J-11 Pentagon_Reservation_Exterior_Standards_Manual.pdf

Washington Headquarters Services Department of Defense

Exterior Standards Manual

March 4, 2021

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Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual 1

Table of Contents

A INTRODUCTION

A.1 Executive Summary

A.2 How To Use the Exterior Standards Manual

B BACKGROUND

B.1 Background and Existing Conditions

C ZONES

C.1 Historic Preservation Baseline

C.2 Reservation Zoning

D EXTERIOR STANDARDS

D.1 Exterior Standards – All Zones

D.2 Exterior Standards – Zone 0

D.3 Exterior Standards – Zone 1

D.4 Exterior Standards – Zone 2A

D.5 Exterior Standards – Zone 2B

D.6 Exterior Standards – Zone 3A

D.7 Exterior Standards – Zone 3B

D.8 Exterior Standards – Zone 4

D.9 Exterior Standars – Zone 5

D.10 Exterior Standards – Zone 6

E EXTERIOR MATERIALS CONTROL LIST

E.1 Exterior Materials Control List: Building Elements

E.2 Exterior Materials Control List: Site Elements

E.3 Color Schedule

F IMPLEMENTATION

F.1 Implementation of Standards

F.2 Summary

G APPENDIX

G.1 Standards and References

G.2 The Secretary of the INterior’s Standards for Rehabilitation

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List of Abbreviations/Acronyms

ABA Architectural Barriers Act NCPC National Capital Planning Commission

ACI American Concrete Institute NHL National Historic Landmark

ANSI American National Standards Institute NHPA National Historic Preservation Act

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials PAC Pentagon Athletic Facility

BIPV Building integrated photovoltaics PBMO Pentagon Building Management Office

BMPs best management practices PERC Pentagon Emergency Response Center

CFA Commission of Fine Arts PFPA Pentagon Force Protection Agency

DoD Department of Defense PLCC Pentagon Library and Conference Center

ECM Engineering & Construction Management PSOC Pentagon Support Operations Center

ESEB Environmental, Sustainability, and Energy Branch PTC Pentagon Transit Center

FOB2 Federal Office Building 2 PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride

FSC Forest Stewardship Council RDF Remote Delivery Facility

FSD Facilities Services Directorate SOP Standard operating procedure

HRP Heating & Refrigeration Plant UFC Unified Facilities Criteria

IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America VA DEQ Virginia Department of Environmental Quality

INRMP Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan VA SHPO Virginia State Historic Preservation Officer

ISD Integrated Services Division VACPs Vehicle Access Control Points

LCCA life cycle cost analysis VOC Volatile organic compound

LED Light-emitting diode VDOT Virginia Department of Transportation

LEED Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design WHS Washington Headquarters Services

LID Low impact development

MACC

MEF

Multiple Award Construction Contract Metro Entrance Facility

MOC Mobile Office Complex

MWWA Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority

A INTRODUCTION

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A.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual has been developed for the Washington Headquarters Services (WHS) to define standards for the design of exterior building and site elements on the Pentagon Reservation in Arlington, Virginia. The Pentagon Office Building Complex is a designated National Historic Landmark (NHL) originally constructed in 1943.

The Reservation includes the exterior envelope of the Pentagon Building itself, as well as all contiguous and associated site areas, including the Central Courtyard and surrounding landscaped and hardscaped areas owned by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and used to support Pentagon functions.

These standards have been developed taking into consideration the following:

Aesthetics and appropriateness to the Pentagon’s historic context Functional requirements First cost Maintenance requirements Environmental, sustainability, and energy goals

The Master Plan established a zoned approach to the Pentagon Reservation, with general guidelines for the visual character of each zone. The Exterior Standards Manual refines the Master Plan zones and further assigns a hierarchy based on proximity to the Pentagon’s NHL boundary. Areas within the NHL boundary are to receive the highest level of preservation care, with original features retained and restored, and missing features replicated to the extent possible. Outside of the NHL boundary, areas closer to the building are generally to be treated with higher quality and more replicative materials and designs, whereas areas farther from the building may be treated with somewhat greater flexibility. This approach provides a balanced strategy to deal with historic preservation, cost, and constructability issues across the Reservation.

In general, a palette of materials and site furnishings is recommended that is consistent with the subdued, yet dignified, original design intent of the Pentagon. A more “historic” group of elements is recommended at the Central Courtyard and River Terrace. At all other areas of the Reservation outside the Pentagon envelope, elements are more contemporary.

This Exterior Standards Manual does not mandate design solutions, nor is it intended to serve as a maintenance manual or a comprehensive or detailed assessment of existing material or structural conditions. Rather, its purpose is to ensure that a cohesive and pertinent guide recommends appropriate aesthetic language for all development within the Pentagon Reservation. This Manual focuses on prototypical, representative, and / or significant features that contribute in a meaningful way to the identity of the Pentagon Reservation.

This document has been condensed and brought up to date in 2021 from the original study issued in 2016. The original study can be obtained from the campus architect at WHS.

