Attachment E - L10 Spacecraft to Ground Interface Req Document (SC to GND IRD) Rev.pdf

Attachment No. E

Landsat 10 Spacecraft to Ground Interface Requirements

Document (SC to GND IRD)

RFP 80GSFC26R0015

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center

SC-GND IRD L10-SC-ICD-0007 Revision C ii Use or disclosure of data contained on this page is subject to the restriction(s) on the title page of this document.

Landsat 10 Spacecraft to Ground Interface Requirements Document (SC-GND IRD) Signature/Approval Page

Prepared by:

Electronic Signature in TDMS Approval Date in TDMS Brent Andres Date Landsat 10 Radio Frequency Communications Engineer

NASA/GSFC, Code 567

Prepared by:

Bryan Mattfeld Date Landsat 10 Mission Systems Engineer NASA/GSFC, Code 560

Approved by:

Cagatay Aymergen Landsat 10 Deputy Project Manager / Acting Observatory Manager

NASA/GSFC, Code 426

Ross Henry Date Landsat 10 Project Manager NASA/GSFC, Code 426

Evan Webb Date Landsat 10 Mission Systems Manager NASA/GSFC, Code 533 iii Use or disclosure of data contained on this page is subject to the restriction(s) on the title page of this document.

CM Foreword This document is a Landsat 10 Project Configuration Management (CM)-controlled document.

Note: Prior to February 2026, the project name was Landsat Next (LNext).

For the purposes of configuration management, the prefixes “LNEXT” and “L10” are completely interchangeable. For example, LNEXT-MGMT-PLAN-0004 is the same as L10-MGMT-PLAN- 0004.

Changes to this document require prior approval of the applicable Configuration Control Board (CCB) Chairperson or designee. Proposed changes shall be submitted to the Landsat 10 CM Office (CMO), along with supportive material justifying the proposed change. Changes to this document will be made by complete revision.

Questions or comments concerning this document should be addressed to:

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Landsat 10 Project Office, Code 426 Attention: Configuration Management Office Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 iv Use or disclosure of data contained on this page is subject to the restriction(s) on the title page of this document.

Change History Log v Use or disclosure of data contained on this page is subject to the restriction(s) on the title page of this document.

Table of Contents SIGNATURE/APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................ II CM FOREWORD ..........................................................................................................................III CHANGE HISTORY LOG .......................................................................................................... IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ V

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ V

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ VI

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose

1.2 Scope

1.3 RELATED DOCUMENTATION

1.3.1 Applicable Documents

1.3.2 Reference Documents

1.3.3 Project Reference Documents

2.0 MISSION OVERVIEW

2.1 Mission Statement

2.2 Mission Background

2.3 Mission Objectives

2.4 Mission Implementation

2.4.1 Space Segment

2.4.2 Ground Segment

2.4.3 Launch Segment

3.0 SPACE TO GROUND AND IN-SPACE COMMUNICATION INTERFACES

3.1 RF Emissions Regulatory Interfaces

4.0 NARROWBAND

4.1 Narrowband Interface Parameters

4.2 Narrowband Protocols

4.3 Narrowband Performance

5.0 WIDEBAND

5.1 Wideband Interface Parameters

5.2 Wideband Protocols

5.3 Wideband Performance

APPENDIX A ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

APPENDIX B DEFINITIONS

List of Figures Figure 2.4-1 Landsat 10 Mission Architecture vi Use or disclosure of data contained on this page is subject to the restriction(s) on the title page of this document.

List of Tables Table 2.4.1-1 Landsat 10 Mission Parameters Table 4.1-1 Narrowband (S-Band) Space to Ground Link Parameters for NASA NSN-

DTE and LGN Table 4.1-2 NSN Space Relay (S-Band) Link Parameters Table 4.3-1 Bit Error Rate Values Table 5.1-1 Wideband Mission Data Downlink

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE

The Landsat 10 Spacecraft to Ground Interface Requirements Document (SC-GND IRD) establishes the general interface requirements imposed between the spacecraft (SC) and ground systems (GS).

1.2 SCOPE

Section 2 provides a mission overview to include mission objectives and implementation.

Section 3 documents general overview requirements for the space to ground interface and compliance with spectrum standards. Section 4 describes the narrowband interfaces. Section 5 describes the wideband interfaces.

The Landsat 10 Interface Requirements documents (Landsat 10 Spacecraft Interface Requirements Document (SCIRD), L10-SC-ICD-0002, Landsat 10 Spacecraft to Ground Interface Requirements Document (SC-GND IRD), L10-SC-ICD-0007 are controlled and maintained by the Landsat 10 Project Office. The SC-GND IRD applies to both sides of the spacecraft and ground system interface. The IRD is maintained at Level 3.

