Landscaping Guidelines

NAVAL STATION Rota ‐ Spain

Prepared for

U.S. NAVY

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND EUROPE, AFRICA, AND

SOUTHWEST ASIA

Date: 29 February 2016‐ Rev3

Contract Number N33191‐14‐D‐1009

Task Order 0008

9191 South Jamaica Street Englewood CO 80112-5946 www.ch2m.com

Landscaping Guidelines

NAVAL STATION Rota ‐ Spain

Prepared for

U.S. NAVY

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND EUROPE, AFRICA, AND

SOUTHWEST ASIA

Date: 29 February 2016‐ Rev3

Contract Number N33191‐14‐D‐1009

Task Order 0008

Document title Preparation

Date Rev.

Prepared by

Controlled by

Approved by

NAVAL STATION

ROTA Landscaping

Guidelines

17 December

0 V. Miranda R. Reaves S. Pedote

12 January 2016 1 V. Miranda R. Reaves S. Pedote

23 February

2 V. Miranda R. Reaves S. Pedote

29 February

3 V. Miranda R. Reaves J S. Pedote

PAGE | I

NAVSTA ROTA LANDSCAPING GUIDELINES

Contents Section Page

Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... II

1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Purpose and Objectives

1.3 Work approach

2 Landscaping Guidelines

2.1 Species selection

2.2 Restricted Species

2.3 Taxonomic Classification

2.4 Landscaping considerations

2.4.1 Climate characteristics

2.4.2 Soil characteristics

2.4.3 Erosion Control

2.5 Other considerations

2.5.1 Establishment, maintenance and watering requirements

2.5.2 Plant replacement

3 References

Enclosures

Enclosure 1 – Recommended and Approved Landscaping Plant List Enclosure 2 ‐ Spanish invasive plants list and exotic invasive plants

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Acronyms and Abbreviations AD After Death

EOL Enciclopedya of Life

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FGS Final Governing Standard

IDIQ Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity

MoA Ministry of Agriculture

MBG Missouri Botanical Garden

NAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering Command

NAVSTA Naval Station

NRM Natural Resource Manager

NRMP Natural Resources Management Plan

NEMOC Naval European Meteorology and Oceanography Center

OPNAVINST Office of Chief of Naval Operations Instruction

PFAF Plants For A Future

PWD Public Works Department

RHS Royal Horticulture Society

US United States

SECTION 1 – INTRODUCTION

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1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

In accordance with OPNAVINST 5090.1D, Navy installations shall support environmentally beneficial landscaping practices. The use of native plants not only protects regional natural heritage and provides wildlife habitat, but can also reduce fertilizer, pesticide, and irrigation demands and their associated costs. Prioritizing the use of regionally native plants in landscaping designs reduces the risk of spreading invasive plants or introducing potentially devastating pathogens.

In addition, Chapter 13 of the 2014 Spain Final Governing Standards (hereafter “FGS”) establishes criteria for required plans and programs needed to ensure proper protection, enhancement, and management of natural resources, to include beneficial landscaping requirements. More specifically, the FGS requires the following criteria:

C13.3.6. Installations shall maintain grounds to meet designated mission use and ensure harmony with the natural landscape and/or the adjacent Spanish facilities where practical.

C13.3.8. Installations shall place emphasis on the maintenance and protection of habitats favorable to the reproduction and survival of Spanish protected species and indigenous flora and fauna.

C13.3.9. Land and vegetative management activities will be consistent with current conservation and land use principles (e.g., ecosystem protection, biodiversity conservation, and mission‐integrated land use).

C13.3.11.1. Organisms that are harmful to plants and plant products shall not be introduced or handled within the Spanish territory.

C13.3.11.2. Imported plants and plant products shall be required to be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate demonstrating they are free of harmful organisms.

The FGS also includes special provisions regarding palm species due to the high risk of invasive species introductions (e.g. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) associated with palms. As such, palms are not recommended for landscaping purposes on NAVAL STATION (NAVSTA) Rota.

This guide provides recommended and approved landscaping species for US Navy projects on NAVSTA Rota (Enclosure 1).

1.2 Purpose and Objectives

The purpose of the Landscaping Guidelines is to summarize environmentally beneficial landscaping considerations and identify appropriate native and non‐native, non‐invasive plants recommended for use on NAVSTA Rota.

