Attachment 0018 Supplementary Reference IFR Specifications Book.pdf

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02210 – Grading

Page - 1/5

SECTION 02210 - GRADING

PART – 1. GENERAL

1.1. REFERENCES

The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced.

The publications are referred to in the text by basic designation only.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM D 1556 (1990) Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone

Method

ASTM D 1557 (1991) Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified

Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/cu. ft. (2,700 kn.-m/cu.m.)

ASTM D 2167 (1984; R 1990) Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber

Balloon Method

ASTM D 2487 (1993) Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil

Classification System)

ASTM D 2922 (1991) Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods

(Shallow Depth)

ASTM D 3017 (1988; R 1993) Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place by Nuclear

Methods (Shallow Depth)

SAUDI ARABIAN STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (SASO)

Applicable Sections.

1.2 DEFINITIONS

1.2.1. Satisfactory Materials

Materials classified in ASTM D 2487 as GW, GP, and SW, and free from roots and other organic matter, debris, and stones larger than 150 mm in any dimension are satisfactory.

1.2.2. Unsatisfactory Materials

Materials, which do not comply with the requirements for satisfactory materials, are unsatisfactory. Materials classified in ASTM D 2487 as Pt, OH and OL are unsatisfactory. Unsatisfactory materials also include man-made fills, refuse, or backfills from previous construction.

1.2.3. Cohesionless and Cohesive Materials

Cohesive materials include materials classified as GC, SC, ML, CL, MH, and CH.

Cohesionless materials include materials classified in ASTM D 2487 as GW, GP, Page - 2/5

SW, and SP. Materials classified as GM and SM will be identified as cohesionless only when the fines have a plasticity index of zero.

1.2.4. Degree of Compaction

Degree of compaction is a percentage of the maximum density obtained by the test procedure presented in ASTM D 1557 abbreviated below as a percent of laboratory maximum density.

1.2.5. Topsoil

Material suitable for topsoils obtained from offsite areas shall be used for surface finish in preparation for seeding, sodding, or other planting.

1.3 SUBMITTALS

Contracting Officer approval is required for submittals with a "GA" designation; submittals having an "FIO" designation are for information only. The following shall be submitted in accordance with Section 01300 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES:

SD-08 Statements

Field Testing Control; GA. Qualifications of the commercial testing laboratory who will be performing all testing in accordance with paragraph FIELD TESTING CONTROL.

SD-09 Reports

Field Testing Control; GA. Satisfactory Materials; GA. Certified test reports and analysis certifying that the satisfactory materials proposed for use at the project site conform to the specified requirements, and for all tests conducted in accordance with paragraph FIELD

TESTING CONTROL.

1.4 SUBSURFACE DATA

The subsoil investigation report and samples of materials taken from subsurface investigations represent the best subsurface information available; however, variations may exist in the subsurface between boring locations.

PART- 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 BORROW MATERIAL

Borrow material shall be selected to meet requirements and conditions of the particular fill for which it is to be used. Necessary clearing, grubbing, disposal of debris, and satisfactory drainage of borrow pits shall be performed by the Contractor as incidental operations to the borrow excavation.

2.1.1. Selection

Borrow material shall be obtained from approved sources, either private or within the limits of the project site, selected by the Contractor. Unless otherwise

Page - 3/5 provided in the contract, the Contractor shall obtain from the owners the right to procure material, pay royalties and other charges involved, and bear the expense of developing the sources, including rights-of-way for hauling. Borrow material from approved sources on User-controlled land may be obtained without payment of royalties. Unless specifically provided, no borrow shall be obtained within the limits of the project site without prior written approval.

2.1.2. Borrow Pits

Except as otherwise permitted, borrow pits shall be excavated to afford adequate drainage. Overburden and other spoil material shall be disposed of or used for special purposes. Borrow pits shall be neatly trimmed after the excavation is completed.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 CONSERVATION OF TOPSOIL

Where indicated, topsoil shall be removed to a depth of 150 millimeters without contamination with subsoil and stockpiled convenient to areas for later application or at locations specified. Topsoil shall be removed to full depth and shall be stored separate from other excavated materials and piled free of roots, stones, and other undesirable materials.

Any surplus of topsoil from excavations and grading shall be removed from the site.

