Vol_1_OSC_BASIC_Option_Reference_Manual_900MAN2248_RevC.pdf

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

900MAN2248C DISTRIBUTION 21.2.3

VOLUME 1

Special Report

Optical Signatures Code

Volume 1

BASIC Option Reference Manual

June 2016

SPONSORED BY THE MISSILE DEFENSE AGENCY

NOTICE – The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this document are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of Defense position, policy, or decision unless designated by other official documentation.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C – Distribution authorized to U.S. Government Agencies and their contractors; Critical Technology, Export Controlled; 30 November 2015. Other requests for this document shall be referred to MDA/ESP (Attn: Mark Underwood or active program COTR), 5224 Martin Road, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 or higher DoD authority.

WARNING – This document contains technical data whose export is restricted by the Arms Export Control Act (Title 22, U.S.C. sec 2751 et seq.) or the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended, Title 50, U.S.C., App. 2401 et seq.

Violations of these export laws are subject to severe criminal penalties.

Disseminate in accordance with the provisions of DoD Directive 5230.25.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE – For classified documents follow the procedures in DoD 5200.22-M, Industrial Security Manual, Section 11-19 ORD or 5200.1-R, Information Security Program Regulation Chapter IX. For unclassified, limited documents destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

NOTICE – This document contains information that may be exempt from mandatory disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.

i

NOTICE

This document contains information that may be exempt from mandatory disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.

Per Department of Defense (DoD) Manual 5200.01, Volume 4, February 24, 2012, Objective

Simulation Framework (OSF) documents, including this document, are considered to be

Unclassified but For Official Use Only (FOUO) and exempt from the Freedom of Information

Act (FOIA) as a result of compilation. The OSF software and documentation are considered export controlled. Though no discrete portion of this document is considered to be export controlled, the information that may be extracted from this document as a whole is considered to be export controlled and therefore may be exempt from FOIA and is considered FOUO.

ii

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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

27 June 2016 Special Report

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Optical Signatures Code Volume 1 – BASIC Option Reference Manual OSF Contract No.:

HQ0147-11-D-0015

Task Order 9

CDRL A031

6. AUTHOR(S)

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT

NUMBER

900MAN2248C

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY

REPORT NUMBER

Missile Defense Agency

MDA/ESP

5224 Martin Road

Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 35898

Attention: Mark Underwood

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b DISTRIBUTION CODE

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C – Distribution authorized to U.S.

Government Agencies and their contractors; Critical Technology, Export

Controlled; 30 November 2015. Other requests for this document shall be referred to MDA/ESP (Attn: Mark Underwood or active program COTR), 5224

Martin Road, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 or higher DoD authority.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The Optical Signatures Code (OSC) is an integrated set of software models that simulates infrared and visible optics-related phenomenology of interest to Ballistic Missile Defense. The BASIC option is used in the Optical Signatures Code (OSC) to link several components that provide visible and infrared (IR) signatures encountered by rocket-borne, airborne, or ground-based sensors in a Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) environment. This users’ manual provides an OSC BASIC Option user with a brief technical discussion of each program’s capability, and the required user input for each program.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15 NUMBER OF PAGES

OSC, WinOSC, OPTISIG, PIXEL8, trajectory, flowfield, subsonic, supersonic, hypersonic, thermal response, earthshine, albedo, ablation, radiation, convection, reflection, BRDF, optical signature, sensor, visible, infrared, SWIR, MWIR, LWIR, missile, reentry vehicle, RV, countermeasures, wake

16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF

REPORT

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THE

PAGE

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF

ABSTRACT

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UL

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18

298-102 iii

SPECIAL REPORT

900MAN2248C

OPTICAL SIGNATURES CODE

Volume 1

BASIC Option Reference Manual

June 2016

NOTICE – The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this document are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of Defense position, policy, or decision unless designated by other official documentation.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C – Distribution authorized to U.S. Government Agencies and their contractors; Critical Technology, Export Controlled; 30 November 2015. Other requests for this document shall be referred to MDA/ESP (Attn: Mark Underwood or active program COTR), 5224 Martin Road, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898 or higher DoD authority.

WARNING – This document contains technical data whose export is restricted by the Arms Export Control Act (Title 22, U.S.C. sec 2751 et seq.) or the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended, Title 50, U.S.C., App. 2401 et seq.

Violations of these export laws are subject to severe criminal penalties.

