W912QR24R0034_B1244_Specs_Vol3-0000.pdf

Solicitation For Building 1244 Addition/Alteration for FuT- Pallet Storage, March Air Reserve Base, CA

P2: 504634

Design-Bid-Build

Specifications - Vol. 3 of 3 (DIV 32 - 33) Certified Final Design

04 September 2024

W912QR24R0034

ARIMS: 200A Disposition: Maintain for 15yrs after construction.

W912QR24R0034_B1244_Specs_Vol3-0000

ADDITION/ALTERATION OF BLDG 1244 FOR FUT-

PALLET STORAGE

March Air Reserve Base, CA

W912QR-21-D-0070, T.O.: W912QR22F0327

April 2024

Burns & McDonnell 9400 Ward Parkway

Kansas City, MO 64114

CERTIFICATION PAGE

CIVIL STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURAL

FIRE PROTECTION MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL

04/08/2024

April 9, 2024

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EXP. 9/30/2024

04/08/2024

04/08/2024

P2# 504634 Addition/Alteration of B1244 March Air Base, CA

PROJECT TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION 02 - EXISTING CONDITIONS

02 41 00 08/22 DEMOLITION AND DECONSTRUCTION

02 81 00 TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

02 82 00 ASBESTOS REMEDIATION

02 83 00 LEAD REMEDIATION

02 84 16 HANDLING OF LIGHTING BALLASTS AND

LAMPS CONTAINING PCBs AND MERCURY

02 84 33 05/20

REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)

DIVISION 03 - CONCRETE

03 30 00 02/19, CHG 4: 08/22 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE

03 33 00 11/09 CAST-IN-PLACE ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE

DIVISION 04 - MASONRY

04 20 00 11/15, CHG 2: 05/19 UNIT MASONRY

DIVISION 05 - METALS

05 05 20 05/22 POST-INSTALLED CONCRETE AND MASONRY

ANCHORS

05 05 23.16 08/18 STRUCTURAL WELDING

05 12 00 08/18, CHG 2: 05/21 STRUCTURAL STEEL

05 30 00 05/15, CHG 2: 08/18 STEEL DECKS

05 40 00 05/15, CHG 1: 08/18 COLD-FORMED METAL FRAMING

05 50 13 05/17, CHG 1: 08/18 MISCELLANEOUS METAL FABRICATIONS SS

COUNTERTOPS

05 51 00 08/23 METAL STAIRS

05 51 33 02/16, CHG 2: 02/18 METAL LADDERS

05 52 00 02/18, CHG 1: 02/20 METAL RAILINGS

DIVISION 06 - WOOD, PLASTICS, AND COMPOSITES

06 10 00 08/16, CHG 2: 11/18 ROUGH CARPENTRY

06 41 16.00 10 08/10, CHG 1: 11/18 PLASTIC-LAMINATE-CLAD ARCHITECTURAL

CABINETS

06 61 16 08/20 SOLID SURFACING FABRICATIONS

DIVISION 07 - THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION

07 05 23 08/19 PRESSURE TESTING AN AIR BARRIER SYSTEM

FOR AIR TIGHTNESS

07 11 13 08/11, CHG 1: 05/17 BITUMINOUS DAMPPROOFING

07 21 13 02/16, CHG 2: 08/20 BOARD AND BLOCK INSULATION

07 21 16 11/11, CHG 4: 08/18 MINERAL FIBER BLANKET INSULATION

07 22 00 02/16, CHG 3: 11/18 ROOF AND DECK INSULATION

07 27 10.00 10 08/19, CHG 1: 02/20 BUILDING AIR BARRIER SYSTEM

07 27 19.01 05/17, CHG 2: 08/20 SELF-ADHERING AIR BARRIERS

DOCUMENT PROJECT Page 1 Certified Final Status

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SURVEY

W912QR24R0034_B1244_Specs_Vol3-0000 vhquintero Snapshot vhquintero Snapshot

07 27 26 05/17, CHG 2: 08/20 FLUID-APPLIED MEMBRANE AIR BARRIERS

07 27 36 05/17, CHG 2: 08/20 SPRAY FOAM AIR BARRIERS

07 42 13 05/11, CHG 2: 02/18 METAL WALL PANELS

07 42 63 05/11, CHG 4: 08/20 FABRICATED WALL PANEL ASSEMBLIES

07 54 19 02/13, CHG 3: 02/21 POLYVINYL-CHLORIDE ROOFING

07 60 00 05/17, CHG 2: 11/18 FLASHING AND SHEET METAL

07 61 14.00 20 08/16, CHG 1: 08/18 STEEL STANDING SEAM ROOFING

07 84 00 05/10, CHG 1: 08/13 FIRESTOPPING

07 92 00 08/16, CHG 3: 11/18 JOINT SEALANTS

DIVISION 08 - OPENINGS

08 11 13 08/20 STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES

08 31 00 05/17, CHG 1: 08/18 ACCESS DOORS AND PANELS

08 33 23 08/20, CHG 1: 02/22 OVERHEAD COILING DOORS

08 51 13 05/19 ALUMINUM WINDOWS

08 71 00 02/16, CHG 4: 02/22 DOOR HARDWARE

08 81 00 05/19 GLAZING

08 91 00 08/20 METAL WALL AND DOOR LOUVERS

DIVISION 09 - FINISHES

09 06 00 08/22 SCHEDULES FOR FINISHES

09 22 00 02/10, CHG 2: 08/18 SUPPORTS FOR PLASTER AND GYPSUM BOARD

09 29 00 08/16, CHG 4: 02/20 GYPSUM BOARD

09 30 10 08/20 CERAMIC, QUARRY, AND GLASS TILING

09 51 00 08/20 ACOUSTICAL CEILINGS

09 65 00 08/10, CHG 3: 08/18 RESILIENT FLOORING

09 68 00 11/17, CHG 2: 08/20 CARPETING

09 90 00 02/21 PAINTS AND COATINGS

09 97 13.27 02/21, CHG 1: 08/22 HIGH PERFORMANCE COATING FOR STEEL

STRUCTURES

DIVISION 10 - SPECIALTIES

10 14 00.10 08/17, CHG 1: 11/18 EXTERIOR SIGNAGE

10 14 00.20 08/20 INTERIOR SIGNAGE

10 21 13 08/20 TOILET COMPARTMENTS

10 26 00 08/20 WALL AND DOOR PROTECTION

10 28 13 08/20 TOILET ACCESSORIES

10 44 16 11/19 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

10 56 13 04/06 STEEL SHELVING

10 81 13 03/10 BIRD CONTROL DEVICES (BID OPTION)

