TO 00-25-172.pdf

TO 00-25-172

TECHNICAL MANUAL

GROUND SERVICING OF AIRCRAFT

AND

STATIC GROUNDING/BONDING

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A - Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PA Case Number 04-10-70. Other requests for this document shall be referred to 406 SCMS/GUEE, Robins AFB, GA 31098. Questions concerning technical content shall be referred to

AFLCMC/SE.

Published Under Authority of the Secretary of the Air Force

9 AUGUST 2013 CHANGE 27 - 13 MARCH 2017

BASIC AND ALL CHANGES HAVE BEEN MERGED TO MAKE THIS A COMPLETE PUBLICATION.

Dates of issue for original and changed pages are:

Original. . . . . . . .0 . . . . . . 9 August 2013 Change . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 29 August 2013 Change . . . . . . . . 2 . . .27 September 2013 Change . . . . . . . . 3 . . . 16 December 2013 Change . . . . . . . . 4. . . . . .6 January 2014 Change . . . . . . . . 5. . . . .2 February 2014 Change . . . . . . . . 6. . . . . .24 March 2014 Change . . . . . . . . 7. . . . . . . .9 May 2014 Change . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . 25 May 2014 Change . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . .4 June 2014 Change . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . 8 August 2014 Change . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . 19 August 2014 Change . . . . . . . 12. . . . .29 October 2014 Change . . . . . . . 13 . . . 25 December 2014

Change . . . . . . . 14. . . . .6 February 2015 Change . . . . . . . 15. . . . . .26 March 2015 Change . . . . . . . 16. . . . . . .10 April 2015 Change . . . . . . . 17. . . . . . . .1 May 2015 Change . . . . . . . 18. . . . . . . .3 June 2015 Change . . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . 11 July 2015 Change . . . . . . . 20. . . .9 September 2015 Change . . . . . . . 21 . . . 31 December 2015 Change . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . 19 May 2016 Change . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . 13 June 2016 Change . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . 26 June 2016 Change . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . 10 August 2016 Change . . . . . . . 26 . . . 20 November 2016 Change . . . . . . . 27. . . . . .13 March 2017

TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 90, CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING:

Page *Change No. No.

Page *Change No. No.

Page *Change No. No.

Title A i ii - iv v - vi vii viii Blank ix x Blank 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-1 2-2 2-2.1 Added 2-2.2 Blank 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 Blank 3-1 3-2 3-2.1 Added 3-2.2 Blank 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-8.1 - 3-8.2 Deleted 3-9 - 3-10

3-10.1 - 3-10.2 Deleted 3-11 - 3-14 4-1 - 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 - 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-14.1 Added 4-14.2 Blank 4-15 4-16 4-16.1 Added 4-16.2 Blank 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-20 4-21 4-22 4-23 4-24 5-1 5-2 - 5-5 5-6 - 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 Blank 6-1

6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-10.1 - 6-10.2 Deleted 6-11 6-12

TO 00-25-172

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES

INSERT LATEST CHANGED PAGES. DESTROY SUPERSEDED PAGES.

NOTE The portion of the text affected by the changes is indicated by a vertical line in the outer margins of the page. Changes to illustrations are indicated by shaded or screened areas, or by miniature pointing hands.

* Zero in this column indicates an original page.

A Change 27 USAF

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

SAFETY SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1 RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2.1 Aircraft Fuel Servicing . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2.2 Aircraft Servicing Supervisor . . . . . 1-1

1.2.3 Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2.4 Cathodic Protection . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2.5 Chief Servicing Supervisor (CSS)

(Chapter 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2.6 Concurrent Servicing (Commercial, Contract, Cargo, Passenger Aircraft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2.7 Concurrent Servicing Area . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2.8 Concurrent Servicing Operations

(CSO) Supporting Combat Sortie Generation (CSG). . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2.8.1 CSOs Requiring a Concurrent Ser-

vicing Supervisor (CSS) . . . . . . 1-1

1.2.8.2 CSOs Not Requiring a Concurrent

Servicing Supervisor (CSS) . . . . 1-2

1.2.9 Concurrent Servicing Supervisor

(CSS) Combat Sortie Generation (CSG) (Chapter 6) . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.10 Deadman Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.11 Defueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.12 Flash Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.13 Fuel Servicing Hose . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.13.1 Soft (Collapsible) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.13.2 Semi-hard (Noncollapsible) . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.13.3 Hard (Noncollapsible) . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.14 Fuel Servicing Safety Zone

(FSSZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.15 Fuel Servicing Vehicle . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.16 Fuel Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.2.17 Flow Through Revetment

(FTR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.18 Grounding (Electrostatic). . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.19 Hose Cart (MH-2 Series). . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.20 Hot Pad Refueling Supervisor . . . . 1-3

1.2.21 Hot Refueling/Defueling . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.22 Hot Refueling/Defueling Area . . . . 1-3

1.2.23 Hydrant Hose Truck . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.24 Hydrant Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

Chapter Page

1.2.25 Hydrant Outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.26 Intrinsically Safe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.27 Lateral Control Pit . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.28 Lateral Control Pit Switch . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.29 Lateral Control Pit Emergency

Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.30 Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Servicing

Safety Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.31 Pantograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.32 Mobility Air Fleet (MAF) . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.33 Ramp Grounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.34 Rapid Defueling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.35 Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2.36 Remote Control Fuel Switch . . . . . 1-4