Disseminate in accordance with the provisions of DoD Directive 5230.25.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE – For classified documents follow the procedures in DoD 5200.22-M, Industrial Security Manual, Section 11-19 ORD or 5200.1-R, Information Security Program Regulation Chapter IX. For unclassified, limited documents destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

NOTICE – This document contains information that may be exempt from mandatory disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act

Prepared For

Missile Defense Agency

Redstone Arsenal, Alabama

Under Contract Number

HQ0147-11-D-0015, Task Order 9

Prepared By iv

DOCUMENT CHANGE LOG

Revision Date Pages Affected Description

Initial 31 October

All

This document was prepared and released in accordance with CDRL A031.

A 19 May 2014 Various

Key changes include:

On Page 3-45, added a discussion of EXOHT3 thermal boundary condition inputs and usage

On page 3-80, added Figure 3-28 to illustrates the various IPTEST options.\

On page 4-16, added Table 4-7: User- Named and -Supplied Front/Back-face Flux File for EXOHT3 (‘ffilex’/‘bfilex’, Unit 70).

See Document Release Notes 21.2.1 for all additional changes.

B 14 March 2015 Various See Document Release Notes 21.2.2 for all changes.

C 27 June 2016 Various See Document Release Notes 21.2.3 for all changes.

v

ABSTRACT

The Optical Signatures Code (OSC) is a set of software models that simulates infrared and visible optics-related phenomenology of interest to Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD). The

BASIC option is used in the OSC to link several components that provide visible and infrared

(IR) signatures encountered by rocket-borne, airborne, or ground-based sensors in a BMD environment. This users’ manual provides an OSC BASIC Option user with a brief technical discussion of each program’s capability, and the required user input for each program.

APPROVED BY:

vi

FOREWORD

The version of the OSC, OSC 21.2.3, discussed herein, was prepared as part of the

Operation, Maintenance, and Sustainment of the Hardbody Toolset of the MDA Electro-

Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) Toolkit for Contract Number HQ0147-11-D-0015, under the technical direction of Dr. Mark Underwood (MDA/ESP) for the Missile Defense Agency.

Recent previous releases were issued under the technical direction of Mr. Cliff Burson

(MDA/ESP) and Ms. Carol Barclay (USASMDC/ARSTRAT).

HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL

The OSC documentation is provided to supplement the help files provided with the WinOSC graphical user interface by providing details to support advanced modeling techniques.

Volume 1 (OSC Basic Option Reference Manual) is organized according to the following scheme:

1. Introduction

2. Model Usage

3. Input Descriptions including Namelist and Card Input

4. File Descriptions and Formats for Input and Output Files

5. In-depth Tool Descriptions

6. References and Appendices (additional helpful information)

Volumes 2-9 and other documentation on the CD provide additional information.

vii

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1-1

2. Model Usage Notes .......................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 BASIC Option Executive ........................................................................................................... 2-2

2.1.1 Required Input .................................................................................................................. 2-2

2.1.2 Renaming Files ................................................................................................................. 2-2

2.1.3 Using Previously Generated Data ................................................................................... 2-2

2.1.4 Simplified Card Input ....................................................................................................... 2-3

2.1.5 RVSNTH ............................................................................................................................. 2-4

2.1.5.1 Nose-Cap ...................................................................................................................... 2-4

2.1.5.2 Nozzles .......................................................................................................................... 2-4

2.1.5.3 Wings with Internal Framework (WWIFs) .................................................................... 2-5

2.1.5.4 Jet Vanes ...................................................................................................................... 2-5

2.1.5.5 Fins ................................................................................................................................ 2-6

2.1.6 TSHAD ............................................................................................................................... 2-6

2.1.7 Thermal Gradient Sorting ................................................................................................ 2-7

2.1.8 Monte Carlo Runs ............................................................................................................ 2-7

2.2 Atmospheric Model (ATMOS) ................................................................................................... 2-8

2.2.1 Active Track .................................................................................................................... 2-13

2.3 Trajectory Model (BALIS3) ..................................................................................................... 2-15

2.4 Thermal Response Models .................................................................................................... 2-16

2.4.1 Endoatmospheric Thermal Response Model ............................................................... 2-17

2.4.1.1 DIPREF (Direct Procedure for Reentry Flow) ............................................................ 2-18

2.4.1.2 EZFLOW....................................................................................................................... 2-21

2.4.1.3 F678 ........................................................................................................................... 2-21

2.4.1.4 Iteration ...................................................................................................................... 2-23

