EM_1110-2-6056.pdf

EM 1110-2-6056

31 December 2010

US Army Corps of Engineers

ENGINEERING AND DESIGN

Standards and Procedures for Referencing Project Elevation Grades to Nationwide Vertical Datums

ENGINEER MANUAL

i

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-2-6056

US Army Corps of Engineers

CECW-CE Washington, DC 20314-1000

Manual No. 1110-2-6056 31 December 2010

Engineering and Design

STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES FOR REFERENCING PROJECT ELEVATION

GRADES TO NATIONWIDE VERTICAL DATUMS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph Page Chapter 1. Introduction

Purpose ...........................................................................................1-1 1-1 Applicability....................................................................................1-2 1-1 Distribution......................................................................................1-3 1-1 References .......................................................................................1-4 1-1 Discussion........................................................................................1-5 1-1 Background .....................................................................................1-6 1-1 Scope of Manual .............................................................................1-7 1-3 General Background on the Definition and Use of Vertical Datums .........................................................................1-8 1-3 Federal Framework Systems for Referencing USACE Project Grades............................................................................1-9 1-8 Implementation Actions .................................................................1-10 1-9 Periodic Reassessments of Controlling Reference Elevations.....1-11 1-11 Metrics and Accuracy Definitions ................................................1-12 1-12 Trade Name Exclusions .................................................................1-13 1-12 Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................1-14 1-12 Manual Development, Technical Assistance, and Training.........1-15 1-12 Proponency and Waivers ................................................................1-16 1-12

Chapter 2. Geodetic, Tidal, and Hydraulic Reference Datums Used to Define Project Grades on Civil Works Projects

Purpose...........................................................................................2-1 2-1 Geodetic and Hydraulic Vertical Reference Systems .................2-2 2-1 Background on the Definition of the

National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29)........2-3 2-4 Background on the Definition of the Current

North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) ................2-4 2-6 Satellite-Based Vertical Reference Systems................................2-5 2-7

EM 1110-1-6056

31 Dec 10 ii

Paragraph Page

Tidal Datums Used to Reference Coastal HSPP and Navigation Projects ..................................................................2-6 2-10 Geodetic and Hydraulic Datum References on USACE Projects.......................................................................2-7 2-11

Chapter 3. Survey Accuracy Standards and Procedures for Connecting Projects to the National Spatial Reference System

General ..........................................................................................3-1 3-1 Definitions ....................................................................................3-2 3-1 Distinction between NSRS Control and Local Project Control .........................................................................3-3 3-3 Recommended Accuracy Standards for USACE Project Control .........................................................................3-4 3-5 FEMA Accuracy Standards for Flood Insurance Rate Maps .....3-5 3-7 USGS National Map Accuracy Standards ...................................3-6 3-8 Local Topographic, Engineering, and Construction Survey Accuracy Standards..................................................................3-7 3-8 Hierarchy of Preferred Survey Methods for Establishing New Primary Bench Marks Relative to the NSRS ................3-8 3-10 Preliminary Evaluation of Existing Project Control ...................3-9 3-12 Utilizing Existing NSRS Control for USACE Primary Project Control PBMs...........................................................................3-10 3-13 CORS/OPUS Solutions for Primary Project Control Point Elevations........................................................................3-11 3-16 GPS Static Baseline Specifications for Networking Primary Project Control Point Connections to the NSRS .....3-12 3-22 The USACE Survey Monumentation Archival and Retrieval Tool (U-SMART) ...................................................3-13 3-24 Methods for Determining the Relationship between Legacy Project Datums and NAVD88....................................3-14 3-26 Summary of USACE Survey Standards for Connecting Projects to Nationwide Reference Datums.............................3-15 3-28

Chapter 4. Procedures for Referencing Datums and Dredging Grades on Coastal Navigation Projects

General ...........................................................................................4-1 4-1 Overview of Procedures Needed to Reference Grades on Navigation Projects ..................................................................4-2 4-2 Establishing Primary Project Control Point (PPCP) References ..............................................................................4-3 4-4 iii

Paragraph Page

Designating a Primary Tidal Reference Gage for a Navigation Project ..................................................................4-4 4-6 Tidal Datum Uncertainty Estimates .............................................4-5 4-15 Tidal Modeling Methods to Define Local MLLW Datums on Coastal Projects...................................................................4-6 4-19 National Vertical Datum Transformation Software (VDatum)..4-7 4-22 Tidal Phase and Water Surface Elevation Variations over a Navigation Project.................................................................4-8 4-24 Channel Control Framework Drawing Notes for Navigation Projects .................................................................4-9 4-27 Summary of Evaluation Factors for Determining a Reference Tidal Datum on a Navigation Project ...................................4-10 4-27

Chapter 5. Procedures for Referencing Datums on Coastal Hurricane and Shore Protection Projects