1.3 RELATED DOCUMENTATION

1.3.1 Applicable Documents

Document Number Title Revision Section Reference

450-SNUG Space Network Users Guide

(SNUG)

11 ALL

457-UG-DTES NSN Government Owned Direct To Earth (G-DTE) Services User’s Guide (UG)

- ALL

CCSDS 131.0-B-5 TM Synchronization and Channel Coding

Recommended Standard, Issue 5

ALL

CCSDS 133.0-B-2 Space Packet Protocol Recommended Standard, Issue 2, Editorial Change 1

ALL

CCSDS 133.1-B-3 Encapsulation Packet Protocol Recommended Standard, Issue 3, Editorial Change 1

ALL

CCSDS 131.2-B-2 Flexible Advanced Coding and Modulation Scheme for High Rate Telemetry Applications

Recommended Standard, Issue 2

ALL

CCSDS 231.0-B-4 TC Synchronization and Channel Coding

Recommended Standard, Issue 4

ALL

CCSDS 232.0-B-4 TC Space Data Link Protocol Recommended Standard, Issue 4

ALL

CCSDS 232.1-B-2 Communications Operation Procedure-1

Recommended Standard, Issue 2, Technical corrigendum 1

ALL

CCSDS 232.1-B-2 Cor. 1 Technical Corrigendum 1 to

CCSDS 232.1-B-2

Technical Corrigendum 1

ALL

Use or disclosure of data contained on this page is subject to the restriction(s) on the title page of this document.

Document Number Title Revision Section Reference

CCSDS 401.0-B-32 Radio Frequency and Modulation Systems--Part 1: Earth Stations and Spacecraft

Recommended Standard, Issue 32

ALL

CCSDS 732.0-B-5 AOS Space Data Link Protocol Recommended Standard, Issue 5

ALL

ITU-R SA.1157-1 Protection criteria for deep-space research

N/A ALL

ITU-R SM.1541-7 Unwanted emissions in the out-of-band domain

N/A ALL

ITU-R SM.329-13 Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain

N/A ALL

FIPS PUB 197 Advanced Encryption Standard

(AES)

N/A ALL

NIST SP 800-38D Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation:

Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and

GMAC

N/A ALL

NIST SP 800-38C Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CCM Mode for Authentication and Confidentiality

N/A ALL

NTIA Manual Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management

January 2021 Edition - January 2023 Revision

ALL

Recommendation SFCG 21- 2R5

Efficient Spectrum Utilisation for Space Research Service (Category A) and Earth Exploration-Satellite Service on Space-to-Earth Links

N/A ALL

In this document, citations are assumed to be the latest version unless otherwise noted.

This document table was generated from the Landsat 10 Common Reference and Applicable Documents List (L10-MGMT-DESC-0008), DRAFT Rev F.

1.3.2 Reference Documents

Document Number Title Revision Public Law #105-303 Commercial Space Act of 1998, Public Law

#105-303, 112 Stat., 2843., H.R. 1702, 105th Congress, Adopted October 28, 1998

N/A

Public Law #102-555 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992, Public Law #102-555, 106 Stat. 4163., H.R.

6133, 102nd Congress, Adopted October 28, N/A

In this document, citations are assumed to be the latest version unless otherwise noted.

Use or disclosure of data contained on this page is subject to the restriction(s) on the title page of this document.

1.3.3 Project Reference Documents

Document Number Title L10-SC-ICD-0002 Landsat 10 Spacecraft Interface Requirements Document

(SCIRD)

L10-SYS-PLAN-0007 Landsat 10 Mission Operations Concept (Ops Con)

Document In this document, citations are assumed to be the latest version unless otherwise noted.

Use or disclosure of data contained on this page is subject to the restriction(s) on the title page of this document.

2.0 MISSION OVERVIEW

2.1 MISSION STATEMENT

Landsat 10, consistent with United States (U.S.) law and government policy, will continue the Landsat program's acquisition, archival, and distribution of multi-spectral imagery, thereby affording global, synoptic, and repetitive coverage of the Earth's land surfaces and coastal regions at a scale where natural and human-induced changes can be detected, differentiated, characterized, and monitored over time.

2.2 MISSION BACKGROUND

Following the successful launch of Landsat 8 (formally named Landsat Data Continuity Mission, LDCM) in February 2013, and during the development of Landsat 9, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recognized the need to assemble a team of experts from within both agencies to evaluate and inform an acquisition strategy for the Landsat mission to follow Landsat 9. The NASA-USGS Joint Agency Sustainable Land Imaging (SLI) Architecture Study Team (AST) was formed in September 2018, and tasked with investigating how to best satisfy the diverse set of user needs collected in the USGS User Needs for the Sustainable Land Imaging Program July 2018, Release

2.0. This investigation resulted in a set of recommendations to the headquarters of both agencies, delivered in December 2019. The highest-recommended “Roadmap 1” architecture described a small constellation of “superspectral” space-based sensors that would substantially improve the spectral, spatial, and temporal capabilities of previous Landsat missions, while continuing to satisfy the primary goal of ensuring a highly calibrated data set that maintains compatibility with the legacy data of the Earth’s land surfaces and coastal regions held in the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive at the USGS’s Earth Resources and Observation Science (EROS) Center. In April 2020 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) received authorization to initiate the Landsat Next project consistent with the AST’s “Roadmap 1” recommendation. Landsat Next subsequently passed its Mission Concept Review (MCR) and Key Decision Point-A (KDP-A) reviews in 2022. In March 2026, the Landsat Next mission was re-architected and re-designated Landsat 10 as a single observatory mission.