2.4.2 Exoatmospheric Thermal Response Model .................................................................. 2-23

2.4.2.1 Heat-Transfer-Rate Algorithm .................................................................................... 2-24

2.4.2.2 Non-shadowing Exoatmospheric Thermal Response Model (EXOHT/MBALL) ....... 2-26

2.4.2.3 Shadowing Exoatmospheric Thermal Response Model (EXOHT3) ......................... 2-27

2.4.3 Impulsive Heating for All Thermal Models .................................................................... 2-31

2.4.4 Endoatmospheric/Exoatmospheric Model Interface ................................................... 2-34

2.5 Optical Properties Program (SELECT) ................................................................................... 2-35

2.6 Signature (Spectral Intensity) Model (BIDIRC) ..................................................................... 2-36

2.6.1 Gaussian Bidirectional Reflectance .............................................................................. 2-41

2.6.2 Beard-Maxwell Bidirectional Reflectance ..................................................................... 2-42

2.6.2.1 BRDF Polarization Components ................................................................................ 2-45 viii

2.6.2.2 Directed Energy Cross Section .................................................................................. 2-46

2.7 Natural Atmospheric Background Models ............................................................................ 2-46

2.7.1 Background Environment Model (SPACE) .................................................................... 2-46

2.7.2 Low-Altitude Background Models (LOW5 and LWTRN6) ............................................. 2-47

2.7.3 High-Altitude Background Model (ELIM77) .................................................................. 2-48

2.8 Sensor Models ....................................................................................................................... 2-49

2.8.1 SENSRM.......................................................................................................................... 2-49

2.8.2 SISMOD ........................................................................................................................... 2-50

2.9 Chaff Model ............................................................................................................................ 2-54

2.10 Wake Model ............................................................................................................................ 2-55

2.10.1 Program Structure .......................................................................................................... 2-56

2.10.2 Erosion, Pyrolysis, and Outgassing ............................................................................... 2-57

2.10.3 Wake Flowfield and Equilibrium Chemistry .................................................................. 2-58

2.10.4 Two-Phase Flow and Particle Thermal Response ........................................................ 2-58

2.10.5 Optical Signatures .......................................................................................................... 2-59

3. Input Descriptions ............................................................................................................................ 3-1

3.1 BASIC Option Executive ........................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1.1 Dynamic Array Sizes ......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1.2 OSCDRV Input ................................................................................................................... 3-4

3.1.3 Program Flow Specification ............................................................................................. 3-5

3.1.4 Waveband and Wavelength Input ................................................................................... 3-8

3.1.5 File Rename Option ......................................................................................................... 3-8

3.1.6 Previous Trajectory with Multiple Thermal Response Models ...................................... 3-9

3.1.7 RVSNTH ............................................................................................................................. 3-9

3.1.7.1 Nozzles ........................................................................................................................ 3-26

3.1.7.2 WWIFs ......................................................................................................................... 3-28

3.1.7.3 Jet Vanes .................................................................................................................... 3-30

3.1.7.4 Fins .............................................................................................................................. 3-35

3.1.7.5 Temperature Substitution .......................................................................................... 3-39

3.1.7.6 RVSNTH to TSHAD Communication .......................................................................... 3-40

3.1.8 TSHAD ............................................................................................................................. 3-41

3.1.9 Thermal Gradient Sorting .............................................................................................. 3-54

3.1.10 Monte-Carlo Option ........................................................................................................ 3-58

3.2 Atmospheric Model ................................................................................................................ 3-61

3.3 Active Track ............................................................................................................................ 3-73

3.4 Trajectory Model ..................................................................................................................... 3-75

3.5 Thermal Response Models .................................................................................................... 3-96

3.5.1 Endoatmospheric Thermal Response Model ............................................................... 3-96 ix

3.5.2 Non-shadowing Exoatmospheric Thermal Response Model (EXOHT/MBALL) ......... 3-114

3.5.3 Shadowing Exoatmospheric Thermal Response Model (EXOHT3) ........................... 3-120

3.5.4 Impulsive Heating for All Thermal Models .................................................................. 3-123

3.6 Optical Properties Program ................................................................................................. 3-125

3.7 Signature (Spectral Intensity) Model .................................................................................. 3-128

3.8 Natural Atmospheric Background Models .......................................................................... 3-138

3.9 Sensor Models ..................................................................................................................... 3-145

3.9.1 SENSRM........................................................................................................................ 3-145

3.9.2 SISMOD ......................................................................................................................... 3-149

3.10 Chaff Model .......................................................................................................................... 3-151

