Section L - Instructions to Offerors_A00004.docx

Part IV - Representations and Instructions Section L - Instructions, Conditions, and Notices to Offerors [This section will not be included in the resultant contract.]

L.1 SOLICITATION PROVISIONS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

((FAR 52.252-1) (FEB 1998))

This solicitation incorporates one or more solicitation provisions by reference, with the same force and effect as if they were given in full text. Upon request, the Contracting Officer will make the full text available. The Offeror is cautioned that the listed provisions may include blocks that must be completed by the Offeror and submitted with its quotation or offer. In lieu of submitting the full text of those provisions, the Offeror may identify the provision by paragraph identifier and provide the appropriate information with its quotation or offer. Also, the full text of a solicitation provision may be accessed electronically at this address:

https://acquisition.gov

NOTICE: The following solicitation provisions are hereby incorporated by reference:

Specifications Section, Suite 8100 470 East L'Enfant Plaza, SW Washington, DC 20407 Telephone (202) 619-8925; Facsimile (202) 619-8978

(b) If the General Services Administration, Department of Agriculture, or Department of Veterans Affairs issued this RFP, a single copy of specifications, standards, and commercial item descriptions cited in this RFP may be obtained free of charge by submitting a request to the addressee in paragraph (a) of this provision. Additional copies will be issued for a fee.

L.4 FAR 52.211-2—AVAILABILITY OF SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS, AND DATA ITEM DESCRIPTIONS LISTED IN THE ACQUISITION STREAMLINING AND STANDARDIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEM (ASSIST) (APR 2014)

(a) Most unclassified Defense specifications and standards may be downloaded from the following ASSIST websites:

(1) ASSIST (https://assist.dla.mil/online/start/);

(2) Quick Search (http://quicksearch.dla.mil/);

(3) ASSISTdocs.com (http://assistdocs.com).

(b) Documents not available from ASSIST may be ordered from the Department of Defense Single Stock Point (DoDSSP) by:

(1) Using the ASSIST Shopping Wizard (https://assist.dla.mil/wizard/index.cfm);

(2) Phoning the DoDSSP Customer Service Desk (215) 697-2179, Mon-Fri, 0730 to 1600 EST; or

(3) Ordering from DoDSSP, Building 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Telephone (215) 697-2667/2179, Facsimile (215) 697-1462.

(End of provision)

L.5 NOTIFICATION OF USE OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT CONTRACTORS

(a) Support contractors may have access to Offerors’ proposals as deemed necessary by the Government. Government support contractors are subject to criminal and civil penalties under the Procurement Integrity Act for unauthorized release of contractor bid or proposal information and will be required to sign Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs).

(b) Offerors shall execute NDAs with all contractor organizations participating in this source selection and include NDAs in the Administrative Documentation section of their proposals in accordance with RFP Section L.5(b).

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT CONTRACTORS:

Management and Technical Services Alliance (MTSA) Contract: HSHWDC16DP2009 Task Order: 70Z02319FAFR92700 POC: Kim Bernard (kim.bernard@kenificgroup.com)

The MITRE Corporation (FFRDC) [Deleted.] Contract: 70RSAT20D00000001 Task Order: 70Z02321FPRT01500 POC: Maria Liskey (mliskey@mitre.org)

Sawdey Solution Services Incorporated Contract: GS00W14OADS331 Task Order: 70Z02318FAC400200 POC: Mr. John Weber (JWeber@sawdeysolutionservices.com)

American Systems Corporation Contract: HSCG23-17-F-APB001 POC: David Barnes (David.Barnes@AmericanSystems.com)

Gibbs & Cox Maritime Solutions POC: Hockley Walsh (Stevenson.walsh@gibbscox.com) The Kenific Group POC: Kim Bernard (Kim.bernard@kenificgroup.com)

Thor Solutions, LLC POC: Stephen Leavy (sleavy@thorsolutions.us)

American Bureau of Shipping POC: Lynne M. Jay (LJay@eagle.org)

(c) Should the Offeror(s) have any objections to these companies participating in the proposal evaluation process, the Offeror(s) shall provide written notification to the Contracting Officer explaining which entity the Offeror objects to and the reasons for objecting no later than 30 calendar days after the RFP release date. Submission of a proposal in response to this solicitation constitutes approval to release the Offeror’s proposal to support contractor personnel for the purposes stated herein.