DIVISION 12 - FURNISHINGS

12 24 13 08/20 ROLLER WINDOW SHADES

12 50 00.13 10 08/17, CHG 1: 11/18 FURNITURE AND FURNITURE INSTALLATION

12 59 00 08/17, CHG 1: 08/18 SYSTEMS FURNITURE

DIVISION 21 - FIRE SUPPRESSION

21 13 13 08/20 WET PIPE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS, FIRE

PROTECTION

21 30 00 04/08, CHG 1: 08/13 FIRE PUMPS

DIVISION 22 - PLUMBING

22 00 00 11/15, CHG 4: 05/21 PLUMBING, GENERAL PURPOSE

DOCUMENT PROJECT Page 2 Certified Final Status

DIVISION 23 - HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)

23 03 00.00 20 08/10, CHG 3: 08/18 BASIC MECHANICAL MATERIALS AND METHODS

23 05 48.19 05/18, CHG 2: 08/20 SEISMIC BRACING, SUPPORTS, ANCHORAGE,

AND VIBRATION ISOLATION FOR MECHANICAL

SYSTEMS

23 05 93.00 06 08/16 TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING

(TAB) OF HVAC

23 07 00 02/13, CHG 7: 05/20 THERMAL INSULATION FOR MECHANICAL

SYSTEMS

23 09 00 02/19, CHG 3: 05/21 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL FOR HVAC

23 09 13 11/15, CHG 2: 05/21 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL DEVICES

FOR HVAC

23 09 23.02 02/19, CHG 1: 02/20 BACNET DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL FOR HVAC

AND OTHER BUILDING CONTROL SYSTEMS

23 30 00 05/20, CHG 1: 02/22 HVAC AIR DISTRIBUTION

23 35 16.17 10 05/20 MECHANICAL ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEMS

23 81 00 05/18, CHG 1: 02/21 DECENTRALIZED UNITARY HVAC EQUIPMENT

DIVISION 25 - INTEGRATED AUTOMATION

25 05 11.01 05/21 CYBERSECURITY FOR FACILITY-RELATED

CONTROL SYSTEMS - HVAC AND AMI

25 05 11.02 05/21 CYBERSECURITY FOR FACILITY-RELATED

CONTROL SYSTEMS - FIRE PROTECTION

DIVISION 26 - ELECTRICAL

26 05 26.00 40 08/19 GROUNDING AND BONDING FOR ELECTRICAL

SYSTEMS

26 05 48.00 10 10/07 SEISMIC PROTECTION FOR ELECTRICAL

EQUIPMENT

26 05 73 08/23 POWER SYSTEM STUDIES

26 20 00 08/19, CHG 3: 11/21 INTERIOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

26 29 23 02/20, CHG 1: 05/21 ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVE (ASD) SYSTEMS

UNDER 600 VOLTS

26 41 00 11/13 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

26 51 00 05/20, CHG 2: 11/21 INTERIOR LIGHTING

26 56 00 08/21 EXTERIOR LIGHTING

DIVISION 27 - COMMUNICATIONS

27 10 00 08/11 BUILDING TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING

SYSTEM

DIVISION 28 - ELECTRONIC SAFETY AND SECURITY

28 31 76 08/20 INTERIOR FIRE ALARM AND MASS

NOTIFICATION SYSTEM, ADDRESSABLE

DIVISION 31 - EARTHWORK

31 00 00.00 06 07/18 EARTHWORK

31 05 22.00 06 07/16 GEOTEXTILES USED AS FILTERS

31 32 23.00 06 07/16 LOW MOBILITY GROUTING AND GROUT PILES

DIVISION 32 - EXTERIOR IMPROVEMENTS

DOCUMENT PROJECT Page 3

32 01 19.61 11/19 SEALING OF JOINTS IN RIGID PAVEMENT

32 05 33 08/17 LANDSCAPE ESTABLISHMENT

32 11 23 05/22 GRADED CRUSHED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

32 11 33.13 05/20 PORTLAND CEMENT-STABILIZED BASE COURSES

32 12 13 05/17 BITUMINOUS TACK AND PRIME COATS

32 12 16.16 11/20 ROAD-MIX ASPHALT PAVING

32 13 13.06 05/20 PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT FOR

ROADS AND SITE FACILITIES

32 13 73.00 06 07/16 COMPRESSION JOINT SEALS FOR CONCRETE

PAVEMENTS

32 16 19 05/18 CONCRETE CURBS, GUTTERS AND SIDEWALKS

32 17 23 08/16, CHG 5: 11/18 PAVEMENT MARKINGS

32 31 13 11/21 CHAIN LINK FENCES AND GATES

32 92 19 08/17, CHG 1: 08/21 SEEDING

DIVISION 33 - UTILITIES

33 30 00 05/18 SANITARY SEWERAGE

33 40 00 11/21 STORMWATER UTILITIES

33 82 00 04/06 TELECOMMUNICATIONS OUTSIDE PLANT (OSP)

-- End of Project Table of Contents --

DOCUMENT PROJECT Page 4

SECTION 32 01 19.61

SEALING OF JOINTS IN RIGID PAVEMENT

11/19

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES

The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to within the text by the basic designation only.

ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)

ASTM C603 (2014; R 2019) Standard Test Method for Extrusion Rate and Application Life of Elastomeric Sealants

ASTM C639 (2015; R 2020)Standard Test Method for Rheological (Flow) Properties of Elastomeric Sealants

ASTM C661 (2015; R 2022) Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Elastomeric-Type Sealants by Means of a Durometer

ASTM C679 (2015; R 2022) Standard Test Method for Tack-Free Time of Elastomeric Sealants

ASTM C719 (2014; R 2019) Standard Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elastomeric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman Cycle)

ASTM C792 (2015; R 2020) Effects of Heat Aging on Weight Loss, Cracking, and Chalking of Elastomeric Sealants

ASTM C793 (2005; R 2017) Standard Test Method for Effects of Laboratory Accelerated Weathering on Elastomeric Joint Sealants

ASTM C920 (2018) Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants

ASTM C1016 (2014; R 2022) Standard Test Method for Determination of Water Absorption of Sealant Backing (Joint Filler) Material

ASTM C1193 (2013) Standard Guide for Use of Joint Sealants

ASTM D412 (2016) Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers - Tension

ASTM D789 (2015) Determination of Relative Viscosity

SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 1 and Moisture Content of Polyamide (PA)

ASTM D903 (1998; R 2017) Standard Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhesive Bonds

ASTM D5249 (2010; R 2016) Standard Specification for Backer Material for Use with Cold-and Hot-Applied Joint Sealants in Portland-Cement Concrete and Asphalt Joints

ASTM D5329 (2016) Standard Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied, for Joints and Cracks in Asphalt Pavements and Portland Cement Concrete Pavements

ASTM D5893/D5893M (2016) Standard Specification for Cold Applied, Single Component, Chemically Curing Silicone Joint Sealant for Portland Cement Concrete Pavements

ASTM D6690 (2015) Standard Specification for Joint and Crack Sealants, Hot Applied, for Concrete and Asphalt Pavements

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (USACE)

COE CRD-C 525 (1989) Corps of Engineers Test Method for Evaluation of Hot-Applied Joint Sealants for Bubbling Due to Heating

1.2 SUBMITTALS

Government approval is required for submittals with a "G" or "S" classification. Submittals not having a "G" or "S" classification are for information only. When used, a code following the "G" classification identifies the office that will review the submittal for the Government.

Submit the following in accordance with Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL

PROCEDURES:

SD-03 Product Data

Sealants

Submit catalog cuts, specifications, Safety Data Sheets and other information documenting conformance to Contract requirements.

Manufacturer's Recommendations

SD-04 Samples

Sealants

Provide for testing a 5-gal sample of each sealant with associated primer to the Contracting Officer a minimum of 60 days prior to its use on the job. Provide factory-sealed containers with a factory applied label showing the following information:

Name of sealant

SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 2

Identification of component, or primer

Specification number and type

Manufacturer's name

Manufacturer's lot and batch number

Date of Manufacture (month and year)

Shelf life retest date (month and year)

List of hazardous components

Quantity of material in container (volume)

Storage instructions

Instructions for use

Blocking Media/Backup Materials

Backer Rod

Bond Breaking Tapes

SD-06 Test Reports

Sealants

SD-07 Certificates

Equipment List

SD-08 Manufacturer's Instructions

Sealants

Provide instructions that include, but not limited to: storage requirements, ambient temperature and humidity ranges, and moisture condition of joints for successful installation;

requirements for preparation of joints; safe heating temperature;

mixing instructions; installation equipment and procedures;

application and disposal requirements; compatibility of sealant with filler material; curing requirements; and restrictions to be adhered to in order to reduce hazards to personnel or to the environment. Submit instructions at least 30 days prior to use.

1.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE

1.3.1 Test Requirements

Test the sealant and backup or separating material for conformance with the referenced material specification. Perform testing of the mate rials in an approved independent laboratory and submit certified copies o f the test reports for approval 21 days prior to the use of the materials at the job site. Submit samples to be retained by the Government for poss ible future testing if the materials appear defective during or after

SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 3 application. Conformance with the requirements of the laboratory tests specified does not constitute final acceptance of the materials. Base final acceptance on the performance of the in-place materials. Submit samples of the materials (sealant, primer if required, and backup material), in sufficient quantity for testing and approval 21 days prior to the beginning of work. Do not use material until it has been approved.

1.3.2 Trial Joint Sealant Installation

Prior to cleaning and sealing the joints for the entire project, prepare a test section at least 200 ft long using the specified materials and approved equipment, so as to demonstrate the proposed joint preparation and sealing of the types of joints in the project. Following the completion of the test section and before any other joint is sealed, inspect the test section to determine that the materials and installation meet the requirements specified. Inspect joint seal test section.

Correct deficiencies and obtain approval of test section prior to installing joint seals. If it is determined that the materials or installation do not meet the requirements, remove the materials, and reclean and reseal the joints at no cost to the Government. Permit the test section meeting the requirements to be incorporated into the permanent work. Prepare and seal other joints in the manner approved for sealing the test section. Notify the Contracting Officer upon completion of the test section.

1.4 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING

Inspect materials delivered to the site for visible damage, and unload and store with a minimum of handling. Deliver joint materials in original sealed containers and protect from freezing or overheating. Provide job site storage facilities capable of maintaining temperature ranges within manufacturers recommendations.

1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

Do not proceed with work when weather conditions detrimentally affect the quality of cleaning joints or applying sealants. Proceed with joint preparation and sealing only when weather conditions are in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Install joint sealant to dry surfaces and protect sealant and bond breakers from moisture.

1.6 TRAFFIC CONTROL

Do not permit vehicular or heavy equipment traffic on the pavement in the area of the joints being sealed during the protection and curing period of the sealant. Permit traffic on the pavement at the end of the curi ng period.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 SEALANTS

Use materials for sealing cracks in accordance with ASTM D6690 and ASTM D5893/D5893M based on the type of area as follows:

SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 4

Area Sealing Material

Roadway and Site Pavements - Concrete ASTM D5893/D5893M

Roadway and Parking Areas Asphalt to Concrete Joints

ASTM D6690, Type III and ASTM D5329/

COE CRD-C 525

Use self leveling, non-acid curing silicone sealant meeting the following requirements in accordance with ASTM C920 or ASTM C1193:

TEST TEST METHOD REQUIREMENTS

Weight Loss ASTM C792 Modified (see Note 1 bel ow)

10 percent max.