Purpose...........................................................................................5-1 5-1 Reference Datums and Tide Gage Connections..........................5-2 5-1 HSPP Elevation Accuracy Requirements ....................................5-3 5-3 Shore Protection and Beach Renourishment/Restoration Projects......................................................................................5-4 5-3 Breakwater and Jetty Construction Projects ................................5-5 5-7 Coastal Hurricane Protection Projects .........................................5-6 5-8

Chapter 6. Procedures for Referencing Datums on Inland Flood Risk Management, Water Control, and Navigation Projects

Purpose...........................................................................................6-1 6-1 Reference Grades on Inland Flood Risk Management and Water Control Projects.............................................................6-2 6-1 Procedures for Connecting Inland River, Pool, or Reservoir Gages to the National Spatial Reference System...................6-3 6-3 Elevation Accuracy Requirements at Reference Gages..............6-4 6-6 Levee System Connections to the NSRS.....................................6-5 6-8 Dam and Reservoir Connections to the NSRS ............................6-6 6-10 Inland Navigation Lock and Dam Connections to the NSRS ....6-7 6-12 Referencing Projects on the Great Lakes and Connecting Waterways ................................................................................6-8 6-13 iv

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Chapter 7. Vertical Datums Applicable to Regulatory Permitting

Purpose and Applicability ............................................................7-1 7-1 Vertical Reference Datums Used in Regulatory Activities .......7-2 7-1 Ordinary High Water Mark (OHWM) Determination ...............7-3 7-1 High Tide Line (HTL) and Related High Water Definitions ....7-4 7-4 Boundary Uncertainties Due to Water Level Datum Errors ......7-5 7-8 Section 10 Authority: Geographic and Jurisdictional Limits of Oceanic and Tidal Waters ......................................7-6 7-9 Section 404 Authority: Limits of Jurisdiction—Dredged or Fill Material .............................................................................7-7 7-11 Section 103 Authority: Ocean Dumping of Dredged Material ....................................................................................7-8 7-12 Marine Boundaries in Coastal Areas Defined by Tidal Datums ..........................................................................7-9 7-12 Permit Application Checklist .......................................................7-10 7-15 Example: Sections 10 and 404 Permit Application Involving Tidal Limits ...........................................................7-11 7-15 References .....................................................................................7-12 7-22

Chapter 8. Monitoring Flood Protection Elevation Grades in High Subsidence Areas

Purpose...........................................................................................8-1 8-1 Background....................................................................................8-2 8-1 Development of a Vertical Time Dependent Positioning Reference Framework to Monitor Bench Mark Subsidence in Southern Louisiana ..........................................8-3 8-6 Estimating Subsidence Rates in the Southern Louisiana Region from Geodetic Observations.......................................8-4 8-8 Sea Level Trends in Southern Louisiana .....................................8-5 8-10 Seasonal Variation in Mean Sea Level in Southern Louisiana ..8-6 8-12

Chapter 9. Checklist for Assessing Project Datums and Elevation Uncertainties through Project Phases

Purpose...........................................................................................9-1 9-1 Planning and PED Phases—Reference Datum Checklist ...........9-2 9-1 Construction Phase Checklist .......................................................9-3 9-3 Post-Construction (Operation and Maintenance) Phase— Periodic Reassessments or Evaluations of Controlling Reference Elevations ...............................................................9-4 9-4 Sample PED Evaluation Report on a Hurricane Protection Project's Reference Datums.....................................................9-5 9-6 v

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Elevation Uncertainty Estimates of Reference Grades ..............9-6 9-9 Computing Elevation Uncertainties in the Design of Flood Protection and HSPP Structures ..................................9-7 9-10 Site Information Classifications and Requirements....................9-8 9-12 Estimating Uncertainties on Coastal Navigation Project Grades ..........................................................................9-9 9-13

Appendix A. References

Required References ..................................................................A-1 A-1 Related References.....................................................................A-2 A-4

Appendix B. Geodetic Reference Datums and Coordinate Systems

Purpose and Background ...........................................................B-1 B-1 SECTION I—Geodetic Reference Systems General ........................................................................................B-2 B-2 Geodetic Coordinates.................................................................B-3 B-2 Datums ........................................................................................B-4 B-4 WGS84 Reference Ellipsoid......................................................B-5 B-5 SECTION II-- Horizontal Coordinate Systems General ........................................................................................B-6 B-7 Geographic Coordinates ............................................................B-7 B-7 Horizontal Datums and Reference Frames...............................B-8 B-7 State Plane Coordinate Systems................................................B-9 B-12 Grid Elevations, Scale Factors, and Convergence ...................B-10 B-16 Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System ................B-11 B-18 The US Military Grid-Reference System (FM 3-34.331) .......B-12 B-18 US National Grid System ..........................................................B-13 B-19 Chainage-Offset Coordinate Systems .......................................B-14 B-20 Datum Conversions and Transformation Methods ..................B-15 B-22 Horizontal Transition Plan from NAD27 to NAD83...............B-16 B-26