The goal of Landsat 10 is to continue the acquisition, archival, and distribution of multi-spectral imagery, thereby affording global, synoptic, and repetitive coverage of the Earth's land surfaces and coastal regions at a scale where natural and human-induced changes can be detected, differentiated, characterized, and monitored over time. This goal is in keeping with the Landsat programmatic goals stated in both the Commercial Space Act of 1998, Public Law #105-303 and the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992, Public Law #102-555. This policy requires that the Landsat Program provide data into the future that is sufficiently consistent with previous Landsat data to allow the detection and quantitative characterization of changes in or on the land surface of the globe.

Landsat 10 continues the long-running partnership of NASA and the USGS, with NASA providing the space and launch segments and the USGS providing the ground system (GS), providing the longest continuous global record of the Earth’s land surface and coastal regions.

The Landsat series of satellites have continuously acquired multispectral images of the global land surface since the launch of the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS, later renamed Landsat 1) in 1972.

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2.3 MISSION OBJECTIVES

Landsat 10 has these major mission objectives:

· Collect and archive moderate resolution Visible to Shortwave-Infrared (VSWIR) reflective and Thermal Infrared (TIR) emissive image data affording seasonal coverage of the global landmass for a continuous period of not less than five (5) years.

· Ensure that Landsat 10 data are sufficiently consistent with data from the earlier Landsat missions in terms of relative acquisition geometry, calibration, coverage characteristics, spectral characteristics, output product quality, and data availability; all of which permit scientific studies, management of land cover and land use change, along with associated inland and coastal water resources, over multi-decadal periods.

· Ensure Landsat 10 is responsive to documented emerging user needs and applications as characterized by periodic assessment, currently the User Needs for the SLI Program July 2018, Release 2.0, and identified by the operational requirements for acquisition, processing, archiving, and distribution of Earth’s image data to the United States Government and other users.

· Distribute Landsat 10 data products to the public freely on a nondiscriminatory basis.

2.4 MISSION IMPLEMENTATION

The Landsat 10 mission includes a single observatory in a 653 km sun-synchronous low-earth orbit (LEO). The observatory includes a single integrated suite of sensors called LandIS (the Landsat Instrument Suite) that images the full swath required to achieve global coverage via a repeating ground track every 18 days.

The LandIS improves all spectral and spatial capabilities by approximately twofold when compared with the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS) instruments flown on Landsats 8 and 9, while maintaining the historical Landsat data continuity and similar temporal coverage.

Each Landsat 10 partner agency has specific responsibilities and will deliver major elements to the overall mission. NASA will provide the Space Segment (SS) and the Launch Services Segment (LSS), and the USGS will provide the Ground System (GS) and Mission Operations.

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) will provide overall Landsat 10 project management, mission system engineering and mission assurance during development and will transition the mission to USGS for science operations following on-orbit commissioning.

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Figure 2.4-1 Landsat 10 Mission Architecture

(Generated from Landsat 10 Common Mission Architecture Diagram L10-SYS-DESC-0022 Rev B)

2.4.1 Space Segment

NASA/GSFC provides the Space Segment via competitive procurements for the science instrument suite (LandIS) and the spacecraft bus. The Space Segment will consist of a single observatory flying in a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit at 653 km altitude. The spacecraft, instrument, and overall Landsat 10 mission are specified as risk class C per NPR 8705.4. The overall mission parameters needed to achieve global coverage are shown below in the Mission Parameters Table.

Table 2.4.1-1 Landsat 10 Mission Parameters

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LandIS is a whiskbroom scanner which provides 26 spectral bands covering a swath on the ground of approximately 164 km on a fixed ground track defined by a world-wide reference system known as WRS-3. LandIS acquires raw detector data for all spectral bands within 15 seconds to minimize band-to-band and georegistration errors, reduce classification change detection errors due to clouds, and provide simultaneous acquisitions for science applications.

LandIS then performs data compression prior to packaging the data for transfer to the spacecraft storage and subsequent downlink. LandIS also provides internal calibration sources such as blackbody, a space port, stim lamps and solar diffuser.