A.2 HOW TO USE THE EXTERIOR STANDARDS MANUAL

The Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual is intended to serve as a concise, user-friendly document. It is divided into seven sections:

Section A — “Introduction.” This section contains summary information on the Manual.

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Section B — “Background.” This section contains a brief overview of the original Pentagon Reservation design, as well as significant changes to the Reservation over time. Section B serves as a succinct guide to the fundamental aesthetic vision of the original Pentagon designers.

Section C — “Zones.” This section subdivides the overall Reservation into distinct zones based on historic, functional, and geographic criteria. Seven zones are identified, ranging from Zone 0 (the Pentagon Building) to Zone 6 (the existing Industrial Zone). For reference, Section C provides a key plan identifying the recommended Reservation zones, as well as descriptive information for each.

Section D — “Exterior Standards.” This section contains recommended design guidelines for all significant exterior elements on the Reservation. For clarity, and to document broad aesthetic goals, an initial subsection is provided for certain topics with wide applicability across the Reservation. These include general, overall (site-wide) guidelines, as well as signage, lighting, landscaping, parking areas, pavements, security stations, shelters, and miscellaneous equipment. Where applicable, Section D provides a brief discussion of the purpose and historic background of the specific topic, providing detailed guidelines for each.

Additional subsections are provided for each of the seven Reservation zones. Each contains general design guidelines applicable to the particular zone, as well as a detailed listing of building materials and site elements permitted in that zone. All materials and site elements listed are identified in Section E (“Control List”) of this Manual.

Section E — “Control List.” This section documents the palette of building and site materials, fixtures, and furnishings that have been approved for use on the Pentagon Reservation. As such, the Control List is divided into two general categories: building elements and site elements. Within each category, a detailed listing of approved elements is provided.

Section F — “Implementation.” This section pertains to practical use of the Manual. It includes recommendations for remediation of existing conditions significantly deficient as compared to the standards, and a concluding Manual summary.

Section G — “Appendix.” This section contains a summary listing of standards and references applicable to the Exterior Standards Manual.

B BACKGROUND

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B.1 BACKGROUND AND EXISTING CONDITIONS

B.1.1 Overview

The Pentagon is one of the most significant and most recognized buildings in the world.

Headquarters of the DoD, the monumental structure contains over 5 million square feet of interior space. Located in Arlington, Virginia, the Pentagon Building rests on a vast, 240-acre site (the Pentagon Reservation) surrounded by major traffic arteries and bounded on its east side by the Potomac River.

The building was constructed in 1943 and is a designated NHL whose notable features include its five-sided shape; broad, colonnaded exterior facades; concrete interior facades;

landscaped Central Courtyard; and original site terraces. The Pentagon Building was originally conceived as a self-contained structure housing a multitude of office and supporting functions within its uniformly detailed envelope. As typical operations were intended to take place solely within the building, site improvements (with the exception of two ceremonial terraces) were generally limited to roadways, pathways, and parking areas necessary to access and service the building. Much of the site remained a simple, green landscape of meadow grasses with masses of tree plantings, enhancing the view of the headquarters building resting above a continuous ground plane.

Over time, expanding functions and security needs have resulted in significantly altered land areas. Several major structures have been built next to the building itself, while a multitude of smaller interventions, including temporary and permanent facilities, have occurred throughout the site. Perimeter and internal security measures have been implemented in the wake of September 11, 2001, including new screening stations, vehicle control measures, and fencing.

The Pentagon Reservation has experienced increased pressures from public traffic. The highly secure facility now contains both an intermodal transit hub and a well-visited public memorial within its perimeter boundary. The conflicting demands of security and openness challenge the Reservation’s operations, exacerbated by a lack of appropriate signage.

Further, the Reservation lacks a clear identification as a major federal departmental headquarters. Of particular note are the largely unmarked vehicle entry points and pedestrian tunnel from Army-Navy Drive.

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B.1.2 Original Design

In its form and detailing, the Pentagon Building was designed as an extension of the federal presence across the Potomac River. Its Starved Classical style, with monumental limestone facades devoid of overt ornamentation, was typical of major governmental buildings of the 1930s and 1940s.

Figure 1: Rendering of the Pentagon’s East (River) Facade

The Starved Classical style is marked by monumentality, hierarchical composition, symmetry, spare ornamentation, and the use of traditional classical elements such as columns and moldings transformed into austere, greatly simplified components of a distinctly functional, modern style. This style is exhibited at the Pentagon in the limestone exterior facades with their simple but dignified porticos. Similarly, the courtyard facade, with its extruded profile, mimics the limestone E-ring facades, utilizing a humbler material, exposed cast- in-place concrete.

Figure 2: Detailed View of Pentagon’s East (River) Facade, Showing Stripped Classical Detail

Reinforced concrete formed the majority of the building envelope, with limestone used at the perimeter facades.

While its five colonnaded sides were geometrically equivalent, special consideration was given to those sides facing the National Mall and Potomac River. On the north (Mall) side, a terrace projected from the building, overlooking a 1,000-foot-long, landscaped parkland toward Columbia Island and the Jefferson Memorial. On the east (river) side, a longer terrace extended, cascading in a series of steps to the riverfront with views to Boundary Channel and the capital beyond. Each of these two sides was designed to provide a dignified approach to the building for officials visiting by land or water.