The landscaping guidelines update and validate the recommendations provided in Appendix K of the 2011 Cultural and Natural Resources Management User’s Guide which serves as the Natural Resources Management Plan (NRMP) for NAVSTA Rota, Spain. The final landscaping guidelines will also be distributed as recommended guidelines and approved species list for use by project managers for appropriate species selection for future projects with landscaping components.

Species selection for habitat restoration projects is not discussed in this document. For habitat restoration projects, the project proponent should contact the NAVSTA Rota Public Works Department (PWD) Environmental Division. For landscape design considerations, outside of appropriate species selection (e.g. ATFP consideratios, spacing requirements), project

SECTION 1 – INTRODUCTION

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proponents/landscape planners should refer to the NAVSTA Rota Regional Shore Infrastructure Plan (2005) or other appropriate Unified Facilities Criteria for buildings.

The landscaping guidelines also includes suggested landscaping changes for areas around US Navy occupied facilities that are primarily landscaped with non‐native species. This is intended to assist with future projects when landscape replacement is planned. The landscaping guidelines do not conflict with the Spanish prohibited list of species (Invasive plants, 2015 and Exotic invasive plants, 2015) available in Enclosure 2.

1.3 Work approach

Information has been gathered mainly through literature and Internet research on available official databases. In addition, specific information and data were collected by the selected CH2M subcontractor Biota Estudos e Divulgação em Ambiente Lda staff during the 2‐day site visit at NAVSTA Rota carried out together with the Installation Natural Resources Manager (NRM), Timothy Uplinger in December 2015.

The Lanscaping Guidelines document is organized in the following sections:

Landscaping considerations;

Other considerations;

Approved species list ;

References.

SECTION 2 – LANDSCAPING GUIDELINES

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2 Landscaping Guidelines This section includes a description of criteria related to species selection and the taxonomic classification that were applied.

A section is dedicated to beneficial landscaping considerations including a focus on erosion control and use of species for windbreaks.

An overview of necessary soil characteristics, establishment, maintenance and watering requirements, sun exposure, and plant replacement is provided in the sections below.

2.1 Species selection

Scope of the Landscaping Guidelines is to identify appropriate native and non‐native, non‐invasive plants for use in landscaping projects on NAVSTA Rota.

The selection of species was based on various criteria. The first filter applied is the exclusion of invasive and exotic invasive plants as indicated in the Spanish invasive plants list and and exotic invasive plants (MoA, 2015). This list is presented in Enclosure 2. In consideration of plant availability, as well as, desire for flowery, ornamental plants for landscaping purposes, non‐native plants with low to no invasive potential are also recommended.

Other criteria that led to the plants selection are the followings:

Climate and soils of the installation/region;

Emphasis on regionally native plants;

Establishment, maintenance and watering requirements;

Susceptibility to pests or diseases;

Local availability; and

Planting locations and ornamental use.

On‐line databases were consulted for identifying plant characteristics specific for Rota’s climate conditions and their beneficial landscaping qualities. Examples of such databases are the UK Royal Horticulture Society database (RHS, 2015), the Royal Botanic Garden Database (KEW, 2015) and the Plants For A Future database, which currently consists of approximately 7,000 species of plants

(PFAF, 2015).

Definitions of native, non native, invasive and exotic invasive species are reported below:

A native plant is a species native to Europe or naturalised before AD 1500 (Red List of European Vascular Plants, 2011);

A non native species is defined as any species and all its constituents able to survive or reproduce out of its natural distribution area with human help, but not invasive for the ecosystem (Red List of European Vascular Plants, 2011);

An invasive plant are vegetable species that have been introduced after the year AD 1500 by man (voluntarily or accidentaly) outside their natural distribution area (defined alien species), that are able to survive and reproduce in nature and present high dispersal capacities leading to an exponential increase of their populations. The alien species introduction and spread outside their natural ecological range pose a real threat to biodiversity and the economy (ALTERIAS, 2015);

An exotic invasive plant is an exotic species which becomes established in natural or semi‐ natural ecosystems or habitat, is an agent of change, and threatens native biological

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diversity for its invasive attitude or for genetic corruption hazard (Real Decreto n. 630 dated 2 August 2013).

2.2 Restricted Species

The Ethic code to avoid exotic invasive plants trade developed by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment (MoA, 2014) was consulted during development of these guidelines. This code aims to inform and educate Spanish population for developing and implementing voluntary actions for preventing the diffusion of invasive plants.

Plants that require excessive maintenance, drop large or messy fruits that serve to attract pests, or have aggressive root systems are not recommended for landscaped areas around facilities. In addition, species with a known or high potential for becoming invasive should not be used. A list of species restricted for landscaping in Spain is included in Enclosure 2.