1.2.37 Servicing Crew Member . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.38 Combat Sortie Generation . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.39 Shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.39.1 Aircraft Alert Shelter . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.39.2 Hardened Aircraft Shelters (HAS)/

Protective Aircraft Shelters

(PAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.40 Supervisory Contractor Representa-

tive (SCR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.41 Support Equipment (SE) . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.42 Switch Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.43 Transferring of Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.3 REPORTING OF HAZARDS . . . . 1-4

1.4 RECOVERABLE PRODUCTS . . . 1-4

1.5 FUEL OR OIL SPILLS. . . . . . . . . 1-4

2 ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS AND STATIC

GROUNDING AND BONDING. . . . . . . . 2-1

2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.2 ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES . . . 2-1

2.3 STRAY CURRENTS . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.4 COMBUSTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.5 ELECTROSTATIC CHARGING OF

PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.6 TANK FILLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.7 LIGHTNING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2.8 OTHER SOURCES OF STATIC

ELECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2.9 GROUNDING AND BONDING

POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

2.10 GROUNDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

2.11 AIRCRAFT INSTALLED ELEC-

TRICAL RECEPTACLES FOR

GROUNDING AND

BONDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

2.12 GROUNDING/BONDING

HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

i

2.13 PERSONNEL

GROUNDING/BONDING. . . . . 2-5

2.13.1 Chemical Warfare Defense En-

semble (CWDE) Resistance Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

2.13.2 Servicing Fuel with Personnel Ar-

mor ((Flak Vest) or Individual Body Armor (IBA)) . . . . . . . . . 2-5

3 GENERAL PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1 HOUSEKEEPING . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2 AIRCRAFT FLUIDS AND

FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.3 REFUELING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.4 HOT SURFACES. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.5 SERVICING SUPERVISOR . . . . . 3-1

3.6 FUEL SERVICING SAFETY ZONE

(FSSZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

3.7 THE AIRCRAFT BEING

SERVICED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2.1

3.8 ADJACENT AIRCRAFT. . . . . . . . 3-5

3.9 SERVICING CONSTRAINTS . . . . 3-5

3.10 SERVICING VEHICLES AND

SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

(SE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

3.11 FIRE PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3.11.1 Fire Extinguisher Placement. . . . . . 3-8

3.11.2 Installed Fire Suppression Systems

and Vehicle Standby Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3.11.3 Fire Department Standby

Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3.11.3.1 Operations That May Continue. . . . 3-9

3.11.3.2 Operations That Must Cease . . . . . 3-9

3.12 DISTANCE CRITERIA . . . . . . . . 3-13

4 FLIGHT LINE SERVICING

OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1 POWERED SUPPORT EQUIP-

MENT (SE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1.1 Positioning and Operation of Sup-

port Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1.2 Driving and Parking Fuel/Water Ser-

vicing Vehicle/Equipment . . . . . 4-1

4.2 AIRCRAFT REFUELING . . . . . . . 4-2

4.3 MULTIPLE SOURCE

REFUELING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4.3.1 R-11 Fuel Tank Trucks . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4.3.2 Multiple Refueling Trucks

Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4.3.3 Multiple Source Refueling

Authorization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4.4 AIRCRAFT DEFUELING. . . . . . . 4-6

Chapter Page

4.5 APU/GTC USE DURING REFUEL-

ING AND DEFUELING . . . . . . 4-7

4.6 INITIAL FILLING OPERATIONS

OF AIRCRAFT WITH FOAM

FILLED FUEL TANKS . . . . . . 4-8

4.7 FILLING FUEL SERVICING VE-

HICLES FROM HYDRANT

SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

4.8 SERVICING IN AIRCRAFT

ALERT, HARDENED/PROTEC-

TIVE AIRCRAFT SHELTERS

(HAS/PAS), OR FLOW

THROUGH REVETMENTS

(FTRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

4.9 UNIQUE REQUIREMENTS WHEN

SERVICING IN HARDENED/

PROTECTIVE AIRCRAFT

SHELTERS (HAS/PAS) . . . . . . 4-9

4.10 FOUR BASIC TYPES OF HAS/

PAS ARE SHOWN IN FIGURE

4-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

4.11 AIRCRAFT FUEL SERVICING IN

TYPE A/F 37T10/11 HUSH

HOUSES (ENCLOSED AIR-

CRAFT/ENGINE NOISE SUP-

PRESSOR SYSTEMS) . . . . . . . 4-12

4.12 FUEL SERVICING EXPLOSIVES-

LOADED AIRCRAFT . . . . . . . 4-12

4.13 FUEL SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

4.14 FUEL SERVICING IN HANGARS

AND OTHER FACILITIES . . . . 4-13

4.15 OXYGEN SERVICING . . . . . . . . 4-14

4.16 GASEOUS OXYGEN

SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16

4.17 LIQUID OXYGEN

SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16

4.18 LIQUID OXYGEN SERVICING IN

AIRCRAFT

SHELTERS/FTR . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18

4.19 NITROGEN SERVICING . . . . . . . 4-18

4.20 GASEOUS NITROGEN

SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19

4.21 LIQUID NITROGEN

SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19

4.22 HYDRAZINE SERVICING . . . . . . 4-20

4.23 HYDRAZINE PROTECTIVE

CLOTHING AND

EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20

4.24 HYDRAZINE HANDLING PRO-

CEDURES FOR F-16 AND U-2

AIRCRAFT IN-FLIGHT

EMERGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21

4.25 TRANSIENT F-16 BASES/U-2 EN-

ROUTE SUPPORT. . . . . . . . . . 4-21

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ii Change 27

4.26 HYDRAULIC AND OIL

SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21

4.27 DRUM AND CONTAINER

SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22

4.28 WATER, WATER-ALCOHOL, AND

ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID

SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22

4.29 AIRCRAFT DE-ICING. . . . . . . . . 4-23

4.30 AIRCRAFT TIRE

SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23

5 CONCURRENT SERVICING

OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.1 CONCURRENT SERVICING OF

AIRCRAFT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.2 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS

FOR FUEL SERVICING. . . . . . 5-1

5.3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF CSS . . . . 5-1

5.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF OTHER

PERSONNEL PARTICIPATING

IN CONCURRENT SERVICING

OPERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

5.5 RESPONSIBILITIES OF SUPERVI-

SORY CONTRACTOR REPRE-

SENTATIVE (SCR) . . . . . . . . . 5-4

5.6 CARGO/BAGGAGE HANDLING

OPERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

5.7 MAINTENANCE RESTRICTIONS

DURING CONCURRENT SER-

VICING OPERATIONS . . . . . . 5-6

5.8 FIRE PROTECTION

REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

5.9 EQUIPMENT

REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

6 SPECIALIZED AIRCRAFT FUELING

OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.2 CONCURRENT SERVICING OP-

ERATIONS (CSO) SUPPORT-

ING COMBAT SORTIE GEN-

ERATION (CSG) FOR A-10,

F-15, F-16, AND F-22

AIRCRAFT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

Chapter Page

6.2.1 CSO Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.2.1.1 CSOs Requiring a Concurrent Ser-

vicing Supervisor (CSS) . . . . . . 6-1

6.2.2 CSOs Not Requiring a Concurrent

Servicing Supervisor (CSS) . . . . 6-2

6.3 CONCURRENT SERVICING SU-

PERVISOR (CSS) . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6.3.1 CSO Accomplishment . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6.4 HOT REFUELING (FUELING

WITH ENGINES

RUNNING). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6.5 HOT REFUELING

REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . 6-3

6.6 MINIMUM GROUND CREW . . . . 6-3

6.6.1 For Flow Through Revetments

(FTRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3

6.7 HOT PAD REFUELING

SUPERVISOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3

6.8 HOT REFUELING EQUIPMENT

OPERATOR (REO) . . . . . . . . . 6-6

6.9 HOT REFUELING

SEQUENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6

6.10 EMERGENCY

PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8

6.11 AIRCRAFT TO AIRCRAFT REFU-

ELING (HOT OR COLD) . . . . . 6-9

6.12 HOT (ENGINES RUNNING) . . . . 6-9

6.13 MAJCOM DIRECTIVES . . . . . . . 6-9

6.14 FUELS SERVICING USING THE

AERIAL BULK FUELS DELIV-

ERY SYSTEM (ABFDS) WITH

ALTERNATE CAPABILITY

EQUIPMENT (ACE) . . . . . . . . 6-10

6.15 MAJCOM DIRECTIVES

PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10

6.16 HOT DEFUELING. . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11

6.16.1 Rapid Defueling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11

6.16.2 Wet Wing Defueling . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12

6.16.3 Aircraft to Aircraft Operations . . . . 6-12

6.17 FORWARD AREA REFUELING

POINT (FARP)

OPERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12

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Change 27 iii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Number PageTitle

3-1 Bomber Refueling Safety Zone Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3-2 Fighter Refueling Safety Zone Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

Number PageTitle

4-1 Hardened/Protective Aircraft Shelter Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

4-2 Aircraft Tire Servicing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24

LIST OF TABLES

Number PageTitle

3-1 Fire Protection Equipment Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

3-2 Distance Criteria Between Parking Areas and/or Fueling Operations (Distance in Feet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14

4-1 Approved/Authorized Single Point Refuel-ing (SPR) Nozzles, Vacuum Breaks, and Dry Break Couplers . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

4-2 Specifically Approved Hangars and Other Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

Number PageTitle

5-1 Concurrent Servicing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8 6-1 Hot Refueling System Safety Engineering

Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 6-2 Aircraft to Aircraft Refueling System

Safety Engineering Analyses . . . . . . . 6-9 6-3 ABFDS with ACE Refueling System

Safety Engineering Analyses . . . . . . . 6-11 6-4 Wet Wing Defueling System Safety Engi-neering Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 iv Change 27

FOREWORD

1 PURPOSE.

This technical order provides guidance to help minimize in-jury and property damage mishaps associated with aircraft ground servicing operations and other allied support func-tions accomplished concurrently with ground servicing. Ad-ditionally, this technical order provides information on the nature of, and methods to minimize electrical hazards asso-ciated with servicing operations.

2 SCOPE.

This technical order applies to all United States Air Force (USAF) aircraft ground servicing operations as well as ser-vicing of non-USAF aircraft when performed at USAF or non-USAF installations by USAF personnel or under USAF control. Excluded is the servicing of air launched missiles and stores. Where procedures in this technical order conflict with Mission/Design/Series (MDS) specific technical order procedures, the MDS specific technical order shall take pre-cedence except on those matters related to Fire Protection.

The Installation Fire Chief will determine the extinguisher and standby requirements and vehicle positioning for opti-mum response.

