, and removal of material after license termination. The staff also developed new and revised guidance on other issues, including engineered barriers.

The staff received stakeholder comments on Draft Supplement 1 and prepared responses to these comments. The stakeholder comments are located on NRC’s decommissioning Web site, at http://www.nrc.gov/what-we-do/regulatory/decommissioning/reg-guides-comm.html, and the NRC staff responses are located on the same Web site and also in the Agencywide Documents Access and Management System at ML062370521. Supplement 1 has not been finalized as a separate document; instead, updated sections from Supplement 1 have been placed into the appropriate locations in revisions of Volumes 1 and 2 of NUREG-1757. The staff plans to revise Volume 3 of this NUREG series at a later date, and that revision will incorporate the Supplement 1 guidance that is related to Volume 3.

FOREWORD

NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1 xiv

NRC is currently moving toward increasing the use of risk information in its regulation of nuclear materials and nuclear waste management, including the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. NRC's risk-informed regulatory approach to the decommissioning of nuclear facilities represents a philosophy whereby risk insights are considered together with other factors to better focus the attention and resources of both the licensee and NRC on the more risk-significant aspects of the decommissioning process and on the elements of the facility and the site that will most affect risk to members of the public following decommissioning. This results in a more effective and efficient regulatory process.

The term "risk-informed," as used here, refers to the results and findings that come from risk assessments. A risk assessment is a systematic method for addressing risk. The end results of such assessments (e.g., the calculation of predicted doses from decommissioned sites) may relate directly or indirectly to public health effects. NRC staff has developed this guidance to implement the risk-informed approach and intends that the guidance be implemented in a risk-informed manner.

The primary decommissioning guidance documents used by licensees and NRC staff are NUREG-1757 and NUREG-1700, "Standard Review Plan for Evaluating Nuclear Power Reactor License Termination Plans." Table 1 below describes the general applicability of these documents. NUREG-1537, "Guidelines for Preparing and Reviewing Applications for the Licensing of Non-Power Reactors," contains guidance for non-power reactor licensees and NRC staff, which includes a section on decommissioning and license termination for non-power reactors.

xv NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1

Table 1. Contents and Applicability of Key Decommissioning Guidance Documents

Volume and Status 1 Title

Licensees to Which the Guidance Applies

NUREG-1757,

Vol. 1, Rev. 2;

September 2006

Consolidated Decommissioning Guidance: Decommissioning Process for Materials Licensees

Fuel cycle, fuel storage, and materials licensees.2 Limited applicability to reactor licensees (see text below).

NUREG-1757,

Vol. 2, Rev. 1;

September 2006

Consolidated Decommissioning Guidance: Characterization, Survey, and Determination of Radiological Criteria

All licensees that are subject to the LTR (fuel cycle, fuel storage, materials, and reactor licensees).

NUREG-1757,

Vol. 3;

September 2003

Consolidated NMSS Decommissioning Guidance:

Financial Assurance, Recordkeeping, and Timeliness

Fuel cycle, fuel storage, and materials licensees.2

NUREG-1700,

Rev. 1;

April 2003

Standard Review Plan for Evaluating Nuclear Power Reactor License Termination Plans

Power reactor licensees.

1 Versions listed are current as of September 2006. Please refer to the NRC’s Public Electronic Reading Room at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs to obtain the most up-to-date version.

2 Licensees regulated under 10 CFR Parts 30, 40, 60, 61, 63, 70, and 72 (for 10 CFR Parts 60, 61, and 63, only the ancillary surface facilities that support radioactive waste disposal activities). Because uranium recovery facilities are not subject to 10 CFR Part 20, Subpart E, refer to NUREG-1620, Rev. 1, Section 5, for decommissioning guidance for uranium recovery facilities that are subject to 10 CFR 40, Appendix A.

The current document, NUREG-1757, Volume 2, Revision 1, is applicable to all licensees that are subject to the LTR. As mentioned above, this document incorporates changes based on finalizing the guidance of draft Supplement 1. Table 2 describes the most significant changes to the guidance in this volume.

NUREG–1757, Vol. 2, Rev. 1 xvi

Table 2. Summary of Major Changes to Volume 2, Revision 1

Subject Affected Sections

Engineered…