Overall, the broad facades punctuated with simple porticos were intended to present a direct, yet subdued grandeur suited to the mission of the War Department it housed.

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Much of the landscape was heavily planted with trees and meadow grasses. Trees immediately adjacent to the building typically included southern magnolia.

A number of vines, such as Virginia creeper, were planted to climb many exterior walls. From that area outward, larger shade trees and understory trees were heavily planted up to the boundary limits, which included the “clover leaf” areas created by roadways and alongside outer roadways. Most of these plantings were locally native. Parking lots were heavily vegetated, including over 400 shade trees inside of the south parking lot boundary.

Character zones were established for the overall Reservation, so that the Master Plan and Exterior Standards Manual correspond with one another. The character zones establish a set of general design guidelines to enhance and protect the historic nature of the Pentagon Reservation.

C ZONES

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C.1 HISTORIC PRESERVATION BASELINE

The Pentagon is a designated NHL, whose statement of significance includes the following:

“Completed in 1943, the Pentagon is associated with events and people that have shaped America’s geopolitical role in the post-World War II period. In the decades since its construction, the Pentagon has become an internationally recognized symbol for the United State’s [sic] emergence as a military ‘superpower’ and is closely linked to the our [sic] Nation’s national defense establishment.”

The statement of significance in both the NHL and National Register nominations note that the Pentagon embodies the distinctive characteristics of the Starved Classical (also known as “Government International”) architectural style of the second quarter of the 20th century.

Five features are included in the Pentagon’s NHL and National Register status:

The five outer facades of the Pentagon Building The building’s Central Courtyard and its surrounding facade The terrace fronting the Mall Entrance The terrace fronting the River Entrance The Pentagon’s distinctive five-sided shape

At the time of the NHL and National Register nominations, the building exterior, terraces, and Central Courtyard were essentially intact in their original forms. However, the surrounding site had been extensively modified since its inception in the 1940s, and was therefore not considered part of the historic resource. The NHL and National Register boundary consists of the perimeter of the original Pentagon Building, including the original Mall and River Terraces, as illustrated in the excerpt from the NHL map below.

Figure 3: Historic Detail of NHL Map Showing National Register Boundary

The Pentagon is additionally listed on the Virginia Landmark Register.

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As a local landmark and NHL, the Pentagon must be treated with great care in terms of renovations and new construction. While a substantial portion of the Pentagon Reservation falls outside the NHL/National Register boundary — and thus has no historic designation — the overall site nonetheless was an integral feature of the original design, and its development has an impact on the landmarked features of the Pentagon complex. For this reason, it is recommended that for planning purposes, all projects within the Reservation fall under the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. Given the need to balance preservation goals with the demands of an active military installation, the appropriate Secretary’s Standard is “Rehabilitation.” Work within the NHL boundary would require review under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), as would any work outside the boundary with a potential impact on the landmarked features.

The following historic preservation baseline has been established for the Pentagon Reservation and was used as the basis for further development of the Exterior Standards Manual:

All work on the Reservation is to be conducted in conformance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation.

Within the “Rehabilitation” standard, Reservation areas that fall within the NHL boundaries are to receive a higher level of restoration care. Areas that fall within this category include the exterior envelope of the Pentagon Building (including outer and inner facades, as well as roofscape), the Central Courtyard, the River Terrace, and the original Mall Terrace. Their original appearance is to be retained to the extent practicable, where it still exists, and recreated to the extent practicable where altered.

All original and replicative elements are to be retained in place, maintained, and repaired in kind as required and practicable. Extraneous or inappropriate non-original elements should be removed and, where required, replaced with elements replicating original conditions. Non-original elements are not meant to include LID stormwater management practices, such as green/vegetated roofs, pervious pavement, or bioretention areas. These sustainability and stormwater management measures should be considered where applicable. If no historic precedent for an element exists, new elements sensitive to the historic character of the zones should be provided.

Outside of the NHL boundaries, greater flexibility is permissible. However, a general hierarchy based on proximity to the Pentagon Building is desirable, with those areas closer to the building receiving higher quality and / or more refined elements, as well as more complete restoration of original site conditions. At the portions of the Reservation surrounding the Pentagon Building within surrounding boundary roads, it is desirable to return this area to a state more closely approximating the original landscape while acknowledging current functions. Here, new features may be provided that are compatible with the overall site understanding and Pentagon aesthetic. A consistent language of site furnishings is appropriate. Site areas to the east of Route 110 are more remote from the Pentagon Building; thus, greater aesthetic leeway is permissible. At the same time, a certain level of consistency with other areas of the Reservation is desirable in order to maintain a Pentagon identity.

Additionally, areas facing the lagoon and Potomac River beyond must consider their visual consistency with the Pentagon as viewed from the waterfront, as well as proximity to the George Washington Memorial Parkway.

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The original 1942 plan for the Pentagon site implemented numerous trees and vegetation throughout the landscape with meadow grass close to the building and on formal terraces. It is estimated that the original Pentagon landscape installation included thousands of trees.