Flow ASTM C639 (Type I) Smooth and level

Extrusion Rate ASTM C603 30 sec. max.

Tack Free Time ASTM C679 5 hours max.

Hardness (Shore 00) (see Note 2 below)

ASTM C661 30 - 80

Tensile Stress at 150 Percent Elongation (see Note 2 below)

ASTM D412 (Die C) 30 psi max.

Percent Elongation (see Note 2 below)

ASTM D412 (Die C) 700 min.

Accelerated Weathering ASTM C793 Pass 5000 hours

Bond and Movement Capability ASTM C719 Pass 10 cycles at plus 50 percent movement (no adhesion or cohesion failure)

Peel ASTM D903 Minimum 20 psi of width with at least 75 percent cohesive failure

NOTES:

1. Percent weight loss of wet (uncured) sample after placing in forced-draft oven maintained at 158 degrees plus 1 degree F for t wo hours.

2. Specimen cured 21 days at 73 degrees plus 1 degree F and 50 percent plus 5 percent humidity.

ACCELERATED WEATHERING FACTORY TEST REPORT. For the Accelerated Weathering test, in lieu of testing of actual sealant to be used on the project, it is permitted to submit a report of a factory test, performed within two years of Contract award.

2.2 PRIMERS

Use primers in accordance with the recommendation of the manufactur er.

SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 5

2.3 BOND BREAKERS

2.3.1 Blocking Media/Backup Materials

Provide backup (joint filler) material that is a compressible, nonshrinking, nonstaining, nonabsorbing, nonreactive material with the sealant. Use backup material compliant with ASTM D5249. Use material with a melting point at least 5 degrees F greater than the pouring temperature of the sealant being used when tested in accordance with ASTM D789. Use material with a water absorption of not more than 5 percent of the sample weight when tested in accordance with ASTM C1016.

Use backup (joint filler) material that is 25 plus or minus 5 percent larger in diameter than the nominal width of the crack. Use blocking media consistent with the sealant manufacturer's installation instructions.

2.3.2 Bond Breaking Tapes

Provide a bond breaking tape or separating material that is a flexible, nonshrinkable, nonabsorbing, nonstaining, and nonreacting adhesive-backed tape. Use material with a melting point at least 5 degrees F greater than the pouring temperature of the sealant being used when tested in accordance with ASTM D789. Use bond breaker tape approximately 1/8 in wider than the nominal width of the joint and that does not bond to the sealant. Use bond breaking tape consistent with the sealant manufacturer's installation instructions.

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 EXECUTING EQUIPMENT

Submit equipment list and description of the equipment to be used and a statement from the supplier of the sealant that the proposed equipment is acceptable for installing the specified sealant. Use equipment for heating, mixing, and installing seals in accordance with the instructions provided by the sealant manufacturer. Provide equipment, tools, and accessories necessary to clean existing joints and install liquid joint sealants. Maintain machines, tools, and other equipment in proper working condition. Submit a list of proposed equipment to be used in performance of construction work including descriptive data, 21 days prior to use on the project.

3.1.1 Joint Cleaning Equipment

3.1.1.1 Tractor-Mounted Routing and Plowing Tool

Use routing tools for removing old sealant from the joints, of such shape and dimensions and so mounted on the tractor that do not damage the sides of the joints. Use tools designed to be adjusted to remove the old material to varying depths and widths as required. Use equipment capable of maintaining accurate cutting depth and width control. Use a joi nt plow equipped with a spring or hydraulic mechanism to release pressure o n the tool prior to spalling the concrete. Do not permit the use of V-shaped tools or rotary impact routing devices. Permit the use of hand-operated spindle routing devices to clean and enlarge random cracks.

3.1.1.2 Concrete Saw

Provide a self-propelled power saw, with water-cooled diamond or ab rasive

SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 6 saw blades, for cutting joints to the depths and widths specified, for refacing joints, cleaning sawed joints where sandblasting does not provide a clean joint, widening, or deepening existing joints as specified without damaging the sides, bottom, or top edge of joints. Permit single or gang type blades with one or more blades mounted in tandem for fast cutting.

Select saw adequately powered and sized to cut specified opening with not more than two passes of the saw through the joint.

3.1.1.3 Waterblasting Equipment

Include with the waterblasting equipment a trailer-mounted water tank, pumps, high-pressure hose, wand with safety release cutoff control, nozzle, and auxiliary water resupply equipment. Provide water tank and auxiliary resupply equipment of sufficient capacity to permit continuous operations. Use a nozzle with an adjustable guide that holds the nozzle aligned with the joint approximately 1 in above the pavement surface.

Adjust the height, angle of inclination and the size of the nozzle to obtain satisfactory results. Use a pressure gauge mounted at the pump that shows the pressure in psi at which the equipment is operating.

3.1.1.4 Air Compressor

Use a portable air compressor capable of operating the sandblasting equipment and capable of blowing out sand, water, dust adhering to sidewalls of concrete, and other objectionable materials from the joints.

Use a compressor that provides air at a pressure not less than 90 psi and a minimum rate of 150 cubic ft of air per minute at the nozzles and free of oil.

3.1.1.5 Vacuum Sweeper

Use a self-propelled, vacuum pickup sweeper capable of completely removing loose sand, water, joint material, and debris from pavement surface.

3.1.1.6 Hand Tools

Permit the use of hand tools, such as brooms and chisels, when approved, for removing defective sealant from a crack and repairing or cleaning the crack faces.

3.1.2 Sealing Equipment

Use joint sealing equipment of a type required by the sealant manufacturer's installation instructions. Use equipment capable of installing sealant to the depths, widths and tolerances indicated. Do not proceed with joint sealing when malfunctions are noted until the malfunctions are corrected.

3.1.2.1 Hot-Poured Sealing Equipment

Use mobile unit applicators equipped with a double-boiler, agitator -type kettle with an oil medium in the outer space for heat transfer for heating and installing ASTM D6690 joint sealant materials; a direct-connected pressure-type extruding device with a nozzle shaped for inserting in the joint to be filled; positive temperature devices for controlling th e temperature of the transfer oil and sealant; and a recording thermo meter for indicating the temperature of the sealant. Use an applicator u nit designed so that the sealant circulates through the delivery hose a nd returns to the inner kettle when not in use.

SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 7

3.1.2.2 Cold-Applied, Single-Component Sealing Equipment

Use equipment for installing ASTM D5893/D5893M single component joint sealants that consists of an extrusion pump, air compressor, following plate, hoses, and nozzle for transferring the sealant from the storage container into the joint opening. Use a nozzle with dimensions that allows the tip of the nozzle to extend into the joint to allow sealing from the bottom of the joint to the top. Maintain the initially approved equipment in good working condition, serviced in accordance with the supplier's instructions, and unaltered in any way without obtaining prior approval. Use lined hoses and seals to prevent moisture penetration and withstand pumping pressures. Use equipment free of contamination from previously used or other type sealant. Permit use of small hand-held air-powered equipment (i.e., caulking guns) for small applications.

3.2 SAFETY

Do not place sealant within 25 ft of LOX equipment, LOX storage, or LOX piping. Clean joints in this area and leave them unsealed.

In accordance with the provisions of the Contract respecting "Accident Prevention," take appropriate measures to control worker exposure to toxic substances during the work. Provide personnel protective equipment as required. Make Material Safety Data Sheets (Department of Labor Form OSHA-20 or comparable form) available on the site.

3.3 PREPARATION OF JOINTS

Unless otherwise indicated, remove existing material, saw, clean and reseal joints. Do not proceed with final cleaning operations by more than one working day in advance of sealant. Clean joints by removing existing joint sealing compound, bond-breakers, dirt, laitance, curing compound, filler, and protrusions of hardened concrete from the sides and upper edges of the joint space to be sealed and other foreign material with the equipment. Do not permit cleaning procedures that damage joints or previously repaired patches by chipping or spalling. Remove existing sealant to the required depth. Precise shape and size of existing joints vary, and conditions of joint walls and edges vary and include but are not limited to rounding, square edges, sloping, chips, voids, depressions, and projections.

3.3.1 Sawing

3.3.1.1 Facing of Joints

Accomplish facing of joints using a concrete saw as specified in paragraph EQUIPMENT to saw through sawed and filler-type joints to loosen and remove material until the joint is clean and open to the full specified width and depth. Provide exposure of newly clean concrete through removal. Remove burrs and irregularities from sides of joint faces. Stiffen the bl ade with a sufficient number of dummy (used) blades or washers. Clean, immediately following the sawing operation, the joint opening using a water jet to remove saw cuttings and debris and adjacent concrete surface. Protect adjacent previously cleaned joint spaces from rec eiving water and debris during the cleaning operation.

a. Joint Widening (Except Expansion Joints): Saw joints having gr ooves less than 3/8 in wide and less than 1 in deep to a minimum width of 1/2

SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 8 in and to the minimum depth, as indicated.

3.3.2 Final Cleaning of Joints

3.3.2.1 Waterblasting

Following removal of existing sealant, and sawing, and immediately before resealing, clean newly exposed concrete joint faces and pavement surface extending to a minimum of 1/2 in up to 2 in from each joint edge by waterblasting until concrete surfaces in the joint space are free of sealants, dust, dirt, water and other foreign materials that prevent bonding of new sealants to the concrete. Make at least two passes; one for each joint face. Make as many passes as required for proper cleaning. Immediately prior to sealing the joint, blow out the joint spaces with compressed air until completely free of sand, water, and dust. Install joint sealants to dry joints. Replace expansion joint filler material damaged in performing the work with new materials of the same type and dimensions as the existing material, or with appropriate blocking media.

3.3.3 Bond Breaker

At the time the joints receive the final cleaning and are dry, install bond breaker material as indicated with a steel wheel or other approved device.

3.3.3.1 Blocking Media (Backer Rod) (Except for Expansion Joints)

When the joint opening is of a greater depth than indicated for the sealant depth, plug or seal off the lower portion of the joint opening using a blocking media/back-up material to prevent the entrance of the sealant below the specified depth. Take care to ensure that the blocking media/backup material is placed at the specified depth and is not stretched or twisted during installation.

3.3.4 Rate of Progress of Joint Preparation

Limit the stages of joint preparation, including sandblasting, air pressure cleaning and placing of the back-up material to only that lineal footage that can be sealed during the same day.

3.3.5 Disposal of Debris

Sweep pavement surface to remove excess joint material, dirt, water , sand, and other debris by vacuum sweepers or hand brooms. Remove the debris immediately in accordance with Section 02 41 00 DEMOLITION AND

DECONSTRUCTION.

3.4 PREPARATION OF SEALANT

3.4.1 Hot-Poured Sealants

Heat hot-poured sealing materials in accordance with ASTM D6690 and with safe heating temperature ranges recommended by the manufacturer. Withdraw and waste sealant that has been overheated or subjected to heating for over 3 hours or that remain in the applicator at the end of the day 's operation. Heat sealant in specified equipment.

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3.4.2 Single-Component, Cold-Applied Sealants

Inspect the ASTM D5893/D5893M sealant and containers prior to use. Reject materials that contain water, hard caking of any separated constituents, nonreversible jell, or materials that are otherwise unsatisfactory. Do not reject sealants that exhibit settlement of constituents in a soft mass that can be readily and uniformly remixed in the field with simple tools.

3.5 INSTALLATION OF SEALANT

3.5.1 Time of Application

After approval of the test section, seal joints immediately following final cleaning and placing of bond breakers. Commence sealing joints when walls are dust free and dry, and when weather conditions meet sealant manufacturer's instructions. If the above conditions cannot be met, or when rain interrupts sealing operations, reclean and permit the joints to dry prior to installing the sealant.