The Space Segment will also provide simulators for mission, ground system and interface testing during the development phase of the mission and in support of long-term maintenance of systems. These simulators will have varying fidelity and capabilities to meet various mission needs.

2.4.2 Ground Segment

The Landsat Ground Segment (GS) consists of the ground system and its external interfaces, including NASA institutional services. The GS includes the Mission Operations Center (MOC), the Ground Network (GN), and the Data Processing and Archive System (DPAS). External interfaces include NASA's Near Space Network (NSN), GSFC Conjunction Assessment and Risk Analysis (CARA) and its Flight Dynamics Facility, along with other external interfaces.

The Landsat 10 MOC will be used for command and control, health and status monitoring, orbit and attitude maintenance, performance analysis, onboard memory management, and flight software maintenance. The MOC will support onboard autonomy for mission planning and scheduling. The MOC ingests, processes and archives telemetry data delivered via the GN. The Landsat 10 Flight Operations Team (FOT) located at the MOC performs these functions and is responsible for monitoring the observatory, detecting, investigating and resolving spacecraft anomalies and monitoring the instrument image collections and special image collections.

The GN provides geographically dispersed ground station resources for mission execution; it includes the Landsat Ground Network (LGN) and a wideband data routing capability to the Landsat cloud. The LGN provides communication capability to and from the observatory and MOC for commanding and housekeeping data via the S-band, and will receive science mission data from the observatory over a Ka-band downlink.

The DPAS ingests, processes, and archives science data returned from the observatory via the GN. LandIS data will be processed into data products with a ground sample distance (GSD) ranging from 10m-60m depending on the particular spectral band. The DPAS also provides a long-term archive capability for raw data and allows the user community to query, download, and directly interact in the cloud with Landsat 10 data products, via a public-facing web portal for receiving data products.

The USGS will lead overall Landsat 10 GS development. The USGS will also lead integration of the GS and ensure timely completion of ground readiness testing in preparation for NASA-led mission readiness activities. The MOC will support Landsat 10 mission readiness activities.

2.4.3 Launch Segment

The Launch Segment will provide the assets and services associated with the Launch Vehicle (LV) and the observatory-to-LV integration. The Launch Segment will include the LV; all

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Launch Vehicle-Ground Support Equipment (LV-GSE), property, and facilities to integrate the observatory to the LV and verify its integration; and perform prelaunch testing with ground-based functions. The launch vehicle and launch site will be specified during late Mission Phase B or early Phase C.

Sections 2.0-2.4.3 were generated using Landsat 10 Common Boilerplate (L10-MGMT-DESC- 0005) Rev E

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3.0 SPACE TO GROUND AND IN-SPACE COMMUNICATION

INTERFACES

The GS includes the Ground Network (GN) element for providing RF communications between the Landsat 10 observatory and the ground. The GN is comprised of USGS owned and partner ground stations. These stations provide reception, networks, and all other data routing capabilities for the operational Ground System. Additionally, the GN is augmented during commissioning and other times by NASA NSN stations to allow more contact opportunities when necessary.

S-Band RF uplink and downlink communications for telemetry and command are provided by the GN for MOC communications with the observatory. Ka-Band RF receive communications for science data return are provided by the GN from the observatory to DPAS. Science data return includes transfer of mission data files and volume table of contents (VTOC). The mission data files include both the imaging sensor data and ancillary data necessary for science data ingest and processing. During a Ka-Band downlink event, the ground station monitors the downlink and provides both the MOC and DPAS with the status of mission data files and VTOCs that were successfully received by the ground, following the end of the contact. DPAS decides if any mission data files need retransmission and requests it via the MOC.

The GN nominally provides 5-8 S-Band contacts and 10-13 Ka-Band contacts per day with the observatory. Though the required number of S-Band contacts is lower than Ka-Band contacts, it is anticipated that most Ka-Band contacts will also provide S-Band T&C services, primarily to allow time for commanding of retransmit requests. Similar to the ground network currently employed in support of Landsats 8 and 9, the Landsat 10 GN is anticipated to be a global network emphasizing use of polar stations, along with mid-latitude stations for geographic areas of interest such as the Contiguous United States. Stations may include ground stations from the existing Landsat Ground Network portfolio, along with the addition of other government, commercial or partner providers. At launch and consistent with this spacecraft IRD, an excess of contact time will be scheduled across available stations to ensure ample margin for commissioning; however, over time the contacts scheduled will ramp down to optimize performance and cost.

GN networks include a cloud-based data routing capability for the transfer of science mission data from GN stations to the DPAS, and secure connectivity for the transfer of commands and telemetry between each station and the MOC/bMOC. Ground Network stations will cache both Ka-Band mission data and S-Band data received for at least 7-days to support continuity of operations, contingencies, and retransfers of data.