3.2 EXCAVATION

After topsoil removal has been completed, excavation of every description, regardless of material encountered, within the grading limits of the project shall be performed to the lines and grades indicated. Satisfactory excavation material shall be transported to and placed in fill areas within the limits of the work. All unsatisfactory material including any soil that is disturbed by the Contractor’s operations or softened due to exposure to the elements and water and surplus material shall be removed from site. In the event that it is necessary to remove unsatisfactory material to a depth greater than specified the Contracting Officer shall be notified and an adjustment in the contract price will be considered in accordance with the contract. Excavations carried below the depths indicated, without specific directions, shall, except as otherwise specified, be refilled to the proper grade with satisfactory material as directed. All additional work of this nature shall be at the Contractor's expense. Excavation and filling shall be performed in a manner and sequence that will provide drainage at all times. Excavations shall be kept free from water while construction therein is in progress. Material required for fills in excess of that produced by excavation within the grading limits shall be obtained from borrow areas.

3.3 DITCHES, GUTTERS, AND CHANNEL CHANGES

Ditches, gutters, and channel changes shall be cut accurately to the cross sections and grades indicated. All roots, stumps, rock, and foreign matter in the sides and bottom of ditches, gutters, and channel changes shall be trimmed and dressed or removed to conform to the slope, grade, and shape of the section indicated. Care shall be taken not to excavate ditches and gutters below the grades indicated. Excessive ditch and gutter excavation shall be backfilled to grade either with satisfactory, thoroughly compacted material or with suitable stone or cobble to form an adequate gutter paving as directed. All ditches and

Page - 4/5 gutters excavated under this section shall be maintained until final acceptance of the work.

Satisfactory material excavated from ditches and channel changes shall be placed in fill areas. Unsatisfactory and excess excavated material shall be disposed of in accordance with directions in paragraph EXCAVATION. No excavated material shall be deposited closer to the edges of the ditches than indicated and in no case less than 1 meter.

3.4 BACKFILL ADJACENT TO STRUCTURES

Backfill adjacent to structures shall be placed and compacted uniformly in such manner as to prevent wedging action or eccentric loading upon or against the structures. Slopes bounding or within areas to be backfilled shall be stepped or serrated to prevent sliding of the fill.

During backfilling operations and in the formation of embankments, equipment that will overload the structure in passing over and compacting these fills shall not be used. Backfill for storm drains and subdrains, including the bedding and backfill for structures other than culverts and drains, shall conform to the additional requirements in other applicable sections.

3.5 PREPARATION OF GROUND SURFACE FOR FILL

All vegetation, such as roots, brush, heavy sods, heavy growth of grass, and all decayed vegetable matter, rubbish, and other unsatisfactory material within the area upon which fill is to be placed, shall be stripped or otherwise removed before the fill is started. In no case will unsatisfactory material remain in or under the fill area. Sloped ground surfaces steeper than one vertical to four horizontal on which fill is to be placed shall be plowed, stepped, or broken up, as directed, in such manner that the fill material will bond with the existing surface. Prepared surfaces on which compacted fill is to be placed shall be wetted or dried as may be required to obtain the specified moisture content and density.

3.6 FILLS AND EMBANKMENTS

Fills and embankments shall be constructed at the locations and to lines and grades indicated. The completed fill shall conform to the shape of the typical sections indicated or shall meet the requirements of the particular case. Satisfactory material obtained during excavation may be used in forming required fill. Fill shall be satisfactory material and shall be reasonably free from roots, other organic material, and trash and from stones having a maximum diameter greater than 150 mm. No frozen material will be permitted in the fill.

Stones having a dimension greater than 100 mm shall not be permitted in the upper 150 mm of fill or embankment. The material shall be placed in successive horizontal layers of 200 mm in loose depth for the full width of the cross section and shall be compacted as specified. Each layer shall be compacted before the overlaying lift is placed. Moisture content of the fill or backfill material shall be adjusted by wetting or aerating, as required, to within plus or minus 3 percent of optimum moisture content as determined from laboratory tests specified in paragraph DEFINITIONS.

3.7 COMPACTION

Except for paved areas, each layer of the fill or embankment shall be compacted to at least 95 percent of laboratory maximum density. Areas to be paved and other areas indicated, as requiring compaction suitable for paved areas shall be compacted to at least the percentage of laboratory maximum density specified in Section 02225 EARTHWORK.

