B08_Section_J_Attachment_11_307127_Rehab_Exteriors_Ft_Yellowstone_XRF_analysis_Report.pdf

BUILT ENVIRONMENT EVOLUTION

PRESERVING THE PAST TRANSFORMING TOMORROW

PORTABLE XRF STUDY OF

FORT YELLOWSTONE,

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

YELL 307127 Rehabilitate Exteriors of Historic Fort Yellowstone Buildings

MARCH 27, 2023

Prepared for

by Built Environment Evolution

PO Box 9464 * Aspen, Colorado * 81612 * 303-562-5872

(Intentionally Left Blank for Double Sided Printing)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover 1

Table of Contents 3

Executive Summary 6

XRF Description 8

XRF Specifications 10

XRF Materials for Testing 11

XRF Findings 12

Sample #1: Building 5, no substrate 14

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #2: Building 5, wood substrate 17

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #3: Building 6, no substrate 20

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #4: Building 6, wood substrate 23

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #5: Building 7, wood substrate and paint 26

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #6: Building 7, wood substrate and paint 29

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #7: Building 9, wood substrate and paint 32

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #8: Building 9, wood substrate and paint 35

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #9: Building 10, no substrate, paint only 38

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #10: Building 10, wood substrate, little/no paint 41

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #11: Building 11, wood substrate, little/no paint 44

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #12: Building 12, wood substrate and paint 47

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #13: Building 31, wood substrate, little/no paint 50

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #14: Building 31, wood substrate only 53

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

• Spectra Comparison

Sample #15: Building 31, paint layers only 56

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #16: Building 32, paint layers 59

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #17: Building 32, paint layers 62

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #18: Building 6, siding core sample, ex topcoat 65

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #19: Building 6, siding core sample 68

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #20: Building 6, siding core sample 71

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #21: Building 5, siding core sample 74

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #22: Building 5, siding core sample 77

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Sample #23: Building 5, siding core sample 80

• Notable findings

• Individual Spectra for test location

Conclusions 83

Group Data Form 85

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Built Environment Evolution (BEE) received paint samples from Hennebery Eddy Architects, Inc. The samples had been collected specifically for paint cross section microscopy. While paint layers and colors were identified within the labs at Hennebery Eddy Architects, further testing to identify paint adhesion issues were requested of BEE.

After analyzing the various samples sent for testing from the buildings throughout the Yellowstone fort, past wood treatments and exterior paints with specific trace elements show patterns of color, the period of application, and issues with paint adhesion.

In the BEE laboratory, samples provided were tested for 48 elements using the Bruker Tracer XRF Spectrometer. Testing protocols were designed to specifically identify trace elements that determine the period of paint production, and any additional treatments commonly used in the built environment. While the Bruker Tracer is often used by conservation labs at museums, or field diagnostics with geologists, BEE has used the Tracer to identify various treatments, material types, and levels of deterioration in historic structures for the past decade. This allows for a depth of insight and understanding of results that is unparalleled in preservation compared to the typical XRF analysis at other labs.

Findings show two reasons for paint adhesion issues. The first appears to be the difference of paint binders between the various layers, with later latex paint causing moisture barriers that expedite paint film bond deterioration. In addition, historic wood “preservative” appears to have added to the issues with paint bonds. These findings are further described in the findings for individual paint samples and in the conclusions.

Findings begin on page 12 of this report, while conclusions can be found on page 83.

(Intentionally Left Blank for Double Sided Printing) pXRF DESCRIPTION: from the Bruker Corporation

One of the greatest challenges in the conservation field is correctly identifying materials, whether for the purpose of studying and understanding an object, for the purpose of conserving an object for future generations, or for the purpose of restoring an object that has been damaged or degraded over time. Elemental composition— such as provided by XRF technology—is often used in the study of historical materials and works of art in order to ascertain provenance and fabrication technology; to distinguish between original and non-original materials (i.e. materials that are the product of a previous conservation effort); and to determine the course of treatment.