L.6 TYPE OF CONTRACT

The Government contemplates award of a Firm Fixed Price, Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract, with an Economic Price Adjustment clause. FFP delivery orders will be placed against the FFP IDIQ contract.

It is the Offeror’s responsibility to ensure that proposals are delivered by the due date and time required in the RFP.

No changes or additions to a volume will be permitted after this date, except as provided under clarifications of proposals or discussions.

All proposal volumes shall be submitted according to the schedule in the table below. Each proposal volume shall be submitted both as a paper/hard copy and in electronic format on Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) or Digital Video Disk Read Only Memory (DVD-ROM) in the quantities shown. Identify one complete paper/hard-copy set of each proposal as "ORIGINAL" on the outside binder(s) and on the interior title page(s). In the case of discrepancy between various copies, the proposal marked "ORIGINAL" shall take precedence.

5 Copies (paper) 7 Electronic (CD-ROM or DVD-ROM)

5 Copies (paper) 7 Electronic (CD-ROM or DVD-ROM)

1 Copy (paper) 3 Electronic (CD-ROM or DVD-ROM)

Proposals will be received at the following address:

COMMANDANT (CG-9125)

ATTN: 70Z02321RPRT00300—WCC

U.S. COAST GUARD HEADQUARTERS

2703 MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. AVE SE

WASHINGTON DC 20593-7800

L.9 PERIOD FOR ACCEPTANCE OF OFFERS

The proposal shall state a period for acceptance of offers at least 12 months from the date of submission. The Offeror shall state the date through which the Offer remains valid and available for award in the Administrative Document Volume of its proposal.

VOLUME II

Past Performance L.14 25

VOLUME III

Pages beyond the total page count limit may will not be evaluated.

(1) The proposal volumes shall be presented in separate, standard 3-ring loose leaf binders. Binders shall not exceed 3 inches in thickness. Each binder shall be labeled with the title of the volume, the Offeror's company name and have a table of contents with corresponding divider tabs. The pages of the written portions are to be on 8.5 by 11 inch white bond paper with no less than 1 inch margins; font no smaller than 12 points and 6 lines per inch; single spaced with double spacing between paragraphs. For tabular data font shall be no smaller than 8 points. The Offeror’s attention is directed to FAR 52.204-4 (Printed or Copied Double-Sided on Postconsumer Fiber Content Paper) incorporated by reference in Section I.

(2) Pages shall be individually and sequentially numbered by volume (e.g., 8 of 25). The footer of each page shall include the Offeror’s name; an abbreviated version of the Offeror’s name may be used for this purpose.

(3) No price or cost data shall be included outside of the Price Proposal.

(4) Foldouts no larger than 17 by 22 inches (ANSI C) paper are permitted and shall count as one page but must be no larger than 8.5 by 11 inches when folded for drawings, charts, and schedules only. Foldouts shall be kept to a minimum and are limited to proposal graphics including drawings, charts, schedules, and diagrams only. Text on foldouts shall be kept to a minimum. Drawing font size shall be no smaller than 0.1 inch in height. Font size for charts, schedules, and diagrams shall be no smaller than 10 point.

(5) Each drawing shall bear the name of the Offeror, the drawing title, and a unique drawing number in the lower right hand corner. Format for drawing number shall be ###-CLASS-###-### where the first set of digits are the length overall, the second set of digits are the primary SWBS number for the content of the drawing, and the last set of digits are a serial number. For example: drawing number 176-WLR-167-001 would be the first drawing for structural doors with a 176 foot WLR.

(6) Printed copies of drawings shall be uniform blue or black on a white, mottle free background. Prints shall be folded to an 8.5 by 11 inches rectangle with the title and drawing number in the lower right hand corner.

(7) All data shall be presented using U.S. Customary units. Where Vendor Furnished Information is in metric (SI) only, it may be included in the proposal without conversion to U.S. Customary units.

(i) The following electronic format requirements apply to electronic copies of the Offeror's proposal.

(1) Price Proposal data shall be in Microsoft Excel, compatible with version 2016. All other content shall be Microsoft Word, compatible with version 2016, or PDF, compatible with Adobe Acrobat Reader DC, version 2019 or earlier.