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3.8 FINISHED EXCAVATION, FILLS, AND EMBANKMENTS

All areas covered by the project, including excavated and filled sections and adjacent transition areas, shall be uniformly smooth graded. The finished surface shall be reasonably smooth, compacted, and free from irregular surface changes. The degree of finish shall be that ordinarily obtainable from blade grader operations, except as otherwise specified.

Ditches and gutters shall be finished to permit adequate drainage. The surface of areas to be turfed shall be finished to smoothness suitable for the application of turfing materials.

For sub grade areas to be paved, the following shall be accomplished as required: (a) soft or otherwise unsatisfactory material shall be replaced with satisfactory excavated material or other approved materials; (b) rock encountered in the cut sections shall be excavated to a depth of 150 mm below finished grade for the sub grade; (c) low areas resulting from removal of unsatisfactory material or from excavation of rock shall be brought up to required grade with satisfactory materials, and the entire sub grade shall be shaped to line, grade, and cross section and shall be compacted as specified. The surface of embankments or excavated areas for road construction or other areas on which a base course or pavement is to be placed shall vary not more than 15 mm from the established grade and approved cross section. Surfaces other than those that are to be paved shall be finished not more than 45 mm above or below the established grade or approved cross section.

3.9 PLACING TOPSOIL

On areas to receive topsoil, the compacted sub grade soil shall be scarified to a 50 mm depth for bonding of topsoil with subsoil. Topsoil then shall be spread evenly to a thickness of 100 mm and graded to the elevations and slopes shown. Topsoil shall not be spread when frozen or excessively wet or dry. Material required for topsoil in excess of that produced by excavation within the grading limits shall be obtained from off-site areas.

3.10 FIELD TESTING CONTROL

Testing shall be the responsibility of the Contractor and shall be performed by an approved commercial testing laboratory or by the Contractor subject to approval. Field density and moisture content tests shall be performed on every 500 square meters of each 300 millimeters lift placed. Field in place density shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D 1556. Field density test can be exercised for large open area other than buildings/ structures area by Nuclear method (Troxeller) also.

3.11 PROTECTION

Newly graded areas shall be protected from traffic and from erosion, and any settlement or washing away that may occur from any cause, prior to acceptance, shall be repaired and grades reestablished to the required elevations and slopes. All work shall be conducted in accordance with the environmental protection requirements of the contract.

--- END OF SECTION ---

02221 – Excavation, Filling & Backfilling for Bldgs.

Page - 1/8

SECTION 02221 - EXCAVATION, FILLING AND BACKFILLING FOR

BUILDINGS

1.1. REFERENCES

ASTM D 1556 (1990) Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method.

ASTM D 1557 (1991) Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-1bf/cu. ft (2,700 KN.m/cu.m)).

ASTM D 2167 (1994) Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon Method.

ASTM D 2216 (1992) Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil, and Rock.

ASTM D 2487 (1993) Classification of Soils for Engineering Purpose (Unified Soil Classification System).

ASTM D 2922 (1991) Density of Soil and Soil Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth).

ASTM D 2937 (1994) Density of Soil in Place by the Drive- Cylinder Method.

ASTM D 3017 (1988, R 1993) Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth).

ASTM D 4318 (1993) Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils.

1.2.1. Degree of Compaction

Degree of compaction required is expressed as a percentage of the maximum density obtained by the test procedure presented in ASTM D 1557 abbreviated hereinafter as percent laboratory maximum density. Nuclear Method (Troxeller) for field density test can be used for large open area other than buildings/structures.

Page - 2/8

PART- 2. PRODUCTS

2.1. MATERIALS

2.1.1. Satisfactory Materials

Satisfactory materials include materials classified in ASTM D 2487 as GW, GP, and SW, and shall be free of debris, roots or other organic matter, or stones larger than 75 mm in any dimension should be specifically described for structural fill for buildings.

2.1.2. Unsatisfactory Materials

Unsatisfactory materials include materials classified in ASTM D 2487 as PT, OH, and OL, and any other materials not defined as satisfactory.

2.1.3. Cohesionless and Cohesive Materials

Cohesionless materials include materials classified in ASTM D 2487 as GW, GP, SW, and SP. Cohesive materials include materials classified as GC, SC, ML, CL, MH, and CH. Materials classified as GM and SM will be identified as cohesionless only when the fines are nonplastic.

2.1.4. Expansive Soils

Expansive soils are defined as soils that have a plasticity index equal to or greater than 18 when tested in accordance with ASTM D 4318.