2.3 Taxonomic Classification

Selected species described in Section 3 and listed in Enclosure 1 follow the taxonomic classification that includes family, genus and species in hierarchical order to identify exactly which plant is being discussed.

In particular, species selected have been described in Section 3 according to the following order:

common name (in bold font), species name (in italic font) and the family name is added with regular font in the description (only in Enclosure 1).

2.4 Landscaping considerations

All landscaping projects will require the development of a landscaping plan for government approval. Carefully consider establishment, maintenance and watering (drought tolerant plants) needs when developing a landscape plan for NAVSTA Rota. Landscaping plans should be reviewed and validated by the PWD Environmental Division, specificly with regard to appropriate species selection.

Enclosure 1 contains illustrations and information on recommended and approved native plants and approved non‐native (non‐invasive) plants that are appropriate for landscaping on NAVSTA Rota. If there are plants not on this list that project proponents/landscape planners would like to consider for landscaping, they shall be submitted to the installation NRM for review and approval.

During the project planning process, effort should be made to preserve existing landscape features to the maximum extent possible, particularly when the vegetation is native or mature. If it is not possible to preserve native trees, note there may be specific requirements for native plant replacement. Typically, a 3:1 replacement is required but this may vary by project. Replacement requirements will be closely coordinated with the installation NRM.

2.4.1 Climate characteristics

According to information included in the NRMP (2011), the climate of the Rota area is Mediterranean with an oceanic influence, consisting of hot and dry summers and mild winters. The average annual temperature in Rota is 64.2°F (17.9°C). The coldest month is January when temperatures drop to a mean high of 62°F (17 °C) and low of 42°F (5.5°C), and the warmest months are July and August, when the mean high temperature climbs to 87°F (30.5°C) and a mean low of 68°F (20°C). Average annual rainfall is 21.0 inches (53.3 cm), the majority of which (14.1 inches [35.8 cm]) occurs from October through February. This precipitation deficit can contribute to cyclical droughts in the area, which can lead to accelerated erosion on those soils without vegetative cover.

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2.4.2 Soil characteristics

NAVSTA Rota is underlain by the Moronita formation of the Zona Subbética tectonic unit, which is typically composed of siliceous marls (a crumbly mixture of clays, calcium and magnesium carbonates, and remnants of shells) mixed with diatoms (microscopic one‐celled or colonial algae having cell walls of silica). During the Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 800,000 years ago), the Moronita formation was covered by a marine terrace and dunes, composed of siliceous sands and sandy clays with calcareous concretions. Consequently, NAVSTA Rota is characterized by marine deposits overlain by a layer of uniform fine sand that is a remnant of ancient sand dunes.

Enclosure 1 includes a description of soil characteristics (e.g. chemical characteristics such as pH) that present suitable or preferred growing conditions for each species.

2.4.3 Erosion Control

The FGS requires grounds to be maintained using vegetative covers or other soil erosion/sediment control practices with the objective of achieving harmony with the natural landscape. One of the main landscaping benefits produced by some species selected is soil erosion control. Plants are natural protectors of soil. Plants diffuse the energy of raindrops so they filter down to the soil surface more gently. Plant roots help to bind soils underground. Those species with a large proportion of fine roots that spread over a large area prove the best choices for erosion control and slope stabilization (LAND, 2015).

Erosion control offered by groundcover plants, creeping shrubs and trees is described below:

Groundcover plants prevent surface erosion by binding the surface tightly and covering it with dense foliage. Examples of groundcover species that provide soil stabilization are identified in Enclosure 1.

Creeping shrubs prevent surface and subsurface erosion. A creeping shrubshave just one stem that spreads out in multiple directions with a carpet of foliage. That coverage slows the raindrop energy. Shrubs are watered only at the trunk, which is better suited to drip or bubbler irrigation for water conservation;

Trees can provide protection against some types of water‐induced soil erosion. Shallow slides or slips are greatly influenced by vegetation. Tree roots can increase substantially the stability of slip‐prone slopes (FAO, 2015).

One of the most widely‐recognised benefits of trees on their immediate environment is their ability to reduce wind speeds. Reducing wind speeds helps substantially in preventing soil erosion, and the damage due to the loss of nutrient‐rich topsoil. Soils are most susceptible to wind erosion when they are dry. A well‐developed windbreak or shelterbelt can have a considerable influence in reducing wind velocity at the soil surface. Where the barrier is at right angles to the wind direction, this effect has been found to extend up to 5‐10 times the height of the barrier to the windward side, and 30 to 35 times the height to the leeward, or down‐wind side. Small reductions in wind speed can have a significant impact on soil erosion, in part because the drying rate of the soils is reduced after rain storms.