3 ABBREVIATIONS.

All abbreviations used in this manual are in accordance with ASME Y14.38, Abbreviations and Acronyms for Use on Drawings and Related Documents.

ABFDS Aerial Bulk Fuels Delivery System ACE Alternate Capability Equipment ADI Anti-Detonation Injection AF Air Force AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam AFTO Air Force Technical Order AMC Air Mobility Command APU Auxiliary Power Unit ARFF Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting AWIS Aircraft Wireless Intercom Systems BEE Bioenvironmental Engineer CASS Centralized Aircraft Support Systems CFETP Career Field Education and Training Plan CSG Combat Sortie Generation CSO Concurrent Servicing Operation CSS Chief Servicing Supervisor CSS Concurrent Servicing Supervisor CU Conductivity Units CWDE Chemical Warfare Defense Ensemble ECM Electronic Countermeasures

ECS Environmental Control System EPU Emergency Power Unit ESS Emergency Starting System FAM Forward Area Manifold FARE Forward Area Refueling Equipment FARP Forward Area Refueling Point FOD Foreign Object Damage FORCE Fuels Operational Readiness Capability

Equipment FSAS Fuel Saving Advisory System FSII Fuel System Icing Inhibitors FSSZ Fuel Servicing Safety Zone FTR Flow Through Revetment GPM Gallons Per Minute GPU Ground Power Unit GTC Gas Turbine Compressor HAS/PAS Hardened Aircraft Shelters/Protective Air-craft Shelters HDPS Hose Deployment Personnel HEMTT Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck HF High Frequency HHT Hydrant Hose Trucks HRS Hot Refueling Supervisor HSV Hydrant Servicing Vehicles HTARS HEMTT Tanker Aviation Refueling Sys-tem IAFTS Internal Auxiliary Fuel Tank System IBA Individual Body Armor IFE In-Flight Emergency INS Inertial Navigation System JFS Jet Fuel Starters LEL Lower Explosive Limit LFL Lower Flammable Limit LIN Liquid Nitrogen LOX Liquid Oxygen LRU Line Replaceable Unit MAF Mobility Air Fleet MDS Mission/Design/Series MIS Management Information System MOC Maintenance Operation Center OPR Office of Primary Responsibility PACS Protective Aircraft Canopy Shelters PPE Personal Protective Equipment psi pound-force per square inch psig pounds per square inch gauge PTO Power Takeoff Q-D Quantity-Distance

Change 23 v

REO Refueling Equipment Operator RPO Refueling Panel Operator SATCOM Satellite Communications SCR Supervisory Contractor Representative SE Support Equipment SFO Senior Fire Officer SKE Station Keeping Equipment SPR Single Point Refueling SPRM Single Point Receptacle Monitor SSEA System Safety Engineering Analysis UEL Upper Explosive Limit UFL Upper Flammable Limit USAF United States Air Force

4 RELATED PUBLICATIONS.

The following publications contain information in support of this technical manual.

List of Related Publications

Number Title A-A-50022B Gloves, Welder’s, Leather, Gauntlet A-A-52475A Chock, Wheel A-A-55213 Gloves, Permeable, Cloth, Cotton, Olive Green A-A-59503 Nitrogen, Technical AF Drawing 42D6594 Chock Assembly - Wheel

Adjustable Rope Type AFH 32-1084 Facility Requirements AFI 21-101 Air and Space Equipment

Maintenance Management AFI 23-502 Recoverable and Unusable

Liquid Petroleum Products AFI 48-137 Respiratory Protection Pro-gram AFI 91-202 US Air Force Mishap Pre-vention Program AFI 91-203 Air Force Consolidated Oc-cupational Safety Instruc-tion

AFMAN 48-155 Occupational and Environ-mental Health Exposure Controls

AFMAN 91-201 Explosives Safety Standards API/IP STD 1529 Aviation Fuelling Hose and

Hose Assemblies ASME Y14.38 Abbreviations and Acronyms for Use on Drawings and Related Documents

List of Related Publications - Continued

Number Title MIL-STD-810 Environmental Engineering

Considerations and Labo-ratory Tests

MIL-STD-882D Standard Practice for System Safety

MIL-DTL-6615G Hose Assemblies, Rubber, Fuel and Nonpotable Wa-ter, with Reattachable Couplings, Low Tempera-ture, General Specification for

MIL-DTL-26521K Hose Assembly, Nonmetal-lic, Fuel, Collapsible, Low Temperature with Non- Reusable Couplings

MIL-DTL-26894D Hose and Hose Assembly, Rubber, Gasoline, Refuel-ing, Low Temperature

MIL-DTL-27516F Hose and Hose Assembly, Nonmetallic, Suction and Discharge

MIL-PRF-370J Hose and Hose Assemblies, Nonmetallic: Elastomeric, Liquid Fuel

MIL-PRF-32058 Chock, Wheel-Track - Avia-tion, Adjustable Rope Type

NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers

NFPA 407 Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing

SAE AS 38404 Couplings, Hose, Reattach-able Screw-On

TO 00-5-1 Air Force Technical Order System

TO 00-25-234 General Shop Practice Re-quirements for the Repair, Maintenance, and Test of Electrical Equipment

TO 1-1-3 Inspection and Repair of Aircraft Integral Tanks and Fuel Cells

TO 1-1-686 Desert Storage Preservation and Process Manual for Aircraft, Aircraft Engines, and Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit Engines

TO 11A-1-33 Handling and Maintenance of Explosives Loaded Air-craft vi Change 23

List of Related Publications - Continued

Number Title TO 13F4-4-121 Operation, Service and

Maintenance with Illus-trated Parts Breakdown Fire Extinguisher, Wheeled Liquified Gas, 150 lb. Capacity Part No.