2.1.5. Backfill and Structural/Engineering Fill: Use satisfactory soil materials as mentioned above for backfilling and filling for buildings including structural/engineering fill for sub-structure and foundations.

2.2. CAPILLARY WATER BARRIER

Capillary Water Barrier shall consist of clean, crushed, nonporous rock, crushed gravel, or uncrushed gravel. The maximum particle size shall be 37.5 mm and no more than 2 percent by weight shall pass the 4.75 mm size sieve.

PART -3 . EXECUTION

3.1. CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Clearing and grubbing is specified in Section 02110 CLEARING AND GRUBBING.

3.2. TOPSOIL

Topsoil shall be stripped to a depth of 100 millimeters below existing grade within the designated excavations and grading lines and deposited in storage piles for later use. Excess topsoil shall be disposed as specified for excess excavated material.

Page - 3/8

3.3 EXCAVATION

Excavation shall conform to the dimensions and elevations indicated for each building, structure, and footing except as specified hereinafter, and shall include trenching for utility and foundation drainage systems to a point 1.5m beyond the building line of each building and structure excavation for outside grease interceptors, underground fuel tanks and all work incidental thereto. Excavation shall extend a sufficient distance from walls and footings to allow for placing and removal of forms. Excavations below indicated depths will not be permitted except to remove unsatisfactory material. Unsatisfactory material encountered below the grades shown shall be removed as directed and replaced with satisfactory material. Satisfactory material removed below the depths indicated without specific direction of the Contracting Officer shall be replaced at no additional cost to the Government to the indicated excavation grade with satisfactory materials, except that concrete footings shall be increased in thickness to the bottom of the overdepth excavations and over-break in rock excavation. Satisfactory material shall be placed and compacted as specified in paragraph FILLING AND BACKFILLING. Determination of elevations and measurements of approved overdepth excavation of unsatisfactory material below grades indicated shall be done under the direction of the Contracting Officer.

3.4. DRAINAGE AND DEWATERING

3.4.1. Drainage

Surface water shall be directed away from excavation and construction sites so as to prevent erosion and undermining of foundations. Diversion ditches, dikes and grading shall be provided and maintained as necessary during construction.

Excavated slopes and backfill surfaces shall be protected to prevent erosion and sloughing. Excavation shall be performed so that the site and the area immediately surrounding the site and affecting operations at the site shall be continually and effectively drained.

3.4.2. Dewatering

Groundwater flowing toward or into excavations shall be controlled to prevent sloughing of excavation slopes and walls, boils, uplift and heave in the excavation and to eliminate interference with orderly progress of construction. French drains, sumps, ditches or trenches will not to be permitted within 900mm of the foundation of any structure, except with specific written approval, and after specific contractual provisions for restoration of the foundation area have been made. Control measures shall be taken by the time the excavation reaches the water level in order to maintain the integrity of the in situ material. While the excavation is open, the water level shall be maintained continuously, at least 0.6 meters below the working level.

3.5 SHORING

Shoring, including sheet piling, shall be furnished and installed as necessary to protect workmen, banks, adjacent paving, structures, and utilities. Shoring bracing, and sheeting shall be removed as excavations are backfilled, in a manner to prevent caving.

Page - 4/8

3.6 CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATION

Excavation will be unclassified regardless of the nature of material encountered.

3.7 BLASTING

Blasting will not be permitted.

3.8. ROCK REMOVAL

Rocks obstructing the above ground construction and excavation shall be removed and disposed of at designated spoil areas approved by the Contracting Officer. Rock removal method shall be subject to the approval of Contracting Officer.

3.9 UTILITY AND DRAIN TRENCHES

Trenches for underground utilities systems and drain lines shall be excavated to the required alignments and depths. The bottoms of trenches shall be graded to secure the required slope and shall be tamped if necessary to provide a firm pipe bed. Recesses shall be excavated to accommodate bells and joints so that pipe will be uniformly supported for the entire length. Rock, where encountered, shall be excavated to a depth of at least 150mm below the bottom of the pipe, and the overdepth shall be backfilled with satisfactory material placed and compacted in conformance with paragraph FILLING AND

BACKFILLING.

3.10 BORROW

Where satisfactory materials are not available in sufficient quantity from required excavations, approved materials shall be obtained as specified in Section 02225

EARTHWORK FOR ROADWAYS.