3.5.2 Sealing Joints

Do not install joint sealant until joints to be sealed have been inspected and approved. Install bond breaker just prior to pouring sealant. Fill the joints with sealant from bottom up until joints are uniformly filled solid from bottom to top using the specified equipment for the type of sealant required. Fill joints to 1/8 in plus or minus 1/16 in below top of pavement, and without formation of voids or entrapped air. Do not permit gravity methods or pouring pots to be used to install the sealant material. Except as otherwise permitted, tool the sealant immediately after application to provide firm contact with the joint walls and to form the indicated sealant profile below the pavement surface. Remove excess sealant that has been inadvertently spilled on the pavement surface. Do not permit traffic over newly sealed pavement until authorized. When a primer is recommended by the manufacturer, apply it evenly to the joint faces in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Check sealed joints frequently to ensure that newly installed sealant is cured to a tack-free condition within the specified time. Protect new sealant from rain during curing period.

3.6 INSPECTION/FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

3.6.1 Joint Cleaning

Inspect joints during the cleaning process to correct improper equi pment and cleaning techniques that damage the concrete pavement in any manner.

Approve cleaned joints prior to installation of the separating or b ack-up material and joint sealant.

3.6.2 Sampling Sealant

Obtain a one gal sample of each type of sealant on the project from material used for each 10,000 linear ft or less of joints sealed. Store samples according to sealant manufacturer's instructions. Retain samples until final acceptance of the work.

3.6.3 Sealant Application Equipment

Inspect the application equipment to ensure conformance to temperat ure requirements, proper proportioning and mixing (if two-component sea lant)

SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 10 and proper installation. Suspend operations if there is evidences of bubbling, improper installation, or failure to cure or set until causes of the deficiencies are determined and corrected.

3.6.4 Joint Sealant

Inspect the joint sealant for proper rate of cure and set, bonding to the joint walls, cohesive separation within the sealant, reversion to liquid, entrapped air and voids. Remove sealants exhibiting these deficiencies prior to the final acceptance of the project from the joint, wasted, and replace at no additional cost to the Government. Obtain approval for each joint seal installation.

3.7 ACCEPTANCE

Reject sealer that fails to cure properly, or fails to bond to joint walls, or reverts to the uncured state, or fails in cohesion, or shows excessive air voids, blisters, surface defects, swelling, or other deficiencies, or is not properly recessed within indicated tolerances.

Remove rejected sealer and reclean and reseal joints. Perform removal and reseal work promptly by and at the expense of the Contractor.

3.8 CLEAN-UP

Upon completion of the project, remove unused materials from the site and leave the pavement in a clean condition.

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SECTION 32 01 19.61 Page 12

SECTION 32 05 33

LANDSCAPE ESTABLISHMENT

08/17

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES

The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to within the text by the basic designation only.

ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)

ASTM D2103 (2015) Standard Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting

ASTM D5851 (1995; R 2015) Planning and Implementing a Water Monitoring Program

ASTM D6155 (2019) Nontraditional Coarse Aggregate for Bituminous Paving Mixtures

1.2 DEFINITIONS

1.2.1 Pesticide

Any substance or mixture of substances, including biological control agents, that may prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests and are specifically labeled for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Also, any substance used as a plant regulator, defoliant, disinfectant, or biocide. Examples of pesticides include fumigants, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, molluscicides and rodenticides.

1.2.2 Stand of Turf

95 percent ground cover of the established species.

1.2.3 Planter Beds

A planter bed is defined as an area containing one or a combination of the following plant types: Shrubs, vines, wildflowers, annuals, perennials, ground cover, and a mulch topdressing excluding turf. Trees may al so be found in planter beds.

1.3 SUBMITTALS

Government approval is required for submittals with a "G" or "S" classification. Submittals not having a "G" or "S" classification are for information only. When used, a code following the "G" classification identifies the office that will review the submittal for the Government.

Submit the following in accordance with Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL

PROCEDURES:

SD-01 Preconstruction Submittals

SECTION 32 05 33 Page 1

Integrated Pest Management Plan; G

SD-03 Product Data

Fertilizer; G

Mulches Topdressing

Organic Mulch Materials

SD-07 Certificates

Maintenance Inspection Report

Plant Quantities; G

SD-10 Operation and Maintenance Data

Maintenance

SD-11 Closeout Submittals

Tree Staking and Guying Removal

1.4 DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING

1.4.1 Delivery

Deliver fertilizer to the site in original containers bearing manufacturer's chemical analysis, name, trade name, or trademark, and indication of conformance to state and federal laws. Instead of containers, fertilizer may be furnished in bulk with a certificate indicating the above information.

1.4.2 Storage

1.4.2.1 Fertilizer, Mulch Storage

Store material in designated areas. Store fertilizer in cool, dry locations away from contaminants.

1.4.2.2 Antidesiccant's Storage

Do not store with fertilizers or other landscape maintenance materi als.

1.4.3 Handling

Do not drop or dump materials from vehicles.

1.5 MAINTENANCE

Submit Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Manuals for planting materia ls.

Include instructions indicating procedures during one typical year including variations of maintenance for climatic conditions throughout the year. Provide instructions and procedures for watering; promotion of growth, including fertilizing, pruning, and mowing; and integrated pest management. O&M Manuals must include pictures of planting material s cross referenced to botanical and common names, with a description of the normal appearance in each season.

SECTION 32 05 33 Page 2

Develop a water monitoring program for surface and ground water on the project site in accordance with ASTM D5851 and consistent with the water management program utilized during construction operations.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 POST-PLANT FERTILIZER

Fertilizer for groundcover, wildflowers, and grasses is not permitted.

Provide fertilizer for trees, plants, and shrubs as recommended by plant supplier, except synthetic chemical fertilizers are not permitted.

Fertilizers containing petrochemical additives or that have been treated with pesticides or herbicides are not permitted.

2.1.1 Granular Fertilizer

Organic, granular controlled release fertilizer containing the following minimum percentages, by weight, of plant food nutrients per March ARB approved list.

2.2 WATER

Source of water must be approved by the Contracting Officer, and be of suitable quality for irrigation. Use collected storm water or graywater when available.

2.3 MULCHES TOPDRESSING

Free from noxious weeds, mold, pesticides, or other deleterious materials.

2.3.1 Inert Mulch Materials

Provide riverbank stone complying with ASTM D6155, ranging in size from 1/2D to 2 inches.