Appendix C. Requirements and Procedures for Referencing Coastal Navigation Projects to Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) Datum

Purpose........................................................................................C-1 C-1 Applicability ...............................................................................C-2 C-1 References...................................................................................C-3 C-1 Background.................................................................................C-4 C-1 Impact of MLLW Definition on USACE Projects...................C-5 C-2 Implementation Actions.............................................................C-6 C-3 vi

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Appendix D. Tampa Harbor Navigation Project: Evaluation of the Project Datum and Implementation of a VDatum Model (Jacksonville District)

Purpose........................................................................................D-1 D-1 Project Description.....................................................................D-2 D-1 Section 1—Tampa Harbor CEPD Project Datum Evaluation Report (Jacksonville District) ..................................................D-3 D-3

Section 2—Tampa Harbor Channel Framework Report (Jacksonville District)...............................................................D-4 D-9

Appendix E. Tidal Modeling Procedures for Coastal Navigation Projects

Purpose........................................................................................E-1 E-1 Requirements for Accurately Modeled Tidal

Reference Datums. ..................................................................E-2 E-1 Modeling the MLLW Dredging Datum on USACE

Navigation Projects. ................................................................E-3 E-3 Procedures for Estimating Navigation Project MLLW Datum

Models using Spatial Interpolation Techniques. ...................E-4 E-6 Tidal Zoning Models..................................................................E-5 E-10 Hydrodynamic Tidal Modeling of Navigation Projects. .........E-6 E-12

Appendix F. Canaveral Harbor, FL— Establishing a PPCP and Tidal Datum Reference when Adequate NOAA Gage Data Exists (Jacksonville District)

Purpose and Background ...........................................................F-1 F-1 Canaveral Harbor: Deep-Draft Tidal Project. ..........................F-2 F-2 Canaveral Lock and Barge Canal to Banana River and

Indian River: Non-Tidal .........................................................F-3 F-6 RTK Coverage............................................................................F-4 F-11

Appendix G. Fort Fisher Shore Protection and Beach Stabilization Project (Wilmington District)

Purpose........................................................................................G-1 G-1 Connections to NSRS and Tidal Datum References................G-2 G-2

Appendix H. East Branch Clarion River Dam and Spillway Control Surveys (Pittsburgh District)

Introduction ................................................................................H-1 H-1 Project Location. ........................................................................H-2 H-2 Scope of Work............................................................................H-3 H-2 vii

Paragraph Page

CEPD Assessment......................................................................H-4 H-2 Options Considered for Corrective Action Field Surveys.......H-5 H-3 Recommended Primary Control Bench Mark at Project Site..H-6 H-4 Primary NSRS Control Network...............................................H-7 H-5 GPS Survey Procedures to Connect PBM 1-500. ....................H-8 H-6 Least Squares Adjustments........................................................H-9 H-7 Supplemental Deformation Surveys. ........................................H-10 H-8 Comparative Analysis of LIDAR Mapping..............................H-11 H-12 Data Source Projection/Datum. .................................................H-12 H-12 East Branch Dam Plan Elevation and Section Drawing. .........H-13 H-12 Survey Profile Dataset. ..............................................................H-14 H-13 PaMAP LIDAR Elevation Dataset............................................H-15 H-14 Data Processing. .........................................................................H-16 H-16 Comparative Analysis Observations.........................................H-17 H-17 Project Glossary. ........................................................................H-18 H-18 Methodology for Calculating the dZ Values. ...........................H-19 H-18 Statistical Analysis—Dam.........................................................H-20 H-19 Dam Statistical Analysis – Graph. ............................................H-21 H-20 Statistical Analysis—Spillway. .................................................H-22 H-20 Spillway Statistical Analysis – Graph.......................................H-23 H-21 East Branch Control Tower Gage. ............................................H-24 H-22

Appendix I. Control Surveys: Bois Brule Levee and Drainage District (St. Louis District)

Purpose .........................................................................................I-1 I-1 Project Location. ..........................................................................I-2 I-1 Survey Control Methods Used to Connect Levees to the NSRS...............................................................................I-3 I-1 Bois Brule Primary Control Points. ............................................I-4 I-3 Survey Control / Data Collection................................................I-5 I-4 Bois Brule Levee District Project Features Surveyed Relative to NSRS Primary Control Points HB1394 and HB1377........I-6 I-7 Use of RTN Networks for Referencing Levee Control. ............I-7 I-8 NGS Data Sheet for R 323 (PID HB1394). ...............................I-8 I-10 NGS Data Sheet for L 289 (PID HB1377).................................I-9 I-13

Appendix J. Establishing NSRS Elevations on 15 Dam and Reservoir Projects in Pittsburgh District

General..........................................................................................J-1 J-1 Background. .................................................................................J-2 J-1 Project Description. .....................................................................J-3 J-1 GPS Network Decision................................................................J-4 J-2 viii

