Ceramatec_Frost_Rev2_72908.ppt
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Non-thermal Plasma Reforming August, 2008 Lyman Frost lfrost@ceramatec.com 801 910-1346
Non-thermal plasma Convenient temperature regime
Typical for conversion of hydrocarbons Can support ignition, combustion, or conversion Forms radicals or other active species
Long life promoting full conversion Catalytic effect similar to solid catalyst
| Low energy requirement (~ 1-3% of electric output) |
| Can operate in endothermic or exothermic mode |
Gliding Arc In air Gliding Arc Shown at 5 ms Intervals
GlidArc ® operation
| Arc initiates at narrowest point between electrodes |
| Gas forces arc up forming plasma zone |
| At some point as electrodes diverge, arc extinguishes and new arc forms |
ignition expansion & work extinction
Electrode Electrode
Non-thermal plasma replaces catalyst Uses non-thermal plasma instead of solid catalyst
Plasma zone acts the same as the catalyst Generates radicals Reduces the activation energy Reaction rate = k(T) * f(Ci)
Where k(T) = A exp (-Eact/RT) (Arrhenius law) Thus, as Eact becomes smaller the reaction rate increases Catalyst also acts to increase rate by providing additional catalytic sites (increasing A) A constantly renewed catalyst
Advantages of non-thermal plasma Sulfur insensitive
No reformation catalyst Unaffected by Sulfur No deactivation over time Fuel flexibility
Light to heavy hydrocarbons Same unit can operate on multiple inputs Variable operating temperature
700 - 900oC, matching SOFC temperatures Can adjust operations to type of fuel selected
Advantages non-thermal plasma Very high reaction zone activity
Compact reformer size Soot free operation Low power requirement for non-thermal plasma
< 2% of fuel feed rate heating value ~1-3 % of generated power (assuming 50% FC efficiency)
| No need for adsorption to catalyst surface, diffusion, etc |
| Quick start-up, rapid response since there is no thermal mass of catalyst |
| Can start in POx mode and switch to steam |
Lab (5 kWt) plasma unit - POx Height 12”
OD: 4.5”
TESTS SUCCESSFUL USING HIGH SULFUR DIESEL
Steam reforming mode Use steam reforming to improve efficiency
POx: Heat of reformation provided by burning part of fuel; all oxygen provided from air Steam: Integrate with fuel cells and get some heat; steam provides part of oxygen and releases hydrogen Validation of steam reforming mode
Steam reformer constructed Test with synthetic diesel (S8 is easier to reform) Test with JP-8 Test synthetic plus naphthalene Sample in reaction zone and at reformer exit
Steam reformer configuration Thermal integration
External source for heat of reformation (endothermic reformer) Steam reforming reactions vs. 100% partial oxidation Elimination of heat loss to surroundings (in hot enclosure) Air/steam preheat Plasma zone Hot wall external shell in enclosure at 800-900°C Reformate collection
Inlet ports for hot wall reformer Bottom flange for fuel and air inlet
Preheated air/steam Reformate collector
Endothermic reformer hardware Thermal shell has no tube/wire connections and may be fixed in furnace Removable internals have all wire and tubing connections in the cold bottom flanges.