3.11 EXCAVATED MATERIALS

Satisfactory excavated material required for fill or backfill shall be placed in the proper section of the permanent work required under this section or shall be separately stockpiled if it cannot be readily placed. Satisfactory material in excess of that required for the permanent work and all unsatisfactory material shall be disposed of as specified in Section

02225 – EARTHWORK FOR ROADWAYS.

3.12 FINAL GRADE OF SURFACES TO SUPPORT CONCRETE

Page - 5/8

Excavation to final grade shall not be made until just before concrete is to be placed.

3.13 SUBGRADE PREPARATION

Unsatisfactory material in surface to receive fill or in excavated areas shall be removed and replaced with satisfactory materials. The surface shall be scarified to a depth of 150 mm before the fill is started. Sloped-surfaces steeper than 1 vertical to 4 horizontal shall be plowed, stepped, benched, or broken up so that the fill material will bond with the existing material. When subgrades are less than the specified density, the ground surface shall be broken up to a minimum depth of 150 mm, pulverized, and compacted to the specified density. When the subgrade is part fill and part excavation or natural ground, the excavated or natural ground portion shall be scarified to a depth of 300 mm and compacted as specified for the adjacent fill. Material shall not be placed on surfaces that are muddy, frozen, or contain frost. Compaction shall be accomplished by sheep’s foot rollers, pneumatic tired rollers, steel-wheeled rollers, or other approved equipment well suited to the soil being compacted. Material shall be moistened or aerated as necessary to provide the moisture content that will readily facilitate obtaining the specified compaction with the equipment used. Minimum subgrade density shall be as specified in paragraph FILLING AND

BACKFILLING.

3.14 FILLING AND BACKFILLING

Satisfactory materials shall be used in bringing fills and backfills, including structural/engineering fill, to the lines and grades indicated and for replacing unsatisfactory materials. Satisfactory materials shall be placed in horizontal layers not exceeding 200 mm in loose thickness, or 150 mm when hand-operated compactors are used.

After placing, each layer shall be plowed, disked, or otherwise broken up, moistened or aerated as necessary, thoroughly mixed and compacted as specified. Backfilling shall not begin until construction below finish grade has been approved, underground utilities systems have been inspected, tested and approved, forms removed, and the excavation cleaned of trash and debris. Backfill shall be brought to indicated finish grade and shall include backfill for outside grease interceptors and underground fuel tanks. Backfill shall not be placed in wet or frozen areas. Where pipe is coated or wrapped for protection against corrosion, the backfill material up to an elevation 600 mm above sewer lines and 300 mm above other utility lines shall be free from stones larger than 25.4 mm in any dimension.

Heavy equipment for spreading and compacting backfill shall not be operated closer to foundation or retaining walls than a distance equal to the height of backfill above the top of footing; the area remaining shall be compacted in layers not more than 100 mm in compacted thickness with power-driven hand tampers suitable for the material being compacted.

Backfill shall be placed carefully around pipes or tanks to avoid damage to coatings, wrappings, or tanks. Backfill shall not be placed against foundation walls prior to 7 days after completion of the walls. As far as practicable, backfill shall be brought up evenly on each side of the wall and sloped to drain away from the wall. Each layer of fill and backfill shall be compacted to not less than the percentage of maximum density specified below:

Page - 6/8

Percent Laboratory maximum density

Cohesive material Cohesionless material

Fill, embankment, and backfill including structural/engineering fill

Under structures, building slabs, steps, paved areas, around footings, and in trenches

Under sidewalks and grassed areas 85 90

Sub-grade

Under building slabs, steps, and paved areas, top 300 mm

Under sidewalks, top 150 mm 85 90

Approved compacted sub-grades that are disturbed by the Contractor’s operations or adverse weather shall be scarified and compacted as specified herein before to the required density prior to further construction thereon. Recompaction over under-ground utilities and heating lines shall be by hand tamping.

3.15 TESTING

Testing shall be the responsibility of the Contractor and shall be performed at no additional cost to the Government. Testing shall be performed by an approved commercial testing laboratory or may be performed by the Contractor subject to approval. Field in-place density shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D 1556 or ASTM D 2167.

ASTM D 2937 shall be used only for soft, fine-grained, cohesive soils. The following number of tests, if performed at the appropriate time, shall be the minimum acceptable for each type operation.

3.15.1. In-place Densities

3.15.1.1. In-place Density of Sub-grades

One test per 1,000 square meters or fraction thereof.