03496 and 05673

TO 15X-1-1 Maintenance Instructions - Oxygen Equipment

TO 31Z-10-4 Electromagnetic Radiation Hazards

TO 35E10-22-1 Operation and Maintenance Instructions Liquid Cool-ing System Cooler MXU- 659A/E Part Number ACE-410-922 Winteriza-tion Kit Part Number 84094 Rev B

TO 36A12-13-31-1CL-1 Checklist Aircraft Servicing Procedures with the Hy-drant Servicing Vehicle

(HSV)

TO 37A2-2-4-1CL-1 Operational and Organiza-tional Maintenance Refuel/ Defuel Procedures All MH-2 Series Filter-Meter- Hose Fuel Transfer Trailer and KC-135 Rapid Defuel E-4B Hot Refueling

TO 37A9-3-11-1CL-1 Checklist Operational and Organizational Mainte-nance Hot Refueling and Hot Integrated Combat Turnaround Procedures Aircraft Fuel Servicing Unit Type GRU 17/E Pan-tograph PACAF Type IV Hydrant Servicing

List of Related Publications - Continued

Number Title TO 37C2-4-6-13 Overhaul Instructions with

Illustrated Parts Break-down Liquid Oxygen Filler Valve Type CRU-

59/E PN 20C-0021-2 NSN

4820-00-796-9680YD

TO 37C2-4-6-21 Operation, Maintenance with Illustrated Parts Break-down Liquid Oxygen Filler Valve CRU-59/E Part Number LV1363

TO 42B1-1-18 General Procedures Handling of H-70 (Hydrazine - Wa-ter Fuel)

TO 42B-1-23 Management of Recoverable and Waste Liquid Petro-leum Products

TO 42B2-1-3 Fluids for Hydraulic Equip-ment

TO 42B5-1-2 Use, Handling and Mainte-nance Instructions - Stor-age Type Gas Cylinders

TO 42B6-1-1 Quality Control Aviators Breathing Oxygen and Aviators Gaseous Breath-ing Oxygen

TO 42B7-3-1-1 Quality Control of Nitrogen TO 42C-1-16 Use and Quality Control of

Demineralized Water and Water-Alcohol Mixtures for Aircraft Engines

5 RECORD OF APPLICABLE TIME COMPLIANCE

TECHNICAL ORDERS (TCTOS).

List of Time Compliance Technical Orders

TCTO

Number

TCTO

Title

TCTO

Date

None

6 CHANGE RECOMMENDATIONS.

Recommendations concerning changes to this manual shall be submitted in accordance with TO 00-5-1.

Change 22 vii/(viii blank)

SAFETY SUMMARY

1 GENERAL SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS.

This manual describes physical and/or chemical processes which may cause injury or death to personnel, or damage to equipment, if not properly followed. This safety summary includes general safety precautions and instructions that must be understood and applied during operation and maintenance to ensure personnel safety and protection of equipment. Prior to performing any specific task, the WARNINGs, CAU- TIONs, and NOTEs included in that task shall be reviewed and understood.

2 WARNINGS, CAUTIONS, AND NOTES.

WARNINGs and CAUTIONs are used in this manual to highlight operating or maintenance procedures, practices, conditions, or statements which are considered essential to protection of personnel (WARNING) or equipment (CAU- TION). WARNINGs and CAUTIONs immediately precede the step or procedure to which they apply. WARNINGs and CAUTIONs consist of four parts: heading (WARNING, CAUTION, or icon), a statement of the hazard, minimum precautions, and possible results if disregarded. NOTEs are used in this manual to highlight operating or maintenance procedures, practices, conditions, or statements which are not essential to protection of personnel or equipment. NOTEs may precede or follow the step or procedure, depending upon the information to be highlighted. The headings used and their definitions are as follows:

Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which if not strictly observed, could result in in-jury to, or death of, personnel or long term health hazards.

Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which if not strictly observed, could result in dam-age to, or destruction of, equipment or loss of mis-sion effectiveness.

NOTE

Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, condition, or statement.

3 REPORTING OF HAZARDS.

Any potential hazard shall be reported to supervision. Ex-amples of hazards that should be reported are:

• Glowing or crackling fuel.

• Visible areas or sparks from any source.

• Electrical shocks to personnel.

• Aircraft with defective grounding/bonding recep-tacles.

• Fluid leaks, mists, or sprays.

4 RECOVERABLE PRODUCTS.

Recoverable products resulting from ground handling and servicing of aircraft will be handled in accordance with fed-eral, state, and local pollution control laws. Refer to AFI 23-502, Recoverable and Unusable Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts, and TO 42B-1-23, Management of Recoverable and Waste Liquid Petroleum Products. Fuel or oil spills will be reported to the base fire department and the civil engineering pollution control response team as required by local direc-tives. Implement spill control procedures in accordance with local directives.

5 SYSTEM SAFETY ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

(SSEA).

An SSEA is a detailed engineering review of an operation. It includes failure modes and effects analysis, criticality assess-ments, and hazard analyses as outlined in MIL-STD-882.