For example, 925 trees were planted at the Mall Terrace and hundreds of trees were planted for shading public roadways and providing a connected flow to the building. The majority of the vegetated landscaping at the Reservation currently consists of turf grass. However, other landscaping alternatives, including a diverse selection of native species used in conjunction with infiltration enabling stormwater management practices, should be considered, as large sections of turf grass contribute to stormwater runoff.

The Central Courtyard possesses a unique, park-like character original to the building and distinct from the surrounding site. This distinction should be maintained by implementing native landscaping and reintroducing native trees. The original plantings included many deciduous shade and understory trees to the extent that much of the courtyard was under tree canopy. Additionally, evergreen vines, were planted to climb the perimeter walls.

The original Pentagon site maintained a direct stylistic connection to the adjacent federal parkway system. This connection should be reinstated and strengthened.

C.2 RESERVATION ZONING

The Pentagon Building itself is considered Zone 0. Additional zones, beginning with Zone 1, the Central Courtyard, radiate outward from the building. In general, the lower the zone number, the higher the degree of restoration, design care, and quality of materials is desired.

A description of each zone and its characteristics follows.

C.2.1 Pentagon Building – Critical Facades

The Pentagon Building itself is designated as its own zone, as special consideration must be given to the historic structure itself, independent of other site features. This zone includes the entire building envelope, including exterior facades, roofs, and porticos, as well as elements directly engaged with the building, such as steps and railings. The courtyard facades and the outer (or E- ring) facades are specifically listed as contributing elements in the National Register nomination of the Pentagon. As such, they may not be significantly altered without Section 106 review of the proposed changes.

Figure 4: Historic Aerial View of Pentagon Building

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Figure 5: Zone map of the Pentagon Reservation

D EXTERIOR STANDARDS

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D.1 EXTERIOR STANDARDS – ALL ZONES

D.1.1 Overall Design Guidelines

The following fundamental design guidelines apply to all exterior work undertaken at the Pentagon Reservation.

D.1.1.1 Primacy of the Pentagon Building

All new work on the Pentagon Reservation is to defer in visual prominence to the Pentagon Building. All new work is also to reinforce the original reading of the Pentagon Building as a free-standing monumental structure in a broad, informally landscaped ground plane. New work may not detract from the Pentagon Building’s stature as seen from surrounding locales.

Building massing and heights are to follow general guidelines of the current Pentagon Reservation Master Plan.

D.1.1.2 Compliance with Historic Standards

All work is to be conducted in conformance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation.

D.1.1.3 Consistency and Harmony

Common elements are to be used throughout the Reservation to provide a unified and appropriate site identity. Buildings and structures are to use a common palette of materials and general design features. Where multiple elements of the same type and function are provided, they are to be identical in all respects, excluding modifications that may be required to adapt to a particular locale.

D.1.1.4 Subdued and Dignified Aesthetic

The sobriety of the original Pentagon Building design is to be maintained and extended to all new work. Exuberant, eclectic, or highly figural buildings or site elements are not appropriate to the mission of the Pentagon or the nature of the Reservation.

D.1.1.5 Simple Lines and Massing

Building massing should be primarily rectilinear in nature, comprising planar wall treatments relieved by crisp, linear, horizontal projections and reflecting the massive character of the overall Pentagon Building itself. Rooflines are to be horizontal or low slope. Vaulted or curvilinear roofs are not appropriate. Building sight lines, including rooflines, are to be continuous and clear of visible equipment.

D.1.1.6 Appropriate Detailing

Architectural designs should reflect the simple and uncluttered expression of the Pentagon Building. Excessive or ornate surface treatments or embellishment are not appropriate.

Jointing is to be subtle, without significant shadow lines. Exposed framing as a design motif should be avoided. Time-tested techniques, such as drip edges and water courses, should be employed. Windows inset at least 3 inches within walls are preferred above flush glazing.

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D.1.1.7 Restrained Palette

Materials are to be used judiciously to prevent visual cacophony. All materials and colors are to harmonize with the historic Pentagon Building. Highly reflective or brightly colored finishes are to be avoided to the greatest extent possible. Glazing is to present a clear finish to the exterior, free from obvious tinting or reflective coatings. Ballistic or blast-resistant layups are to use low-iron glazing. Excessive color contrast is to be avoided, with the exception of miscellaneous dark metal elements against lighter colored masonry and ground planes.

Grilles, copings, cornices, and other similar trims are to harmonize with predominant wall and roof planes in color. Mortar and sealants are to closely match surrounding materials in color, although subtle tonal shifts are acceptable.

D.1.1.8 Hierarchy of Construction

Buildings and structures in closer proximity to the Pentagon Building generally require a higher level of material quality, detailing, and finish than those installed in more remote locations. Exceptions are structures such as security booths and shelters, which are to have a consistent design language throughout the Reservation.

D.1.1.9 Durability and Longevity

All exterior building and site work is to be of durable and lasting quality to ensure operational and visual performance while minimizing maintenance requirements. This requirement applies to all materials, products, systems, and installation methods. Best industry practices are to be used in design and construction.