3.15.1.2 In-Place Density of Fills and Backfills including Structural/Engineering

Fill.

One test per 1,000 square meters or fraction thereof of each lift for fill or backfill areas compacted by other than hand or hand-operated machines. The density for each lift of fill or backfill materials for trenches, pits, building perimeters or other structures or areas less than 3 meters in width, which are compacted with hand or hand-operated machines shall be tested as follows: One test per each area less than 275 square meters, or one test for each 60 linear meters of long narrow fills.

Page - 7/8

3.15.2. Moisture Content

In the stockpile, excavation or borrow areas, a minimum of two tests per day per type of material or source of materials being placed is required during stable weather conditions. During unstable weather, tests shall be made as dictated by local conditions and approved moisture content shall be tested in accordance with

ASTM D 2216.

3.15.3. Optimum Moisture and Laboratory Maximum Density

Tests shall be made for each type material or source of material including borrow material to determine the optimum moisture and laboratory maximum density values. One representative test per 500 cubic meters of fill and backfill, or when any change in material occurs which may affect the optimum moisture content or laboratory maximum density will be made.

3.16. CAPILLARY WATER BARRIER

Capillary water barrier under concrete floor and area-way slabs on grade shall be placed directly on the subgrade and shall be compacted with a minimum of two passes of a hand-operated plate-type vibratory compactor.

3.17. GRADING

Areas within 1.5 m outside of each building and structure line shall be constructed true-to-grade, shaped to drain, and shall be maintained free of trash and debris until final inspection has been completed and the work has been accepted.

3.18. SPREADING TOPSOIL

Areas outside the building lines from which topsoil has been removed shall be topsoiled. The surface shall be free of materials that would hinder planting or maintenance operations. The subgrade shall be pulverized to a depth of 50 mm by disking or plowing for the bonding of topsoil with the subsoil. Topsoil shall then be uniformly spread, graded, and compacted to the thickness, elevations, and slopes shown, and left free of surface irregularities. Topsoil shall be compacted by one pass of a cultipacker, roller, or other approved equipment weighing 1.46 kN/m to 2.34 kN/m of roller. Topsoil shall not be placed when the subgrade is frozen, excessively wet, extremely dry, or in a condition otherwise detrimental to seeding, planting, or proper grading.

3.19. PROTECTION

Settlement or washing that occurs in graded, topsoiled, or backfilled areas prior to acceptance of the work shall be repaired and grades reestablished to the require elevations and slopes.

Page - 8/8

02222 – Excavation Trenching and

Backfilling for Utilities System Page - 1/7

SECTION 02222 - EXCAVATION, TRENCHING, AND BACKFILLING FOR

UTILITIES SYSTEMS

ASTM D 422 (1963; R 1990) Particle-Size Analysis of Soils

Method

ASTM D 1557 (1991) Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/cu. ft. (2,700 kN-m/cu. m.)

ASTM D 2167 (1994) Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon Method

ASTM D 2487 (1993) Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System

ASTM D 2922 (1991) Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

1.2. DEFINITIONS

1.2.1. Degree of Compaction

Degree of compaction shall be expressed as a percentage of the maximum density obtained by the test procedure presented in ASTM D 1557. Nuclear Method (Troxeller) for field density test can be used for large open area other than buildings/structures.

1.3. SUBMITTALS

accordance with Section 01300 SUBMITTAL

PROCEDURES:

Backfilling for Utilities System Page - 2/7

SD-09 Reports Field Density Tests; GA. Testing of Backfill Materials; GA. Copies of all laboratory and field test reports within 24 hours of the completion of the test.

PART - 2 PRODUCTS

2.1.1. Satisfactory Materials

Satisfactory materials shall consist of any material classified by ASTM D 2487 as GW, GP, and SW should be specifically described for structural fill for buildings.

2.1.2. Unsatisfactory Materials

Unsatisfactory materials shall be materials that do not comply with the requirements for satisfactory materials. Unsatisfactory materials include but are not limited to those materials containing roots and other organic matter, trash, debris, frozen materials and stones larger than 75 millimeters, and materials classified in ASTM D 2487, as PT, OH, and OL. Unsatisfactory materials also include man-made fills, refuse, or backfills from previous construction.

2.1.3. Cohesionless and Cohesive Materials

Cohesionless materials shall include materials classified in ASTM D 2487 as GW, GP, SW, and SP. Cohesive materials include materials classified as GC, SC, ML, CL, MH, and CH. Materials classified as GM and SM will be identified as cohesionless only when the fines are non-plastic.