A windbreak using a mix of species provides an efficient semi‐permeable barrier to wind over its full height. This produces a diverse shape to the windbreak as well as ensuring a long life of the windbreak (by mixing species with varied growth rates). In addition, a mixture of species provides risk protection against unexpected attack from diseases or insects that could destroy single species stands (FAO, 2015).

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2.5 Other considerations

2.5.1 Establishment, maintenance and watering requirements

While specific measures required to ensure plant establishment may vary by project, landscape planners should consider sun exposure, maintenance and watering requirements.

Plants that are tolerant of extended dry periods and plants with general low water requirements have been preferably selected, due to characteristics of the Rota climate and soils. While additional watering will be necessary at the time of planting and immediately following until the roots become established, the species selected will not require supplemental water to the extent that less drought‐tolerant species would.

One design technique used to reduce or eliminate the need for supplemental irrigation is called xeriscaping. Xeriscaping requires selecting plants that can thrive in the landscape with as little supplemental water as possible. This means choosing a variety of native plants, as well as other well‐ adapted species (LAND, 2015). Xeric plants are those that tolerate dry soil conditions; however, xeriscape designs don’t always require xeric plants. Where a landscape is fully exposed to the sun to the west or south‐west, the cumulative heat of the setting sun can be a real challenge for plant growth. The species descriptions included in Enclosure 1 provide recommendations regarding plant tolerance for exposure to sunlight.

2.5.2 Plant replacement

Areas around US Navy occupied facilities have been primarily landscaped with non‐native species.

For projects where landscape replacement is planned, a transition to native species should be considered to the maximum extent practical. Plants should be selected from the approved list of plants provided in Enclosure 1. Further considerations include plant spacing and distance from buildings, or installation of root gaurds, to avoid structural damage from large expanding root systems.

SECTION 3 – REFERENCES

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3 References ALTERIAS, 2015. ALTERnatives to Invasive Alien Species LIFE+ program. European

Commission. Available at http://www.alterias.be/en/invasive‐plants‐/definition. Website accessed in November 2015.

Anthos, 2015. Program on online information about biodiversity of plants in Spain , Spanish Ministery of Agriculture, Food and Environment. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Available at Available at http://www.anthos.es/. Website accessed in November 2015.

Denver Water, 2015. Denver Water public agency. Available at http://www.denverwater.org/Conservation/Xeriscape/XeriscapePlans/. Website accessed in December 2015.

EOL, 2015. Enciclopedya of Life. Available at http://eol.org. Website accessed in December 2015.

FAO, 2015. Forestry and food security, Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0178e/T0178E03.htm. Website accessed in December 2015.

First Nature, 2015. First Nature website, online information about the natural world, its wildlife, wildflowers fungi and habitats. Available at http://www.first‐nature.com. Website accessed in December 2015.

Find Me Plants, 2015. Findplanters Matt Hewes and Shina Fullerlove. Available at http://www.findmeplants.co.uk/. Website accessed in November 2015.

Flora Vascular, 2015. Flora Vascular de Andalucía Occidental. Available at http://www.floravascular.com. Accessed in December 2015.

InTech, 2015. Science, Technology and Medicine open access content, University of Calabria, Department of Ecology, Italy. Available at http://www.intechopen.com/books/olive‐ germplasm‐the‐olive‐cultivation‐table‐olive‐and‐olive‐oil‐industry‐in‐italy/botanical‐ description. Website accessed in December 2015.

IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatned Species. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org Website accessed in December 2015.

KEW, 2015. Royal Botanic Garden. Available at http://www.kew.org. Website accessed in December 2015.

LAND, 2015. Landscaping Network. Available at http://www.landscapingnetwork.com/plants/. Website accessed in November 2015.

MBG, 2015. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available at http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org Website accessed in November 2015.

MoA, 2014. Ethic code to avoid exotic invasive plants trade Spanish Ministery of Agriculture, Food and Environment. Código de conducta para evitar el comercio de plantas exóticas invasoras, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Available at http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion‐de‐ especies/codigo_conducta_flora_eei_tcm7‐390228.pdf. Website accessed in November 2015.

