CTPH2 Presentation

High Temperature Fuel Cell (SOFC) Based Auxiliary Power Unit Industry Day

August 11, 2008

CTP Hydrogen Corporation 131 Flanders Road Westborough, MA 01581 508-898-2223 www.ctphydrogen.com Scott Rackey - President

Slide 2

The Case for Fuel CellsThe Case for Fuel Cells MultiMulti--billion dollar market for portable and remote power, but:billion dollar market for portable and remote power, but:

Limits access to power in multiple applications

Engine Gen-Sets High emissions:

NOx & Particulates

CO

Loud Inefficient Short life

Batteries Limited energy Slow to recharge Heavy Hazardous Expensive

Batteries Limited energy Slow to recharge Heavy Hazardous Expensive

Limits access to power in multiple applications

Slide 3

The Problem with Fuel Cells: Fuel!The Problem with Fuel Cells: Fuel!

►► Hydrogen fuel cells already work well,Hydrogen fuel cells already work well, if provided with pure if provided with pure hydrogenhydrogen

Most are poisoned by Carbon Monoxide Most are poisoned by Carbon Monoxide All are poisoned by SulfurAll are poisoned by Sulfur

►► Transporting and storing Hydrogen is typically Transporting and storing Hydrogen is typically notnot economic economic due to the high cost of compression or liquefactiondue to the high cost of compression or liquefaction

►► SOFCs run on hydrocarbon fuels, but SOFCs run on hydrocarbon fuels, but ““reformingreforming”” them into them into sulfursulfur--freefree synsyn--gas is challenginggas is challenging

Until now…

Slide 4

MultiMulti--Step Hydrocarbon ReformingStep Hydrocarbon Reforming Steam

SMR

Reactor

Shift Reactor

PrOx Reactor

De-Sulfurizer

Pd or PSA Separator

Fuel

Air

Exhaust H2

Slide 5

SingleSingle--Step Hydrocarbon ReformingStep Hydrocarbon Reforming Steam

CTP H2

Reactor

Fuel

Air

Exhaust H2H2

Slide 6

New New ““SingleSingle--Step ConversionStep Conversion”” processprocess

►►Based on proprietary new Based on proprietary new materialmaterial

►►Pure HPure H22 generatedgenerated (physically isolated from (physically isolated from fuel impurities)fuel impurities)

►►Fully Sulfur tolerantFully Sulfur tolerant

►►No need for current No need for current collection collection –– far easier and far easier and more robust than SOFC

Mixed Conducting Membrane

H2O

H2 O=

CxHy Sz

H2O, CO2,

SO2

2e-more robust than SOFC

Slide 7

ChemicallyChemically--Driven ElectrolysisDriven Electrolysis Driven by Difference in Oxygen Partial PressureDriven by Difference in Oxygen Partial Pressure

Cathode (Steam) H2O +2e- H2+O=

O2-

2e-

Dense MEIC Membrane Anode (e.g. CO)

CO+O= CO2 + 2e-

CO

CO2

H2O

H2

High pO2 (~ 10-12 10-14) Low pO2

(~ 10-18 10-14)

Nernst Potential = RT nF ln (pO2)anode

(pO2)cathode = ~ 0.1 V -0.2 V

Slide 8

Simulated JP5 Simulated JP5 –– 200 ppm H200 ppm H22SS

Total Flow out of H2 vs. Days on Double Flow JP5 (260 JP5 , 280 N2, 20 CO2 ,cc/min), Steam: (0.5 gm/min)) run 183

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Hours

C el l f lo w

Q2 Perfomance Milestone Level2008 Target Level

Slide 9

Simulated Propane Simulated Propane –– 10 ppm H10 ppm H22SS 1000 Hour Single-Cell Test

(Fuel is simulated propane reformate)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 Hours

C el l f lo w (c c/ m in

Previous Q2 Milestone level2008 Target Level

Slide 10

One Reformer for Most Types of FeedstockOne Reformer for Most Types of Feedstock

RenewablesDiesel GasolinePropane Natural Gas

Steam H2H2

ExhaustFuel

Slide 11

From Process to ProductFrom Process to Product (How We Build a Membrane Reformer)(How We Build a Membrane Reformer)

