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900MAN2249A DISTRIBUTION 21.2.3

VOLUME 2

Special Report

Optical Signatures Code

Volume 2

BASIC Option Example Cases

June 2016

SPONSORED BY THE MISSILE DEFENSE AGENCY

NOTICE – The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this document are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of Defense position, policy, or decision unless designated by other official documentation.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C – Distribution authorized to U.S. Government Agencies and their contractors; Critical Technology, Export Controlled; 30 November 2015. Other requests for this document shall be referred to MDA/ESP (Attn: Mark Underwood or active program COTR), 5224 Martin Road, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 or higher DoD authority.

WARNING – This document contains technical data whose export is restricted by the Arms Export Control Act (Title 22, U.S.C. sec 2751 et seq.) or the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended, Title 50, U.S.C., App. 2401 et seq.

Violations of these export laws are subject to severe criminal penalties.

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NOTICE – This document contains information that may be exempt from mandatory disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.

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Optical Signatures Code Volume 2 – BASIC Option Example Cases Contract No.:

HQ0147-11-D-0015

Task Order 9

CDRL A031

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900MAN2249A

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Missile Defense Agency

MDA/ESP

5224 Martin Road

Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 35898

Attention: Mark Underwood

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Controlled; 30 November 2015. Other requests for this document shall be referred to MDA/ESP (Attn: Mark Underwood or active program COTR), 5224

Martin Road, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 or higher DoD authority.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BASIC Option is used in the Optical Signatures Code (OSC) to link several independent software components that provide visible and infrared (IR) signatures encountered by rocket-borne, airborne, or ground-based sensors in a Ballistic

Missile Defense (BMD) environment. This manual contains input from ten original OSC example cases, fifteen validation and verification test cases, and fifty-one other test cases illustrating the OSC BASIC Option utilization. This manual is intended for use in conjunction with OSC BASIC Option Reference Manual.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

OSC, trajectory, flowfield, subsonic, supersonic, hypersonic, thermal response, earthshine, albedo, ablation, radiation, convection, reflection, BRDF, optical signature, sensor, visible, infrared, SWIR, MWIR, LWIR, missile, reentry vehicle, RV, countermeasures, wake

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SPECIAL REPORT

900MAN2249A

Optical Signatures Code

Volume 2

BASIC Option Example Cases

June 2016

NOTICE – The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this document are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of Defense position, policy, or decision unless designated by other official documentation.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C – Distribution authorized to U.S. Government Agencies and their contractors; Critical Technology, Export Controlled; 30 November 2015. Other requests for this document shall be referred to MDA/ESP (Attn: Mark Underwood or active program COTR), 5224 Martin Road, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 or higher DoD authority.

WARNING – This document contains technical data whose export is restricted by the Arms Export Control Act (Title 22, U.S.C. sec 2751 et seq.) or the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended, Title 50, U.S.C., App. 2401 et seq.

Violations of these export laws are subject to severe criminal penalties.

Disseminate in accordance with the provisions of DoD Directive 5230.25.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE – For classified documents follow the procedures in DoD 5200.22-M, Industrial Security Manual, Section 11-19 ORD or 5200.1-R, Information Security Program Regulation Chapter IX. For unclassified, limited documents destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

NOTICE – This document contains information that may be exempt from mandatory disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.

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Updated distribution markings, task order number, sponsor, software version, references, and revision history v

ABSTRACT

The BASIC Option is used in the Optical Signatures Code (OSC) to link several software components that provide visible and infrared (IR) signatures encountered by rocket-borne, airborne, or ground-based sensors in a Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) environment. This manual contains input from ten original OSC example cases, fifteen validation and verification test cases, and fifty-one other test cases illustrating the OSC BASIC Option utilization. This manual is intended for use in conjunction with OSC BASIC Option Reference

Manual.

APPROVED BY:

vi

FOREWORD

The version of the OSC, OSC 21.2, discussed herein, was prepared as part of the Operation, Maintenance, and Sustainment of the Hardbody Toolset of the MDA Electro-Optical/Infrared

(EO/IR) Toolkit for Contract Number HQ0147-11-D-0015, under the technical direction of Dr.

Mark Underwood (MDA/ESP) for the Missile Defense Agency. Recent previous releases were issued under the technical direction of Mr. Cliff Burson (MDA/ESP) and Ms. Carol Barclay

(USASMDC/ARSTRAT).

vii

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1-1

2. Example 1 ...................................................................................................................... 2-1

3. Example 2 ...................................................................................................................... 3-1

4. Example 3 ...................................................................................................................... 4-1

5. Example 4 ...................................................................................................................... 5-1

6. Example 5 ...................................................................................................................... 6-1

7. Example 6 ...................................................................................................................... 7-1

8. Example 7 ...................................................................................................................... 8-1

9. Example 8 ...................................................................................................................... 9-1

10. Example 9 .................................................................................................................... 10-1

11. Eample 10 .................................................................................................................... 11-1

12. Validation/Verification Case Description ..................................................................... 12-1

13. Examples of Additional OSC Capabilities ................................................................. 13-1

13.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 13-1

13.2 Baseline Target and Variants .............................................................................. 13-4

13.3 WWII A4 (V2) Models ........................................................................................ 13-16

13.4 Usage of Thermocouple Placement .................................................................. 13-22

13.5 Backwall, Front Face Fluxes, and Other Boundary Conditions ..................... 13-27

13.6 Modeling Emissivity as a Function of Temperature ........................................ 13-33

13.7 Active Track Models (Laser Heating and Reflection) ..................................... 13-35

13.8 EZFLOW, EZBALL Models ................................................................................ 13-36

13.9 Grid Fin (WWIF) Modeling, Ascent-Exo-Reentry and Endo Only .................. 13-38

13.10 Special Feature Models ..................................................................................... 13-41

13.11 Inputs from Other Models’ Manuals ................................................................. 13-51

14. References .................................................................................................................... 14-1