2.3.2 Organic Mulch Materials

Provide wood cellulose fiber, from site when available. Wood cellulose fiber must be processed to contain no growth or germination-inhibiting factors, dyed with non-toxic, biodegradable dye to an appropriate c olor to facilitate visual metering of materials application. Paper-based hydraulic mulch must contain a minimum of 100 percent post-consumer recycled content. Wood-based hydraulic mulch must contain a minimu m of 100 percent total recovered materials content.

2.4 PESTICIDES

Pesticides and herbicides are not permitted. Use black sheet polyethylene conforming to ASTM D2103, minimum thickness 5/32 inch. Submit an Integrated Pest Management Plan, including weed and pest management strategies with proposed alternatives to herbicides and pesticides. Use biological pest controls as approved in the Plan.

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 EXTENT OF WORK

Provide landscape construction maintenance to include mowing, edgin g, SECTION 32 05 33 Page 3 overseeding, aeration, fertilizing, watering, and weeding for all newly installed landscape areas, unless indicated otherwise, and at all areas inside or outside the limits of the construction that are disturbed by the Contractor's operations.

3.1.1 Policing

Police all landscaped areas. Policing includes removal of leaves, branches and limbs regardless of length or diameter, dead vegetation, paper, trash, cigarette butts, garbage, rocks or other debris. Policing must extend to both sides of fencing or walls. Collected debris must be promptly removed and disposed of at an approved disposal site.

3.1.2 Drainage System Maintenance

Remove all obstructions from surface and subsurface drain lines to allow water to flow unrestricted in swales, gutters, catch basins, and storm drain curb inlets. Remove grates and clear debris in catch basins. Open drainage channels are to be maintained free of all debris and vegetation at all times. Edges of these channels must be clear of any encroachment by vegetation.

3.2 IRRIGATION ESTABLISHMENT PERIOD

The irrigation establishment period will commence on the date that inspection by the Contracting Officer shows that the repaired irrigation equipment furnished under this contract have been satisfactorily installed and is functional and must continue for a period of 365 days.

3.2.1 Maintenance During the Irrigation Establishment Period

It is not the intent of this scope of work to add temporary irrigation systems unless directed by the Contracting Officer. Begin maintenance immediately after irrigation equipment has been installed and is functional. Inspect irrigation equipment at least during the installation and establishment period and perform needed maintenance promptly.

Automatic controllers not equipped with rain shut-off sensors must be turned off during periods of rain that exceed twelve hours of continuous rainfall in one day or during rain storms of one day or more. Once the rain has subsided timers must be reactivated. Irrigation controllers must be inspected and reprogrammed after power outages. Contractor must be responsible for winterization and startup. Sprinkler heads must di rect water away from buildings and hard surfaced areas.

3.2.2 Water Restrictions

Abide by state, local or other water conservation regulations in force during the establishment period. Automatic controller must be adjusted to comply with the water conservation regulations schedule.

3.2.3 Fire Hydrants

To use a fire hydrant for irrigation, obtain prior clearance from the Contracting Officer and provide the tools and connections approved for use on fire hydrants. If a fire hydrant is used, Provide a reduced pre ssure backflow preventer for each connection between hose and fire hydran t.

Backflow preventer used must be tested once per month by a certifie d backflow preventer tester.

SECTION 32 05 33 Page 4

3.2.4 Final Acceptance

Upon completion of the irrigation establishment period and final acceptance of groundcover and exterior plants, irrigation equipment must be removed.

3.2.5 Controller Charts

It is not the intent of this scope of work to add temporary irrigation systems unless directed by the Contracting Officer. Provide one chart for each controller supplied. Indicate in chart area controlled by the automatic controller. The chart is a reduction of the actual plan that will fit the maximum dimensions inside the controller housing. Use a black line print for the chart and a different pastel or transparent color to indicate each station zone of coverage. After chart is completed and approved for final acceptance, seal chart between two 20 mil pieces of clear plastic.

3.3 GROUNDCOVER ESTABLISHMENT PERIOD

Groundcover establishment period will commence on the date that inspection by the Contracting Officer shows that the new turf furnished under this contract has been satisfactorily installed to a 95 percent stand of coverage. The establishment period must continue for a period of 365 days.

Irrigation during establishment period should be limited to hand watering during extreme dry weather as directed by the Contracting Officer.

3.3.1 Frequency of Maintenance

Begin maintenance immediately after turf has been installed. Inspect areas once a week during the installation and establishment period and perform needed maintenance promptly.

3.3.2 Promotion of Growth

Maintain groundcover in a manner that promotes proper health, growth, natural color. Turf must have a neat uniform manicured appearance, free of bare areas, ruts, holes, weeds, pests, dead vegetation, debris, and unwanted vegetation that present an unsightly appearance. Mow, remove excess clippings, eradicate weeds, water, fertilize, overseed, aerate, topdress and perform other operations necessary to promote growth, as approved by Contracting Officer and consistent with approved. Inte grated Pest Management Plan. Remove noxious weeds common to the area from planting areas by mechanical means.

3.3.3 Mowing

3.3.3.1 Turf

Mow turf at a uniform finished height. Mow turfed areas to a minimum average height of 4 inches when average height of grass becomes 5 i nches for spring/summer maintenance and to a minimum average height of 4 inches when the average height of grass reaches 5 inches for fall maintenance.

The height of turf is measured from the soil. Perform mowing of turf in a manner that prevents scalping, rutting, bruising, uneven and rough cutting. Prior to mowing, all rubbish, debris, trash, leaves, rock s, paper, and limbs or branches on a turf area must be picked up and disposed. Adjacent paved areas must be swept/vacuumed clean.

SECTION 32 05 33 Page 5

3.3.3.2 Native Grasses

Mow above height of native grass seedlings (approximately 3.5 to 4 inches ). Mow during spring or early summer. Do not mow after early summer during the second growing season.