These analyses consider the weapon system, the support equipment, and the personnel interfaces. An SSEA is used to establish the degree of risk involved in a new procedure.

Any change to the approved hot refueling or concurrent ser-vicing operations listed in this technical order, or the addi-tion of new procedures, require revising the appropriate SSEA. Refer to AFI 91-202 for an explanation of policies, responsibilities, authority, and administrative steps necessary to request an SSEA.

Change 20 ix/(x blank)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 RESPONSIBILITIES.

Commanders, managers, and supervisors shall ensure that all aircraft servicing personnel under their supervision are knowledgeable of requirements in applicable directives and technical orders, proficient in accomplishing servicing op-erations and exercise safe practices during ground servicing operations.

1.2 DEFINITIONS.

The following definitions apply in regard to the text of this technical order.

• Shall and Will - Indicate mandatory requirements.

Will is also used to express a declaration of pur-pose.

• Should - Indicates a preferred method of accom-plishment.

• May - Indicates an acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.

1.2.1 Aircraft Fuel Servicing. The movement of fuel to

or from an external source to or from an aircraft through a Single Point Refuel (SPR) receptacle, including the time during which fueling connections and disconnections are made (bond wires and nozzles). This also includes checks made to verify fuel quantity and time to clean up or neutral-ize any spilled fuel.

1.2.2 Aircraft Servicing Supervisor. The person respon-

sible for the aircraft fuel servicing operations. The individual shall be task trained and certified as required by the Career Field Education and Training Plan (CFETP) and any other MAJCOM or local maintenance/training directives.

1.2.3 Bonding. Electrically connecting two or more com-

ponents of a system to equalize voltage potential.

1.2.4 Cathodic Protection. A means of protecting metals

from corrosion by making the metal the cathode of an elec-trolytic cell. Pipelines, tanks, and steel piers (wharves) are often protected in this manner.

1.2.5 Chief Servicing Supervisor (CSS) (Chapter 5).

The person responsible for on-site supervision of all aspects of concurrent fuel servicing operations. The individual shall receive familiarization training on safety requirements and potential hazards of concurrent servicing operations and be certified as required by MAJCOM and local maintenance/ training directives.

1.2.6 Concurrent Servicing (Commercial, Contract, Cargo, Passenger Aircraft). The simultaneous servicing of fuel or oxygen with either passengers on board or the perfor-mance of minor maintenance, fleet servicing, or baggage or cargo loading/unloading. See Paragraph 5.1 for exceptions.

1.2.7 Concurrent Servicing Area. The area within an

imaginary circle around the aircraft that includes the fuel servicing safety zones and extends at least 10 feet outboard of the aircraft wingtips, tail, and nose.

1.2.8 Concurrent Servicing Operations (CSO) Sup-

porting Combat Sortie Generation (CSG). The simultane-ous fueling, and munitions/ammunition loading/unloading, aircraft reconfiguration, aircraft -6 TO inspections, and other aircraft servicing such as oil, nitrogen, and hydraulic fluid.

Oxygen servicing will not be accomplished during fuel ser-vicing.

1.2.8.1 CSOs Requiring a Concurrent Servicing Su-

pervisor (CSS). The key function requiring the CSS is re-fueling/defueling. When no refuel/defuel operations are tak-ing place concurrent with any other maintenance/munitions tasks, a CSS is not required.

1.2.8.1.1 Simultaneous fuel servicing with aircraft -6 and

-6WC inspections.

1.2.8.1.2 Simultaneous fuel servicing with munitions/am-

munition loading/unloading.

1.2.8.1.3 Simultaneous fuel servicing with aircraft recon-

figuration.

1.2.8.1.4 Simultaneous fuel servicing and other aircraft

servicing such as oil, nitrogen, and hydraulic fluid.

1.2.8.1.5 Simultaneous fuel servicing with loading/unload-

ing of munitions/ammunition, aircraft reconfiguration, air-

Change 7 1-1 craft -6 TO inspections, and other aircraft servicing such as oil, nitrogen, and hydraulic fluid.

NOTE

Electrical “power-on” portions of -6 inspections are not authorized during concurrent munitions loading/unloading and fuel servicing operations.

Power-on portions of -6 inspections are accom-plished prior to or upon completion of the concur-rent munitions loading/unloading and fuel servic-ing operation.

1.2.8.2 CSOs Not Requiring a Concurrent Servicing

Supervisor (CSS).

1.2.8.2.1 On MAF aircraft, CSO is not required while air-

crew members are performing the -1 inspection. See Para-graph 5.1.

1.2.8.2.2 Any or all simultaneous munitions/ammunition

loading/unloading with aircraft -6 and -6WC TO inspections, aircraft reconfiguration, and other aircraft servicing such as oil, nitrogen, and hydraulic fluid. (When no refuel/defuel op-erations are taking place concurrent with any other mainte-nance/munitions tasks, a CSS is not required).

NOTE

When a CSS is not required the weapons load crew chief is responsible for and controls all actions concerning the aircraft during loading and unload-ing operations. See AFI 21-101, Chapter 4 for de-tailed responsibilities.

1.2.9 Concurrent Servicing Supervisor (CSS) Combat

Sortie Generation (CSG) (Chapter 6). The on-site super-visor responsible for all aspects of fuel servicing, munitions/ ammunition loading/unloading, aircraft reconfiguration, air-craft -6 TO inspections, and other aircraft servicing performed during CSOs. The key function requiring the CSS is refueling/defueling. When no refuel/defuel operations are taking place concurrent with any other maintenance/muni-tions tasks, a CSS is not required. The individual shall re-ceive training on safety requirements and potential hazards of concurrent servicing operations and be certified as re-quired by AFI 21-101, MAJCOM, and local maintenance/ training directives.