(2) Drawings provided as attachments, foldouts, or appendices shall be in AutoCAD® Version 2013 and Portable Document Format (PDF) compatible with Adobe Acrobat Reader DC, version 2019 or earlier, unless otherwise specified.

(3) Electronic reports, data, calculations, analyses, and drawing files shall be provided in their native software format or as specified in the volume instructions that follow.

(4) CD/DVD-ROM copies of each proposal volume shall be formatted the same as the paper/hard-copy, with appropriate folders/directories corresponding to each divider tab. Each CD/DVD-ROM shall be labeled on the disc and on the jewel case or protective cover to include: the Offeror's Name; the solicitation name and number and, as applicable, the volume, set number, disk number, and number of disks in set (e.g., Price Volume - Set One - Disk 1 of 2). Note: the USCG Headquarters Standard Workstation Image does not have the AutoExec capability of a CD/DVD-ROM enabled, therefore, if the CD/DVD-ROM takes advantage of this feature, include on the label the path of the file to initially open.

(5) Electronic links to on-line data via the internet are not acceptable as the data is subject to alteration after the date of submittal. Such electronic material must be copied and pasted into a document that can be saved as a complete file in and of itself.

L.11 VOLUME I - TECHNICAL APPROACH INSTRUCTIONS

NOTICE: PRICE PROPOSAL NARRATIVE AND PROPOSED PRICES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN THE TECHNICAL VOLUME.

The Technical Approach proposal information shall include the sections described below:

· Front Matter as defined by L.10(e)

· Consent to Use of Nongovernment Advisors in Proposal Evaluation

Section 1 – Design Narrative Section 2 – Design Elements

(a) Proposed Designs: The Offeror shall provide basic Contract[footnoteRef:1] level designs for the WLR and WLIC variants of the WCC, consisting of Design Narrative and Design Elements which demonstrate that the designs are sound and provide basis for the development of the Preliminary1, Functional1, and Transitional1 (Production) designs that will meet the WCC System Specifications. The Offeror’s Design Narrative and Design Elements shall highlight the commonality as well as the differences between the two variants. The Offeror shall provide the following: [1: Lamb, Thomas, ed. Ship Design and Construction. The Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers, 2013.]

(b) Design Narrative:

(1) Executive Summary: The Offeror shall discuss the overall strategies, methods, and resources used to develop the proposed designs. The Offeror shall include one Design Placemat for each variant in accordance with Attachment (L-3). The placemat shall be a single page, single-side sheet no greater than 11 by 17 inches.

(2) Areas of Special Interest: The Offeror’s Technical Approach shall emphasize risk mitigation for meeting hull draft (Attachment J-1, section 070), speed (Attachment J-1, section 070), and endurance (Attachment J-1, section 070), as described in sections 3(d) and 3(h) below. Similarly, the Offeror’s Technical Approach shall emphasize how its design meets requirements for crew accommodations (Attachment J-1, section 070) and service life allowance (SLA) (Attachment J-1, section 096) which the Government considers most beneficial among the specifications with threshold and objective values.

(3) Design: The Offeror shall provide a narrative of the proposed design of the WLR variant including processes, decisions, and tradeoffs associated with the design. The Offeror shall discuss the suitability of the WLR variant design as a basis for design maturation during Preliminary, Functional, and Transitional designs. The narrative shall also include the proposed design of the WLIC variant highlighting the commonality and differences between the two variants. The Offeror shall identify any characteristics or features which provide a unique benefit to the Government and considerations which enhance mission effectiveness. The Offeror shall address the following:

(a) The maturity of the proposed design.

(b) The engineering approach used to develop the design to its current state and plans for completion of the design.

(c) The significant features of the proposed design and how the design is balanced to maximize system performance and minimize lifecycle cost while meeting or exceeding the requirements of the WCC System Specifications.

(d) How the proposed design meets the speed and endurance requirements of the WCC System Specifications.

(e) The design tools, methods, or approaches used in establishing the proposed design.

(f) The approach to meeting ABS classing requirements in accordance with the WCC System Specifications.