3.3.4 Turf Edging and Trimming

Perimeter of planter bed edges, sidewalks, driveways, curbs, and other paved surfaces must be edged. Uniformly edge these areas to prevent encroachment of vegetation onto paved surfaces and to provide a clear cut division line between planter beds, turf, and ground cover. Edging is to be accomplished in a manner that prevents scalping, rutting, bruising, uneven and rough cutting. Perform edging on the same day that turf is mowed. Use of string line trimmers is permitted in "soft" areas such as an edge between turfgrass and a planter bed. Exercise care to avoid damage to any plant materials, structures, and other landscape features.

Trimming around trees, fences, poles, walls, and other similar objects is to be accomplished to match the height and appearance of surrounding mowed turf growth. Trimming must be performed on the same day the turf's mowed. Care must be exercised to avoid "Girdling" trees located in turf areas. The use of protective tree collars on trees in turf areas may be utilized as a temporary means to avoid injury to tree trunks. At the end of the plant establishment period Contractor will be responsible for removing all protective tree collars.

3.3.5 Post-Fertilizer Application

Do not fertilize wildflowers, groundcover, and grasses. Apply turf fertilizer in a manner that promotes health, growth, vigor, color and appearance of cultivated turf areas. The method of application, fertilizer type and frequencies must be determined by the laboratory soil analysis results the requirements of the particular turf species. Apply fertilizer by approved methods in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

3.3.6 Turf Watering

Perform irrigation in a manner that promotes the health, growth, color and appearance of cultivated vegetation and that complies with all Fede ral, State, and local water agencies and authorities directives. The Contractor must be responsible to prevent over watering, water run- off, erosion, and ponding due to excessive quantities or rate of applica tion.

Abide by state, local or other water conservation regulations or restrictions in force during the establishment period.

3.3.7 Turf Aeration

Upon completion of weed eradication operations and Contracting Officer's approval to proceed, aerate turf areas by approved device. Core, b y pulling soil plugs, to a minimum depth of 2 inches. Leave all soil plugs that are produced in the turf area.

Keep clean at all times at least one paved pedestrian access route and one paved vehicular access route to each building. Clean all soil plug s off of other paving when work is complete. This work must commence 30 days prior final acceptance of the maintenance establishment period.

SECTION 32 05 33 Page 6

3.3.8 Turf Clearance Area

Trees located in turf areas must be maintained with a growth free clearance of 18 inches from the tree trunk base. The use of mechanical weed whips to accomplish the turf growth free bed area is prohibited.

3.3.9 Replanting

Replant in accordance with Section 32 05 33 LANDSCAPE ESTABLISHMENT and within specified planting dates areas which do not have a satisfactory stand of turf. Replant areas which do not have a satisfactory stand of other groundcover and grasses.

3.3.10 Final Inspection and Acceptance

Final inspection will be make upon written request from the Contractor at least 10 days prior to the last day of the turf establishment period.

Final turf acceptance will be based upon a satisfactory stand of turf.

Final acceptance of wildflower and grass areas will be based upon a stand of 95 percent groundcover of established species.

3.3.11 Unsatisfactory Work

When work is found to not meet design intent and specifications, maintenance period will be extended at no additional cost to the Government until work has been completed, inspected and accepted by Contracting Officer.

3.4 EXTERIOR PLANT ESTABLISHMENT PERIOD

The exterior plant establishment period will commence on the date that inspection by the Contracting Officer shows that the new plants furnished under this contract has been satisfactorily installed and must continue for a period of 365 days.

3.4.1 Frequency of Maintenance

Begin maintenance immediately after plants have been installed. Inspect exterior plants at least once a week during the installation and establishment period and perform needed maintenance promptly.

3.4.2 Promotion of Plant Growth and Vigor

Water, prune, fertilize, mulch, adjust stakes, guys and turnbuckles , eradicate weeds and perform other operations necessary to promote plant growth, and vigor.

3.4.3 Planter Bed Maintenance

Planter beds must be weeded, fertilized, irrigated, kept pest free, turf free, pruned, and mulch levels maintained. Planter beds will not b e allowed to encroach into turf areas. A definite break must be main tained between turf areas and planter beds. Fertilize exterior planting materials to promote healthy plant growth without encouraging excessive top foliar growth. Remove noxious weeds common to the area from pl anting areas by mechanical means.

SECTION 32 05 33 Page 7

3.4.3.1 Shrub Selective Maintenance

In addition to the above requirements, shrubs must be selectively pruned, and shaped for health and safety when the following conditions exist:

Remove growth in front of windows, over entrance ways or walks, and any growth which will obstruct vision at street intersections or of security personnel; Remove dead, damaged or diseased branches or limbs; where shrub growth obstructs pedestrian walkways; where shrub growth is found growing against or over structures; where shrub growth permits concealment of unauthorized persons. Dispose of all pruning debris in a proper manner.

3.4.3.2 Tree Maintenance

The Contractor is expected to protect all existing trees not specifically flagged for demolition including avoiding damaging the roots and maintaining irrigation supply to them.

3.4.4 Slope Erosion Control Maintenance

Provide slope erosion control maintenance to prevent undermining of all slopes in newly landscaped and natural growth areas. Maintenance tasks include immediate repairs to weak spots in sloped areas, and maintaining clean, clear graded berms, to intercept and direct water flow to prevent development of large gullies and slope erosion and during periods of extended rainfall, irrigation systems must be secured. Eroded areas must be filled with amended topsoil and replanted with the same plant species.

Erosion control damaged due to slope erosion must be reinstalled.

3.4.5 Removal of Dying or Dead Plants

Remove dead and dying plants and provide new plants immediately upon commencement of the specified planting season, and replace stakes, guys, mulch and eroded earth mound water basins. Provide an additional 90 day establishment period for replacement plants beyond the original warranty period. A tree must be considered dying or dead when the main leader has died back, or a minimum of 20 percent of the crown has died. A shrub or ground cover must be considered dying or dead when a minimum of 20 percent of the plant has died. This condition must be determined by scraping on a branch an area 1/16 inch square, maximum, to determine the cause for dying plant material and must provide recommendations for replacement. The Contractor must determine the cause for dying plant material and pr ovide recommendations for replacement.