3.11 Wake Model .......................................................................................................................... 3-156

3.11.1 Mechanical Erosion ...................................................................................................... 3-157

3.11.2 Particle Size Distribution ............................................................................................. 3-160

3.11.3 Cautions and Limitations ............................................................................................. 3-162

3.12 OSC/NORSE Interface .......................................................................................................... 3-163

3.13 Nominal Card Input .............................................................................................................. 3-163

3.13.1 Simplified Trajectory Input ........................................................................................... 3-163

3.13.2 Simplified Temperature Input ..................................................................................... 3-167

3.13.3 Simplified Signature Input ........................................................................................... 3-168

4. File Descriptions and Formats ........................................................................................................ 4-1

4.1 BASIC Option Executive ........................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.1 TSHAD ............................................................................................................................. 4-16

4.2 Atmospheric Model ................................................................................................................ 4-18

4.3 Trajectory Model ..................................................................................................................... 4-20

4.4 Thermal Response Models .................................................................................................... 4-25

4.4.1 Endoatmospheric Thermal Response Model ............................................................... 4-29

4.4.2 Exoatmospheric Thermal Response Model .................................................................. 4-35

4.5 Optical Properties Program ................................................................................................... 4-37

4.6 Signature (Spectral Intensity) Model .................................................................................... 4-38

4.7 Natural Atmospheric Background Models ............................................................................ 4-47

4.8 OSC/NORSE Interface ............................................................................................................ 4-49

4.9 Wake Model ............................................................................................................................ 4-50

4.10 Target Phenomenology Visualizer (ThermView and WinTPV) .............................................. 4-52

4.11 Spatially Resolved Target Image Generation (PIXEL8) ........................................................ 4-54

5. In-depth Tool Descriptions ............................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Target Phenomenology Visualizer (ThermView and WinTPV) ................................................ 5-1

5.1.1 ThermView ........................................................................................................................ 5-1

5.1.1.1 Options .......................................................................................................................... 5-2 x

5.1.1.2 Video Controls .............................................................................................................. 5-4

5.1.1.3 Mouse Gestures ........................................................................................................... 5-5

5.1.2 WinTPV .............................................................................................................................. 5-5

5.1.2.1 Viewing Options ............................................................................................................ 5-6

5.1.2.2 Camera Modes ............................................................................................................. 5-7

5.1.2.3 Mouse Gestures ........................................................................................................... 5-8

5.2 Spatially Resolved Target Image Generation (PIXEL8) .......................................................... 5-8

6. References ....................................................................................................................................... 6-1

A. Material Index and Property Summary ............................................................................................A-1

B. Revision History ................................................................................................................................ B-1

B.1. Software Language Modernization ....................................................................................... B-20

C. Memory Management ...................................................................................................................... C-1

C.1. Linux .......................................................................................................................................... C-1

C.2. Windows ................................................................................................................................... C-1

D. OSC Executable Notes ..................................................................................................................... D-1

D.1. Dynamic Array Sizes for Namelist Arrays ................................................................................ D-2

E. Dictionary .......................................................................................................................................... E-1 xi

List of Tables

Table 1-1: Summary of OSC Model Capabilities .................................................................................... 1-2

Table 2-1: Overview of Models Available in BASIC Option ..................................................................... 2-1

Table 2-2: Earthshine Database Cloud Altitudes and Temperatures ................................................. 2-11

Table 2-3: Available Model Atmospheres ............................................................................................. 2-12

Table 2-4: MBALL Capabilities .............................................................................................................. 2-27

Table 2-5: EXOHT3 Capabilities ............................................................................................................ 2-30

Table 2-6: Comparison of Historical and Recent Wake Observations ................................................ 2-55

Table 3-1: Namelist OSC_ARRAY_SIZES ................................................................................................. 3-3

Table 3-2: Namelist PREFER ................................................................................................................... 3-4

Table 3-3: OSCDRV Input ......................................................................................................................... 3-5

Table 3-4: Program Flow Input ................................................................................................................ 3-5

Table 3-5: Waveband and Wavelength Input ......................................................................................... 3-8

Table 3-6: Input For Renaming Files (RENAME = YES or FILE) ............................................................. 3-9

Table 3-7: Transition Criteria Input for Thermal Models (TRAJ = TAPE, FILE, ASCII, or ASCIIM) ......... 3-9

Table 3-8: Namelist SHAPE Input for RVSNTH ..................................................................................... 3-16