A. Revision History ............................................................................................................. A-1 viii ix

List of Tables

Table 1-1: Example Case Option Summary ................................................................................. 1-2

Table 1-2: Description of Validation and Verification Runs ........................................................... 1-4

Table 1-3: Description of Additional Example Cases (3 Pages) ..................................................... 1-6

Table 2-1: OSC Example 1 Detailed Input Description (6 Pages) .................................................. 2-8

Table 3-1: OSC Example 2 Detailed Input Description (7 Pages) .................................................. 3-8

Table 4-1: OSC Example 3 Chaff Description .............................................................................. 4-3

Table 4-2: OSC Example 3 Detailed Input Description (15 Pages) .............................................. 4-10

Table 5-1: OSC Example 4 Detailed Input Description (4 Pages) .................................................. 5-3

Table 6-1: OSC Example 5 Detailed Input Description (5 Pages) .................................................. 6-5

Table 7-1: OSC Example 6 Detailed Input Description (4 Pages) .................................................. 7-5

Table 8-1: OSC Example 7 Detailed Input Description (10 Pages) .............................................. 8-12

Table 9-1: OSC Example 8 Detailed Input Description (8 Pages) .................................................. 9-8

Table 9-2: Example 8 ADDTHRM Input Description ................................................................... 9-16

Table 10-1: OSC Example 9 Detailed Input Description (9 Pages) ............................................ 10-10

Table 11-1: OSC Example 10 Detailed Input Description (7 Pages) ............................................ 11-7

Table 12-1: Description of Validation and Verification Runs: Targets and Options ....................... 12-1

Table 13-1: Additional OSC Test Cases - Input Names and Options (2 Pages) ............................. 13-2 x

List of Figures

Figure 2-1: OSC Example 1 Target Description ............................................................................ 2-2

Figure 2-2: Input for OSC Example 1 (5 Pages) ........................................................................... 2-7

Figure 2-3: Selected Output FOR OSC Example 1 (15 Pages) ..................................................... 2-43

Figure 2-4: OSC Example 1 Sample Plots ................................................................................. 2-44

Figure 3-1: OSC Example 2 Target Description ............................................................................ 3-2

Figure 3-2: Input for OSC Example 2 (5 Pages) ........................................................................... 3-7

Figure 4-1: OSC Example 3 Target Description ............................................................................ 4-2

Figure 4-2: Input for OSC Example 3 (6 Pages) ........................................................................... 4-9

Figure 5-1: Input for OSC Example 4 .......................................................................................... 5-2

Figure 6-1: OSC Example 5 Target Description ............................................................................ 6-1

Figure 6-2: Input for OSC Example 5 (3 Pages) ........................................................................... 6-4

Figure 7-1: Gored Sphere for OSC Example 6 ............................................................................. 7-1

Figure 7-2: Input for OSC Example 6 .......................................................................................... 7-4

Figure 8-1: OSC Example 7 Target Description ............................................................................ 8-2

Figure 8-2: Input for OSC Example 7 (9 Pages) ......................................................................... 8-11

Figure 9-1: OSC Example 8 Target Description ............................................................................ 9-1

Figure 9-2: Input for OSC Example 8 (6 Pages) ........................................................................... 9-7

Figure 10-1: OSC Example 9 Target Description ........................................................................ 10-2

Figure 10-2: Dimensional View of Target Used in OSC Example 9 .............................................. 10-3

Figure 10-3: Input for OSC Example 9 (6 Pages) ....................................................................... 10-9

Figure 10-5: OSC Example 9 Results ...................................................................................... 10-19

Figure 11-1: OSC Example 10 Target Description ...................................................................... 11-1

Figure 11-2: Input for OSC Example 10 (5 Pages) ..................................................................... 11-6

Figure 12-1: VATRM1X Input (2 Pages) ..................................................................................... 12-4

Figure 12-2: VATRM13 Input (2 Pages) .................................................................................... 12-6

Figure 12-3: VATRM2X Input (2 Pages) ..................................................................................... 12-8 xi

Figure 12-4: VATRM23 Input (2 Pages) .................................................................................. 12-10

Figure 12-5: VATRM33 Input (2 Pages) .................................................................................. 12-12

Figure 12-6: VASHAD Input (6 Pages) ..................................................................................... 12-18

Figure 12-7: Baseline Exo Monocone for Inputs VBXAAAA, VBXAAOA, VB3AAAA ......................... 12-19

Figure 12-8: Sample WinOSC Output from VBXAAAA, VBXAAOA, VB3AAAA ................................ 12-19

Figure 12-9: Radiative Sphere in VBXQALF ............................................................................. 12-20

Figure 12-10: Sample WinOSC Output from VBXQALF ............................................................. 12-20

Figure 12-11: Contact Spheres Used in VB3NXEH................................................................... 12-21

Figure 12-12: Sample WinOSC Output from VB3NXEH ............................................................ 12-21

Figure 12-13: Can-In-Cone Used in VB3APPO ......................................................................... 12-22