(g) The effort (in terms of time and resources) necessary to advance the proposed design to a level of completion to satisfy the exit criteria of the Preliminary Design Review (PDR), Critical Design Review (CDR), and Production Readiness Review (PRR).

(h) The maturity of the proposed design’s weight estimate and the Offeror’s weight control plan to ensure compliance with the draft at delivery as required by the WCC System Specifications.

(i) The access and egress (normal and emergency) routes, vital spaces, manned and unmanned spaces, fire zone boundaries, watertight boundaries, and equipment access/removal routes (including Z-drive removal while waterborne).

(j) Operational Capabilities / Mission Effectiveness: The Offeror shall provide a narrative demonstrating the operational capabilities of the proposed design to meet those WCC System Specifications that impact mission effectiveness. The Offeror shall address the following:

· Crane and Buoy/Sinker Handling Operation: Discuss how the proposed WLR variant will conduct Aids to Navigation (ATON) missions (i.e., retrieval, maintenance, and placement of buoys) on the inland rivers.

· Construction Operations: Discuss how the proposed WLIC variant will conduct ATON missions (i.e., retrieval, maintenance, and placement of pilings) on the inland waterways.

· Cutter Boat Operations: Discuss how the proposed WLR and WLIC variants will perform boat operations - including launch, recovery, and maintenance of cutter boats.

· Operational Visibility: Demonstrate that the design affords the required visibility for operations to include bridge operations, boat operations, and ATON operations.

· Safety: Discuss the safety and survivability aspects of the design to meet or exceed the WCC requirements.

(c) Design Elements:

(1) The Offeror shall provide Design Elements to include drawings, calculations, and analyses. The Offeror shall demonstrate that the proposed design is sound, convergent, balanced, internally consistent, accurate, feasible, and meets or exceeds the requirements of this RFP. Provide the following in accordance with the applicable CDRLs identified in the WCC Statement of Work:

(a) The General Arrangements and Area/Volume Summary Report - Inboard and Outboard Profiles, and Deck Plans including a discussion of the important design features. An Area and Volume Report detailing each space of the WCC, supporting and aligned with the General Arrangements, and discussion of the adequacy of the areas and volumes. Report shall clearly state the percentage of Unassigned Areas for design development.

(b) Hullform: Describe how the hullform was developed. Include in the discussion: details of the selection and description of any hull used as a baseline, provide the factors that led to specific hull form features, requirements that drove hull form decisions and any other description pertinent to the hull form development philosophy and approach employed for the cutter. Include along with the discussion:

(c) A Preliminary Allocated Baseline Weight Estimate (PABWE) for each variant in accordance with Attachment (L-4), which shall contain detailed information appropriate to the design phase, loading conditions for as required by the WCC System Specifications, and shall be summarized in tabular form, delivered in MS Excel format. The estimate shall include weight and KG margins commensurate with the maturity of the design, but not less than that required by the WCC System Specifications. The Offeror shall include in appendices the following information:

(d) Structural Design: Describe how the structural design meets the requirements. Identify any assumptions or loading criteria. Include along with the discussion:

(e) Propulsion System: Describe the proposed propulsion system configuration including the following:

(i) Propulsion Arrangement Drawing and related discussion, describing the design’s propulsor configuration from prime mover to propulsor, inclusive of propeller, nozzle, and protective grating.

(ii) How the propulsion engines and Z-drives are selected.

(iii) Details on: Rated Engine power, RPM, fuel consumption; Z-drive rating; Propeller type; intermediate shaft and intermediate shaft bearing (if required); and clutch and shaft couplings.

(iv) Propeller description that includes: number of blades, diameter, pitch, blade area ratio, open water efficiency, wake fraction and thrust deduction predictions inclusive of protective gratings, and propeller design point.

(v) A speed versus power graph in accordance with Attachment (L-5), propeller curve plotted over the engine power map to demonstrate that the engine will not be overloaded in any loading condition over the speed range.

(vi) Details on how the proposed propulsion design provides the power required to meet the speed requirements.

(vii) Describe how the propulsion engine and Z-drives can be maintained, removed and replaced while waterborne.