Paragraph Page Existing NSRS Control. .............................................................J-5 J-2 Conemaugh Dam Bench Marks. ...............................................J-6 J-3 Datums. .......................................................................................J-7 J-3 GPS Observations. .....................................................................J-8 J-3 GPS Data Processing. ................................................................J-9 J-4 Least Squares Adjustments........................................................J-10 J-5 Supplemental Ties to LPCPs. ....................................................J-11 J-9 Summary.....................................................................................J-12 J-9

Appendix K. Lake Superior Navigation Project Referenced to IGLD85— Ontonagon Harbor, Michigan (Detroit District)

Purpose........................................................................................K-1 K-1 Project Description.....................................................................K-2 K-2 Connections to NSRS and Tidal Datum References................K-3 K-3 Background on Establishment of IGLD85. ..............................K-4 K-8 Tabulation of Great Lakes and Connecting Channels Water Level Datums (NOAA CO-OPS). ................................K-5 K-11

Appendix L. Computing Historical Subsidence Rates in Southeast Louisiana from USACE Gage Data

Purpose........................................................................................L-1 L-1 Abstract .......................................................................................L-2 L-1 Introduction ................................................................................L-3 L-1 Data .............................................................................................L-4 L-1 Data Normalization ...................................................................L-5 L-5 Data Regression .........................................................................L-6 L-12 Apparent Subsidence Rates ......................................................L-7 L-15 Geodetic – Tidal Datum Comparison ......................................L-8 L-19 Conclusion .................................................................................L-9 L-29 References Cited ........................................................................L-10 L-29

Appendix M. Uncertainty Model for Orthometric, Tidal, and Hydraulic Datums for use in Risk Assessment Models

Purpose ......................................................................................M-1 M-1 Executive Summary..................................................................M-2 M-1 Participants. ...............................................................................M-3 M-2 Purpose of Study.......................................................................M-4 M-2 SECTION 1-- A Theoretical Framework for Modeling

Elevation Uncertainty An Overview of Current Risk Assessment Guidelines within the Corps of Engineers. .............................................M-5 M-3 ix

Paragraph Page Modeling Elevation Uncertainty--Major Factors

Contributing to Elevation Uncertainty. ................................M-6 M-6 SECTION 2-- Practical Implications and Examples

Overview ................................................................................M-7 M-12 Examples of Risk Resulting from Elevation/Datum

Uncertainty.............................................................................M-8 M-13 Expected Magnitude and Range of Elevation Uncertainty. ...M-9 M-15 SECTION 3—Recommendations and Conclusions Datum Uncertainties. ................................................................M-10 M-30 Example Computation for a Coastal Protection Project.........M-11 M-33 Addendum A: Uncertainty Worksheet and Terms. ................M-12 M-37 Addendum B: Definitions of Tidal Datums, Geodetic

Vertical Datums, and the Relationship between Tidal and Geodetic Vertical Datums. ....................................................M-13 M-45

Addendum C: Estimation of Vertical Uncertainties in VDatum..............................................................................M-14 M-48

Addendum D: References. .......................................................M-15 M-48

Glossary. Abbreviations and Acronyms ..........................................................................Glossary-1 x

List of Figures Page

Figure 1-1. Structure design and protection height considerations and uncertainties due to vertical reference datum variations over the life cycle of a project. .....................................................................................................1-5

Figure 1-2. Design and protection height considerations and uncertainties due to vertical reference datum variations at gages on an inland river system......1-7

Figure 1-3. Datum and elevation uncertainties on an inland river system floodwall protection height. ............................................................................................1-7

Figure 2-1. Tidal and inland vertical reference datums. .....................................................2-1 Figure 2-2. Relationship between the ellipsoid, geoid and orthometric heights. ..............2-9 Figure 2-3. Lower Mississippi River LWRP [1993/2005/2007] relationships

New Orleans District. .....................................................................................2-17 Figure 3-1. Distinction between Primary Project Control and Local Project Control points on a simple levee segment-- Network and Local Accuracies...........3-4 Figure 3-2. Published NSRS control within a levee project. ..............................................3-14 Figure 3-3. Survey control map from NGS web site. .........................................................3-15 Figure 3-4. U-SMART map showing NSRS database points along Lake

Pontchartrain shoreline. .................................................................................3-16 Figure 3-5. CORS/OPUS baseline processing and input to the NSRS database. .............3-16 Figure 3-6. Sample OPUS Solution Report. ........................................................................3-19 Figure 3-7. OPUS processed data sheet of a USACE PPCP. .............................................3-21 Figure 3-8. U-SMART web-based map interface indicating PPCPs and LPCPs. ............3-25 Figure 3-9. Sample U-SMART datasheet at a PPCP. .........................................................3-27 Figure 4-1. Geodetic and tidal datum relationships at a typical coastal entrance navigation project. ..........................................................................................4-3 Figure 4.2. Establishing the relationships between orthometric datums and tidal datums at a gage site ..............................................................................4-5 Figure 4-3. General decision process for establishing a navigation project PPCP. ..........4-7 Figure 4-4. Gage reference elevations (USGS and Orleans Levee District gages at