Table 3-9: Namelist MATS Input for RVSNTH ....................................................................................... 3-19

Table 3-10: Namelist TCOUPLE Input for RVSNTH ............................................................................... 3-21

Table 3-11: Namelist LAYER Input for RVSNTH ................................................................................... 3-22

Table 3-12: Namelist LDATA Input for RVSNTH ................................................................................... 3-24

Table 3-13: Namelist NOZZLE Input for RVSNTH ................................................................................. 3-26

Table 3-14: WWIF Station Count ........................................................................................................... 3-28

Table 3-15: Namelist AWIF Input for RVSNTH ...................................................................................... 3-29

Table 3-16: Namelist VANE Input for RVSNTH ..................................................................................... 3-34

Table 3-17: Namelist FIN Input for RVSNTH ........................................................................................ 3-38

Table 3-18: Namelist SBTOOT Input for RVSNTH................................................................................. 3-39

Table 3-19: RVSNTH to TSHAD Communication .................................................................................. 3-40

Table 3-20: TSHAD Target Input............................................................................................................ 3-47

Table 3-21: Summary of Geometric Data Input for Shapes in TSHAD ............................................... 3-48

Table 3-22: Namelist IDATA Input for TSHAD (and EXOHT3) .............................................................. 3-49

Table 3-23: Namelist LDATA Input for TSHAD ...................................................................................... 3-52

Table 3-24: Thermal Data Input for TSHAD .......................................................................................... 3-54

Table 3-25: Namelist GRDSRT Input .................................................................................................... 3-57

Table 3-26: ADD-ON Station Temperature Initialization for Gradient Sorting .................................... 3-58

Table 3-27: Namelist VARY Input .......................................................................................................... 3-60

Table 3-28: Namelist SOLAR Input ....................................................................................................... 3-63

Table 3-29: Spectral Cloud Cover Effects Input ................................................................................... 3-66 xii

Table 3-30: Earthshine Radiance Multipliers ....................................................................................... 3-68

Table 3-31: Attitude Averages for Incidence Factors: G(n,s) = MAX(n · s, 0) ...................................... 3-69

Table 3-32: Selection of Earthshine Models ........................................................................................ 3-71

Table 3-33: Emissivity and Absorbtivity Options .................................................................................. 3-71

Table 3-34: Namelist ATRACK Input ..................................................................................................... 3-74

Table 3-35: BALIS3 Run Data and Title ................................................................................................ 3-76

Table 3-36: Namelist TRAJOP Input for BALIS3 ................................................................................... 3-77

Table 3-37: Vehicle Designation ........................................................................................................... 3-79

Table 3-38: Namelist STATE Input for BALIS3...................................................................................... 3-84

Table 3-39: ZSTATE Definition by Vehicle Designation ........................................................................ 3-85

Table 3-40: Variable Ballistic Coefficients ............................................................................................ 3-87

Table 3-41: Airplane Positions (TGI = AF) ............................................................................................. 3-87

Table 3-42: Powered Flight Positions ................................................................................................... 3-88

Table 3-43: Target Position and Orientation (MULT = CARDS) ........................................................... 3-90

Table 3-44: Real Aerodynamic Coefficient Input ................................................................................. 3-92

Table 3-45: RVTEMP Program Control Input ........................................................................................ 3-97

Table 3-46: Input for SHINE .................................................................................................................. 3-98

Table 3-47: Namelist NAME Input for DIPREF ..................................................................................... 3-98

Table 3-48: Program F678 Input - Title, Program Control, and Case Identification ........................ 3-101

Table 3-49: Card Set 4 Input for F678 ............................................................................................... 3-102

Table 3-50: Namelist IDATA Input for F678 ....................................................................................... 3-105

Table 3-51: Thermal Boundary Condition Options ............................................................................. 3-112

Table 3-52: Thermal Boundary Condition Compatiblity Matrix ......................................................... 3-114

Table 3-53: Body Shape Input for EXOHT ........................................................................................... 3-115

Table 3-54: Angle-Dependent Solar Absorptivity Input for EXOHT and EXOHT3 .............................. 3-116

Table 3-55: Namelist IBALL Input ....................................................................................................... 3-117

Table 3-56: Input for the Thermally Massive Solution (BALL=0) ...................................................... 3-118

Table 3-57: Namelist IDATA Input for EXOHT (BALL=0)..................................................................... 3-119

Table 3-58: MBALL Input (BALL=2 or 3) ............................................................................................. 3-120