D.1.1.10 Sustainability

All exterior building and site work is to support and optimize the Pentagon Reservation’s sustainability goals, including those regarding energy efficiency, light pollution, heat island reduction, native vegetation, and stormwater quality and control. Reference most recent Sustainability Checklist and any other applicable documents. When at all possible, implement land management practices that include LID technologies in accordance with Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-210-10: “Low Impact Development.” All LID practices shall be designed per the Virginia Stormwater BMP Clearinghouse specifications unless written permission is granted by the contracting officer’s representative to meet different design criteria.

D.1.2 Signage

Signage must clearly delineate official and non-official pedestrian traffic, and it should separate Pentagon Memorial traffic from official Pentagon traffic as much as possible.

D.1.2.1 Historic Background

No significant signage program appears to have been implemented at the Pentagon exterior or across the site.

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Figure 6: Example of Bronze Plaque Mounted to Building

D.1.2.2 Signage Types

The following sign types are required at the Pentagon Reservation:

D.1.2.2.1 Signage Type 1

Vehicular Directional Sign. Vehicular directional signs provide information for those arriving at and departing from the Reservation by automobile. A subtype, Signage Type 1S, is provided as a vehicular directional sign with security information. A sign plaque, color coded to the appropriate security level, can be attached to the bottom of Type 1 signs on an as-needed basis.

D.1.2.2.2 Signage Type 2: Pedestrian Wayfinding

Pedestrian wayfinding signs provide directions to specific destinations and buildings throughout the Reservation.

D.1.2.2.3 Signage Type 3: Pedestrian Directory

Pedestrian directories provide more detailed wayfinding information and include an overall site map of the Pentagon Reservation and a list of destinations. The directories are located at key points such as the Pentagon Building security entrance next to the MDF and outside the entrance to the Pentagon Memorial.

D.1.2.2.4 Signage Type 4: Street Sign

Names of all streets at the Reservation should be identified on poles located at street intersections. The street sign can be combined with the light fixture pole.

D.1.2.2.5 Signage Type 5: Building-Mounted Identification Sign

All move appropriate information attachment A8 – NOPE A8 is Interior Signs to buildings on the Pentagon Reservation should be identified by a sign attached to the building facade.

Important entrances at the Pentagon Building should have the same identification sign.

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D.1.2.2.6 Signage Type 6: Regulatory Sign

Regulatory signs include standard traffic control signage. A single sign may be mounted on a single post.

Signage Type 6A: Regulatory Sign on Double Post. More than one non-traffic control sign may be combined and mounted together on double posts.

Signage Type 6T: Regulatory Sign Combined with Temporary Message. A temporary sign can be attached to the bottom of Type 6A signs on an as-needed basis.

D.1.2.2.7 Signage Type 7: Temporary Sign

Temporary signs provide a short-term solution to provide information to personnel and / or visitors. An example of a temporary signage need is to redirect pedestrians around a construction area.

D.1.2.2.8 Signage Type 8: Boundary Marker

D.1.2.3 Signage Characteristics

Signage types with similar characteristics may be grouped. These shared characteristics include materials, color, and type of information or direction displayed. Signage Types 1, 2, 3, and 7 belong in one sign family, while Signage Types 4, 5, and 6 are all unique. Type 4 is related to the pedestrian light standard, Type 5 replicates the existing bronze plaques mounted on the Pentagon, and Type 6 must adhere to strict requirements for traffic control and pedestrian safety signage.

Boundary Marker Characteristics. Boundary markers have common characteristics: the name of the Reservation, a sense of substantial or monumental presence, and a permanent installation.

D.1.2.4 General Signage Design Guidelines

A hierarchy of sign types is to be used for the Pentagon Reservation. The signage hierarchy is to start at the perimeter of the Reservation and move inward to the Pentagon Building. The amount and type of information needed on signs will vary based on the sign’s location in the entry or exit sequence for personnel or public visitors.

Signage hierarchy is as follows:

Markers at entry points to Reservation Primary wayfinding Pedestrian directory Building identification

All signage site-wide is to maintain a consistent and coherent identity. Signs that are intended to direct vehicular traffic will differ from signs that are oriented to pedestrians in terms of overall sign height, quantity and detail of information displayed, and type size of message text. At the same time, all sign types are to have in common a similar vocabulary of material, color, typeface, and nomenclature to establish a more cohesive and clear wayfinding experience.

Signage material and color palette are to be consistent with the overall Reservation palette.

Boundary markers and vehicular directional and pedestrian wayfinding signs are to be ground-mounted and self-supporting. An exception is street signage that may be mounted on light poles.

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Signage is not permitted to be mounted to buildings or other structures, with the exception of signage at the MEF facility, as well as building identity signage as permitted herein.

Temporary signage is discouraged, but if it is necessary for temporarily redirecting circulation (e.g., during construction), then the signs are to be designed according to the permitted sign type.

Universal symbols, such as the wheelchair symbol for accessible entrances and parking spaces, are to be used.