I-10 and Inner Harbor Navigation Canal (IHNC)—from IPET 2007)........4-9 Figure 4-5. Revised gage reference points and elevations. ..............................................4-9 Figure 4-6. Tide gage and VDatum coverage cases that may exist at a navigation project. ..........................................................................................4-11 Figure 4-7. Sea level trends at Annapolis, Maryland..........................................................4-13 Figure 4-8. Impact of tidal epoch updates dredging strike detection and clearance grades..............................................................................................4-14 Figure 4-9. Modeled versus interpolated MLLW datums ..................................................4-21 Figure 4-10. Primary VDatum transforms between ellipsoidal, orthometric, and tidal datums. ................................................................................................4-22 Figure 4-11. VDatum coverage in CONUS as of April 2010 (NOAA)...............................4-23 Figure 4-12. RTK Ellipsoid-Tidal-Geoid parameters for water surface elevation measurements. ...............................................................................4-25 Figure 4-13. Offshore RTK tide comparisons with an onshore NOAA tide gage. .............4-27 xi

List of Figures Page

Figure 5-1. Reference datums on shore protection projects. ..............................................5-2 Figure 5-2. Beach renourishment project at Atlantic City, NJ. .........................................5-4 Figure 5-3. Beach profile template used for construction stake out and measurement & payment surveys. ................................................................5-5 Figure 5-4. Beach profile template referenced to PBM R-74.743 on NGVD. ..................5-6 Figure 5-5. Project control requirements for jetty construction or maintenance...............5-8 Figure 5-6. Mississippi River levee control connections with the NSRS and NOAA tide gage. .....................................................................................5-10 Figure 5-7. Referencing pump station elevations to NAVD88. .........................................5-12 Figure 5-8. Referencing top of floodwall elevation to orthometric and sea level datums..............................................................................................5-12 Figure 5-9. High water mark survey procedures and datum documentation.....................5-13 Figure 5-10. Surveying elevations of bridge chords, flood gates, and floodwalls. .............5-14 Figure 6-1. Orthometric height and hydraulic reference datum relationships on a floodwall. ................................................................................................6-3 Figure 6-2. Simulated NSRS datasheet with gage inspection recovery notes...................6-5 Figure 6-3. NSRS and local reference bench marks on a levee system.............................6-10 Figure 6-4. NSRS connections at a multipurpose hydropower project. ............................6-11 Figure 6-5. NSRS connections at an inland lock project. ...................................................6-12 Figure 7-1. Regulatory datums for various permit authorities—inland rivers and lakes..........................................................................................................7-3 Figure 7-2. Regulatory datums for various permit authorities—tidal areas. .....................7-3 Figure 7-3. Federal (USACE) and State (Michigan Department of Environmental

Quality) OHWM datums at Manistee, Michigan permit application site. ..7-5 Figure 7-4. Example of Section 10 permit application with tidal datums and elevations referenced to NAVD88. ...............................................................7-10 Figure 7-5. Sample Section 404 and Section 10 permit application—beach renourishment project.....................................................................................7-12 Figure 7-6. The principal tidal datums related to a beach profile. .....................................7-13 Figure 7-7. Permit site and reference NOAA gage locations in tidal inlet. .......................7-17 Figure 7-8. Permit site: plan and section views...................................................................7-17 Figure 7-9. Apparent surface elevations above surveyed MHW and HTL elevations. ....7-18 Figure 7-10. NOAA datasheet for tide gage 872 0496 (Doctors Lake, Peoria Point). .......7-18 Figure 7-11. NGS datasheet for tidal bench mark 872 0406A. ............................................7-19 Figure 7-12. Datum relationships at the NOAA DOCTORS LAKE, PEORIA POINT gage. ...................................................................................7-19 Figure 7-13. NOAA tidal predictions for Doctors Lake. ......................................................7-20 Figure 8-1. Elevations recorded at NSRS bench mark ALCO in New Orleans:

1951 to 2005. ..................................................................................................8-2 Figure 8-2. Local subsidence relative to deep-driven bench marks...................................8-4 Figure 8-3. Elevation changes (ft) due to datum shift (NGVD29 to NAVD88) and regional readjustment. .............................................................................8-5 xii

List of Figures Page

Figure 8-4. Elevation changes (ft) between NAVD88 (1996) adjustment and the VTDP NAVD88 (2004.65) regional readjustment.......................................8-6

Figure 8-5. Southern Louisiana Vertical Time Dependent Network (adjustment epoch 2004.65)...........................................................................8-7

Figure 8-6. Location of fixed bench marks defining NAVD88 (2004.65) in Southern Louisiana.....................................................................................8-9