Figure 12-14: Sample WinOSC Output from VB3APPO ............................................................. 12-22

Figure 12-15: Endo Tri-conic Target Used in VBDAAAB and VBDAHAA ....................................... 12-23

Figure 12-16: Endo Monocone Used in VBPR3B ..................................................................... 12-24

Figure 12-17: Sample WinOSC Output for VBDAAAB, VBDPR3B, VBDAHAA ............................... 12-24

Figure 12-18: VBXAAAA Input (3 Pages).................................................................................. 12-27

Figure 12-19: VBXAAOA Input (3 Pages) ................................................................................. 12-30

Figure 12-20: VBXQALF Input And Abbreviated Output (3 Pages) ............................................. 12-34

Figure 12-21: VB3AAAA Input (3 Pages) ................................................................................. 12-37

Figure 12-22: VB3NXEH Input (3 Pages) ................................................................................ 12-40

Figure 12-23: VB3APPO Input (4 Pages) ................................................................................. 12-44

Figure 12-24: VBDAAAB Input (5 Pages) ................................................................................. 12-49

Figure 12-25: VBDPR3B Input (3 Pages) ................................................................................ 12-53

Figure 12-26: VBDAHAA Input (4 Pages) ................................................................................. 12-57

Figure 13-1: BASELINE Target Description ................................................................................ 13-4

Figure 13-2: BASELINE in WinOSC ........................................................................................... 13-5

Figure 13-3: BASMFRST Target Description .............................................................................. 13-6

Figure 13-4: BASMFRST in WinOSC .......................................................................................... 13-7

Figure 13-5: Signatures from Each Monte Carlo Run with BASEMUL .......................................... 13-8 xii

Figure 13-6: Sample WinOSC Output for BASEMUL ................................................................... 13-9

Figure 13-7: BASEVANC Target .............................................................................................. 13-10

Figure 13-8: Sample Output from WinOSC for BASEVANC ........................................................ 13-11

Figure 13-9: NEWCHMP Target Description ............................................................................ 13-12

Figure 13-10: Sample Output from WinOSC for NEWCHMP ..................................................... 13-13

Figure 13-11: BASEXOND Target Description .......................................................................... 13-14

Figure 13-12: Sample Output from WinOSC for BASEXOND ..................................................... 13-15

Figure 13-13: V2_A4 Target Description ................................................................................. 13-16

Figure 13-14: Sample WinOSC Output for V2_A4 .................................................................... 13-17

Figure 13-15: Sample WinOSC Output for V2_COMBO ............................................................ 13-18

Figure 13-16: V2DOF6 Target Description .............................................................................. 13-19

Figure 13-17: Sample WinOSC Output for V2DOF6 ................................................................. 13-20

Figure 13-18: Comparisons of V2_A4, V2_COMBO, and V2DOF6 ............................................. 13-21

Figure 13-19: TCPLE08 Target Description ............................................................................. 13-22

Figure 13-20: Sample WinOSC Output for TCPLE08 ................................................................ 13-23

Figure 13-21: TCPLE10 Target Description ............................................................................. 13-24

Figure 13-22: Sample WinOSC Output for TCPLE10 ................................................................ 13-24

Figure 13-23: Hollow Pipe Target Description ......................................................................... 13-25

Figure 13-24: Signature Comparisons of Hollow Pipe Models .................................................. 13-26

Figure 13-25: Hollow Pipe THRMVUR Samples from WinOSC ................................................... 13-26

Figure 13-26: BWALL07 Target Description ............................................................................ 13-27

Figure 13-27: Signature Comparisons of BWALL07 Models ..................................................... 13-28

Figure 13-28: BWALL07 THRMVUR Samples from WinOSC...................................................... 13-28

Figure 13-29: Plume Separation, Recirculation Region ........................................................... 13-29

Figure 13-30: PLMJLK_FLAT_SEP6 Target Description ............................................................ 13-29

Figure 13-31: PLMJLK_FLAT_SEP6 IR Signatures, Aspects ...................................................... 13-30

Figure 13-32: WinOSC Sample output for PLMJLK_FLAT_SEP6 ................................................ 13-30

Figure 13-33: TMPUATST Target Description .......................................................................... 13-31 xiii

Figure 13-34: WinOSC Sample output for TMPUATST .............................................................. 13-31

Figure 13-35: BATBALL Target ............................................................................................... 13-32

Figure 13-36: Sample WinOSC Output for BATBALL ................................................................ 13-33

Figure 13-37: EMSTMP Target ............................................................................................... 13-34

Figure 13-38: Sample WinOSC Output for EMSTMP Inputs ...................................................... 13-34

Figure 13-39: REP-ACT Sample Output from WinOSC .............................................................. 13-35

Figure 13-40: WAG6M2 Sample ThermView Output from WinOSC ........................................... 13-35

Figure 13-41: EZBALLFRD, EZBALLF, EZBALLDRF WinOSC ThermView Samples ....................... 13-36

Figure 13-42: EZBALLT3 Sample Output ................................................................................ 13-37

Figure 13-43: EZ_DEBRIS Sample Output from WinOSC .......................................................... 13-37

Figure 13-44: MSLASC07, MSLWIF07 Targets ........................................................................ 13-38

Figure 13-45: MSLASC07, MSLWIF07 Signatures ................................................................... 13-39

Figure 13-46: ULTIME07, ULTIMD07 Targets .......................................................................... 13-39