The Bruker Tracer family of XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analyzers has become the de facto standard for investigations in conservation environments, thanks to its capacity for completely non-destructive elemental identification. The Bruker Tracer offers the utmost in flexibility for the analysis of non-uniform materials, allowing those who know the most about conservation to determine the analysis settings for the objects to be studied.

Elemental composition can be determined reliably and sensitively, ensuring that an appropriate treatment plan can be determined.

Handheld X-ray fluorescent (XRF) analyzers have the capability to quantify or qualify nearly any element from Magnesium to Uranium, depending on specific instrument configurations. Portable XRF spectrometers allow you to take the battery-operated analyzer to the sample rather than bringing the sample into the lab. XRF is an acronym for x-ray fluorescence, a process whereby electrons are displaced from their atomic orbital positions, releasing a burst of energy that is characteristic of a specific element.

This release of energy is then registered by the detector in then XRF instrument, which in turn categorizes the energies by element. The entire fluorescence process occurs in small factions of a second. A measurement using this process and a modern handheld XRF gun can be made in a matter of seconds. The actual time required for a measurement will depend on the nature of the sample and the levels of interest. High percentage levels will take a few seconds while part-per-million levels will take a few minutes.

Additional pXRF DESCRIPTION: from the BEE

The Bruker Tracer III V has been used on site for various conservation projects by BEE since 2013. Generally, the Bruker Tracer is used in conservation labs found in museums and in the field for geology, and archeology. However, BEE has provided the most consistent use of the XRF Tracer in the built environment, testing materials in-situ and enhancing the documentation process beyond what we had been able to do previously. The learning curve in reading the pXRF, analyzing the results, and creating the best practices for field testing continue to develop to make BEE one of the most informed consultant teams in the US and abroad with pXRF technology.

In addition to having an understanding of both the assets and issues with using the pXRF Tracer in architectural preservation, BEE has developed a library of various materials found in the built environment, throughout the United States and projects abroad. As our libraries develop, so does our immediate understanding of the materials we are testing in-situ. As our testing program evolves, we develop a sense of the time and place, i.e. masonry that matches samples from nearby or abroad, glass that matches Tiffany or European samples, metals that have impurities or alloys that match a manufacturer from a specific period, etc. In addition, the pXRF is excellent at identifying contaminants, areas of deterioration, and previous preservation work. This saves both time and money when developing a preservation and maintenance plan for the project. The information collected with the pXRF often has more information than expected when informing the current project. Elemental information gathered during a documentation process in turn informs future projects that may require a different set of questions and answers; answers which we hope are contained in the elemental analysis generated by the pXRF Tracer.

XRF SPECIFICATIONS

Brand Bruker

Model Tracer III SD

Technical Specs

Anode composition Ultra-thin Rhodium foil anode for high efficiency emission of low energy photons to maximize sensitivity to low a mass element like Na. The elemental range is from Ne to Cf with the capability to measure trace amounts of radioactive elements without the use of the x ray tube

Anode: max. Voltage

(V) / max. current (A)

45 kV / 45 micro amps

SDD detector diameter 10mm to provide the customer with the Highest resolution maximum eds xrf data acquisition of all systems. (145 eV at Mn k line at data acquisition orates of 100,000 cps) Maximum sensitivity is assured by the closest detector sample/ spacing of all systems of 4mm, making the system capable of measuring Sr to levels of 1 ppm and Mg to levels of 0.03 weight percent in ceramics.

Beam Diameter on the samples

From 3mm to 1mm

Lowest beam diameter 1mm

Video Camera (type and if comes with illumination)

Camera and built in illumination:

Misumi MO-B1003, with lens LP10065-50LIR-31. The model number is for the camera with lens and camera part numbers independently.