Electrode & fuel feed assembly Preheat air/steam inlet connection Fuel feed tube Electrode supports/buss bars Fuel & oxidant Injection Supports / Standoffs (4) | <= Imbedded in Cast Refractory =>|
JP-8 reformate composition Phi is the inverse stoichiometric ratio of oxygen to fuel, e.g. a phi of 5 is 20% of the needed oxygen from air – the rest of the oxygen comes from the steam
Chart1
5.18 2.2434514656
5.18 2.4788785372
5.55 2.7444361885
5.55 2.9558609339
5.7555555556 3.2282277558
5.7555555556
5.9769230769
5.9769230769
4.85625
4.85625
Standalone Plasma Reformer JP-8 & Air
Thermally Integrated Plasma Reformer JP-8, Air & Steam
Hydrocarbons > C2 not included in calculation
This JP-8 composition has theoretical CGE=100% at phi=4.89
Exotherm <= | => Endotherm
Fuel Equivalence Ratio
Heating Value Reformate/JP-8
JP-8 Reformer CGE
0.9294135924
0.7304280855
0.8754594699
0.7411853077
0.8847199871
0.7413864065
0.8830470281
0.7392731216
0.8861634955
0.7223322631
0.8798256021
0.8790381447
0.8825018329
0.8664706552
0.8956822016
Sheet1
43.2 kJ/g Stoic 63.4 W/SLPM air
0.106 g/sec JP-8 0.359 g/sec O2
4.568 kW JP-8 rate 0.0112 mol/sec O2 1901.5103215999
15.10 SLPM O2
72.06 SLPM air
Date: 4-May-2002 4-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002
Time: 12:05 12:25 12:04 12:43 13:13:30 13:53:28 14:11:01 14:42:52 15:06:49 15:56:08
Air SLPM 16 16 15 15 14 14 13.5 13.5 13 13 16 16
Air mol/sec 0.0119 0.0119 0.0112 0.0112 0.0104 0.0104 0.0100 0.0100 0.0097 0.0097 0.0119 0.0119
Exit DP 73.96 74.86 68.45 65.49 64.75 67.11 67.23 64.95 64.73 70.93
H2 32.56 29.70 31.34 28.42 29.06 28.53 28.98 28.70 29.18 28.79
N2 38.96 40.36 38.87 40.68 39.15 39.45 38.67 38.82 38.15 38.28
CH4 2.99 4.41 4.09 5.14 5.36 5.40 5.50 5.53 5.64 5.65
CO 14.89 16.17 16.36 17.86 18.56 18.45 18.75 18.81 19.14 18.8
CO2 8.61 7.04 7.18 5.60 5.06 5.04 4.93 4.74 4.57 4.69
C2H2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H4 1.49 1.75 1.63 1.87 2.05 2.22 2.30 2.27 2.34 2.58
C2H6 0.09 0.11 0.90 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 dry total 99.59 99.54 100.37 99.67 99.35 99.21 99.26 99.00 99.15 98.93
H2 18.64 16.47 20.61 20.02 20.74 19.61 19.91 20.55 20.87 18.10 18.64 16.47
N2 22.30 22.38 25.56 28.65 27.94 27.12 26.57 27.80 27.28 24.07 22.30 22.38
CH4 1.71 2.45 2.69 3.62 3.83 3.71 3.78 3.96 4.03 3.55 1.71 2.45
CO 8.52 8.97 10.76 12.58 13.25 12.68 12.88 13.47 13.69 11.82 8.52 8.97
CO2 4.93 3.90 4.72 3.94 3.61 3.46 3.39 3.39 3.27 2.95 4.93 3.90
C2H2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H4 0.85 0.97 1.07 1.32 1.46 1.53 1.58 1.63 1.67 1.62 0.85 0.97
C2H6 0.05 0.06 0.59 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.06
H2O 43.0 44.8 34.00 29.8 29.1 31.8 31.8 29.1 29.1 37.8 43.00 44.80 wet normalized 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
0.84 0.74 0.81 0.70 0.74 0.72 0.75 0.74 0.76 0.75
28.33 29.63 30.93 29.04 29.37 29.36 29.48 29.27 29.25 29.43
2.33 2.39 2.45 2.42 2.47 2.46 2.48 2.48 2.50 2.51
Perry's
LHV Kcal/mol LHV kJ/mol
H2 57.7979 242.00 49.87 48.44 50.19 47.46 48.18 49.74 50.50 43.80 45.10 39.86
N2 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CH4 191.759 802.89 21.59 29.07 30.71 29.80 30.34 31.80 32.38 28.52 13.74 19.64