Figure 13-47: ULTIME07, ULTIMD07 Signature, Aspect Comparisons ...................................... 13-40

Figure 13-48: ABLT234 Target Description, ThermView Samples ............................................. 13-41

Figure 13-49: PRECREP Target Description ............................................................................ 13-42

Figure 13-50: NXEHTRN Signatures ....................................................................................... 13-43

Figure 13-51: NXEHDEF – WinOSC Target, Solid View, Sample Resolved Signature .................. 13-43

Figure 13-52: FLATLIN1 – Target With Flat Nose, Signatures from WinOSC .............................. 13-44

Figure 13-53: TLTHNOZ – Geometry Of Missile With Four Nozzles ............................................ 13-44

Figure 13-54: TLTHNOZ – Signature Sample Output from WinOSC ........................................... 13-45

Figure 13-55: WAKE_EX Target Geometry .............................................................................. 13-45

Figure 13-56: WAKE_EX Wake Output at Time = 1046 sec (2 Pages) ....................................... 13-47

Figure 13-57: WAGGING: Two Body Wagging Target ................................................................ 13-48

Figure 13-58: WAGGING Sample Output from WinOSC ............................................................ 13-48

Figure 13-59: RESPON9 Sample Output from WinOSC ............................................................ 13-49

Figure 13-60: ANSSGMTEST Sample Output from WinOSC ...................................................... 13-49

Figure 13-61: LXONDTOR Input Sample from WinOSC ............................................................. 13-50 xiv

Figure 13-62: LXONDTOR Sample Output from WinOSC .......................................................... 13-50

Figure 13-63: BIDEX1 Input Geometry and Lines-of-Sight ........................................................ 13-51

Figure 13-64: BIDEX1 Sample Output from WinOSC ................................................................ 13-52

Figure 13-65: BIDEX2 Input ................................................................................................... 13-53

Figure 13-66: BIDEX2 Sample Output from WinOSC ................................................................ 13-53

Figure 13-67: XBALLIS Example Input .................................................................................... 13-54

Figure 13-68: XBALLIS Results for Acceptance Testing ............................................................ 13-55

Figure 13-69: SISMODEX1 Input ............................................................................................ 13-56

Figure 13-70: SISMODEX1 Acceptance Testing Results ........................................................... 13-57

Figure 13-71: SISMODEX2 Input ............................................................................................ 13-58

Figure 13-72: SISMODEX2 Acceptance Testing Results ........................................................... 13-59

Figure 13-73: WIND1 Input ................................................................................................... 13-60

Figure 13-74: WIND1 Sample Output from WinOSC ................................................................ 13-60

1-1

1. Introduction

The Optical Signatures Code (OSC) consists of a series of computer models that simulate different types of infrared (IR) and visible optics-related phenomenology for Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) applications. The code has various program options, one of which is referred to as BASIC. This option can call up to 16 different modules, individually or in sequence, to calculate target, and/or sensor flight trajectories; temperatures and mass ablation rates; optical signatures of hardbodies and chaff, reentry wakes, optical effects of various atmospheric backgrounds; and sensor performance parameters.

The example cases in this volume are a subset of the full suite of acceptance test cases. The complete set of acceptance cases are described in the OSC Acceptance Test Report [3]. This manual describes many of the cases that exercise major options in BASIC. It should be used in conjunction with the OSC BASIC Option Reference Manual [1]. All cases were tested on PCs using Intel Visual

Fortran. They have also been run on Linux systems using various compilers (see Reference 3.) The cases in this manual include the 10 standard BASIC Option examples that use all the available models linked by the BASIC Option and 15 runs selected from the Validation and Verification Matrix that provide stressing cases for the commonly used thermal response and signature algorithms. The rest of the input cases exercise capabilities such as modeling missiles with jet vanes, using the

Monte Carlo option, modeling many frusta on a target, ablation through all materials, coning angle divergence, and deformation of non-rigid/articulating objects.

Table 1-1 summarizes the major options (models) for each of the first 10 example cases; one section has been devoted to each. All example case output can be found on the OSC distribution media. The

10 standard BASIC option example cases are described in Sections 2 through 11.

IMPORTANT

The output examples shown in this document were generated using OSC 21.2 and serve as general guides/illustrations of the structure and content of the output files. Refer to actual output files included on the distribution media with the example case input/output collection for output generated by newer versions of OSC.

1-2

Table 1-1: Example Case Option Summary

Example Case

Target Synthesis

Trajectory

Thermal Response

Signatures

Background

Sensor Model

Chaff Model

Special Output

1. OSCE01 RVSNTH BALIS3 (3-DOF) DIPREF/F678 SELECT and BIDIRC None None None PLOTER Plots

2. OSCE02 RVSNTH (Generic RV) BALIS3 (6-DOF) EXOHT (X-ray Heating) SELECT and BIDIRC None None None None

3. OSCE03 TSHAD BALIS3 and Multibodies

EXOHT3 SELECT and BIDIRC None None Yes TPV or Movie Tool

4. OSCE04 None Card Input None Card Input LWTRN6 SENSRM with Off-Axis Rejection

None None

5. OSCE05 None Card Input Card Input SELECT and BIDIRC LOW5 SISMOD None None

6. OSCE06 RVSNTH (MBALL=.T.) Card Input EXOHEAT (MBALL) SELECT and BIDIRC None None None None

7. OSCE07 RVSNTH to TSHAD (with fins)

BALIS3 (6-DOF) +

BOOST points (3-

DOF)