1.2.10 Deadman Control. An electrically, hydraulically, mechanically, or pneumatically operated switch or valve re-quiring continuous positive hand pressure by the operator to maintain fuel flow. Releasing the positive hand pressure stops fuel flow. (Not required for dispensing purging or preserva-tion fluids in aircraft, e.g., 1010 oil.)

1.2.11 Defueling. Defueling is the movement of fuel from

an aircraft fuel tank to any external, approved container or system through the SPR receptacle to exclude the draining of small amounts of residual fuel from externally mounted components (i.e., fuel pumps, valves, engines) as authorized per TO 1-1-3, Page 2-8, Paragraph 2.7.9, and removal of fuel or other liquids from cells or tanks via the aircraft fuel sys-tem drains.

1.2.12 Flash Point. The lowest temperature at which va-

pors arising from fuel will ignite (momentarily flash) on ap-plication of a flame or spark.

1.2.13 Fuel Servicing Hose.

1.2.13.1 Soft (Collapsible). Rubber hose conforming to

MIL-DTL-26521K, flexible, capable of being completely flattened and coiled for ease of storage and handling.

1.2.13.2 Semi-hard (Noncollapsible). Rubber hose con-

forming to MIL-DTL-6615G and MIL-PRF-370J, braided, loomed, or plied reinforcement, not capable of being coiled easily.

1.2.13.3 Hard (Noncollapsible). Rubber hose conform-

ing to MIL-DTL-27516F and MIL-DTL-26894D, braided, loomed, or plied reinforcement with a steel spiral wire wound between reinforcing members.

1.2.14 Fuel Servicing Safety Zone (FSSZ). The area

within 50 feet of a pressurized fuel carrying servicing com-ponent, i.e., servicing hose, fuel nozzle, Single Point Recep-tacle (SPR), hydrant hose cart, ramp hydrant connection point, etc., and 25 feet around aircraft fuel vent outlets.

1.2.15 Fuel Servicing Vehicle. A mobile self-propelled

vehicle designed with a power take-off and filter separator to transport, receive, and dispense fuel. The most common type of fuel servicing unit in the Air Force inventory is R-11.

1.2.16 Fuel Spill. Dripping, splashing or overflow of fuel.

The fuel spill classifications are:

1.2.16.1 Class I spills involve an area less than two feet in any plane dimension (direction). Using agency fireguards, determine if these spills create a fire hazard to the aircraft or equipment. Generally, these spills need only be monitored until the aircraft is dispatched.

1.2.16.2 Class II spills involve an area not over 10 feet in

any plane dimension (direction), or not over 50 square feet and not of a continuing nature. Post the area, using agency fireguards, and immediately notify the fire protection organi-zation and the base agency responsible for cleanup of haz-ardous spills.

1.2.16.3 Class III spills involve an area over 10 feet in

any plane dimension (direction) or over 50 square feet in total area or of a continuing nature. Post the area, using agency fireguards, and immediately notify the fire protection organization and the base agency responsible for cleanup of hazardous spills. These conditions shall be considered a ramp mishap (accident or incident). The senior fire official will

1-2 Change 10 respond with the personnel, vehicle(s) and equipment neces-sary to control and contain the hazardous condition until the local base agency responsible for cleanup can properly dis-pose of the hazardous material(s).

1.2.17 Flow Through Revetment (FTR). An open ramp

parking area with protective earth filled steel walls several feet thick designed to protect the aircraft.

1.2.18 Grounding (Electrostatic). A path or means to re-

move any electrostatic charge buildup on a conductive ob-ject by connecting that conductive object to earth.

1.2.19 Hose Cart (MH-2 Series). A trailer-mounted unit

containing a filter separator, meter, hoses, and nozzles for connecting the hydrant outlet to the aircraft. It may be used with the Type II system or Type I modified system. It may be equipped with a Y-adapter to permit refueling two aircraft at the same time. It may also be used to refuel commercial aircraft requiring simultaneous servicing into both wings.

1.2.20 Hot Pad Refueling Supervisor. A person (five-

level or higher) with overall supervisory responsibility for simultaneous hot refueling operations.

1.2.21 Hot Refueling/Defueling. The transfer of fuel into

or out of the fuel tanks of an aircraft with one or more air-craft engine operating.

1.2.22 Hot Refueling/Defueling Area. The area within

50 feet of a hot refueling/defueling operation. Refer to Table 3-2 for specific requirements.

1.2.23 Hydrant Hose Truck. A self-propelled aircraft fuel

servicing unit capable of dispensing up to 1200 GPM, equipped with inlet and discharge hoses, meter, filter/separa-tor, various pressure and flow control valves, and safety de-vices. Hydrant Hose Trucks (HHT) are also known as Hy-drant Servicing Vehicles (HSV).

1.2.24 Hydrant Operator. A person (AFSC 2F0X1) who

activates electrical and/or magnetic switches and valves nec-essary for fuel to flow from the hydrant system to the aircraft on the Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV hydrant sys-tems. Operates hydrant hose truck, hose cart, or pantograph.