1/10” Color CCIQ II Pico camera White LED light x 4 Pixel: 400 x 400 (NTSC / Pal) 3300mV/Lux

MATERIALS THAT CAN BENEFIT FROM

XRF SPECTROMETER EVALUATION

STONE

• Identification

• Match In-Kind

• Identify an Original Quarry Location

• Patterns of Construction

• Areas of Deterioration

• Patterns of Chloride and Sulfide

Infiltration

• Areas of an applied rreatment, Treatment ID

TERRACOTTA

• Identification

• Match In-Kind

• Identify Pigments of the Original

Glazing

• Patterns of Construction

• Areas of Deterioration

BRICK

• Identification

• Match In-Kind

• Identify an Original Brick

Manufacturer

• Patterns of Construction

• Areas of Deterioration

• Patterns of Chloride and Sulfide

Infiltration

• Areas of an Applied Treatment, Treatment ID

CONCRETE

• Identification

• Match In-Kind

• Patterns of Construction

• Areas of Deterioration

• Patterns of Chloride and Sulfide

Infiltration

• Areas of an applied treatment, Treatment ID

METAL

• Identification

• Match In-Kind

• Identification of Inclusions

• Patterns of Construction

• Areas of Deterioration

• Areas of an applied treatment

PAINT

• Pigment Identification

• Match In-Kind

• Patterns of Construction

• Areas of Deterioration

• Areas of an applied treatment, Treatment ID

WOOD

• Areas of an applied treatment

• Deterioration of Applied Treatments

SOILS

• Identification

• Identification of Inclusions

• Areas of an applied treatment

PLASTER

• Identification

• Match In-Kind

• Patterns of Construction

• Areas of an applied treatment

FINDINGS:

pXRF STUDY OF

FORT YELLOWSTONE,

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

YELL 307127 REHABILITATE EXTERIORS

OF HISTORIC FORT YELLOWSTONE BUILDINGS

(Intentionally Left Blank for Double Sided Printing)

TEST LOCATION: Sample #1: Building 5, no substrate

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Trace amounts of Lead (Pb) are shown, from the first paint layers of the sample. Low levels are not accurate for the paint film, as the later layers of paint block a concise XRF reading. Sample #2 has a more accurate lead reading. Additional trace elements are shown that identify pigments.

Photo Description: Building 5, Double Officer’s Building, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, pg.10

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment.

Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #1

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 9 166 639 1 53 1174 548 734 988

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 0 92997 120 1 0 13630 205 50 166 32864 1 1 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 73 1 77 32 7 0 31 29 1 2 0 1 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 2 1 49 0 0 0 4471 408 0

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 84 0 145 0 276 0 0 0 1 0 116 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 198 0 15 0 192 59 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #2: Building 5, wood substrate

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show the peaks of paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Lead (Pb) show earliest paint layers, and trace elements for pigments. A higher reading for Calcium (Ca) is in this sample, which could indicate a change in paint, a contamination, etc. Peaks at Titanium (Ti) and Zinc (Zn) are typical for modern paints.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #2

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 6 103 327 1 58 1217 703 357 8043

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 80394 1 1 643 13094 273 123 324 25977 1 1 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 17 1 30 1 12 10 40 10 1 8 0 2 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 1110 0 1514 0 0 0 3513 306 0 491

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 0 15 0 270 0 138 0 0 0 0 0 1036 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 138 0 15 0 56 0 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #3: Building 6, no substrate

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. A higher reading for Lead (Pb) is present, from the first paint layers of the sample, most likely indicating more lead paint layers or fewer layers blocking the reading. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Photo Description: Building 6, Double Officer’s Quarters, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, pg.11

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as is typical for trace findings.

Higher Lead (Pb) reading than previous samples, possibly an indication of more original paint layers are intact.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #3

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 13 83 391 1 359 1356 668 1 2511

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 37789 83 1 223 14086 214 95 204 21695 1 2 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 1 1 0 13 13 17 14 1 10 0 2 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 285 1 423 0 0 0 2742 270 19 454

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 0 33 0 157 0 145 12 0 0 0 0 5932 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 195 146 52 0 0 0 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #4: Building 6, wood substrate

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #4

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 8 142 608 1 206 1229 654 1 1077

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 0 53640 1 0 98 11314 223 223 239 40181 152 1597 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 0 9 23 13 4 70 23 1 17 0 3 2