CO 67.6361 283.19 30.46 35.62 37.51 35.92 36.48 38.15 38.76 33.47 24.13 25.40
CO2 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H2 300.096 1256.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H4 316.195 1323.91 14.19 17.44 19.37 20.20 20.92 21.52 22.15 21.48 11.29 12.85
C2H6 341.261 1428.86 8.47 0.99 1.12 1.18 1.28 1.33 1.33 1.26 0.74 0.83
H2O 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
124.59 131.56 138.90 134.57 137.21 142.54 145.12 128.53 95.00 98.57
Reformate mol/sec 0.0341 0.0304 0.0291 0.0300 0.0295 0.0282 0.0277 0.0314 0.0417 0.0415
Reformate heating value 4.245 3.999 4.041 4.033 4.048 4.019 4.015 4.031 3.958 4.091
CGE 0.929 0.875 0.885 0.883 0.886 0.880 0.879 0.883 0.866 0.896
phi 5.18 5.18 5.55 5.55 5.76 5.76 5.98 5.98 4.86 4.86
H2 11.95 13.03 12.80 13.05 12.09
N2 58.09 56.83 56.24 55.60 55.56
CH4 1.74 2.00 2.31 2.55 2.80
CO 16.39 17.11 17.08 16.93 16.29
CO2 3.49 3.09 2.88 2.78 2.77
C2H2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H4 0.51 0.69 1.28 1.64 2.37
C2H6 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.14
H2O 7.80 7.20 7.33 7.35 7.98
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
LHV kJ/mol
242.00 28.92 31.53 30.99 31.59 29.27
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
802.89 13.98 16.08 18.51 20.50 22.51
283.19 46.42 48.45 48.38 47.93 46.14
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1256.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1323.91 6.72 9.17 16.93 21.72 31.33
1428.86 0.38 0.54 1.10 1.31 1.97
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
96.42 105.76 115.90 123.06 131.21
Reformate mol/sec 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Reformate heating value 2.89 3.24 3.59 3.85 4.11
JP-8 g/min 5.49 6.07 6.72 7.24 7.90
JP-8 kW 3.95 4.37 4.84 5.21 5.69
CGE 0.730 0.741 0.741 0.739 0.722
phi 2.24 2.48 2.74 2.96 3.23
0.0223076162
0.0174186791
Chart2
2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656
2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372
2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885
2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339
3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558
4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625
4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625
5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18
5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18
5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55
5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55
5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556
5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556
5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769
5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769
Partial oxidation reforming
Steam reforming
N2
N2
CO
CO
H2
H2
H2O
H2O
CO2 & CH4
CO2 & CH4
H2
N2
CH4
CO
CO2
C2H4
H2O
Fuel Equivalence Ratio (phi)
Mole %
11.9487962881
58.0947083985
1.741355174
16.3924429467
3.492739095
0.5078192837
7.7956993899
13.028079807
56.8349522714
2.0024845125
17.1073848747
3.0936642032
0.6928853377
7.2029221076
12.8039509247
56.2406711387
2.3053876085
17.0829038966
2.8812774552
1.278841104
7.3301825595