(f) Electrical System: Describe the proposed design and architecture of the electric plant and electrical distribution system and how it meets the requirements for power quality and protective devices. Provide a one-line diagram of the 440VAC and 115VAC ships service electrical distribution systems showing the location of the distribution panels and their physical and electrical sizes. Provide an electric plant load analysis (EPLA) and a discussion of the various operating conditions including details on the equipment loads, margins and other factors. Include how the number and the size of the ship service diesel generators and the size of the emergency generator is selected.

(g) Endurance: Describe how the proposed design meets the required capacities for fuel, potable water, sewage, and food stowage. Discussion shall demonstrate a clear understanding of the fuel endurance requirements of the propulsion engines and electrical plants for each variant. Include with the discussion, fuel, potable water, sewage, and food stowage calculations required for the endurance days and accommodations.

(h) Auxiliary Systems: Describe the proposed design for the auxiliary systems and equipment. Include along with the discussion:

(i) Intact and Damaged Stability: Discuss how the proposed designs’ intact and damaged stability characteristics meet or exceed the requirements of the WCC System Specification. Stability analysis shall be performed using General Hydrostatics Software (GHS) or the U.S. Navy Ship Hull Characteristics Program (SHCP) with AREAWin dated Oct 2017 or newer, and provide the input files used for the stability analyses in digital format:

(j) Major Equipment List: Provide the relevant information and vendor cut sheets for the equipment in accordance with Attachment (L-1). The Offeror shall emphasize how proposed equipment maximizes WCC supportability and maintainability given the cutters’ geographic dispersion and remote areas of operation. Specific equipment to include the main diesel engines, Z-drives, generators, cranes, and boat davits identified in the proposal may be adopted as part of the contract. Deviations from the specified equipment will require USCG approval.

(k) Reliability: The Offeror shall describe the basis of the prediction for meeting or exceeding the ship availability requirements of the WCC System Specification. This shall include a detailed explanation of the level of redundancy achieved for mission critical systems and components.

L.12 VOLUME I - SYSTEMS DESIGN CAPABILITY AND PRODUCTION CAPABILITY INSTRUCTIONS

The Systems Design and Production Capability proposal information shall include the sections described below:

Front Matter as defined by L.10(e).

Section 1 – System Design Capability Section 2 – Production Capability

(A) Design integration of the hullform, structure, propulsion plant, electrical plant, electronics, auxiliary systems, mission systems, and human support systems.

(B) Integrated Logistics Support

(C) Human Systems Integration / Human Factors Engineering

(D) System Safety

(E) Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability

(F) Integration of Noise and Vibration Requirements

(G) ABS Classification

(H) Weight Estimation and Weight Control

(A) Limitations on Module Size

(B) Transporter and Crane Information

(C) Shipyard Processes

(D) Quality Control Procedures

The Management Approach proposal information shall include the sections described below:

Front Matter as defined by L.10(e).

Section 1 – Management Approach Section 2 – Schedule Approach

(7) The Offeror shall describe how it will meet or exceed the Government's desired level of data rights by completion of Attachment J-9 “Technical Data Rights Instructions” and J-9A Technical Data Tables, in accordance with the appropriate clauses in Section I. In addition to Attachment J-9A, Offerors are required to identify any asserted rights in Section K in accordance with Section K.4 by completing Section J9B.See J-9 for further instructions for completing K.4 and J-9B.

(8) The Offeror shall describe how supply chain assurance is implemented to reduce risk of counterfeit and non-conforming supplies and ensure resilience of the supply chain.

The Past Performance volume shall include the sections described below:

Front Matter as defined by L.10(e).

Section 1 – Offeror’s Past Performance Narrative Section 2 – Design Agent’s Past Performance Narrative (if separate from Offeror)

(a) Past Performance - General The Offeror and its Design Agent(s) - if separate from the Offeror - shall submit examples of past performance for Government consideration.

(b) Past Performance Narrative

(i) The Offeror shall provide a description of Past Performance for the prime Offeror and any major sub-contractor(s) or teaming partner in ship design and production of no more than five (5) contracts/subcontracts within the last five (5) years that required the same or similar work in both type and complexity to the proposed WCC. The Offeror shall provide Past Performance references. Past Performance submissions shall consist of one (1) reference for design agent(s), if used, and no more than two (2) references for major sub-contractor(s). Offerors shall verify that the references provided are current, available, and will be responsive to Government inquiries.