2-Phase, Mixed Conducting Dense Membrane

Inert Porous Support

Reactor Tube with Steam Delivery

Integrated System

Slide 12

Chemical Cycle of Integrated System (PEMFC)Chemical Cycle of Integrated System (PEMFC)

Mixed Conducting Membrane

H2O=

CxHy + Sz

H2O, CO2,

SO2

2e-

H2O

Oxygen e- PEM Fuel Cell

N2 (&H2O) H+

N2, O2

H2O, N2

H2O (make-up)

Slide 13

Real Running HardwareReal Running Hardware

Slide 14

Real Running HardwareReal Running Hardware

Slide 15

How CTP Builds Integrated Generation SystemsHow CTP Builds Integrated Generation Systems

Inverter

PEM Fuel Cell

Reactor

~120 VAC

CTP H2

Reactor

PEMFC

(off the shelf)(off the shelf)

H2O

Fuel

H2O

H2

18 VDC

Controller CTP Generation System

Inverter (off the shelf)(off the shelf)

Slide 16

Overall Chemical Cycle of the System (SOFC)Overall Chemical Cycle of the System (SOFC) Mixed Conducting Membrane

H2O=

CxHy + Sz

H2O, CO2,

SO2

2e-

H2O

SOFC

N2, O2

N2

Oxygen e-

O=

Slide 17

Interfacing with SOFC Interfacing with SOFC -- AdvantagesAdvantages ►► No DesulfurizerNo Desulfurizer

►► FuelFuel--toto--electric efficiency (DC out / LHV in):electric efficiency (DC out / LHV in):

38% with POX gasification38% with POX gasification 54% with steam gasification54% with steam gasification

►► Enables Smaller / Lower cost SOFCEnables Smaller / Lower cost SOFC (due to higher power (due to higher power density) density)

Pure HPure H22 Fuel Fuel Low "single pass" fuel utilization (recycling results in 100% ovLow "single pass" fuel utilization (recycling results in 100% overall erall utilization)utilization) Shared BOP componentsShared BOP components

Slide 18

Interfacing with SOFC Interfacing with SOFC -- AdvantagesAdvantages

►► Greater SOFC robustness Greater SOFC robustness No nickel sulfidationNo nickel sulfidation No anode cokingNo anode coking No nickel oxidation during start up or shut downNo nickel oxidation during start up or shut down

►► Superior load followingSuperior load following Idles with zero flow Idles with zero flow Zero to full output in < 5 seconds Zero to full output in < 5 seconds

►► Better water management for the reformer Better water management for the reformer SOFC Anode and reformer fuelSOFC Anode and reformer fuel--side exhaust water recapturedside exhaust water recaptured WaterWater--neutral system possible neutral system possible

Slide 19

Currently Focusing on kWCurrently Focusing on kW--Scale SystemsScale Systems

Proposed 2 kW systemProposed 2 kW system

►► Large cell manufacturing process working wellLarge cell manufacturing process working well

►► BOP and reactor fabrication largely completeBOP and reactor fabrication largely complete

►► 11 kW Demonstration expected at end of AugustkW Demonstration expected at end of August

Slide 20

Costs Drop Quickly with ScaleCosts Drop Quickly with Scale

Prototype 1 MW/yr 10 MW/yr

250 W Generator 2 kW Reformer

Co st

/u ni t

0)

2008 2010 2012

Slide 21

CTP TeamCTP Team

►► 10 People10 People

►► Technology focusedTechnology focused

►► 60 years FC experience60 years FC experience

Slide 22

Strategic PartnersStrategic Partners

►► NavyNavy -- SBIR Phase IISBIR Phase II Operation on diesel/JP5Operation on diesel/JP5 ScaleScale--up to 1 up to 1 -- kWkW

►► Boston UniversityBoston University –– Dr. Gopalan & Dr. PalDr. Gopalan & Dr. Pal Development of highDevelopment of high--performance materialsperformance materials MultiMulti--physics modeling of MEIC reforming processphysics modeling of MEIC reforming process

Slide 23

Questions?Questions?