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 0 0 1 1 1 140 0 0 0 2359 490 0 706

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 0 0 56 0 24 0 0 0 1 0 1821 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 158 59 29 0 76 0 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #5: Building 7, wood substrate and paint

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 7, Double Officers Quarters, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION -SAMPLE #5

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 1 154 686 1 74 1201 573 89 972

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 0 87741 1 0 1 11121 286 112 184 38701 1 1267 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 5 1 28 29 1 2 76 23 1 7 0 3 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 43 0 154 1 0 1 4702 435 10 879

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 45 0 199 0 176 1 0 0 0 0 2576 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 298 0 69 0 75 67 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #6: Building 7, wood substrate and paint

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 7, Double Officers Quarters, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, pg.11

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - -SAMPLE #6

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 1 161 694 1 82 1185 560 94 981

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 0 87728 1 0 1 11090 317 104 199 38732 1 1251 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 8 1 30 30 1 4 54 25 1 7 0 3 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 39 0 150 1 0 1 4665 427 12 895

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 20 0 203 0 186 2 0 0 0 0 2466 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 347 0 76 0 81 0 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #7: Building 9, wood substrate and paint

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Photo Description: Building 9, Guard House, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, pg.12

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings. Higher reading for Lead (Pb).

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #7

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 6 150 637 1 77 1294 669 46 1045

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 97706 1 1 2 13238 194 196 274 38779 1 1 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 1 9 19 6 3 60 17 1 7 0 3 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 0 0 0 30 0 1 0 0 0 4597 565 23 853

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 2 99 0 154 0 216 9 0 0 1 0 205 1

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 151 0 13 0 185 0 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #8: Building 9, wood substrate and paint

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn). Little to no Barium (Ba) at this location, indicating a change in the paint. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction. Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 9, Guard House, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, pg.12

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment.

Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #8

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 19 90 279 1 115 1554 804 143 858

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 1662 1 1 796 7737 147 162 199 41981 96 1538 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 1 37 0 2 21 24 65 18 1 20 0 7

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 1 0 1 106 1 157 1 1 73 621 7 785

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 0 79 0 434 0 240 6 1 0 29 0 1647 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 86 0 33 0 14 0 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #9: Building 10, no substrate, paint only

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with no Barium (Ba) at this location. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 10, Quartermaster Storehouse, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, pg.13

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #9

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 5 11 72 310 1 1588 1541 667 1 1026

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 259 0 49 196 1347 192 537 454 19903 156 5900 56

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 0 1 1 0 7 13 15 14 1 16 0 3 0

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 2 0 1 78 0 1 1 1 1 92 362 0 358

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 0 69 0 1 0 47 9 1 0 90 0 4847 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 216 489 94 1 9 1 29 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #10: Building 10, wood substrate, little/no paint

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 10, Quartermaster Storehouse, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, pg.13

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #10

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 3 12 49 381 1 1591 1562 641 1 1038

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 231 0 39 187 1435 187 469 423 19280 145 5877 58

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 1 1 0 7 11 20 15 1 9 0 2 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 79 0 0 0 0 0 23 321 0 345

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 0 59 0 1 0 53 7 1 0 87 0 4745 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 214 439 87 0 6 0 19 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #11: Building , wood substrate, little/no paint

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 11, Commissary, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, pg.13

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #11

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 25 3 101 427 1 746 1360 649 1 1583

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 316 0 33 289 10775 184 170 321 5496 1 2071 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 29 13 1 1 7 7 4 11 1 10 0 5 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 0 112 1 1 1 1 0 25 229 0 179

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 141 0 96 0 4 5 36 0 45 0 1520 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 140 245 63 1 1 0 37 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #12: Building 12, wood substrate and paint

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 12, Granary, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, p.14

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #12

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 11 135 481 1 336 1884 973 60 2706

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 14985 2 1 284 4991 231 380 597 7289 1 2032 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 1 1 0 11 8 11 21 1 11 0 4 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 404 1 170 0 1 0 677 313 3 128