13.0543352635
55.6037368091
2.553570118
16.9264694554
2.7812887046
1.6408593315
7.3479183072
12.093307445
55.5555447905
2.8032782053
16.2913696546
2.767631694
2.3663799392
7.984472292
18.6356059845
22.2986243599
1.7113163972
8.5222411889
4.9279044081
0.8527964655
16.470990104
22.3828000201
2.44569247
8.9675390566
3.9042346913
0.9705128849
44.8
20.607887037
25.5593034183
2.6894147409
10.7576589638
4.7212708655
1.0718205447
20.0172974275
28.6524862544
3.620299394
12.5794838865
3.9442950596
1.3171128145
29.8
20.7383392048
27.9389531958
3.8251031706
13.2451333669
3.6110115752
1.462959235
29.1
19.6123979438
27.1191412156
3.7121257938
12.6830964621
3.4646507409
1.5260961597
31.8
19.9107336436
26.5700900683
3.7790404804
12.8830925467
3.3873944669
1.5803260191
31.8
20.5538383838
27.8013939394
3.9603737374
13.471
3.3946060606
1.6256868687
29.1
20.8659808371
27.2802319718
4.0330408472
13.6865960666
3.2679072113
1.6732829047
29.1
18.1010613565
24.0676842212
3.5523097139
11.8200748004
2.9487314263
1.6221166481
37.8
Sheet2 phi H2 N2 CH4 CO CO2 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 H2O
2.24 11.95 58.09 1.74 16.39 3.49 0.00 0.51 0.03 7.80
2.48 13.03 56.83 2.00 17.11 3.09 0.00 0.69 0.04 7.20
2.74 12.80 56.24 2.31 17.08 2.88 0.00 1.28 0.08 7.33
2.96 13.05 55.60 2.55 16.93 2.78 0.00 1.64 0.09 7.35
3.23 12.09 55.56 2.80 16.29 2.77 0.00 2.37 0.14 7.98
4.86 18.64 22.30 1.71 8.52 4.93 0.00 0.85 0.05 43.00
4.86 16.47 22.38 2.45 8.97 3.90 0.00 0.97 0.06 44.80
5.18 20.61 25.56 2.69 10.76 4.72 0.00 1.07 0.59 34.00
5.18 20.02 28.65 3.62 12.58 3.94 0.00 1.32 0.07 29.80
5.55 20.74 27.94 3.83 13.25 3.61 0.00 1.46 0.08 29.10
5.55 19.61 27.12 3.71 12.68 3.46 0.00 1.53 0.08 31.80
5.76 19.91 26.57 3.78 12.88 3.39 0.00 1.58 0.09 31.80
5.76 20.55 27.80 3.96 13.47 3.39 0.00 1.63 0.09 29.10
5.98 20.87 27.28 4.03 13.69 3.27 0.00 1.67 0.09 29.10
5.98 18.10 24.07 3.55 11.82 2.95 0.00 1.62 0.09 37.80
Sheet3
JP-8 reformate heating value
Chart1
5.18 2.2434514656
5.18 2.4788785372
5.55 2.7444361885
5.55 2.9558609339
5.7555555556 3.2282277558
5.7555555556
5.9769230769
5.9769230769
4.85625
4.85625
Partial Oxidation Plasma Reformer JP-8 & Air
Thermally Integrated Plasma Reformer JP-8, Air & Steam
Hydrocarbons > C2 not included in calculations
Tested JP-8 composition has theoretical CGE=100% at phi=4.89
Exotherm <= | => Endotherm
Fuel Equivalence Ratio
Heating Value Reformate/JP-8
0.9294135924
0.7304280855
0.8754594699
0.7411853077
0.8847199871
0.7413864065
0.8830470281
0.7392731216
0.8861634955
0.7223322631
0.8798256021
0.8790381447
0.8825018329
0.8664706552
0.8956822016
Sheet1
43.2 kJ/g Stoic 63.4 W/SLPM air
0.106 g/sec JP-8 0.359 g/sec O2
4.568 kW JP-8 rate 0.0112 mol/sec O2 1901.5103215999
15.10 SLPM O2
72.06 SLPM air
Date: 4-May-2002 4-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002 7-May-2002
Time: 12:05 12:25 12:04 12:43 13:13:30 13:53:28 14:11:01 14:42:52 15:06:49 15:56:08
Air SLPM 16 16 15 15 14 14 13.5 13.5 13 13 16 16
Air mol/sec 0.0119 0.0119 0.0112 0.0112 0.0104 0.0104 0.0100 0.0100 0.0097 0.0097 0.0119 0.0119
Exit DP 73.96 74.86 68.45 65.49 64.75 67.11 67.23 64.95 64.73 70.93
H2 32.56 29.70 31.34 28.42 29.06 28.53 28.98 28.70 29.18 28.79