The NASA Near Space Network (NSN) will utilize the TDRSS network and NASA ground stations to provide additional low-rate telemetry and command capabilities for global coverage during initial deployment, and during critical or contingency operations. For the initial LEO period after separation, TDRSS SSA services will be utilized to ensure the successful execution of the observatory activation process during times when GN or NASA ground station coverage is not available. During first time critical events or during observatory major contingencies the TDRSS network will be called up (planned or critical service) to support monitoring or critical contingency commanding when L10 is out of view of GN or NASA ground stations. After LEO and Commissioning the TDRSS and NASA ground station services will be available for the

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observatory (subject to TDRSS constellation degradation) for proficiency or major critical anomaly support.

3.1 RF EMISSIONS REGULATORY INTERFACES

SC-GND-252 RF emissions from the spacecraft shall be in compliance with the requirements of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) including but not limited to Protection criteria for deep-space research, ITU- R SA.1157-1, Unwanted emissions in the out-of-band domain, ITU-R SM.1541-7, and Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain, ITU-R

SM.329-13.

Rationale: Landsat 10 must remain in compliance with ITU requirements for emissions to avoid interference with other missions.

SC-GND-253 RF emissions from the spacecraft shall be in compliance with the requirements of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) including but not limited to the emissions masks and limits to power flux density at the surface of the Earth specified in the Manual of Regulations & Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management, NTIA Manual.

Rationale: Compliance with NTIA regulations is mandated by NASA Policy Directive (NPD) NASA Electromagnetic Spectrum Management - Revalidated 5/5/2022, 2570.5.

SC-GND-254 RF emissions from the spacecraft shall be in compliance with the requirements of the Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG) including but not limited to Efficient Spectrum Utilisation for Space Research Service (Category A) and Earth Exploration-Satellite Service on Space-to-Earth Links, Recommendation SFCG 21-2R5.

Rationale: Compliance with SFCG recommendations is mandated by NASA Electromagnetic Spectrum Management - Revalidated 5/5/2022, NPD 2570.5.

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4.0 NARROWBAND

4.1 NARROWBAND INTERFACE PARAMETERS

SC-GND-54 The spacecraft narrowband interface to the NASA NSN-DTE and Landsat

Ground Network (LGN) shall be supported by the capabilities in Table 4.1-1 and Table 4.1-2.

Rationale: Table 4.1-1 provides a summary of expected interface parameters for S-band narrowband RF communications. Table 4.1-2 provides in-space link parameters.

Table 4.1-1 Narrowband (S-Band) Space to Ground Link Parameters for NASA NSN-

DTE and LGN

Parameter Value Link parameters bit error rate (BER) Provided in Table 4.3-1 Network encoding Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Message format Radio Frequency and Modulation Systems--Part 1:

Earth Stations and Spacecraft, Consultive Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) 401.0-B-32

Downlink S-band downlink frequency band 2200-2290 MHz Telemetry (TLM) Data Rate (Information Rate) 28 kbps (contingency, 95% spherical coverage), 3

Mbps (nominal) Note: The 28 kbps service is equivalent to the 32 kbps C&DH rate specified for L9

TLM modulation Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) Command selectable randomization TM Synchronization and Channel Coding, CCSDS

131.0-B-5 Error-correction coding TM Synchronization and Channel Coding, CCSDS

131.0-B-5 Implementation loss 2.4 dB Uplink S-band uplink frequency band 2025-2108 MHz Swept uplink frequency range ± 80 KHz Swept uplink frequency rate 5-35 KHz/sec Command (CMD) data rates 1 ksps (contingency, 95% spherical coverage), 32 ksps (low), and 128 ksps (high) CMD error correction TC Synchronization and Channel Coding, CCSDS

231.0-B-4 CMD modulation Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) CMD encryption AES-256 GCM or CCM Ground station Antenna aperture 7.3m (minimum) G/T (not including radome or atmospheric effects) 18 dB/K EIRP (not including radome) 54 dBW Axial ratio 1.5 dB Polarization left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP)

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Parameter Value Minimum elevation angle 5° Radome Loss 0.8 dB

Note: The modulation and coding selected for the 3 Mbps telemetry service must meet the requirements of NTIA Manual Section 8.2.41 Table 4.1-2 provides the In-Space link parameters:

Table 4.1-2 NSN Space Relay (S-Band) Link Parameters

Link Data Rate*

(ksps) Required Margin (dB)

Spherical Coverage (%)

Fwd 1.0 0 90 Rtn 4.0 0 90

8.0 0 90

16.0 0 90

32.0 0 ---

* The Forward rate is the symbol rate into the modulator. The Return rate is the symbol rate between the Command and Data Handling (C&DH) and Comm subsystems (prior to convolutional coding).