2.1.4. Unyielding Material

Unyielding material shall consist of rock and gravelly soils with stones greater than 75 millimeters in any dimension or as defined by the pipe manufacturer, whichever is smaller.

2.1.5. Unstable Material

Unstable material shall consist of materials too wet to properly support the utility pipe, conduit, or appurtenant structure.

2.1.6. Select Granular Material

Select granular material shall consist of well-graded sand, gravel, crushed gravel, crushed stone or crushed slag composed of hard, tough and durable particles, and shall contain not more than 10 percent by weight of material passing a 0.075 mm mesh sieve and no less than 95 percent by weight passing the 25 mm sieve. The maximum allowable aggregate size shall be 37.5 millimeters, or the maximum size recommended by the pipe manufacturer, whichever is smaller.

2.1.7. Initial Backfill Material

Initial backfill shall consist of select granular material or satisfactory materials free from rocks 37.5 millimeters or larger in any dimension or free from rocks of

Backfilling for Utilities System Page - 3/7 such size as recommended by the pipe manufacturer, whichever is smaller. When the pipe is coated or wrapped for corrosion protection, the initial backfill material shall be free of stones larger than 25 millimeters in any dimension or as recommended by the pipe manufacturer, whichever is smaller.

2.1.8. Plastic Marking Tape

Plastic marking tape shall be acid and alkali-resistant polyethylene film, 152 mm wide with minimum thickness of 0.102 mm. Tape shall have a minimum strength of

12.1 MPa lengthwise and 10.3 MPa crosswise. The tape shall be manufactured with integral wires, foil backing or other means to enable detection by a metal detector when the tape is buried up to 1 meter deep. The tape shall be of a type specifically manufactured for marking and locating underground utilities. The metallic core of the tape shall be encased in a protective jacket or provided with other means to protect it from corrosion. Tape color shall be as specified in TABLE 1 and shall bear a continuous printed inscription describing the specific utility. Printed inscription shall be in both Arabic and English.

TABLE - 1. Tape Color

Red: Electric Yellow: Gas, Oil, Dangerous Materials Orange: Telephone, Telegraph, Television, Police, and Fire Communications Blue: Water Systems Green: Sewer Systems

PART- 3 EXECUTION

3.1. EXCAVATION

Excavation shall be performed to the lines and grades indicated. Earth excavation shall include removal and disposal of material not classified as rock excavation. During excavation, material satisfactory for backfilling shall be stockpiled in an orderly manner at a distance from the banks of the trench equal to 1/2 the depth of the excavation, but in no instance closer than 600 mm. Excavated material not required or not satisfactory for backfill shall be removed from the site. Grading shall be done as may be necessary to prevent surface water from flowing into the excavation, and any water accumulating therein shall be removed to maintain the stability of the bottom and sides of the excavation. Unauthorized overexcavation shall be backfilled in accordance with paragraph BACKFILLING AND COMPACTION at no additional cost to the User.

3.1.1 Trench Excavation

The trench shall be excavated as recommended by the manufacturer of the pipe to be installed. Trench walls below the top of the pipe shall be sloped, or made vertical, and of such width as recommended in the manufacturer's installation manual. Where no manufacturer's installation manual is available, trench walls shall be made vertical.

Trench walls more than 1.2 meters high shall be shored, cut back to a stable slope, or provided with equivalent means of protection for employees who may be exposed to moving ground or cave in. Vertical trench walls more than 1.2 meters high shall be shored. Trench walls which are cut back shall be excavated to at least the angle of repose of the soil. Special attention shall be given to slopes, which may be adversely

Backfilling for Utilities System Page - 4/7 affected by weather or moisture content. The trench width below the top of pipe shall not exceed 600 mm plus pipe outside diameter (O.D.) for pipes of less than 600 mm inside diameter and shall not exceed 900 mm plus pipe outside diameter for sizes larger than 600 mm inside diameter. Where recommended trench widths are exceeded, redesign, stronger pipe, or special installation procedures shall be utilized by the Contractor. The cost of redesign, stronger pipe, or special installation procedures shall be borne by the Contractor without any additional cost to the User.

3.1.1.1. Bottom Preparation

The bottoms of trenches shall be accurately graded to provide uniform bearing and support for the bottom quadrant of each section of the pipe.