Table 3-59: Namelist EPSDF Input for EXOHT3 Inside/Outside Absorptivity and Emissivity .......... 3-121

Table 3-60: EXOHT3 Thermal Property Data ...................................................................................... 3-121

Table 3-61: Namelist IMPULS Input for All Thermal Models ............................................................. 3-124

Table 3-62: X-Ray Materials ................................................................................................................ 3-124

Table 3-63: SELECT Input .................................................................................................................... 3-126

Table 3-64: Code Word Equivalencies for the General Material Classes ......................................... 3-126

Table 3-65: Temperature-Dependent Emissivity Input ...................................................................... 3-128

Table 3-66: BIDIRC Input ..................................................................................................................... 3-130

Table 3-67: Namelist CASE Input for BIDIRC ..................................................................................... 3-130 xiii

Table 3-68: Beard-Maxwell BRDF Inputs (Namelist BMBRDF) ......................................................... 3-137

Table 3-69: Sandford-Robertson BRDF Inputs (Namelist SRBRDF) ................................................. 3-138

Table 3-70: Natural Background Input ............................................................................................... 3-139

Table 3-71: SENSRM Input Summary ................................................................................................. 3-146

Table 3-72: SISMOD Input (Namelist SISIN) ...................................................................................... 3-149

Table 3-73: Sensor Inputs Required for SISMOD Calculation Options ............................................. 3-151

Table 3-74: CHFPRG Input with BASIC Option ................................................................................... 3-152

Table 3-75: Namelist WAKEPRO Input ............................................................................................... 3-156

Table 3-76: Mechanical Erosion Parameters for Hillberg Correlation .............................................. 3-159

Table 3-77: Mechanical Erosion Inputs for Namelist IDATA in RVTEMP/F678 ............................... 3-159

Table 3-78: Simplified Trajectory Input - TRAJ = CARDS ................................................................... 3-164

Table 3-79: Simplified Trajectory Input - TRAJ = DATA ...................................................................... 3-165

Table 3-80: Simplified Trajectory Input – TRAJ = DATAS ................................................................... 3-166

Table 3-81: Simplified Temperature Input – HEATR = CARDS.......................................................... 3-168

Table 3-82: Simplified Signature Input - SIGNA = CARDS ................................................................. 3-169

Table 4-1: Possible OSC BASIC Option Input Files ................................................................................. 4-1

Table 4-2: OSC BASIC Option Output Files Used Outside of BASIC Option Linkages .......................... 4-3

Table 4-3: OSC File Names and Usage ................................................................................................... 4-4

Table 4-4: OSC BASIC Option File Usage - By Model ............................................................................ 4-10

Table 4-5: Shape and Materials Summary File (SUMRYSHP, Unit 73) ............................................... 4-16

Table 4-6: User-Named and -Supplied Fixed Temperature File for EXOHT3 (‘tfilex’, Unit 70) .......... 4-16

Table 4-7: User-Named and -Supplied Front/Back-face Flux File for EXOHT3 (‘ffilex’/‘bfilex’, Unit 70)

4-17

Table 4-8: Cloud Cover Database (SIS22, Unit 22) ............................................................................. 4-18

Table 4-9: User-Supplied Satellite Radiance Map (SATRAD.INPUT, Unit 27) ..................................... 4-18

Table 4-10: User-named and -Supplied Rawinsonde Atmospheric Data (‘atmfil’, Unit 176) ............ 4-19

Table 4-11: User-Named and -Supplied Boost File (‘bstfil’, Unit 62) .................................................. 4-20

Table 4-12: User-Named and -Supplied Aircraft Flying Trajectory File (‘affil’, Unit 63) ..................... 4-21

Table 4-13: Trajectory Summary File (SUMRYTRJ, Unit 73) ................................................................ 4-21

Table 4-14: Trajectory File (TRAJ, Unformatted, Unit 7; ATRAJ, Unit 1) .............................................. 4-22

Table 4-15: Tab-Delimited Trajectory File - METFIL = 1 (METRICS, Unit 35)...................................... 4-23

Table 4-16: ECI Target Trajectory File - METFIL = 2 (ECITARG, Unit 76)............................................. 4-23

Table 4-17: ECI Sensor Trajectory File - METFIL = 2 (ECISENS, Unit 77) ........................................... 4-24

Table 4-18: Target Trajectory File - METFIL = 3 (NBOOST.DAT, Unit 34) ............................................ 4-24