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 171 0 53 0 2 5 3 0 94 0 1462 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 3 88 58 0 19 0 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #13: Building 31, wood substrate, little/no paint

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 31, Non-Commissioned Sergeant’s Quarters, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, p.15

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 1 96 381 1 838 1434 726 1 1501

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 553 0 1 673 11181 150 139 289 9549 14 2174 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 2 1 1 2 8 9 5 10 1 8 0 3 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 207 0 148 0 1 0 339 287 0 146

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 9 158 0 181 0 50 8 1 0 139 0 1954 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 1 210 21 0 1 0 10 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #14: Building 31, wood substrate only

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show the peaks show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Lead (Pb) show earliest paint layers, and trace elements for pigments. A higher reading for Calcium (Ca) is in this sample, which could indicate a change in paint, a contamination, etc. Peaks at Titanium (Ti) and Zinc (Zn) are typical for modern paints.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #14

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 9 166 639 1 53 1174 548 734 988

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 0 92997 120 1 0 13630 205 50 166 32864 1 1 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 73 1 77 32 7 0 31 29 1 2 0 1 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 2 1 49 0 0 0 4471 408 0 703

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 84 0 145 0 276 0 0 0 1 0 116 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 198 0 15 0 192 59 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #15: Building 31, paint layers only

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #15

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 1 61 434 1 1487 1202 572 1 235

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 4107 1 1 330 15061 122 108 296 35793 242 7641 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 1 27 7 5 11 39 28 1 20 0 2 0

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 278 1 290 0 1 0 2153 742 0 705

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 0 138 0 227 0 68 8 0 15 189 0 7688 1

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 438 484 108 0 0 0 27 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #16: Building 32, paint layers

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 32, Non-Commissioned Sergeant’s Quarters, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, p.16

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #16

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 18 128 555 1 63 1233 600 334 2265

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 98949 1 2 42 1534 246 45 254 5313 1 391 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 8 17 1 1 7 23 6 1 7 0 3 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 176 0 448 0 0 0 4628 163 6 392

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 137 0 55 0 39 4 1 0 0 0 435 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 131 1 6 0 27 25 68 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #17: Building 32, paint layers

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction.

Arsenic (As) was found at this location, which appears to be a wood treatment.

Photo Description: Building 32, Non-Commissioned Sergeant’s Quarters, Hennebery Eddy Architect’s paint report, p.16

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings.

Higher reading for Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), which have peaks that overlap.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 12 102 321 1 180 1573 829 1 4579

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 23338 428 1 478 5302 466 224 218 20582 5 1294 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 1 1 1 6 11 30 20 1 9 0 4 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 0 1 804 1 535 0 1 0 976 379 0 269

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 0 25 0 79 0 99 4 0 0 37 0 1060 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 135 41 9 0 1 0 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #18: Building 6, siding core sample, ex top coat

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show paint with high levels of Titanium (Ti), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn), with Barium (Ba) used as a filler. The sample shows constituents common to post WWII paints. Lead (Pb) readings from the first paint layers of the sample are more typical for lead paint from earliest layers, as is expected for the period of construction. * This sample has variations from the other samples, with Gallium (Ga) and Tungsten (W), with an unknown source. Typically, Gallium is a metal alloy used to harden softer metals. Tungsten can also be used as an alloy but is often known for the use in fluorescent lights. Further research is needed to understand this reading.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Large peak at Titanium (Ti) is indicative of a modern paint, as is the high peak at Zinc (Zn). High reading for Iron (Fe) is typical, as it is a common pigment. Other peaks are very small, as it typical for trace findings. Higher reading for Lead (Pb).

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION -SAMPLE #18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 4 138 343 1 91 1266 596 94 1414

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 99698 1 0 139 13464 371 135 219 22620 1 1

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 41 1 13 1 11 9 20 13 1 10 0 4

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 2 0 1 93 0 308 0 0 0 4781 218 0

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 570 1 32 0 253 0 201 0 0 0 0 0 1180

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 0 173 1 0 109 37 69 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #19: Building 6, siding core sample, exterior half

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show trace elements but in such small amounts it is difficult to know if the drill bit that formed the core could have contaminated it with surface material.