Bell holes shall be excavated to the necessary size at each joint or coupling to eliminate point bearing. Stones of 37.5 millimeters or greater in any dimension, or as recommended by the pipe manufacturer, whichever is smaller, shall be removed to avoid point bearing.

3.1.1.2 Removal of Unyielding Material

Where overdepth is not indicated and unyielding material is encountered in the trench, such material shall be removed 100 millimeters below the required grade and replaced with suitable materials as provided in paragraph

BACKFILLING AND COMPACTION.

3.1.1.3 Removal of Unstable Material

Where unstable material is encountered in the bottom of the trench, such material shall be removed to the depth directed and replaced to the proper grade with select granular material as provided in paragraph BACKFILLING AND COMPACTION. When removal of unstable material is required due to the fault or neglect of the Contractor in his performance of the work, the resulting material shall be excavated and replaced by the Contractor without additional cost to the User.

3.1.1.4 Excavation for Appurtenances

Excavation for manholes, catch basins, inlets, or similar structures shall be of sufficient size to permit the placement and removal of forms for the full length and width of structure footings and foundations as shown. Rock shall be cleaned of loose debris and cut to a firm surface either level, stepped, or serrated, as shown or as directed. Loose disintegrated rock and thin strata shall be removed. Removal of unstable material shall be as specified above.

When concrete or masonry is to be placed in an excavated area, special care shall be taken not to disturb the bottom of the excavation. Excavation to the final grade level shall not be made until just before the concrete or masonry is to be placed.

3.1.1.5. Jacking, Boring, and Tunneling

Unless otherwise indicated, excavation shall be by open cut except that sections of a trench may be jacked, bored, or tunneled if, in the opinion of the Contracting Officer, the pipe, cable, or duct can be safely and properly installed and backfill can be properly compacted in such sections.

Backfilling for Utilities System Page - 5/7

3.1.1.6 Stockpiles

Stockpiles of satisfactory materials shall be placed and graded as specified.

Stockpiles shall be kept in a neat and well drained condition, giving due consideration to drainage at all times. The ground surface at stockpile locations shall be cleared, grubbed, and sealed by rubber-tired equipment, excavated satisfactory and unsatisfactory materials shall be separately stockpiled. Stockpiles of satisfactory materials shall be protected from contamination which may destroy the quality and fitness of the stockpiled material. If the Contractor fails to protect the stockpiles, and any material becomes unsatisfactory, such material shall be removed and replaced with satisfactory material from approved sources at no additional cost to the User. Locations of stockpiles of satisfactory materials shall be subject to prior approval of the Contracting Officer.

3.2 BACKFILLING AND COMPACTION

Backfill material shall consist of satisfactory material, select granular material, or initial backfill material as required. Backfill shall be placed in layers not exceeding 150 mm loose thickness for compaction by hand operated machine compactors, and 200 mm loose thickness for other than hand operated machines, unless otherwise specified. Each layer shall be compacted to at least 95 percent maximum density for cohesionless soils and 90 percent maximum density for cohesive soils, unless otherwise specified.

3.2.1. Trench Backfill

Trenches shall be backfilled to the grade shown. The trench shall be backfilled to

0.6 meters above the top of pipe prior to performing the required pressure tests.

The joints and couplings shall be left uncovered during the pressure test. The trench shall not be backfilled until all specified tests are performed.

3.2.1.1 Replacement of Unyielding Material

Unyielding material removed from the bottom of the trench shall be replaced with select granular material or initial backfill material.

3.2.1.2 Replacement of Unstable Material

Unstable material removed from the bottom of the trench or excavation shall be replaced with select granular material placed in layers not exceeding 150 mm loose thickness.

3.2.1.3 Bedding and Initial Backfill

Bedding shall be of the type and thickness shown. Initial backfill placed and compacted with approved tampers to a height of at least one foot above the utility pipe or conduit. The backfill shall be brought up evenly on both sides of the pipe for the full length of the pipe. Care shall be taken to ensure thorough compaction of the fill under the haunches of the pipe.

3.2.1.4 Final Backfill

Backfilling for Utilities System Page - 6/7

The remainder of the trench, except for special materials for roadways, railroads and airfields, shall be filled with satisfactory material. Backfill material shall be placed and compacted as follows:

a. Roadways: Backfill shall be placed up to the elevation at which the requirements in Section 02225 EARTHWORK FOR…