Figure 8-7. Estimated subsidence rates at selected bench marks in New Orleans Region. .....................................................................................8-11

Figure 8-8. Apparent sea level rise at Corps IHNC Florida Ave. gage from 1944 to 2003. ..................................................................................................8-11

Figure 8-9. Seasonal variations (in feet) at the New Orleans IHNC Florida Avenue gage. .....................................................................................8-13

Figure 8-10. Monthly local Mean Sea Levels from Pensacola to Galveston. .....................8-14 Figure 9-1. Allowances for geodetic datum and subsidence in risk-based design............9-12 Figure 9-2. Propagated uncertainty allowance on a typical maintenance dredging template. ..........................................................................................9-17 Figure 9-3. Total Propagated Uncertainty calculator for depth, position, and object detection. ..............................................................................................9-19 Figure B-1. Earth-centered earth-fixed coordinate reference frames. ................................B-3 Figure B-2. High Accuracy Reference Network control points..........................................B-9 Figure B-3. Continuously Operating Reference Stations as of 2010..................................B-10 Figure B-4. Horizontal coordinate shifts between NAD83 and NAD83 in meters. ..........B-11 Figure B-5. Relationship between ITRF, NAD83, and the geoid.......................................B-12 Figure B-6. Common map projections. ................................................................................B-13 Figure B-7. Transverse Mercator Projection........................................................................B-14 Figure B-8. Lambert Conformal Conic Projection. .............................................................B-14 Figure B-9. SPCS zones identification numbers for the various states. .............................B-15 Figure B-10. English-metric conversions in the various states.............................................B-16 Figure B-11. Reduction of measured slope distance D to ellipsoid distance S....................B-17 Figure B-12. Chainage-offset project control scheme for a typical deep-draft navigation project--Cape Canaveral, FL. ......................................................B-21 Figure D-1. Tampa Harbor Deep-Draft navigation project. ................................................D-2 Figure CEPD-1. Typical tidal gage locations currently used in northern portion of project (07-076)—reference NGVD29 & 1960-78 epoch. .....................D-4 Figure CEPD-2. NOAA CSDL VDatum model coverage......................................................D-5 Figure CEPD-3. NOAA CO-OPS tidal bench mark sites in Tampa Harbor area. ................D-6 Figure CEPD-4. NGS/NSRS control data in southern region of Tampa Bay. ......................D-7 Figure E-1. Tide phase and range variations at an inlet. .....................................................E-2 Figure E-2. Tidal range variation at a coastal inlet..............................................................E-5 Figure E-3. Tidal range variation at Chincoteague Inlet, VA.............................................E-5 Figure E-4. Tidal Model calibrations at Miami Harbor. .....................................................E-8 Figure E-5. Tidal Model calibrations at Yaquina River, OR. .............................................E-9 Figure E-6. Tidal Model calibrations at Portsmouth, NH. ..................................................E-10 xiii

List of Figures Page

Figure E-7. The discrete tidal zones constructed from the co-tidal lines and the survey areas in lower Chesapeake Bay. ........................................................E-11

Figure E-8. NOAA discrete tidal zoning scheme for Portsmouth, New Hampshire.........E-14 Figure F-1. Tidal PBM and RTK PPCPs established at Canaveral Harbor, FL................F-1 Figure F-2. Canaveral Harbor project: Trident basin, cruise ship basin, and barge canal lock. ......................................................................................F-2 Figure F-3. Canaveral Harbor project map. .........................................................................F-3 Figure F-4. NOAA gage "TRIDENT PIER" in Trident Basin. ..........................................F-3 Figure F-5. NGS control network in Cape Canaveral area. ................................................F-4 Figure F-6. NOAA tide gage data vicinity of Cape Canaveral...........................................F-5 Figure F-7. Canaveral Barge Canal Datum Determination: Non-Tidal gages in Banana

River and Indian River Region (Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Land Boundary Information System (LABINS))......................F-7

Figure F-8. Computation of NAVD88-MSL difference west of Canaveral Lock. ...........F-7 Figure F-9. Spatial interpolation of NAVD88-MSL relationship west of