SC-GND-377 The spacecraft shall communicate via the narrowband link through the NSN-

DTE Network for command and telemetry in accordance with 457-UG- DTES, NSN Government Owned Direct To Earth (G-DTE) Services User’s Guide (UG), Baseline_Final

SC-GND-378 The spacecraft shall communicate with the narrowband link through the

TDRSS Network for duplexed command and telemetry in accordance with the 450-SNUG, Space Network Users Guide, S-band Single Access (SSA) Telecommunications Services.

4.2 NARROWBAND PROTOCOLS

SC-GND-33 The space to ground telecommunication interfaces shall use the Consultative

Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Space Packet Protocol, CCSDS 133.0-B-2 for all software command and telemetry packets.

Rationale: CCSDS standards provide for standard compatible interfaces through the protocol stack for space to ground communications and processing. CCSDS packets are standard for most NASA mission command and telemetry formatting, and a wide base of software/hardware Commercial-Off-the-Shelf (COTS) implement this protocol.

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SC-GND-41 The space to ground telecommunication interfaces shall utilize single-data-source narrowband modulations consistent with Radio Frequency and Modulation Systems--Part 1: Earth Stations and Spacecraft, CCSDS 401.0- B-32, directly modulated on the main carrier.

Rationale: Modulations recommended in the CCSDS document are commonly supported standards.

SC-GND-35 The space to ground telecommunication interfaces shall use TC Space Data

Link Protocol, CCSDS 232.0-B-4 for all command data streams.

stack for space to ground communications and processing. This particular standard is low overhead for encrypted commands from the ground to the SC receiver/decrypter.

SC-GND-40 The space to ground telecommunication interfaces shall process the narrowband command uplink coded for error detection following TC Synchronization and Channel Coding, CCSDS 231.0-B-4.

Rationale: NASA NSN and LGN use CCSDS protocols.

SC-GND-258 The telecommunications interface shall implement the Automatic Repeat

Query (ARQ) protocol defined in Communications Operation Procedure-1 (COP-1), CCSDS 232.1-B-2 for each virtual channel reserved for software commands.

Rationale: Communications Operation Procedure-1, CCSDS 232.1-B-2 protocol ensures sequential delivery without duplicate or missing telecommand (TC) frames.

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SC-GND-255 The ground to space interface for commanding shall consist of Communications Link Transmission Units (CLTUs) (a CLTU includes the start sequence, BCH codewords, and tail sequence) encrypted according to either Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation:

Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC, NIST SP 800-38D (GCM) using the AES-256 cipher as specified in FIPS 197 or Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CCM Mode for Authentication and Confidentiality, NIST Special Publication 800-38C (CCM) using the AES- 256 cipher as specified in FIPS 197.

Note: A CLTU may be segmented and transmitted in multiple encrypted and authenticated data units referred to as secured data units. Each secured data unit will also include an un-encrypted size field, nonce counter, and message authentication code (MAC) and will be prepended with a synchronization marker.

SC-GND-333 The ground to space interface for commanding shall include authentication of the CLTUs according to either Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC, NIST SP 800-38D (GCM) using the AES-256 cipher as specified in FIPS 197 or Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CCM Mode for Authentication and Confidentiality, NIST Special Publication 800-38C (CCM) using the AES-256 cipher as specified in FIPS 197.

SC-GND-34 The space to ground telecommunication interfaces shall use AOS Space Data

Link Protocol, CCSDS 732.0-B-5 for all telemetry.

stack for space to ground communications and processing. This particular standard is for standard Channel Access Data Unit (CADU) fixed sized data frames from SC narrowband.

SC-GND-38 The space to ground telecommunication interfaces shall support selectable randomization of the narrowband downlink in accordance with TM Synchronization and Channel Coding, CCSDS 131.0-B-5.

Rationale: Randomization ensures that high-bit transition density is maintained regardless of data transmitted. High-bit transition density aids reliable acquisition and tracking of the telemetry downlink.

SC-GND-39 The space to ground telecommunication interfaces shall utilize error-correction coding compliant with TM Synchronization and Channel Coding CCSDS 131.0-B-5, applicable on narrowband telemetry downlinks.

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Rationale: The CCSDS recommended coding is a commonly supported standard with high coding gain, including either Reed Solomon (RS) or Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Forward Error Correction Codes.

4.3 NARROWBAND PERFORMANCE

SC-GND-36 For the narrowband command uplink and telemetry downlink the spacecraft shall have a narrowband BER at operational data rates, of better than or equal to 1E-6 (as provided in Table 4.3-1) after demodulation and application of all error-correction code at the end of spacecraft design life, for links to LGN stations. Note: for the command uplink, security authentication prior to BCH decoding of the CLTU precludes coding gain from the BCH decoder

Rationale: The 1E-6 BER is consistent with a reliable RF link.

SC-GND-37 For the narrowband forward and return links to the NSN, the spacecraft shall have a narrowband BER for each of the links as defined in the table below:

Rationale: The BER for NSN links (both ground stations and relay) are measured at the Near Space Network.