SECTION 3 – REFERENCES

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MoA, 2015. Exotic invasive plants list, 2015, Spanish Ministery of Agriculture, Food and Environment. Especies exóticas invasoras, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Available at http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion‐ de‐especies/especies‐exoticas‐invasoras/default.aspx. Website accessed in November 2015.

NATIVE FLORA. Flora Ibérica, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid. Website accessed in November 2015. Available at http://www.floraiberica.org/. Website accessed in November 2015

PFAF, 2015. Plants For A Future, Ken and Addy Fern. Available at:

http://www.pfaf.org/user/default.aspx. Accessed in December 2015. Website accessed in December 2015.

Practical Plants, 2015. Practical Plants website, plant database on permaculture, forest gardeners and organic horticulture. Available at http://practicalplants.org. Website accessed in December 2015.

Red List of European Vascular Plants, 2011. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). Available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist/downloads/Europea n_vascular_plants.pdf. Website accessed in November 2015.

RHS, 2015. Royal Horticulture Society. Available at https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/17802/Golden‐oats/Details. Accessed in December 2015.

Enclosure 1 – Recommended and Approved Landscaping Plant List

ENCLOSURE 1 RECOMMENDED AND APPROVED LANDSCAPING PLANT LIST FOR NAVSTA ROTA

Recommended and Approved Landscaping Plant List for NAVSTA Rota

Enclosure 1 provides an updated list of approved native and non‐native, non‐invasive species for use in NAVSTA Rota landscaping projects. Species are divided into three cathegories: shrubs, herbs and trees. The list includes relevant characteristics of each selected species.

Tables are organized as follows:

Table 1 ‐ Native and non native shurbs and groundcover plants;

Table 2 ‐ Native herbs;

Table 3 ‐ Native and non native trees.

Species name format used below:

Common Name

(Species Name)

Family name

Origin

Table 1 - NATIVE and NON NATIVE SHURBS and GROUNDCOVER PLANTS Picture Species Name Description/Notes

Albaida (Anthyllis cytisoides) Papilionaceae Native

Shrubby plant, with yellow flowers. It occurs in dry soils, occasionally in coastal dunes.

Ornamental flower (Flora Vascular, 2015).

Height: 4.9ft

Bridal broom* (Retama monosperma) Papilionaceae Native

Adapted to deserts and sandy coasts. (KEW, 2015).

Height: to 11ft

Curry Plant* (Helichrysum italicum subspecies Picardii) Asteraceae Native

Grows in chalk, loam well drained soil.. It needs full sun (RHS, 2015). .

Height: 1.3ft to 2ft Spread: 1ft

Figwort (Scrophularia frutescens) Scrophulariaceae Native

Small shrub, typically grows in dense patches. Prefers coastal dune habitats (First Nature, 2015).

Height: 2ft

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Italian Buckthorn (Rhamnus alaternus) Rhamnaceae Native

Grows in chalk, loam, sand, clay soil. Adaptable to sandy areas and under cover in pine forest.

Prefers full sun or partial shade (RHS, 2015).

Height: 8ft to 13ft Spread: 8ft to 13ft

Jerusalem Sage (Phlomis purpurea) Lamiaceae

Robust-looking native shrub, growing in dry and stony habitats, on roadsides and in field margins (First Nature, 2015).

Height: to 4ft

Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis sp.)

Papilionaceae Native

Plant of open grassland, dunes and sea cliffs, usually calcareous. It needs full sun with south-facing aspect (RHS, 2015).

Bee friendly plant, not recommended for residential areas or near buildings.

Height: 0.33ft to 1.64ft Spread: 3.28 to 16.4ft

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Laurustinus (Viburnum tinus) Adoxaceae Native

Grows well in both acidic and alkaline soils but it is ill-adapted for poor soils and dry situations. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Best if given shade from the early morning sun in spring. Wind resistant. Attracts butterflies (PFAF, 2015).

Height: 6.5ft Spread: 5ft to 8.2ft

Lavender* (Lavandula stoechas) Lamiaceae or Labiatae

Small aromatic evergreen shrub, drought-tolerant.

Grows in well-drained soil in a sheltered, sunny position. Tolerates strong winds but not maritime exposure (RHS, 2015). .

Height:1.6ft to 3.3ft Height:1.6ft to 3.3ft

Mitnan (Thymelaea hirsuta) Thymelaeaceae Native

A desert shrub, used to make strong rope and paper, Adapted to sandy areas and native to mediterranean region (KEW, 2015).