ASCNT3D

(DIPREF/F678 to EXOHT3 to

DIPREF/F678)

SELECT and BIDIRC None None None TPV or Movie Tool Thermal Gradients

8. OSCE08 RVSNTH to TSHAD (with fins, add-ons)

CARDS DIPREF/F678 (Needs

ADDTHRM)

SELECT and BIDIRC None None None TPV or Movie Tool

9. OSCE09 TSHAD BALIS3 (Satellites) EXOHT3 SELECT and BIDIRC None None None TPV or Movie Tool

10. OSCE10 RVSNTH to TSHAD + Gradient Sort

BALIS3 EXOHT3 Gradient Input from OSCE07

SELECT and BIDIRC None None None TPV or Movie Tool

1-3

Example Case 1 calculates the endoatmospheric thermal response and signatures for an oddly shaped target using DIPREF to calculate the flow field. Example Case 2 calculates the effects of X-ray heating on the generic target shape provided in RVSNTH for an exoatmospheric trajectory. Example Case 3 uses the multiple-body option and TSHAD with

EXOHT3 and BIDIRC. Chaff model calculations are also included. Example Case 4 uses trajectory and signature card input with LWTRN6 to illustrate how SENSRM models off-axis sensor performance. Example Case 5 shows how trajectory and temperature card input are used to calculate signatures in BIDIRC and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios in SISMOD. Example

Case 6 uses trajectory card input and EXOHEAT/MBALL to calculate the thermal response of a conductive sphere passing through a terminator. Example Case 7 flies an RV attached to its missile on an ascent-to-exo-to-reentry trajectory using EXOHT3 during the exoatmospheric portion of the trajectory and DIPREF/F678 on reentry. The missile has fins and temperature gradients are saved at 180.5 seconds. Example Case 8 is a theater-class missile with fins flying over a typical SRBM trajectory with a cable raceway and two thrust termination ports added to the missile. Example Case 9 illustrates satellite trajectory modeling using orbital elements to describe the trajectory. The target is a crude model of the shuttle flying on an actual shuttle trajectory; the sensor is in a polar orbit. Two orbits lasting three hours and twenty minutes are made. Example Case 10 uses the thermal gradients saved from Case 7 for the RV and has an interceptor hit the RV at 330.5 seconds.

Section 11 contains the input and abbreviated short output (IBUG = 8) for the 24 OSC verification cases culled from the OSC XVI Verification and Validation Matrix. Reference 3 is a report describing the OSC Validation and Verification Matrix that contains descriptions of the targets used in these cases. Table 1-2 summarizes the target and modeling options for the 24 Verification and Validation cases. There are five inputs that test exo thermal modeling and 10 inputs (sometimes counted as one case) that together test reflectivity using two sliding plates. There are three sets of three inputs that test EXOHT3, DIPREF/F678, and EXOHEAT capabilities.

Section 12 describes the input for 51 additional cases; there is more information on inputs used for acceptance testing. Table 1-3 summarizes the options used. All of the inputs and outputs are on the distribution media. Most of the inputs can be read in WinOSC. The following description does not match the order (alphabetical by name) shown in the table but follows the chronological order of development.

1-4

Table 1-2: Description of Validation and Verification Runs

Case Number Case Name Target Description Thermal Model

1 VATRM1X Solid conductive sphere with 0.9 EXOHEAT

2 VATRM13 Solid conductive sphere with 0.9 EXOHT3

3 VATRM2X Conductive rod pointing at sun; = 0.95, = 0.1 EXOHEAT

4 VATRM23 Conductive rod pointing at sun; = 0.95, = 0.1 EXOHT3

5 VATRM33 Thin insulated shell; one-half hot, other cold EXOHT3 through

VASHAD01

through

VASHAD10

Reflectivity test with two sliding plates where the second plate is below the first plate and offset by 0.1 m. Each succeeding VASHAD case moves the second plate by 0.1 m.

Card Input

16 VBXAAAA Baseline exo target with TWALL = 290K EXOHEAT

17 VBXAAOA Baseline exo target with EQALL = 0 EXOHEAT

18 VBXQALF Radiative sphere at night with 20 x 20 earth pieces EXOHEAT

19 VB3AAAA Baseline exo target with IRADF = 1 EXOHT3

20 VB3NXEH Contact sphere case with tropical clouds 3° x 3° grid EXOHT3

21 VB3APPO Can-in-cone case with tumbling trajectory EXOHT3

22 VBDAAAB Triconic target, baseline, 3-DOF trajectory DIPREF/F678

23 VBDAHAA Triconic target, oblate earth, 3-DOF DIPREF/F678

24 VBDPR3B Monoconic target, 3-DOF DIPREF/F678

When fins were added to OSC, there was a need to create a fast-running model of a theater-class ballistic missile. This is the genesis of the BASELINE input. There are now other variations of it that exercise various options: BASEMUL, BASEVANC, BASMFRST, and

NEWCHMP. All of these are used in acceptance testing. BASEXOND was added with OSC

21.1 and is another variation of the BASELINE input.

Other inputs used in acceptance testing are ABLT234, EZBALLDRF, EZBALLF, EZBALLFRD, and EZBALLT3. NXEHDEF and NXEHTRN are variations of VB3NXEH that exercise wrinkling and translucency, respectively. V2_A4, V2_COMBO, and V2DOF6 are all versions of a WWII

German V2 that illustrate different trajectory options, particularly aero-coefficient input.