N2 38.96 40.36 38.87 40.68 39.15 39.45 38.67 38.82 38.15 38.28
CH4 2.99 4.41 4.09 5.14 5.36 5.40 5.50 5.53 5.64 5.65
CO 14.89 16.17 16.36 17.86 18.56 18.45 18.75 18.81 19.14 18.8
CO2 8.61 7.04 7.18 5.60 5.06 5.04 4.93 4.74 4.57 4.69
C2H2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H4 1.49 1.75 1.63 1.87 2.05 2.22 2.30 2.27 2.34 2.58
C2H6 0.09 0.11 0.90 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 dry total 99.59 99.54 100.37 99.67 99.35 99.21 99.26 99.00 99.15 98.93
H2 18.64 16.47 20.61 20.02 20.74 19.61 19.91 20.55 20.87 18.10 18.64 16.47
N2 22.30 22.38 25.56 28.65 27.94 27.12 26.57 27.80 27.28 24.07 22.30 22.38
CH4 1.71 2.45 2.69 3.62 3.83 3.71 3.78 3.96 4.03 3.55 1.71 2.45
CO 8.52 8.97 10.76 12.58 13.25 12.68 12.88 13.47 13.69 11.82 8.52 8.97
CO2 4.93 3.90 4.72 3.94 3.61 3.46 3.39 3.39 3.27 2.95 4.93 3.90
C2H2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H4 0.85 0.97 1.07 1.32 1.46 1.53 1.58 1.63 1.67 1.62 0.85 0.97
C2H6 0.05 0.06 0.59 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.06
H2O 43.0 44.8 34.00 29.8 29.1 31.8 31.8 29.1 29.1 37.8 43.00 44.80 wet normalized 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
0.84 0.74 0.81 0.70 0.74 0.72 0.75 0.74 0.76 0.75
28.33 29.63 30.93 29.04 29.37 29.36 29.48 29.27 29.25 29.43
2.33 2.39 2.45 2.42 2.47 2.46 2.48 2.48 2.50 2.51
Perry's
LHV Kcal/mol LHV kJ/mol
H2 57.7979 242.00 49.87 48.44 50.19 47.46 48.18 49.74 50.50 43.80 45.10 39.86
N2 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CH4 191.759 802.89 21.59 29.07 30.71 29.80 30.34 31.80 32.38 28.52 13.74 19.64
CO 67.6361 283.19 30.46 35.62 37.51 35.92 36.48 38.15 38.76 33.47 24.13 25.40
CO2 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H2 300.096 1256.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H4 316.195 1323.91 14.19 17.44 19.37 20.20 20.92 21.52 22.15 21.48 11.29 12.85
C2H6 341.261 1428.86 8.47 0.99 1.12 1.18 1.28 1.33 1.33 1.26 0.74 0.83
H2O 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
124.59 131.56 138.90 134.57 137.21 142.54 145.12 128.53 95.00 98.57
Reformate mol/sec 0.0341 0.0304 0.0291 0.0300 0.0295 0.0282 0.0277 0.0314 0.0417 0.0415
Reformate heating value 4.245 3.999 4.041 4.033 4.048 4.019 4.015 4.031 3.958 4.091
CGE 0.929 0.875 0.885 0.883 0.886 0.880 0.879 0.883 0.866 0.896
phi 5.18 5.18 5.55 5.55 5.76 5.76 5.98 5.98 4.86 4.86
H2 11.95 13.03 12.80 13.05 12.09
N2 58.09 56.83 56.24 55.60 55.56
CH4 1.74 2.00 2.31 2.55 2.80
CO 16.39 17.11 17.08 16.93 16.29
CO2 3.49 3.09 2.88 2.78 2.77
C2H2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2H4 0.51 0.69 1.28 1.64 2.37
C2H6 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.14
H2O 7.80 7.20 7.33 7.35 7.98
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
LHV kJ/mol
242.00 28.92 31.53 30.99 31.59 29.27
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
802.89 13.98 16.08 18.51 20.50 22.51
283.19 46.42 48.45 48.38 47.93 46.14
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1256.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1323.91 6.72 9.17 16.93 21.72 31.33
1428.86 0.38 0.54 1.10 1.31 1.97
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
96.42 105.76 115.90 123.06 131.21