Boundary markers are to be provided at points of entry into the Reservation. Boundary marker design is to be monumental and unique to the Pentagon.

At critical wayfinding points, pedestrian directory with wayfinding map of the Pentagon Reservation will be provided.

All signage shall adhere to the signage standards incorporated in the Corps of Engineers Sign Standards Manual EP-310- 1-6a, latest edition, with the following permitted exceptions due to the historic and aesthetic character of the Pentagon Reservation and its significance:

Section 2, “Principles and Guidelines, Sign Panel Design, 2) Sign Format, b) Borders.” Contrasting border at sign panel is not required.

Section 2, “Principles and Guidelines, Typography”; and Section 4, “Design Standards, Typography for Sign Legends.” Haas Helvetica fonts are not required for sign legends, with the exception of regulatory signage.

Section 2, “Principles and Guidelines, Typography, 1) Upper and Lower Case Legends.” Lower case legends (initial capitals only) are not required.

Section 2, “Principles and Guidelines, Viewing Distance Guide,” Table B; and “Letter Size and Sign Placement,” Table 1. Letter size may be reduced to 3 inches for speeds up to 25 miles per hour (mph), and to 4 inches up to 35 mph, with the exception of signage near site entry points where driver reaction time is deemed critical for security reasons.

Section 2, “Principles and Guidelines, Sign Mounting and Placement.” Wood posts for ground-mounted signs are not permitted.

Section 4, “Design Standards, Signature.” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers logo is not permitted, with the exception of temporary construction signage.

Section 4, “Design Standards, Color Standards.” Background color is to be Color 1 per this Exterior Standards Manual, and lettering is to be white, with the exception of Signage Types 5 and 8, as well as regulatory signage.

Section 5, “Identification Signs.” Section 5 is superseded by the design guidelines in this Exterior Standards Manual.

Section 6, “Directional Signs.” Section 6 is superseded by the design guidelines in this Exterior Standards Manual.

Section 8, “Symbol Signs.” Universal symbols as identified in this section are to be used. Symbols are to be integrated into other informational signage where feasible, in lieu of individual or gang mounting. Symbols are to have white graphics on Color 1 backgrounds, consistent with other signage, except that prohibitory symbols may have red and black graphics on white backgrounds. Prohibitory symbols with white backgrounds are to be placed on signs with Color 1 backgrounds.

Section 9, “Traffic Signs.” Parking signs are to have white graphics on Color 1 backgrounds, consistent with other signage, except that prohibitory parking signs may have red “circle and slash” graphics.

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Section 10, “Property Markers.” Section 10 is superseded by the design guidelines in this Exterior Standards Manual.

Section 16, “Construction Project Signs.” Background color, lettering color, and typography are to match the Reservation standard.

All regulatory signage (for traffic control and safety) is to meet the standards of Arlington County and the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.

D.1.2.5 Illustrations

The following illustrations of each zones signage type are provided as reference. Illustrations are suggestive only of general types, and are not to be considered final design recommendations.

Figure 7: Signage Type 1: Vehicular Directional Sign

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Figure 8: Signage Type 1S: Vehicular Directional Sign with Security Information

Figure 9: Signage Type 2: Pedestrian Wayfinding

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Figure 10: Signage Type 3: Pedestrian Directory

Figure 11: Signage Type 4: Street Sign (Mounted to Site Lighting Poles)

Figure 12: Signage Type 5: Building-Mounted Identification Sign (Cast Bronze Sign with Raised Letters to Match Historic)

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Figure 13: Signage Type 6A: Regulatory Sign Signage Type 6T: with Temporary Sign

(Per Virginia Department of Transportation Standard, with Pentagon Color Scheme if Permitted)

Figure 14: Signage Type 7: Temporary Sign

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Figure 15: Signage Type 8: Boundary Marker

D.1.2.6 Signage Types Permitted

D.1.2.6.1 Zone 0:

Type 5 — Building-Mounted Identification Sign

D.1.2.6.2 Zone 1:

Type 2 — Pedestrian Wayfinding

D.1.2.6.3 Zone 2A:

Type 2 — Pedestrian Wayfinding

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D.1.2.6.4 Zone 2B:

Type 2 — Pedestrian Wayfinding

D.1.2.6.5 Zone 3A:

Type 2 — Pedestrian Wayfinding

D.1.2.6.6 Zone 3B

Type 1 — Vehicular Directional Sign Type 2 — Pedestrian Wayfinding Type 3 — Pedestrian Directory

D.1.2.6.7 Zone 4:

Type 1 — Vehicular Directional Sign Type 2 — Pedestrian Wayfinding Type 4 — Street Sign Type 6 — Regulatory Sign Type 8 — Boundary Marker

D.1.2.6.8 Zone 5:

Type 4 — Street Sign Type 6 — Regulatory Sign Type 8 — Boundary Marker

D.1.2.6.9 Zone 6:

Type 4 — Street Sign Type 5 — Building-Mounted Identification Sign Type 6 — Regulatory Sign Type 8 — Boundary Marker

D.1.3 Lighting

Site and exterior building lighting represents one of the major opportunities to address energy reduction and sustainability goals on the Pentagon Reservation. In addition, lighting design has a significant impact on the visual appearance of the Pentagon Reservation. Implementing a comprehensive, unified, site-wide lighting scheme is essential to achieving long-term sustainability goals and enhancing the historic nature of the Reservation. All lighting shall be ENERGY STAR qualified and Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP)-designated energy-efficient products. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are encouraged. Lighting shall not exceed maximum lighting power densities set forth in ASHRAE/IES 90.1.