Height: to 6ft

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Myrtle* (Myrtus communis) Myrtaceae

Drought and heat-tolerant (irrigation required). It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry to moist soil. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 8ft Spread: 5ft to 8.2ft

Phoenicean juniper* (Juniperus phoenicea) Cupressaceae Native

Mediterranean shrub or tree, drought tolerant. Prefers dry, stony ground, limestone outcrops, or sand dunes (EOL, 2015).

Common in coastal pinewoods, retama shrub communities, and semi urban pinewoods.

Height: to 19.7ft Spread: to 16ft

Portuguese crowberry (Corema album) Empetraceae Native

Prefers dry to moist soil, with light or medium lime-free soil. Full sun or light shade exposure. (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 1 ft

Pycnocomon rutifolium Caprifoliacea Native

Small/moderate-sized evergreen shrub, growing in costal areas (Flora Vascular, 2015).

Height: to 3 ft

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Rockrose (Halimium calycinum) Cistaceae Native

Low growing shrub with evergreen foliage. Sun loving and drought tolerant plant.

Suitable for container growing.

Suitable for exposed coastal planting.

Height: 2 ft Spread: to 2 ft

Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum) Apiaceae Native

Sub-shrub typical of cliffs and rocks that prefers a moist light sandy or gravelly soil.

Grows well in a warm dry well-drained sunny position and shade from the midday sun.

Requires saline conditions (PFAF, 2015). Suitable for areas of more consolidated sands, but near shore.

Height: to 1 ft Spread: to 1 ft

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Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Drought-tolerant and pest-resistant. Prefers a hot sunny position and dry soil.Fairly tolerant of maritime exposure. Plant out in late spring or early summer (PFAF, 2015).

Suitable for areas of more consolidated sands, further inland of NAVSTA Rota.

Height:5ft Spread: 5ft

Sage-Leaved, Rock Rose (Cistus salviifolius) Cistaceae

Suitable for sandy and loamy soils, prefers dry, well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. It cannot grow in the shade. Can tolerate maritime exposure

(PFAF, 2015).

Height: 2ft to 2ft 7in Spread: 6ft to 8ft

Sensation (Syringa vulgaris) Oleaceae Not native

Widely available and well suited for Rota climate. It needs full sun and well drained soil.

Easy to grow in most well-drained, fertile, humus-rich alkaline to neutral soils (RHS, 2015). Suitable for use around buildings but not suitable for out plantings.

Height: 8ft to 13 ft

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Spanish Thyme (Thymus zygis)

Aromatic evergreen shrub Succeeds in dry soils. Prefers sunny position and prefers dry to moist soil. Drought tolerant (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 0.3ft

Spanish Heath (Erica australis) Ericaceae

Small shrub capable of growing in a variety of environments. It grows in well-drained acidic soil in full sun. It is generally pest free and may be subject to fungal diseases. It is suggested for flower beds (RHS, 2015).

Height: 4.9ft to 6.5ft Spread: 1.6ft to 3.3ft

Tamarisk* (Tamarix gallica) Tamaricaceae Native

Adaptable to sandy areas, areas with higher salinity.It cannot grow in the shade and prefers dry to moist soil. Good for shelter hedge in coastal gardens. Suitable for erosion control (PFAF, 2015) Height: to 13 ft Spread: 19ft

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Wavyleaf sea lavender (Limonium sinuatum) Plumbaginaceae Native

Tolerant to drought and needs full sun.

Crown rot and root rot are occasional problems. Well-drained soils and good air circulation will minimize the onset potential for these diseases (MBG, 2015).

Suitable for use in open sandy areas.

Height: 1ft to 1.5ft Spread: 0.75ft to 1ft

* Already present on NAVSTA Rota

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Table 2 - NATIVE HERBS

Apple mint (Mentha suaveolens) Family Name: Lamiaceae Native

Aromatic perennial, suitable for use in areas with increased water availability. It requires moist and well drained loamy soil. It needs full sun or partial shade (RHS, 2015).

Height: 3.28 ft to 5 ft Spread: 1.64ft to 3.28ft

Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Asteraceae Native

Annual or perennial herb. Long flowering season throughout summer. It needs full sun and well drained soil (RHS, 2015).

Height: 3.28 ft to 5 ft Spread: 1.64ft to 3.28ft

Cloud grass (Agrostis nebulosa) Poaceae Native

Annual species that requires well-drained soil and full sun. Drought-tolerant; do not overwater; suitable for xeriscaping (RHS, 2015).