What is clear is that the wood treatment did not penetrate the wood at this location, and remained as a superficial treatment.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: No significant peaks, only small peaks for trace elements.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #19

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 12 1 92 80 1 17 1316 815 42 601

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 16 1 30 93 300 631 160 192 261 422 1 77 97

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 26 2 1 1 3 8 9 12 1 17 0 11 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 4 1 5 2 1 5 0 1 0 116 44 0 87

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 139 0 179 0 320 5 232 0 37 0 115 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 71 0 38 3 26 0 33 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #20: Building 6, siding core sample, interior half

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show trace elements but in such small amounts it is difficult to know if the drill bit that formed the core could have contaminated it with surface material.

What is clear is that the wood treatment did not penetrate the wood at this location and remained as a superficial treatment.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: No significant peaks, only small peaks for trace elements.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #20

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 1 81 270 1 18 1551 837 162 1014

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 89 10 12 248 1152 173 300 288 520 72 1 55

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 1 1 1 4 3 26 10 18 1 9 0 15 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 1 3 4 58 1 1 0 634 1 64 137 0 133

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 2 43 0 277 0 241 1 287 0 108 0 160 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 303 0 4 10 26 0 7 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #21: Building 5, siding core sample, exterior surface

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show trace elements but in such small amounts it is difficult to know if the drill bit that formed the core could have contaminated it with surface material.

What is clear is that the wood treatment did not penetrate the wood at this location and remained as a superficial treatment.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: No significant peaks, only small peaks for trace elements.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #21

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 4 64 62 1 6 1316 814 1 1058

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 76 24 11 428 539 136 242 361 261 1 1 61

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 46 4 1 1 7 10 4 28 1 29 0 14 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 2 0 1 102 0 134 0 1 1 0 42 11 89

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 263 0 296 0 235 2 188 0 210 0 82 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 1 0 0 1 55 1 84 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #22: Building 5, siding core sample, wood only

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show trace elements but in such small amounts it is difficult to know if the drill bit that formed the core could have contaminated it with surface material.

What is clear is that the wood treatment did not penetrate the wood at this location and remained as a superficial treatment.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: No significant peaks, only small peaks for trace elements.

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #22

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 19 32 70 90 1 1 1312 928 53 1392

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 3 13 15 547 753 146 354 241 429 7 7 121

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 5 1 26 1 4 6 8 33 1 22 0 11 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 3 5 1 91 1 1 0 4 0 13 81 8 209

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 1 1 0 234 0 325 8 292 0 138 0 281 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 145 0 50 2 69 1 83 0

TEST LOCATION: Sample #23: Building 5, siding core sample, interior surface

NOTABLE FINDINGS

Test results show trace elements but in such small amounts it is difficult to know if the drill bit that formed the core could have contaminated it with surface material.

What is clear is that the wood treatment did not penetrate the wood at this location and remained as a superficial treatment.

INDIVIDUAL SPECTRA FOR TEST LOCATION

NOTE: Small peaks are located at Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn).

SPECTRA COMPARISONS

None.

DATA FOR TEST LOCATION - SAMPLE #23

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 1 2 131 1330 1 83 1120 692 432 4291

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se 1 414 0 1 209 6555 1 264 392 8040 99 210 117

Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ag Ag Cd Cd In In 55 3 1 3 14 14 28 17 1 7 0 19 1

Sn Sn Sb Sb Te Te I I Ba Ba W W Os 7 0 1 540 0 339 0 1 0 0 220 13 224

Os Ir Ir Pt Pt Au Au Hg Hg Tl Tl Pb Pb 0 21 0 213 0 236 14 0 0 68 0 1 0

Bi Bi Th Th Pa Pa U U 50 0 10 0 13 0 49 0

CONCLUSIONS

After analyzing the various samples sent for testing from the buildings throughout the Yellowstone fort, past wood treatments and exterior paints with specific trace elements show patterns of color, the period of application, and issues with paint adhesion.