Reformate mol/sec 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Reformate heating value 2.89 3.24 3.59 3.85 4.11
JP-8 g/min 5.49 6.07 6.72 7.24 7.90
JP-8 kW 3.95 4.37 4.84 5.21 5.69
CGE 0.730 0.741 0.741 0.739 0.722
phi 2.24 2.48 2.74 2.96 3.23
0.0223076162
0.0174186791
Chart2
2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656 2.2434514656
2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372 2.4788785372
2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885 2.7444361885
2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339 2.9558609339
3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558 3.2282277558
4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625
4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625 4.85625
5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18
5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18 5.18
5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55
5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.55
5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556
5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556 5.7555555556
5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769
5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769 5.9769230769
Standalone Dry Reformer
Integrated Wet Reformer
N2
N2
CO
CO
H2
H2
H2O
H2O
CO2 & CH4
CO2 & CH4
H2
N2
CH4
CO
CO2
C2H4
H2O
Fuel Equivalence Ratio (phi)
Mole %
11.9487962881
58.0947083985
1.741355174
16.3924429467
3.492739095
0.5078192837
7.7956993899
13.028079807
56.8349522714
2.0024845125
17.1073848747
3.0936642032
0.6928853377
7.2029221076
12.8039509247
56.2406711387
2.3053876085
17.0829038966
2.8812774552
1.278841104
7.3301825595
13.0543352635
55.6037368091
2.553570118
16.9264694554
2.7812887046
1.6408593315
7.3479183072
12.093307445
55.5555447905
2.8032782053
16.2913696546
2.767631694
2.3663799392
7.984472292
18.6356059845
22.2986243599
1.7113163972
8.5222411889
4.9279044081
0.8527964655
16.470990104
22.3828000201
2.44569247
8.9675390566
3.9042346913
0.9705128849
44.8
20.607887037
25.5593034183
2.6894147409
10.7576589638
4.7212708655
1.0718205447
20.0172974275
28.6524862544
3.620299394
12.5794838865
3.9442950596
1.3171128145
29.8
20.7383392048
27.9389531958
3.8251031706
13.2451333669
3.6110115752
1.462959235
29.1
19.6123979438
27.1191412156
3.7121257938
12.6830964621
3.4646507409
1.5260961597
31.8
19.9107336436
26.5700900683
3.7790404804
12.8830925467
3.3873944669
1.5803260191
31.8
20.5538383838
27.8013939394
3.9603737374
13.471
3.3946060606
1.6256868687
29.1
20.8659808371
27.2802319718
4.0330408472
13.6865960666
3.2679072113
1.6732829047
29.1
18.1010613565
24.0676842212
3.5523097139
11.8200748004
2.9487314263
1.6221166481
37.8
Sheet2 phi H2 N2 CH4 CO CO2 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 H2O
2.24 11.95 58.09 1.74 16.39 3.49 0.00 0.51 0.03 7.80
2.48 13.03 56.83 2.00 17.11 3.09 0.00 0.69 0.04 7.20
2.74 12.80 56.24 2.31 17.08 2.88 0.00 1.28 0.08 7.33
2.96 13.05 55.60 2.55 16.93 2.78 0.00 1.64 0.09 7.35
3.23 12.09 55.56 2.80 16.29 2.77 0.00 2.37 0.14 7.98
4.86 18.64 22.30 1.71 8.52 4.93 0.00 0.85 0.05 43.00
4.86 16.47 22.38 2.45 8.97 3.90 0.00 0.97 0.06 44.80