The Pentagon Reservation is a secure facility monitored at all times by security personnel.

Some flexibility exists to minimize light levels throughout the site and to limit illumination to those areas essential for pedestrian and vehicular travel.

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D.1.3.1 Historic Background

Exterior lighting was originally quite minimal at the Pentagon Reservation. Site lighting appears to have been largely limited to street lamps along primary parking roadways, torchieres and wall sconces at Pentagon Building entrances, and pole-mounted light standards in the Central Courtyard.

D.1.3.2 Sustainability Issues

Exterior lighting shall address sustainability concerns of light pollution and energy efficiency.

Using Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) as a basis for recommended solutions, fixtures shall provide no more than 5 percent uplight, with full cutoff solutions preferred. All lighting shall be ENERGY STAR qualified and FEMP-designated energy-efficient products. LED lighting is encouraged. Lighting shall not exceed maximum lighting power densities set forth in ASHRAE/IES 90.1.

Using LEDs as a light source is highly recommended to contribute to energy reduction and greenhouse gas emission reduction goals.

D.1.3.3 General Lighting Design Guidelines

Exterior lighting is to provide an appropriate level of illumination for wayfinding, security, and pedestrian safety while recalling the subdued illumination of the original Reservation. Intense illumination, general facade lighting, and prominent feature lighting are to be avoided. Do not illuminate areas unnecessarily.

All lighting is to maintain the visual prominence of the Pentagon Building within the Reservation.

Exterior lighting is to be primarily site-located. Fixtures may not be surface-mounted to building exteriors, with the exception of permitted wall sconces at building entrances and exits.

A consistent level and pattern of illumination is to be maintained at all similar areas, including but not limited to color temperature and lumen output.

Consistent fixture types and lamping are to be provided at all similar areas.

Where historic precedent exists, provide fixtures replicating the originals to the extent possible. Known historic elements include concrete light standards with glass globes at the Central Courtyard and bronze and glass wall sconces at the Pentagon entrances. Existing replicative fixtures include torchieres at the River and Mall Entrances.

Exterior lighting fixtures are to be selected and installed to maximize energy efficiency and reduce light pollution to the greatest extent possible. Do not exceed ASHRAE 90.1 exterior lighting power densities. Utilize full-cutoff light fixtures where appropriate to reduce light pollution and light trespass. Use IESNA-recommended lighting levels for all areas.

D.1.3.4 Lighting Design Guidelines for Parking Areas

Uniformity and minimizing glare are important considerations in parking areas. Illumination of parking areas is to be designed so that motorists can distinguish area features, such as pedestrians and signage.

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Fixtures used in parking areas are to be full cutoff to minimize light pollution. Limit spill light beyond the boundary of parking lots so that maximum initial illuminance is no greater than

0.01 horizontal footcandles 15 feet beyond the site.

All light poles are to be a uniform height of 12 feet for pedestrian lighting and 34 feet for parking lighting. Parking lighting comprises a 3-foot foundation, a 28-foot pole, and a 3-foot arm raise.

Parking and drive areas in Zones 1 – 3B are to be illuminated with pedestrian scale lighting only, as permitted in each zone.

Higher illuminance should be placed along key routes such as exits, entrances, gate access points, and internal connecting roadways.

Use an LED light source.

D.1.3.5 Lighting Design Guidelines for Walkways

Within Zone 1, only replicated light standards are permitted, installed in historic locations, except where different lighting supports desired levels of safety or security.

Fixtures used at walkways are to be semi or full cutoff to minimize light pollution.

The average-to-minimum uniformity ratio should not exceed 4: 1.

D.1.4 Landscaping

The historic landscape approach to the overall Pentagon Reservation was one of a semi-developed, open, park-like setting. the original landscape included many trees and shrubs throughout the Reservation, along with vines that climbed up the building and other walls.

Vegetation originally planted on the Reservation was composed of approximately 50-percent native species; today, that number has dramatically decreased. Also, a number of the originally planted non-native species are still present on the Reservation (mostly along the river) and are locally and / or regionally invasive. Under the original design, tall, un-mowed, meadow-type grasses outlined the perimeter of the Reservation and were also established close to the building and even on the river terraces. The original landscape plan included thousands of trees, including 925 trees at the Mall and 207 trees for shading public roadways and providing a connected flow to the building. Deviation from the minimally developed design occurred only for ceremonial (the River Terrace) and some utilitarian (parking) uses.

Plantings were maintained in a manicured state at entry points to the Reservation to help provide definition and directional clues for pedestrians.

Over the years, the Reservation has been transformed as a consequence of a variety of construction projects. Multiple interventions have broken down the original historic ideal.