Height: 6 – 12 in ; 12-18 in Spread: 15 – 18 in.

Giant feather grass, Golden Oats (Stipa gigantea) Poaceae Native

Groundcover plant with prominent flower spikes. Needs full sun and well drained soil

(RHS, 2015).

Height: 2ft to 3ft Spread: 1ft to 3ft

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Esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima) Poaceae or Gramineae Native

Groundcover species adapted to stony soils of limestone origin. Not appropriate for sandy soils. It cannot grow in the shade. Strong winds tolerant but not maritime exposure. (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 3 ft 3in.

Spread: 2ft

Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) Lamiaceae Native

Annual herb, with pioneer behavior, ability for colonize different environments.. This species tolerates most soils and conditions and prefers a light dry soil. Suitable for cultivated bed (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 1ft

Malcolmia littorea* Brassicaceae Native

Perennial herb (woody at the base), typical of coastal sands. Pink flower grows in the harsh, dry and sandy conditions on the coast (Flora Vascular, 2015).

Height: 0.3 ft to 1.3 ft

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Round-headed club-rush (Scirpoides holoschoenus) Cyperaceae Native

Herbaceous perennial species that typically occurs in wet meadows, damp places, springs, canal banks, the margins of ponds and lakes and in dune systems (IUCN, 2015).

Height: 1ft to 5 ft

Sharp Rush (Juncus acutus) Juncaceae Native

Groundcover, suitable for sandy, loamy and clay soils. It prefers moist or wet soil and can grow in water.

Easily grown in a moist soil, bog garden or shallow water. Prefers a heavy soil in sun or light shade (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 5ft

*Already present on NAVSTA Rota

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Table 3 - NATIVE AND NON NATIVE TREES

Ash Tree (Fraxinus angustifolia) Oleaceae Native

Ornamental tree prefering sunny exposure. Wind and atmospheric pollution resistant.

The species prefers dry or moist loamy soil. Suitable for area with water retention or around lakes (PFAF, 2015).

Height: 82ft Spread: 25 ft to 30ft

Alder Tree (Alnus glutinosa) Betulaceae Native

Common in riparian woods and wet ravines, also in swampy woods. Could be used in areas with water retention or around lakes. Maritime exposure and pest tolerant. An excellent pioneer species for re-establishing woodlands. Suitable for erosion control by means of root system (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 82 ft Spread: 20ft to 40ft

Grey willow (Salix atrocinerea) Native

Shrub or tree typical of riverbanks and ponds. Likes moist soil and is suitable for use in areas with lower salinity levels. Very hardy and wind-resistant, forms an excellent windbreak. Need of sunny exposure (PFAF, 2015) Height: to 32ft

PAGE | 13

Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) Rosaceae

Adapted to humid woodland margins and riparian woods. A good hedge plant, resistant to strong wind. Tolerant of being cut (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 65ft Spread: to 32ft

London Plane Tree (Platanus hispanica) Platanaceae Native

Magnificent, large deciduous tree, easy to grow in moist, humus-rich, fertile soils. Root guards may be needed due to vigorous root system. Easily established. Commonly used as street tree (RHS, 2015).

Height: to 39ft Spread: to 26ft

Mastic Tree, Pistachier Lentisque* (Pistacia lentiscus)

Established coastal pinewoods with shrub cover. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 82 ft Spread: to 32 ft

PAGE | 14

Mulberry Tree (Morus alba) Moraceae Not Native

Tree planted in gardens and paths, not demanding in terms of soil. Growing at a medium rate. Suitable for edges. Raw fruits are attractive to birds (PFAF, 2015).

Height: 59ft Spread: 32ft

Narrow-leaved mock privet* (Phillyrea angustifolia) Oleaceae Native

Coastal pinewood with fragrant white flowers and black berries. Suitable for sandy, well drained soil. It needs full sun or partial shade exposure and south facing aspect (RHS 2015).

Height: 8ft to 13ft Spread: 4ft to 8ft

Nettle Tree (Celtis australis) Ulmaceae Native

Very long lived trees, adaptable to rocky and loose soils, preferring a good fertile well-drained loamy soil. Very drought resistant. Loto fruit tree (PFAF, 2015).

Height: to 65ft Spread: to 32ft

PAGE | 15

Olive Tree (Olea europaea) Oleaceae

Long lived trees, native of the Mediterranean region. A drought resistant plant once established, it succeeds in dry soils and requires a sunny position. It can tolerate salty air.