Table 4-19: Target Trajectory File - METFIL = 4 (ATAPTRAJ, Unit 76) ................................................. 4-24

Table 4-20: ECR Target Trajectory File - METFIL = 5 (ECRTARG, ECRBMEND(#), Unit 76) ............... 4-25

Table 4-21: ECR Sensor Trajectory File - METFIL = 5 (ECRSENS, ECRBMBEG(#), Unit 77) .............. 4-25

Table 4-22: Thermophysical Data Sample Format (RVTHRM, Unit 15) .............................................. 4-25 xiv

Table 4-23: Thermochemical Data Sample Format (RVCHEM, Unit 52) ............................................ 4-26

Table 4-24: Miscellaneous Values for Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data .......................... 4-27

Table 4-25: Temperature Gradient File (GRAD55, OLDG55, Unit 55; GRAD66, Unit 66) ................. 4-28

Table 4-26: Fin Facet Area File (FINAREA, Unformatted, Unit 32) ...................................................... 4-28

Table 4-27: Heat and Environmental Flux File (TPVFLUX, Unformatted, Unit 72) ............................. 4-28

Table 4-28: Thermal Data Summary File (SUMRYTMP, Unit 73) ........................................................ 4-29

Table 4-29: User Named Thermocouple Temperature File (‘codets’, Unit 79+station) .................... 4-29

Table 4-30: User-Named and -Supplied Accommodation Coefficients File (‘acfil’, Unit 62) ............. 4-29

Table 4-31: User-Named and -Supplied Time Dependent Liquid Depth File (‘lqdvst’, Unit 63) ....... 4-30

Table 4-32: User-Named and -Supplied Plume-Induced Separation Data (‘plmfil’, Unit 67) ............ 4-30

Table 4-33: Thermal File (THERMAL, Unit 16; ATHERMAL, Unit 1; INF678, Unit 24) ........................ 4-30

Table 4-34: File for Communication between DIPREF and F678 (FORF678, Unit 20) ..................... 4-31

Table 4-35: User-Supplied Front-Face Heat Flux or Temperature File (‘sfcfl’, Unit 63) ..................... 4-32

Table 4-36: User-Supplied Back-Wall Heat Flux or Temperature File (‘srcfl’, Unit 63) ...................... 4-32

Table 4-37: User-Supplied Thermal Mass per Unit Area File (‘filempua’, Unit 63) ............................ 4-32

Table 4-38: ADD-ON Surface Temperature File (ADDTHRM, Unit 41) ................................................ 4-33

Table 4-39: Wall Temperature Iteration Files (COMTHRM, Unit 37; OLDTHRM, Unit 36) ................. 4-33

Table 4-40: Ablated Station File (ABLATED Formatted, Unit 30) ........................................................ 4-33

Table 4-41: Heat Flux Versus Time (QFIL.(###), Unit 39) ................................................................... 4-34

Table 4-42: In-depth Station Thermal Data (INDEPTHS, NDEPTHSA, Unit 64) .................................. 4-34

Table 4-43: EXOHT3 Incident Flux for Each Station (QRDXH3, Unit 47) ............................................ 4-35

Table 4-44: In-depth Station Thermal Data (INDEPTHX, Unit 64) ....................................................... 4-36

Table 4-45: Optical Property Data Sample Format (OPTPROP, Unit 9, TRANSMIT, Unit 45) ............ 4-37

Table 4-46: Sensor Spectral Response Files (‘resnam’, Unit 39) ....................................................... 4-38

Table 4-47: Target Intensity File (SIGS, Unit 19) .................................................................................. 4-38

Table 4-48: Spectral Signature File for Use in MTARSN (MTARSN2, Unit 2) ..................................... 4-39

Table 4-49: Signature Summary File (SUMRYSIG, Unit 73) ................................................................ 4-39

Table 4-50: In-Band Signature File (BANDSIGS, Unit 59) .................................................................... 4-40

Table 4-51: Spectral Signature File (SPCSIGS, Unit 58; Self-Emitted: SEMSIGS, Unit 78) ............... 4-40

Table 4-52: Surface Temperature Post-Processing File (tbm71, Unit 71) ......................................... 4-41

Table 4-53: Spectral Signature Post-Processing File (tbm74, Unit 74) .............................................. 4-41

Table 4-54: Glint Analysis File (GLINT, Unit 34) ................................................................................... 4-41

Table 4-55: Linearly Resolved Signatures by Shape (PRCMSG, Unit 46) .......................................... 4-42