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Compliance, restoration, conservation, and environmental stewardship of the landscape are critical due to the Reservation’s location within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and the Pentagon’s status as a national icon. Therefore, it is important to manage vegetation using effective and sustainable techniques that support compliance requirements and goals and to incorporate effective and sustainable vegetation planning for newly landscaped areas as the Reservation continues to be developed and redeveloped. The Pentagon Reservation is one of the most important and distinctive sites in the world. Its original concept reflected this by giving the building a simple, dignified landscape, tying into the green nature of the nation’s capital. Providing as much green space and shade as possible while allowing for utilitarian requirements was a primary goal illustrated in early plans. Initiatives to increase green / open space on the Reservation should continue, including areas landscaped with native species and tree-lined roadways. Existing green / open spaces on the Reservation include the Central Courtyard, 9/11 Memorial, David O. Cooke Terrace (RDF roof), River Terrace, and the green space along the Boundary Channel Drive around the channel and river. Implementing the strategies outlined for each zone will help restore the Reservation to its role as a model site for the DoD. While the utilitarian aspects of the site can never be denied, the intent is to consider the original plan while working to comply with federal, DoD, and local mandates that aim to restore hydrological, nutrient, and other ecological processes by increasing tree canopy and native vegetation. A balance of aesthetic, regulatory, and ecological demands will provide a suitable, sustainable landscape for this important facility. The LID BMPs listed in the current Pentagon Master Plan should continue to be implemented in future exterior landscaping design projects whenever and wherever possible.

The Exterior Standards Manual landscape recommendations include re- establishing and emulating the original design intent of the Reservation to the extent practicable, such as using plants of like texture and natural growing forms where original plants were exotic or invasive. While specific recommendations are not provided herein, original plant materials are discussed for specific areas and do not correlate to the Manual’s character zone system, since the nature of the design intent does not fit the model. The goal is to implement the following sustainable landscape practices: 1) use regionally native plants for landscaping;

2) design, use, or promote construction practices that minimize adverse effects on the natural habitat; 3) seek to prevent pollution; 4) implement water- and energy-efficient practices; and

5) enhance the quality of life by designing a pedestrian-friendly environment using natural amenities.

Figure 16: Central Courtyard, 1964

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Figure 17: South entrance, 1964

D.1.4.1 General Landscape Design Guidelines

Plant lists and mandates as referenced in the WHS Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) are to be used as a primary resource in designing new landscape treatments at the Pentagon Reservation. A full and up-to-date list of recommended plant species can be obtained through the WHS project manager or ESEB.

All plant material is to be composed of native, non-invasive species. Native plants are tolerant of the area’s climate and growing conditions. They usually require less maintenance and fertilizer to grow and provide food and habitat for wildlife, such as birds and butterflies. Plant selection must consider durability and maintenance requirements. Additionally, LID practices should be considered and implemented to the maximum extent practicable to manage stormwater runoff.

D.1.5 Parking Areas

A substantial percentage of the Pentagon Reservation is dedicated to contiguous areas of surface parking. These impervious asphalt surfaces, currently devoid of vegetation, present significant problems in terms of heat buildup and stormwater runoff and represent a major liability to the Reservation’s overall environmental performance. Additionally, pedestrians crossing the lots from remote areas, such as the pedestrian tunnel from Army-Navy Drive, must traverse vast, open spaces exposed to heat, cold, and wind with no means of shelter or relief.

The current Pentagon Master Plan envisions a more sustainable Reservation by integrating environmentally prudent stormwater management measures into existing parking lots.

Whenever practicable, consider BMPs such as land conversion of existing impervious parking areas and the implementation of LID practices, such as bioretention and permeable pavers, to restore the predevelopment hydrology of the area.

Executive vehicle parking is provided at the upper levels of the Mall and River Terraces, adjacent to the building porticos. This arrangement is original to the building, is anticipated to remain, and is excluded from the following discussion.

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D.1.5.1 Sustainability Issues

Maximizing parking efficiency is one of the simplest means of mitigating the environmental effects of the parking lots. By reducing parking area requirements, additional site area can be opened up for installing vegetation without reducing the number of existing parking spaces.

Additional LID strategies that may be considered include the use of bioswales or bioretention areas, native plantings, shade trees, and permeable pavers within paved areas.

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D.1.5.2 General Parking Area Design Guidelines

Consolidate parking as feasible by introducing compact parking stalls. Maintain maximum 24-foot-wide drive aisles.

Re-introduce vegetated areas to the maximum extent possible, including continuous, landscaped bioretention swales with shade trees in clustered groups. Do not use individual planted islands.

Evaluate grading to ensure that runoff flows into bioretention areas, and that areas to be depressed have sufficient holding capacity to slowly drain and treat the water. Provide engineered overflows and underdrains as required that tie into the Reservation stormwater system, along with any subgrade measures.

A variety of native plant materials may be used in bioretention swales, ranging from trees to grasses; however, plant material must be able to tolerate both wet and drought conditions.

Lower-growing plant materials should be use for the majority of the…