5.18 20.61 25.56 2.69 10.76 4.72 0.00 1.07 0.59 34.00
5.18 20.02 28.65 3.62 12.58 3.94 0.00 1.32 0.07 29.80
5.55 20.74 27.94 3.83 13.25 3.61 0.00 1.46 0.08 29.10
5.55 19.61 27.12 3.71 12.68 3.46 0.00 1.53 0.08 31.80
5.76 19.91 26.57 3.78 12.88 3.39 0.00 1.58 0.09 31.80
5.76 20.55 27.80 3.96 13.47 3.39 0.00 1.63 0.09 29.10
5.98 20.87 27.28 4.03 13.69 3.27 0.00 1.67 0.09 29.10
5.98 18.10 24.07 3.55 11.82 2.95 0.00 1.62 0.09 37.80
Sheet3
Reformer mode comparison Partial oxidation
6.07 g/min fuel rate
- 4.37kW heat rate ~100W plasma power ~30 SLPM air flow
2.48 (fuel equiv. ratio)
1.29 O/C from air
0 S/C 32.5% CO + H2 dry basis 1230W reformer heat loss +671W reforming duty 74.1% Efficiency LHV Steam reforming
6.35 g/min fuel rate
- 4.57kW heat rate ~100W plasma power ~15 SLPM air flow
5.18 (fuel equiv. ratio)
0.61 O/C from air
2.05 S/C
47.7% CO + H2 dry basis 81 W reformer heat loss +949W reforming duty 92.9% Efficiency LHV* LHV = lower heating value
*DOES NOT ACCOUNT FOR HEAT INPUT THROUGH WALL
Results from hot wall reformer Blue background is at reformer exit;
Grey background is in reaction zone.
All numbers shown are gas volume percentages and are as recorded by GC
| INPUT | H2 | O2 | >CH4 | CH4 | CO |
| JP-8 | 33-36% | .1-.4% | ~.7 | 3-4% | 14-15% |
| Synthetic | 45-46% | .01-.04 | .7-1.1% | .6-.8% | 18-20% |
| Synthetic + Naphthalene | 44-46% | .03-.1% | ~0% | .5-.7% | 19-20% |
| JP-8 | 12-16% | .6-1% | 5-6% | 7-8% | 14-15% |
| Synthetic | 26-31% | .01-.08% | 4-5% | ~7% | ~18% |
| Synthetic + Naphthalene | 26-30% | .01-.07% | 3-4% | ~7% | ~19% |
Also used with JP-10
| Electrically heated enclosure |
| Liquid water, JP-10 and carbon dioxide fed to preheat coil |
| Oxygen from LOx mixed with preheated feed near arc |
0.1 O/C from Oxygen
2.0 O/C including steam/CO2
Data system
TCs, plasma power, air/fuel flows, pressure, humidity Safety interlocks, shutdown, telephone notification
| Online GC reformate analysis |
| ~5kW fuel feed rate |
JP-10 Reformate Composition
Fuel process and carbon deposition U is the utilization R is the recycle ratio SC is steam / carbon ratio Preheat feed and unit to avoid carbon regime
Plasma unit in oxidizing mode
| Work done for Kobe Steel |
| Operate reformer in oxidizing mode |
| Destruction of generated gases |
| Operates on continuous basis |
| Locations in Japan and Europe |
| Approximately 60 kWt |
| Just over 2 meters long |
Plasma oxidizer at Kobe Steel
Electrode array (larger units) Thermocouple access (3 holes) Pressure tap Fuel Inlet Electrode knife 12” flange 8”pipe
Alternate configuration M – shaped plasma reformer Heat exchanger Plasma reformers Reformer located in enclosure Assembled test unit
Side View Front View 24” 16” 24” SOFC Stack μ-heat exchanger Plasma reformer Air filter desulfurizer Fuel pump Air blower Insulation layer JP-8 reformer at 5 kWe sizing
Summary Plasma reformer demonstrated on JP8
Sulfur tolerant No carbon formation
| Also demonstrated on natural gas, gasoline, biodiesel, and other fuels |
| Operating units |
10 kWe in reforming mode 60 kWt in oxidizing mode Units are reliable, energy efficient, fuel flexible
UNKNOWN-0.doc
File details come from the government source that posted it. Updated .