TLTHNOZ exercises the nozzle modeling option with tilts. PRECREP exercises the variable precession option in BALLIS that is similar to that in OPTISIG. REP-ACT and WAG6M2 illustrate use of the active track option. TCPL08 and TCPL10 illustrate thermocouple input usage in the endo (F678) and exo (EXOHT3) models. WAGGING illustrates articulation;

WAKE_EX illustrates WAKPRO usage. EZ_DEBRIS is another example of TSHAD/F678 usage;

the target is an aluminum fragment.

BWALL07_0, BWALL07_A, BWALL07_B were added to OSC 21 to illustrate back wall flux inputs. PLMJLK_FLAT_SEP was also added in OSC 21 to illustrate plume impingement effects.

BIDEX1, BIDEX2, SISMODEX1, SISMODEX2, and XBALLIS are example input for BIDIRC, SISMOD, and BALLIS that were culled from their respective manuals and added to acceptance testing. WIND1 uses the wind tunnel modeling option for DIPREF.

1-5

New inputs were introduced with OSC 21.1 to ensure that samples of various options are available as templates to show how an option would work. RESPON9 is example case 9 with spectral response included in BIDIRC. EMSTMP0, EMSTMP1, and EMSTMP2 model temperature-dependent emissivity using materials that should be sensitive to this behavior;

EMSTMP0 is the control that does not use either variation; all three are included in acceptance testing. ANSSGMTEST uses the trajectory card input option “DATAS”; it cannot be ingested by WinOSC because WinOSC does not read in that trajectory style. BATBALL illustrates how the different back-wall models in EXOHT3 can be used. BASEXOND and

LXONDTOR both use the exo-reentry thermal model option; BASEXOND is missile shaped;

LXONDTOR has a torus-shaped base. TMPUATST is a variation of example case 1 that shows how the mass per unit area back wall flux option could be used.

MSLASC07 and MSLWIF07 model similar missiles. MSLASC07 uses ASCNT3D (ascent, exo, reentry) thermal model where WWIFs (gridfins) are modeled as add-ons. MSLWIF07 uses

DIPREF/F678 (endo heating flowfield and ablation) where WWIFs are modeled with their associated flowfield model. ULTIME07 and ULTIMD07 are similar to MSLASC07 and

MSLWIF07 in that the first uses ASCNT3D and the second uses just DIPREF/F678 for thermal models. ULTIME07 and ULTIMD07 are different in that WWIFs on both are treated as add-ons. All four inputs use a variation of the trajectory found in example case 7.

The three “pipe” inputs, PIPE10_TC, PIPE_EZ, and PIPE_XO3, are inter-stage rings with fins and contain input for thermocouple placement for different thermal models. Putting fins on an inter-stage ring was not possible before OSC 21.1; neither was defining thermocouples in

RVSNTH. PIPE10_TC uses the best combination of options to model inter-stage rings: setting

HOLLOW = true with only one station on the nose and uses DIPREF/F678 for the thermal model. PIPE_EZ illustrates the same target but uses TSHAD/F678 (EZFLOW) as the thermal model. PIPE_XO3 uses EXOHT3 for the thermal model. Thermocouples are set the same in all three inputs but the output names are different so that the results will not be overwritten.

1-6

Table 1-3: Description of Additional Example Cases (3 Pages)

Description of Additional Example Cases

Name

Description

Other Needed Files

Model

Heating Model

Signature Model

1. ablt234.inp OSC Generic Target on ICBM Reentry Trajectory, Ablates Through Three Materials

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC

2. anssgmtest.inp Monoconic target on ascending trajectory that is input via

TRAJ=DATAS

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

3. baseline.inp Simple Missile With Fins on a 3 DOF, SRBM Ballistic Trajectory RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC

4. basemul.inp Same Target As BASELINE, But Exercises Monte Carlo OSC RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC

5. basevanc.inp BASELINE Target With Curved Base And Jet Vanes RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

6. basexond.inp BASELINE Target flying from EXOHT3 to Reentry RVSNTH XONDO3D CALC

7. basmfrst.inp BASELINE Target Modeled To Use Multi-frusta Portions Of DIPREF RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC

8. batball.inp Battery in a sphere that illustrates setting initial conditions on interior of shapes

TSHAD EXO3 CALC3

9. bidex1.inp Sphere with hole blocked by disc, bidirectional reflectance calculations

TSHAD CARDS CALC3

10. bidex2.inp Generic target hit with multiple nuclear bursts, invokes X-ray material set

RVSNTH EXOHEAT CALC

11. bwall07_0.inp Back wall flux modeling, control case without any interior fluxes RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

12. bwall07_a.inp Back wall flux, assumes some radiation from nozzle to back of last frustum

13. bwall07_b.inp Back wall fluxes, adds flux to interior of frustum 4 and regenerative cooling on nozzle via a data file, bwall07_regen.txt bwall07_regen.txt

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

14. emstmp0.inp Zeroth case that illustrates usage of IEMOFT = 1 or 2. IEMOFT = 0.