Canaveral Lock. ..............................................................................................F-8 Figure F-10. NOAA datasheets for tide gages 872 1456 and 872 1533. .............................F-9 Figure F-11. NOAA datasheet for tide gage 872 1749. ........................................................F-10 Figure F-12. RTK scheme for Canaveral Harbor. .................................................................F-11 Figure F-13. Portion of NSRS Datasheet for USACE PPCP "CABLE SOUTH PORT."..F-12 Figure G-1. Fort Fisher revetment and beach monitoring survey scheme. ........................G-1 Figure G-2. Portion of NGS datasheet for bench mark FED. .............................................G-2 Figure G-3. Site calibration RTK observations at PBMs "FED" and "NO 3." ..................G-3 Figure G-4. Primary, local, and baseline range control for Fort Fisher project. ................G-4 Figure G-5. Published NOAA/CO-OPS gage data in vicinity of Fort Fisher, NC. ...........G-5 Figure G-6. NOAA tide gage Wilmington Beach................................................................G-6 Figure H-1. East Branch Dam and Reservoir (Elk County, PA).........................................H-1 Figure H-2. Primary Project Control Point 1-500 on bridge leading to intake tower........H-5 Figure H-3. NSRS control scheme for establishing elevation on PBM 1-500...................H-6 Figure H-4. Local deformation alignment points.................................................................H-9 Figure H-5. Alignment point offsets from 2000 to 2008.....................................................H-10 Figure H-6. East Branch Dam plan/elevation drawing........................................................H-13 Figure H-7. Dam and Spillway Profile Stations displayed with 2006 PaMAP

Ortho Imagery.................................................................................................H-14 Figure H-8. Top View of East Branch Clarion River Dam & Spillway.............................H-15 Figure H-9. Isometric view above the East Branch Clarion River Dam & Spillway. .......H-15 Figure H-10. Dewberry Vertical Accuracy Report of 2006 LIDAR Block covering

Elk County, PA. ..............................................................................................H-16 Figure H-11. Bare Earth LIDAR Surface showing Dam profile stations.............................H-17 Figure H-12. East Branch Control Tower gage reference point............................................H-23 Figure H-13. U-SMART datasheet for East Branch Control Tower gage. ..........................H-24 xiv

List of Figures Page

Figure I-1. Overview of survey control used to reference St. Louis District levees. .......I-2 Figure I-2. NSRS control recovered vicinity of Bois Brule Levee District. .....................I-3 Figure I-3. NSRS control for PPCPs HB1394 and HB1377

(Bois Brule Levee District). ...........................................................................I-4 Figure I-4. Datasheet description for PBM "R 323" (HB1394)

(Bois Brule Levee District). ...........................................................................I-5 Figure I-5. Datasheet description for PBM "L 289" (HB1377)

(Bois Brule Levee District). ...........................................................................I-6 Figure I-6. RTN coverage in the St. Louis region and NSRS check points. ....................I-8 Figure I-7. RTN (VRS) site calibration points for various levee segments in St. Louis area. .............................................................................................I-9 Figure I-8. RTN (VRS) site calibration "Published – Observed" differences. .................I-9 Figure J-1. GPS data collection network used to establish primary control at

16 dam and reservoir projects in Pittsburg District. .....................................J-2 Figure J-2. GPS data collection at a primary structural monitoring point (PPCP) near the dam. ...................................................................................................J-4 Figure J-3. Misclosures resulting from a minimally constrained vertical adjustment constraining height on a HARN bench mark near the center of the project. ..................................................................................................J-7

Figure J-4. Differential level connections from the PPCP to supplemental PBMs around Mahoning Creek Dam. The outfall PBM was connected by static GPS from the PPCP. .............................................................................J-9

Figure J-5. Differential leveling connections to the pool gage at Tygart Lake Dam and Reservoir. .................................................................................................J-10

Figure K-1. Ontonagon Harbor, Michigan – Project Map. .................................................K-1 Figure K-2. Ontonagon Harbor Michigan – Structure and federal navigation channel. ...K-2 Figure K-3. Ontonagon Harbor Michigan – Tidal NGS BM D 135 Datasheet. ................K-3 Figure K-4. Published NOAA/CO-OPS gage data in IGLD85 per CO-OPS web site......K-5 Figure K-5. Published NOAA/CO-OPS gage data in IGLD85 per WEB site in

IGLD85 in Local Standard Time (LST) in six-minute intervals. ................K-5 Figure K-6. Hydrographic condition survey of federal navigation channel with soundings referenced to IGLD85 (601.1 ft) Datum. ....................................K-6 Figure K-7a. Timber crib design details referenced to IGLD85 (601.1) Datum. ................K-7 Figure K-7b. Rubblemound design details referenced to IGLD85 (601.1) Datum. ............K-7 Figure L-1. Vicinity map of Greater New Orleans showing gage locations......................L-2 Figure L-2. Vicinity map of East New Orleans showing gage locations...........................L-3 Figure L-3. Vicinity map of Western Lake Pontchartrain showing gage locations. .........L-4 Figure L-4. Gage readings for gage 76040 – IWW @ Paris Road.....................................L-5 Figure L-5. Normalized gage readings for gage 76040 – IWW @ Paris Road. ................L-6 Figure L-6. Normalized gage readings for Gage 76040 – Gage 76060. ............................L-7 Figure L-7. Normalized gage readings for Gage 76040 – Gage 76120. ............................L-7 Figure L-8. Normalized gage readings for Gage 76040 – Gage 85675. ............................L-8 Figure L-9. Normalized gage readings for Gage 76040 – Gage 85700. ............................L-8 xv