Table 4.3-1 Bit Error Rate Values

Link BER Required NSN DTE/LGN Uplink 1E-6 Uncoded NSN DTE/LGN Downlink 1E-6 (After all error correcting code) NSN Space Relay Forward 1E-5 Uncoded NSN Space Relay Return 1E-5 at Viterbi Decoder Output

(Prior to RS decoder) NSN Space Relay Return 1E-6 (After all error correcting code)

SC-GND-379 The spacecraft shall maintain no less than 3 dB of link margin for narrowband DTE (direct to earth) transmissions to all ground stations.

Rationale: Maintaining 3 dB of link margin provides for margin against measurement uncertainty in meeting link performance requirements

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5.0 WIDEBAND

5.1 WIDEBAND INTERFACE PARAMETERS

SC-GND-136 The spacecraft shall provide wideband mission data transmissions to in-view ground stations in accordance with Table 5.1-1.

Rationale: Table 5.1-1 provides a summary of expected interface parameters for the wideband Ka-band link.

Table 5.1-1 Wideband Mission Data Downlink

Parameter Value

Link Bandwidth 25.5- 27.0 GHz Wideband center frequency 26.25 GHz Polarizations Dual polarization Modulation OQPSK or 8PSK per Radio Frequency and Modulation Systems--Part

1: Earth Stations and Spacecraft, CCSDS 401.0-B-32 Total Information Data Rate No less than 2.2 Gbps Forward error correction rate-7/8 LDPC (8160, 7136) shortened NASA code (CCSDS 131.0-B-

5) or Serial Concatenated Convolutional Code (CCSDS 131.2-B-2) De-randomization TM Synchronization and Channel Coding, CCSDS 131.0-B-5 for

LDPC coding or Flexible Advanced Coding and Modulation Scheme for High Rate Telemetry Applications, CCSDS 131.2-B-2 for SCCC coding

Atmospheric (weather) availability

95%

Atmospheric losses 9.0 dB

BER 1E-12

Implementation loss 3 dB Minimum elevation angle 10°

Ground terminal Antenna aperture 7.3m (minimum) Antenna figure of merit (G/T) (without radome or atmospheric effects)

Minimum clear-sky Ka-Band 37.5 dB/K

Axial ratio 1.0 dB Radome loss 2.0 dB

5.2 WIDEBAND PROTOCOLS

SC-GND-44 The space to ground telecommunication interfaces shall support randomization of the wideband downlink in accordance with TM Synchronization and Channel Coding, CCSDS 131.0-B-5 if LDPC coding is used or CCSDS 131.2 if SCCC coding is used.

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Rationale: Randomization ensures that high bit transition density is maintained regardless of data transmitted. High-bit transition density aids reliable acquisition and tracking of the downlink.

SC-GND-45 The space to ground wideband telecommunications interfaces shall utilize either rate 7/8 (8160, 7136) Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) error-correcting coding compliant with CCSDS TM Synchronization and Channel Coding, CCSDS 131.0-B-5 for sliced transfer frames or Serial Concatenated Convolutional Code (SCCC) compliant with CCSDS 131.2-B-2 on wideband downlinks.

Rationale: LDPC 7/8 and SCCC are low overhead FEC for transmission from LEO missions.

SC-GND-397 If SCCC coding is selected for the wideband data downlink, the ACM mode shall not vary but remain fixed throughout the contact with the ground station.

SC-GND-46 The space to ground telecommunications interfaces shall utilize OQPSK or

8PSK modulation on the wideband downlink consistent with Radio Frequency and Modulation Systems--Part 1: Earth Stations and Spacecraft, CCSDS 401.0-B-32.

Rationale: Required for compatible modulation/demodulation between SC and Ground station.

SC-GND-327 The Space to Ground wideband data interface shall utilize Encapsulation

Packet Protocol, CCSDS 133.1 B-3 for all data files from the spacecraft wideband data system to the ground system.

Rationale: Encapsulation packet protocol is designed for low overhead, file type transfer from the spacecraft onboard system.

SC-GND-334 The space to ground telecommunication interfaces shall use Advanced

Orbiting Systems (AOS)- Space Data Link Protocol, CCSDS 732.0-B-5 for all wideband science data.

Rationale: CCSDS standards provide for standard compatible interfaces thru the protocol stack for space to ground communications and processing. This particular standard is for standard CADU fixed sized data frames from SC wideband data.

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5.3 WIDEBAND PERFORMANCE

SC-GND-380 The spacecraft shall support a wideband data rate of no less than 2.2 Gbps

(total information rate).

Rationale: The wideband system will be used to downlink all mission data. Mission data primarily comprises science acquisitions encompassing all land and coastal waterway imaging per WRS-3 and annotated by DRC-18. The payload generates an average data volume per day of approximately 10-12 Terabits of compressed mission data over the 18-day DRC. The Ka-band wideband system will downlink all mission data to a ground network comprised of polar and mid-latitude stations providing approximately 100 minutes of wideband contact time per day.