(ii) For each reference, the Offeror shall submit descriptive narratives summarizing relevancy to the WCC solicitation. Offerors shall clearly state in each narrative the contract number applicable to the described effort, identify a cognizant customer point of contact, and provide the contact’s phone number and email address. Offerors shall include an image of the vessel for each past performance submission. Images shall not exceed 3 in. by 5 in. and shall be displayed at the top center of the narrative document. Narratives shall describe past performance of the Offeror and its Design Agents. Determination of relevancy will be based on past performance project characteristics similar to the WCC solicitation. At a minimum, those characteristics shall include [as applicable]:

(A) Dimensions (Length (ft), Beam (ft), Design Draft (ft), Displacement (LT))

(B) Performance (Speed (kts), Horsepower, Range (nm @ kts), Endurance (days w/ crew #))

(C) Propulsion Plant

(D) Electrical Plant

(E) Hull/Structure Materials

(F) Boat Launch and Recovery

(G) Electronic Systems

(H) Wheelhouse Arrangement Drawing

(I) Building and/or designing (as applicable) to classification society standards (e.g., ABS)

(iii) For each Offeror’s contract/project and for each major sub-contractor’s contract/project, the Offeror shall provide the following:

Contract number and date awarded, type, and brief description of the statement of work (differentiate efforts performed by the Offeror’s firm and those performed by sub-contractors). The overall ship description(s) shall address, at a minimum, hull design, equipment, mission systems, control systems, and the propulsion system information and discuss the work performed and the objectives achieved. If applicable, include a discussion of the data items and documentation delivered under these contracts/projects. To the extent necessary, discuss the relationship between the work performed under these contracts/projects and this RFP to demonstrate relevance.

Purchasing Office (Government agency or commercial firm).

Cognizant Procuring Contracting Officer (PCO), or Purchasing Agent, Administrative Contracting Officer (ACO), Technical Representative, Buyer, phone and fax numbers, and e-mail addresses.

Offeror’s Federal Supply Code Manufacturer’s (FSCM) number; Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) Code number, and Dun & Bradstreet (DUNS) number, if applicable.

Required original delivery schedule, actual delivery date, and explanation for any change from the original delivery schedule.

For each Government contract and commercial contract cited above which did not and/or does not meet the contract requirements as awarded with respect to either schedule or technical performance, briefly explain reasons for such occurrences and describe any corrective action(s) taken.

(iv) In the event that an Offeror lacks relevant design past performance, it shall submit relevant past performance information for its Design Agent(s). In no case shall the Offeror submit more than five total past performance narratives. Each past performance narrative submission shall be limited to two pages.

L.15 VOLUME III - PRICE INSTRUCTIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTATION INSTRUCTIONS The Price and Administrative Documentation volumes shall include the sections described below:

Front Matter as defined by L.10(e).

Section 1 – Price Section Section 2 – Administrative Documentation Section

(a) Price Section

(i) The Offeror shall submit a price proposal in accordance with pricing elements as outlined in Attachments L-2, Pricing Worksheet.

(ii) It is anticipated that all cost and pricing information submitted in response to these proposal instructions will be treated as business confidential. Except for Section B - SUPPLIES OR SERVICES AND PRICES, none of the price proposal information will be disclosed outside of the Government.

(iii) No page count limit applies to this volume. It is imperative that all electronic pricing spreadsheets submitted under this volume contain functioning, visible, spreadsheet formulas. The Offeror shall ensure that all pricing spreadsheets are properly linked and summarized, and capable of being searched, reproduced, and manipulated. All cells containing derived data shall be presented together with the formulas used to derive the data present and functional. Further, all spreadsheets submitted shall be linked to allow for adjustments during price analysis. Simple, hard-coding of numbers is not acceptable. Spreadsheet cells may not be linked to cells in other workbooks (i.e., separate files). Failure to comply with this requirement may render the proposal non-compliant. If the Offeror wishes to restrict the disclosure or use of its proposal, the Price Proposal Volume title page shall display the legend permitted by FAR 52.215-1(e).

(iv) The price volume must be a self-contained document not relying on any other volumes for information. The price volume must be mathematically correct and all parts must be numerically consistent.

(v) Prices…