Height: to 32ft

Wild olive* (Olea europaea var.

sylvestris) Oleaceae Native

Long-lived and ultra-millennial plants, well adapted to harsh environments such as drought, cold, salt, poor soils (InTech, 2015).

Height: up to 49 ft

Rotundifolia (Phillyrea latifolia) Oleaceae Native

Suitable for sandy, loamy and clay soils with dry or moist condition. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade or no shade. Tolerant to maritime exposure (PFAF, 2015).

Any trimming is best carried out in the spring. Layering in autumn (Practical Plants, 2015).

Height: to 26ft

PAGE | 16

Stone pine* (Pinus pine) Pinaceae

Established coastal pinewoods with shrub cover of low height. Drought and heat-tolerant.

Height: to 25ft Spread: 35ft to 40ft

White Poplar Tree (Populus alba) Salicaceae Native

Ornamental fast growing tree, tolerant of maritime exposure, erosion control, aggressive surface roots possible (PFAF, 2015).

Could be used in areas with water retention.

Height: up to 65ft Spread: 40ft to 50ft

* Already present on NAVSTA Rota

PAGE | 17

References Enclosure 2 ROTA TREE LIST 2014 – Spanish approved list of species; NAVSTA ROTA

EOL, 2015. Enciclopedya of Life. Available at http://eol.org. Website accessed in December 2015.

FAO, 2015. Forestry and food security, Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0178e/T0178E03.htm. Website accessed in December 2015.

First Nature, 2015. First Nature First Nature website, online information about the natural world, its wildlife, wildflowers fungi and habitats. Available at http://www.first‐nature.com.

Website accessed in December 2015.

Find Me Plants, 2015. Findplanters Matt Hewes and Shina Fullerlove. Available at http://www.findmeplants.co.uk/. Website accessed in November 2015.

InTech, Science, Technology and Medicine open access content, University of Calabria, Department of Ecology, Italy. Available at http://www.intechopen.com/books/olive‐ germplasm‐the‐olive‐cultivation‐table‐olive‐and‐olive‐oil‐industry‐in‐italy/botanical‐ description. Website accessed in December 2015.

IUCN, 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatned Species. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org Website accessed in December 2015.

KEW, 2015. Royal Botanic Garden. Available at http://www.kew.org. Website accessed in December 2015.

PFAF, 2015. Plants Plants For A Future, Ken and Addy Fern. Available at:

http://www.pfaf.org/user/default.aspx. Accessed in December 2015. Website accessed in December 2015.

Practical Plants, 2015. Practical Plants website, plant database on permaculture, forest gardeners and organic horticulture. Available at http://practicalplants.org. Website accessed in December 2015.

RHS, 2015. Royal Horticulture Society. Available at https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/17802/Golden‐oats/Details. Accessed in December 2015.

Flora Vascular, 2015. Flora Vascular de Andalucía Occidental. . Available at http://www.floravascular.com. Accessed in December 2015.

Enclosure 2 ‐ Spanish invasive plants list and exotic invasive plants http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es http://www.magrama.gob.es/ca http://www.magrama.gob.es/gl http://www.magrama.gob.es/eu http://www.magrama.gob.es/va http://www.magrama.gob.es/en http://www.magrama.gob.es/fr http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-especies/especies-exoticas-invasoras/ce_eei_flora.aspx# http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-especies/especies-exoticas-invasoras/ce_eei_flora.aspx# http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-especies/especies-exoticas-invasoras/ce_eei_flora.aspx# http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/mapa-web/default.aspx http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/ministerio http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/areas-de-actividad http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=212443 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=212438 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=326687 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=274227 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=277355 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=291972 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=283436 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=345775 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=297249 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=307691 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=43991 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/cartografia-y-sig http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/estadistica https://sede.magrama.gob.es/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/prensa http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=271823 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=277355 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-especies http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-la-biodiversidad/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/espacios-protegidos/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/ecosistemas-y-conectividad/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/conservacion-de-especies/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/recursos-geneticos/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/_tcmLinkFilter.aspx?tcmUri=333255 http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/dias-mundiales-fechas-destacadas/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/servicios/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/ayudas-y-subvenciones/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/campanas/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/estadisticas/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/formacion/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/legislacion/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/organismos-y-organizaciones/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/participacion-publica/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/planes-y-estrategias/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/proyectos-de-cooperacion/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/preguntas-frecuentes/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/enlaces-de-interes/ http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/ javascript:print();

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