Before samples arrived at the lab, there were reports of issues with paint adhesion at the sample locations. Samples were collected by Hennebery Eddy Architects, Inc. for paint cross section microscopy. Strategic samples from the paint analysis were sent to the BEE laboratory for XRF testing. Samples tested were selected for paint analysis vs ideal locations for XRF analysis. If the locations were selected for XRF testing, it may show evidence of contamination due to changes in construction, a coal-fired stove, a welder’s shop, etc. However, using the samples from the paint analysis gave a great price advantage for total testing costs, and appears to have identified the initial issue of problematic paint adhesion.

Findings show the common point for the break in paint adhesion to be between the earliest lead-based paint layers, that appear to be linseed oil based paint, typical for the period and location. Later paint layers show high levels of both zinc (Zn) and titanium (Ti), that are common to the upper layers that were applied later than the adhesion break point. Test results show levels for these two elements are high enough to indicate post WWII paints.

An issue was also identified that appears to have caused further paint adhesion issues.

XRF testing shows the indication of a petroleum-based product with the additive of arsenic (As) and possible other trace elements that would have been applied as a “wood preservative” by acting as a fungicide, insecticide, and preventing biological growth. This product does not appear to be chromated copper arsenate (CCA), a common wood preservative, as the trace elements of copper and chrome are too low, and the lead content is too high on areas that did not receive paint. XRF testing is not appropriate for testing of petroleum products, but certain patterns can indicate a petroleum product is present. These patterns appeared on some of the samples, and seem to largely coordinate with the arsenic (As) readings. It does not appear that the wood treatment is on all of the samples provided. If the wood treatment was placed over the original paint layers, it would have caused additional issues with paint adhesion of later paints, even linseed oil based paint. As latex paints were added over these paint layers and wood treatment, any moisture that might have occurred between paint layers would be trapped by the vapor barrier provided by the latex paint, exacerbating the issues of adhesion between paint layers.

Remediation of the paint adhesion issue would include the removal of all the paint layers after the colors and type of paints have been thoroughly documented. A light sanding of the wood substrate should allow for suitable paint bonds. Great care must be taken by the contractor in regard to paint removal, as the paint layers currently have both lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) as constituents. Mechanical removal will likely cause airborne and environmental contaminants. Use of a chemical stripper combined with the application of a paper product similar or equal to “Peel Away” products would assist in the reduction of contamination. Contractors should be aware that the wood treatment was designed to penetrate the original wood siding, and arsenic may be part of the sanding. Once a new paint layer is applied, any issues with the wood preservative should be both reduced and encapsulated. This will prevent any issues with environmental contaminations, even with areas exposed to snow buildup and snow melt.

Linseed oil paint has seen great success with application by the Canadian Park Service, with the addition of steam moisture to original timbers that suffer from the dry, high-altitude climates of the Rocky Mountain West. The process they have used has salvaged timber that was previously scheduled for replacement. While the process can add costs to the project, it can extend the useful life of the original material from the period of construction. Linseed oil paint is more expensive than construction grade paints, and often has color systems that may deteriorate more rapidly with the UV exposure consistent at high altitude, requiring a shorter maintenance cycle than other paint films. However, consistent application of linseed oil is an excellent conditioner to the wood substrates, and can extend the life span of the materials, should the areas where maintenance is required be accessible, and a more frequent maintenance cycle be within the owner’s means.

The test samples provided were also examined for wood species identification. Wood samples examined via cross section microscopy appear to be pine, with condensed cell structure that would indicate possible old growth timber. Further review of the samples collected during the paint analysis phase may provide evidence of a specific species, while new samples particularly collected for wood type may yield additional information. Typical pine lumber from the period of construction would have been lodge pole pine, and it may be assumed that this is the species until further testing can corroborate the species identification.

GROUP DATA FORM