Angle-dependent solar absorptivity is input into SHINE

15. emstmp1.inp Temperature Dependent Emissivity example, uses MATER = EARLY and IEMOFT = 1; angle-dependent solar absorptivity is calculated from optical properties in SELECT and passed to SHINE

16. emstmp2.inp Temperature Dependent Emissivity example, uses MATER = EARLY and IEMOFT = 2; angle-dependent solar absorptivity is input in SELECT and passed to SHINE

17. ezballdrf.inp Spherical target using EZFLOW at ~ 180 degree angle of attack TSHAD TSHD678 CALC3

18, ezballf.inp Spherical target using EZFLOW at ~90 degree angle of attack TSHAD TSHD678 CALC3

19. ezballfrd.inp Spherical target using EZFLOW at near zero angle of attack TSHAD TSHD678 CALC3

20.ezballt3.inp One sphere shape with 180 thermal stations, 3 DOF trajectory from deployment to impact

TSHAD TSHD678 CALC3

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Model

Heating Model

Signature Model

21. ez_debris.inp Oddly shaped aluminum fragment formed of triangles and planes with 37 thermal stations, short 3 DOF trajectory, TSHAD TSHD678 CALC3

22. flatlin1.inp Cylinder with a flat nose on a short trajectory, Length = 4.6 m RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC

23. lxondtor.inp Exo-endo flight of a target that includes a torus-shaped base RVSNTH XONDO3D CALC3

24. mslasc07.inp Launch to impact missile with a curved base, nozzles, fins and thrust termination ports modeled as add-ons that uses ASCNT3D; WWIFS are not present on this target.

MSLWIF07.ADD

RVSNTH ASCNT3D CALC3

25.mslwif07.inp Launch to impact missile with a curved base, nozzles, WWIFS, fins, and thrust termination ports modeled as add-ons that uses DIPREF/F678; WWIFS use DIPREF-calculated flowfield.

MSLWIF07.ADD

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

26. newchmp.inp A Version Of The Baseline Input (BASELINE) On A Trajectory With Three Points That Generates Input Files To Interface With CHAMP newchmp.add

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

27. nxehdef.inp One Of The Spheres From VB3NXEH That Uses The DEFORMATION Option. Will Not Deform Using OSC Versions Prior to OSC 20

28. nxehtrn.inp A Similar Spherical Target To Those In VB3NXEH And NXEHDEF Made Of Aluminized Mylar, Mylar Side Up That Uses The Translucent Sphere Option First Available In OSC 20

29. pipe10_tc.inp Hollow pipe model with fins, using DIPREF/F678 thermal model (preferred option) pipe10.g55

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

30. pipe_ez.inp Hollow pipe model with fins, using EZFLOW thermal model pipe10.g55 TSHAD TSHD678 CALC3

31. pipe_xo3.inp Hollow pipe model with fins, using EXOHT3 thermal model pipe10.g55 TSHAD EXO3 CALC3

32.

plmjlk_flat_sep6.i np

Plume separated flow option using PST-generated flow field; back wall heating and front face fluxes are also included to model heat from nozzles as accurately as possible.

pst_sep2.dat, sr19_stage2_motor.dat, sr19_stage2_motor.dat, sr19_stage2_motor.dat, sr19_stage2_motor.dat, sr19_stage2_skirt.dat, sr19_stage2_skirt.dat, sr19_stage2_skirt.dat, sr19_stage2_FF_base_radiation.

dat

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

33. Precrep.inp A Thermally Light Model Made Of Black Painted Mylar That Uses The Coning Angle Divergence Trajectory Option First Available In

OSC 20

RVSNTH EXO3 CALC3

34. rep-act.inp Exoatmospheric target with pulsing active track, 10 % specular, 90 % diffuse reflection scattering rep-traj.boost, rep-trck.boost

1-8

Model

Heating Model

Signature Model

35. respon9.inp OSCE09.INP with sensor response(filter) functions input for each waveband respon9.one, respon9.two, respon9.tre

TSHAD CARDS CALC3

36. sismodex1.inp SISMOD example with constant temperature target, 4 wavebands, and LOWTRAN5

In BIDIRC CARDS CALC

37. sismodex2.inp SISMOD example with simplified signatures, 5 wavebands, LOWTRAN6, and user-requested printer plots of NEFD and S/N.

Emis Area none CARDS

38. tcple08.inp A Version Of OSCE08 That Includes The Option To Generate In-depth Temperatures From F678 For Comparison With Thermocouple Data

ADDTHRM

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

39. tcple10.inp A Version Of OSCE10 That Includes The Option To Generate In-depth Temperatures From EXOHT3 For Comparison With Thermocouple Data

40. tlthnoz.inp A Missile That Has No Base, But Includes Four Nozzles RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC

41. tmpuatst.inp OSCE01 example that includes the use of the back wall thermal mass heating/cooling option

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC

42. ultimd07.inp The target includes a curved base, nozzles, fins, WWIFS as add-ons, thrust termination ports as add-ons; it flies from launch to impact using HEATR = DIPF678. TFX files will not be used.

ULTIMD07.ADD

RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

43. ultime07.inp The target includes a curved base, nozzles, fins, WWIFS as add-ons, thrust termination ports as add-ons; it flies from launch to impact using HEATR = ASCNT3D. TFX files needed for EXOHT3.

ULTIME07.ADD, ultim_awfa.tfx, ultim_awfb.tfx, ultim_awfc.tfx, ultim_ttp.tfx

RVSNTH ASCNT3D CALC3

44. v2dof6.inp The same A4/V2 rocket as in v2_a4 but uses boost points followed by ballistic flight calculations utilizing endo-aero coefficients to model 6 DOF dynamics

45. v2_a4.inp World War II A4/V2 rocket with an ogive nose, nozzles, jet vanes, and fins using telemetry data trajectory and aircraft sensor input

46. v2_combo.inp The same A4/V2 rocket as in v2_a4 but using boost points followed by ballistic flight calculations that use a nominal ballistic coefficient and moment of inertia for 6 DOF dynamics.