List of Figures Page

Figure L-10. Normalized gage readings for Gage 76060 – Gage 76120. ............................L-9 Figure L-11. Normalized gage readings for Gage 76060 – Gage 85675. ............................L-9 Figure L-12. Normalized gage readings for Gage 76060 – Gage 85700. ............................L-10 Figure L-13. Normalized gage readings for Gage 76120 – Gage 85675. ............................L-10 Figure L-14. Normalized gage readings for Gage 76120 – Gage 85700. ............................L-11 Figure L-15. Normalized gage readings for Gage 85675 – Gage 85700. ............................L-11 Figure L-16. Arctangent function fit to the monthly means for Gage 76040

IWW @ Paris Road Bridge............................................................................L-13 Figure L-17. Arctangent function fit to the monthly means Gage 76060

IHNC @ Seabrook Bridge. ............................................................................L-13 Figure L-18. Arctangent function fit to the monthly means for Gage 76120

IHNC @ Florida Avenue Bridge. ..................................................................L-14 Figure L-19. Arctangent function fit to the monthly means for Gage 85675

Lake Pontchartrain @ Irish Bayou. ...............................................................L-14 Figure L-20. Arctangent function fit to the monthly means for Gage 85700

Lake Pontchartrain @ The Rigolets. .............................................................L-15 Figure L-21. Estimated Instantaneous rate of apparent subsidence for Gage 76040

IWW @ Paris Road Bridge...............................................................................L-16 Figure L-22. Estimated instantaneous rate of apparent subsidence for Gage 76060

IHNC @ Seabrook Bridge. ............................................................................L-16 Figure L-23. Estimated instantaneous rate of apparent subsidence for Gage 76120

IHNC @ Florida Avenue Bridge. ..................................................................L-17 Figure L-24. Estimated instantaneous rate of apparent subsidence for Gage 85675

Lake Pontchartrain @ Irish Bayou. ...............................................................L-17 Figure L-25. Estimated instantaneous rate of apparent subsidence for Gage 85700

Lake Pontchartrain @ The Rigolets. .............................................................L-18 Figure L-26. Composite graph of estimated instantaneous rate of apparent subsidence for all gages. ................................................................................L-18 Figure L-27. Estimates of the relationships among the geodetic and tidal datum epochs at Gage 76040 IWW @ Paris Road Bridge......................................L-21 Figure L-28. Estimates of the relationships among the geodetic and tidal datum epochs at Gage 76060 IHNC @ Seabrook Bridge. ......................................L-22 Figure L-29. Estimates of the relationships among the geodetic and tidal datum epochs at Gage 76120 IHNC @ Florida Avenue Bridge. ............................L-23 Figure L-30. Estimates of the relationships among the geodetic and tidal datum epochs at Gage 85700 Lake Pontchartrain @ The Rigolets. .......................L-24 Figure L-31. Elevation of local instantaneous mean sea level with respect to geodetic datum zero as defined by referenced control monuments and associated elevations for given datum and epoch identified in Tables L-2 though L-5....................................................................................L-25 xvi

List of Figures Page

Figure L-32. Elevation of local mean sea level (NTDE 60-78) with respect to geodetic datum zero as defined by referenced control monuments and associated elevations for given datum and epoch identified in Tables L-2 though L-5....................................................................................L-25

Figure L-33. Elevation of local mean sea level (NTDE 83-01) with respect to geodetic datum zero as defined by referenced control monuments and associated elevations for given datum and epoch identified in Tables L-2 though L-5....................................................................................L-26

Figure M-1. Risk vs. Project Lifespan for P1 = 1/100. ........................................................M-4 Figure M-2. Major Sources of Elevation Inaccuracies.........................................................M-6 Figure M-3. Subdivision flooding during Hurricane Ike in 2008; the house floor level location was measured based on connections to inaccurate survey elevation control due to inaccurate survey elevation control. .....................M-15

Figure M-4. Contour map depicting height differences between NAVD88 and NGVD29. .................................................................................................M-17

Figure M-5. The mean sea level trend for Juneau, Alaska is -12.92 millimeters/year with a 95% confidence interval of +/- 0.43 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from 1936 to 2006, which is equivalent to a change of -4.24 feet in 100 years...................................................................M-18

Figure M-6. The mean sea level trend for Galveston, Texas is 6.39 millimeters/year with a 95% confidence interval of +/- 0.28 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from 1908 to 2006, which is equivalent to a change of 2.10 feet in 100 years. ...................................................................M-18

Figure M-7. Vertical control used in 1988 adjustment.........................................................M-19 Figure M-8. NGS Database of First-Order Bench Marks in Texas. ....................................M-20 Figure M-9. NWLON gaps analysis for Texas. ....................................................................M-23 xvii

List of Tables Page

Table 2-1. Legacy Vertical Datums in CONUS. ..............................................................2-5 Table 2-2.