SC-GND-42 The spacecraft shall maintain 3dB of link margin for the wideband transmission to the Ground Network, in addition to all link-degrading effects (e.g., atmospheric attenuation and noise temperature contributions, and inter-symbol interference) at the end of spacecraft design life.

Rationale: Maintaining 3 dB of margin for the wideband link is necessary to ensure high data integrity and avoid needing to retransmit data.

SC-GND-43 The spacecraft shall have a wideband transmission BER of less than 1E-12 to the ground system after demodulation and application of all error correction code at the end of spacecraft design life.

Rationale: Desire is for error-free GN contact windows. Note that the FEC codes described in Table 5.1-1 have a steep drop-offs for BER performance - essentially pass/fail behavior.

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Appendix A Abbreviations and Acronyms Acronym/Abbreviation Definition % Percent ACCESS Advanced Communications Capabilities for Exploration and Science

Systems AES Advanced Encryption Standard AOS Advanced Orbiting System (CCSDS 732.0-B-5) ARQ Automatic Repeat Query AST Architecture Study Team BER Bit error rate bMOC Backup Mission Operations Center BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying C Centigrade C&DH Command and Data Handling CADU Channel Access Data Unit CARA Conjunction Assessment Risk Assessment CCSDS Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems CLTUs Communications Link Transmission Units CMD Command COP Communication Operation Procedure COTS Commercial-Off-the-Shelf dB Decibels dB/K Decibels per Kelvin dBW Decibels above 1 Watt DPAS Data Processing and Archive System DRC Design Reference Case DRC-18 Design Reference Case - 18 EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power EROS Earth Resources Observation and Science FOT Flight Operations Team g Gravitational Acceleration Gbps Gigabits per second GCM Galois/Counter Mode GFE Government Furnished Equipment GHz Gigahertz GN Ground Network GS Ground System GSE Ground Support Equipment GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center GSSIR Ground System to Spacecraft Integration Test Rack G/T Gain-to-Noise Temperature (dB) HGS Hallway Ground Station ICs International Cooperators ICD Interface Control Document in Inch IRD Interface Requirements Document I&T Integration and Test ITU International Telecommunication Union K Kelvin kbps Kilobits per Second

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Acronym/Abbreviation Definition LDCM Landsat Data Continuity Mission LDPC Low-Density Parity Check LEO Low Earth Orbit LGN Landsat Ground Network LHCP Left-Hand Circularly Polarized LNext Landsat Next LV Launch Vehicle LV-GSE Launch Vehicle-Ground Support Equipment Mbps Megabits per Second MHz Megahertz MOC Mission Operations Center NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NIST National Institute for Standards and Technology No Number NPD NASA Policy Directive NSLRSDA National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive NSN Near Space Network NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration OQPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Rev Revision RF Radio Frequency RHCP Right-hand Circularly Polarized RS Reed-Solomon SA Systems Assurance SC Spacecraft SCIRD Spacecraft Interface Requirements Document SC-GND IRD Spacecraft to Ground Interface Requirements Document SDVF Software Development and Verification Facility sec Second SFCG Space Frequency Coordination Group SLE Space Link Extension SLI Sustainable Land Imaging SM Software Manager SN Space Network SNUG Space Network Users' Guide SSA S-Band Single Access SSL Secure Socket Layer T Time TBD To Be Determined TBR To Be Resolved/Revised TC Telecommand TDRSS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System TIR Thermal Infrared TLM Telemetry TM Test Monitor TM Torque Margin TM Technical Memorandum U.S. United States USGS United States Geological Survey VSWIR Visible through Short Wave Infrared

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Acronym/Abbreviation Definition WAN Wide-Area Network WRS Worldwide Reference System WRS-3 Worldwide Reference System-3 This Acronyms List was generated from the Landsat 10 Common Acronyms List (L10-MGMT-DESC-0006) Draft Rev E.

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Appendix B Definitions Term Definition Collect To acquire, downlink, and subsequently transfer data from the observatory to the ground system.

Mission Data The time-correlated data set containing Landsat 10 imaging sensor data, spacecraft and LandIS ancillary data.

Observatory The spacecraft plus LandIS, that are flown as part of the Landsat 10 mission.

Wideband Data The downlinked Mission Data that have been processed and formatted for efficient data transmission.

Examples of wideband data processing steps for Landsat 10 purposes include lossless compression, error detection and correction coding, and pseudo-noise encoding. Examples of wideband data formatting include packet and frame-level organization of the Landsat 10 image sensor, ancillary data and stored housekeeping data.

These Definitions were generated from the Landsat 10 Common Lexicon (L10-SYS-DESC-0004) Draft Rev E.