Table 4-56: Resolved In-Band Signatures for Each Thermal Station (RSLVSG, Unit 48) .................. 4-42

Table 4-57: In-Band Signatures (ATCTSG, Unit 49) ............................................................................. 4-43

Table 4-58: Intermediate BIDIRC Quantities (DETAILS, Unit 64) ........................................................ 4-43

Table 4-59: EARLIM Spectral Database (LIMDAT, Unit 17) ................................................................. 4-47

Table 4-60: Zodiacal Light Radiance File (ZODBKG, Unit 18) ............................................................. 4-47 xv

Table 4-61: Low Altitude Spectral Background File (SPCBKG, Unit 11) ............................................. 4-48

Table 4-62: Low Altitude In-Band Background File (BNDBKG, Unit 12) ............................................. 4-48

Table 4-63: High Altitude In-Band Background File (LIMBKG, Unit 13) ............................................. 4-49

Table 4-64: NORSE Data Generated by OSC (TONORSE, Unit 12) ..................................................... 4-49

Table 4-65: Constant Wake Data File (FLOWC, Unit 8) ....................................................................... 4-50

Table 4-66: One- and Two-dimensional Flowfield Data (FLOWT, Unit 15) .......................................... 4-50

Table 4-67: Particulate Material Properties (PRSPEC, Unit 12) .......................................................... 4-50

Table 4-68: Complex Index of Refraction Database (REFRACT, Unit 40) ........................................... 4-51

Table 4-69: Species Data File (SPECIES, Unit 25) ............................................................................... 4-51

Table 4-70: Thermochemical Properties for Wake Calculations (JANAF, Unit 9) ............................... 4-51

Table 4-71: Equilibrium Chemistry File (EQCHEM, Unit 2) .................................................................. 4-52

Table 4-72: Target Phenomenology Visualizer Data File (THRMVUR, Unit 57) .................................. 4-52

Table 4-73: OSC Facet Geometry File (geom_b, Unit 88).................................................................... 4-54

Table 4-74: OSC Raw Image Data File (images, Unit 60) .................................................................... 4-55

Table 5-1: Image Generator Input File (pixinp) ...................................................................................... 5-9

Table 5-2: Guidelines for Producing Satisfactory Images ................................................................... 5-10

Table A-1: Material Index and Property Summary ..................................................................................A-2

Table E-1: OSC 21.0 Dictionary ............................................................................................................... E-1 xvi

List of Figures

Figure 2-1: Deviations from Standard Atmosphere for Various Degrees of Solar Activity .................. 2-9

Figure 2-2: OSC/ATMOS Clear and Cloudy Earthshine Radiances ..................................................... 2-11

Figure 2-3: Endoatmospheric Thermal Response Models .................................................................. 2-18

Figure 2-4: Comparison of Capabilities of OSC Exoatmospheric Thermal Response Models .......... 2-24

Figure 2-5: Lateral Conduction in EXOHT3 ........................................................................................... 2-29

Figure 2-6: Volume Calculation Improvement EXOHT3 ....................................................................... 2-29

Figure 2-7: Example of Complex Shape ................................................................................................ 2-30

Figure 2-8: Impulse Source Position in Body Coordinate System ....................................................... 2-31

Figure 2-9: Impulse Heating Energy Transport..................................................................................... 2-33

Figure 2-10: Reflection Modeling Comparison .................................................................................... 2-37

Figure 2-11: Geometry for Bidirectional Reflection ............................................................................. 2-37

Figure 2-12: OSC BDR Earthshine Sampling Techniques ................................................................... 2-38

Figure 2-13: Effects on Signatures from Optical Piece Modeling ....................................................... 2-39

Figure 2-14: Geometry of Reflection from Source ............................................................................... 2-40

Figure 2-15: Shift in the Ozone Peak between LOWTRAN and ARS Measurements ......................... 2-48

Figure 2-16: Spark Schlieren Image of Subscale Vehicle and Wake ................................................. 2-56

Figure 2-17: Schematic Diagram of Key Flow Field Features and Terminology ................................ 2-56

Figure 2-18: WAKPRO Flow Diagram and Module Descriptions ......................................................... 2-57

Figure 3-1: Typical BASIC Option Input Stream ...................................................................................... 3-1

Figure 3-2: OSCPRef Examples ............................................................................................................... 3-4

Figure 3-3: RVSNTH, TSHAD, and BALLIS Coordinate Systems .......................................................... 3-11

Figure 3-4: Generic Target Available in RVSNTH ............................................................................