47. wag6m2.inp Thermally light target with active track option using Maxwell-Beard BRDF data.

RVSNTH EXO3 CALC3

48. wagging.inp Target and two ovoids built around the same center of mass and flying on two similar tumbling trajectories.

49. wake_ex.inp WAKPRO example case for a reentering Silica Phenolic target. RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC

50. wind1.inp DIPREF wind tunnel option example. RVSNTH DIPF678 CALC3

51. xballis.inp Standalone BALLIS trajectory example that calculates two sets of trajectories.

N/A N/A N/A

2-1

2. Example 1

Example Case 1 consists of a platform sensor observing a quadraconic target reentering the atmosphere on a minimum-energy trajectory. The sensor wavebands are 8 to 14µm and 16 to

22µm. The target is a flared quadraconic composed of Teflon over aluminum (the default materials in RVSNTH). A schematic of the target is shown in Figure 2-1. DIPREF is used to calculate the flowfield around this body. The cone angles on the target are 7, 0, 10 and 15 degrees, which provide a stressing case for DIPREF’s algorithms. The shock wave expands from the 7-degree frustum to the cylinder (0 degree) and then compresses into the corner formed by the 10-degree and 15-degree frusta (a double flare). The three degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) trajectory using the WGS-72 oblate Earth model begins at 1,500 seconds and proceeds at 2-second intervals until 1,528 seconds, when the time interval decreases to 1-second intervals until

1,543 seconds, when the altitude is 2,206 feet. The state vector is defined at 1,500 seconds.

Teflon sample FS3094011 contains the directional reflectivity data. The Earth is broken into 100 pieces, and specular reflection is selected as the reflectivity model in BIDIRC. KMW/Benson signature plots are generated.

Figure 2-2 contains the input for this case. Table 1.1 describes the input in each line. The associated input is located in the BASIC Option Reference Manual [1]. Selected output is shown in

Figure 2-3. Two sample plots are shown in Figure 2-4.

2-2

Body Section

Radius (ft)

Length (ft)

Cone Angle (deg)

Heatshield Substructure

Material

Thickness (in.)

Material

Thickness (in.)

Nose 0.1667 0.1464 7 Teflon 0.75 Aluminum 0.25

Frustum 1 0.718 4.5 7 Teflon 0.75 Aluminum 0.25

Cylinder 0.718 5.3334 0 Teflon 0.75 Aluminum 0.25

Frustum 2 1.747 5.8335 10 Teflon 0.75 Aluminum 0.25

Frustum 3 2.908 4.3334 15 Teflon 0.75 Aluminum 0.25

Base 2.908 — — Teflon 0.75 Aluminum 0.25

Figure 2-1: OSC Example 1 Target Description

2.908 ft

15 deg

7 deg

10 deg

4.3334 ft5.8335 ft5.3334 ft4.5 ft

Rnose = .1667 ft

0.75 in. TEFLON

0.25 in. ALUMINUM

2-3

1 IMAGE OF STD INPUT ... OSC 21.2

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 LINE V.........V.........V.........V.........V.........V.........V.........V.........V

1 BASIC 8 OSC EXAMPLE 1 - REENTRY, ENDO (DIPREF) QUADRACONIC TARGET

2 TARGSYN YES TRAJ CALC SIGNA CALC MATER CALC

3 HEATR DIPF678 TPV YES

4 3 0.09375 5 5.00000 10.00000 6 8.00000 14.00000 7 16.00000 22.00000 8 0

9 FLARE TEST

10 1

11 &SHAPE

12 RADIUS = 0.166700,

13 TJOIN = .TRUE.,

14 SPHERE = .TRUE.,

15 NFRUST = 4,

16 LFRUST = 4.500000, 5.333400, 5.833500, 4.333400,

17 ANGLES = 7.000000, 0.000000, 10.000000, 15.000000,

18 NSTA = 1, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2,

19 &END

20 &MATS

21 NMATC = 3,

22 NMATP = 3,

23 NMATX = 3,

24 JTPHYS = 205, 201, 207,

25 JMATXO = 205, 201, 207,

26 JTCHEM = 50, 10, 3,

27 TABLT = 1800.000000, 6000.000000, 1600.000000,

28 QDCOM = 1000.000000, 1000.000000, 900.000000,

29 KELVIN = 0,

30 &END

31 &LAYER

32 NDOMAT = 2,

33 NDOLAY = 20, 10,

34 MATNDO = 1, 3,

35 MATCHM = 1, 3,

36 NXOMAT = 2,

37 NXOLAY = 3, 1,

38 MATEXO = 1, -3,

39 MBID = 1,

40 ITERP = 0,

41 DX = 3.00000000, 0.25000000,

42 KELVIN = 0,

43 TO = 530.000000,

44 TWREE = 530.000000,

45 TWALL = 0.000000,

46 &END

47 &LAYER

48 NDOMAT = 2,

49 NDOLAY = 9, 9,

50 MATNDO = 1, 3,

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 LINE V.........V.........V.........V.........V.........V.........V.........V.........V

1 IMAGE OF STD INPUT ... OSC 21.2

2-4

51 MATCHM = 1, 3,

52 NXOMAT = 2,

53 NXOLAY = 3, 1,

54 MATEXO…