The Type IV operator is positioned at the control pit, main-tains visual contact with all crew members, monitors pres-sure gauges and the meter in the hydrant pit. In an emer-gency or upon signal from the aircraft refueling or pad refueling supervisor, they activate the emergency electrical shutdown switch and the fire suppression system.

1.2.25 Hydrant Outlet. A fueling valve located on the

parking ramp where the fuel hose or hose cart is connected.

1.2.26 Intrinsically Safe. Equipment and wiring that is

not capable of producing sufficient electrical or thermal en-ergy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of a flammable or combustible atmospheric mixture in its most easily ignitable concentration. This equipment is suit-able for use where fuel vapors can exist. Devices meeting the explosive vapor tests of MIL-STD-810 meet the intrinsi-cally safe requirements of the National Fire Code.

1.2.27 Lateral Control Pit. An area below ground level

adjacent to the parking ramp containing components of the hydrant system and controlling one or more hydrant outlets.

1.2.28 Lateral Control Pit Switch. An on/off explosion

proof switch, usually located at the hydrant control pit.

1.2.29 Lateral Control Pit Emergency Switch. A switch

located at the control pit which overrides all other on/off switches and shuts down the entire hydrant system. Type II hydrant systems also have an emergency switch at each out-let.

1.2.30 Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Servicing Safety Zone.

The area within 20 feet of pressurized LOX servicing equip-ment, servicing hose, aircraft servicing connection point or vents.

1.2.31 Pantograph. A fuel servicing system consisting of

multiple rigid sections of tubing interconnected by articulat-ing and swivel couplings with fuel flow usually controlled by a deadman switch.

1.2.32 Mobility Air Fleet (MAF). MAF aircraft are air-

frames within AMC and those same airframes located out-side of AMC (typically overseas units within PACAF, USAFE, AFCENT), with the exception of AFSOC.

1.2.33 Ramp Grounds. Ground rods used on ramps or

aprons for protection against stray electrical currents, electri-cal faults, lightning, and static electricity.

1.2.34 Rapid Defueling. A means to rapidly off load fuel

from aircraft either by operating an outboard engine or ex-ternal hydraulic test stand to power on-board refueling pumps.

1.2.35 Refueling. The movement of fuel from an external

source to an aircraft.

Change 8 1-3

1.2.36 Remote Control Fuel Switch. A portable push-

button on/off explosion proof switch attached to the hydrant outlet by an insulated, flexible control cable and used to start and stop fuel flow. This may also be a magnetic switch with a lanyard.

1.2.37 Servicing Crew Member. A person who performs

duties required by the specific servicing checklist under the supervision of the oxygen, refuel/defuel supervisor, or chief servicing supervisor. For C-9 medical evaluation aircraft only, the Chief Servicing Supervisor (CSS) can also function as the Refueling Panel Operator (RPO) and the Single Point Receptacle Monitor (SPRM). In this case, a person in AFSC 4NOXX or X8AOO can perform duties as a safety observer in front of the C-9 aircraft but must be on intercom with the CSS and the aircrew.

1.2.38 Combat Sortie Generation. Combat sortie gen-

eration is a process by which mission capable fighter aircraft are generated in a minimum amount of time, during peace-time or wartime, through separate 2AXXX and 2WXXX tasks or by Concurrent Servicing Operations (CSO). Combat sortie generation may include fueling, munitions/ammunition loading/unloading, aircraft reconfiguration, -6 TO inspec-tions, and other servicing requirements.

1.2.39 Shelters.

1.2.39.1 Aircraft Alert Shelter. A covered unhardened/

unprotected structure with or without doors from which a mission ready aircraft can be launched. Aircraft are expected to start engine within the shelter and taxi out of the shelter under their own power. Some shelters are designed to allow the aircraft to taxi in as well. Some shelters provide protec-tion from the elements, others are complete hangars.

1.2.39.2 Hardened Aircraft Shelters (HAS)/Protective

Aircraft Shelters (PAS). Refer to Figure 4-1.

1.2.39.2.1 First Generation Shelters. These shelters

have two manually operated, vertically hinged, prow-shaped, recessed, metal aircraft entry doors. Usable floor space is 48 feet by 75 feet.

1.2.39.2.2 Modified First Generation Shelters. These

shelters have one electrically operated, side opening, roller supported, prow-shaped, externally mounted, metal aircraft entry door. Usable floor space is 48 feet by 100 feet.

1.2.39.2.3 Second Generation Shelters. These shelters

have two electrically operated, side opening, roller supported, externally mounted, reinforced concrete panel aircraft entry doors. Usable floor space is 82 feet by 124 feet.

1.2.39.2.4 Third Generation Shelters. Same as second

generation except usable floor space is 71 feet by 120 feet.

1.2.39.2.5 Protective Aircraft Canopy Shelters (PACS).

These “carport type” shelters have fabric covered canopies designed to protect personnel and aircraft from the elements.

They do not have doors or walls.

1.2.40 Supervisory Contractor Representative (SCR).

The person responsible for the control of contractor person-nel involved in concurrent servicing operations, fuel nozzle connection/disconnection, and operation of refueling control panel on commercial aircraft.

1.2.41 Support Equipment (SE). All equipment required

on the ground to make a weapon system, command and con-trol system, subsystem, or end item of equipment operational in its intended environment.

1.2.42 Switch Loading. The introduction of a low volatil-

ity fuel such as JP-8 into a tank containing a residue of a higher volatility fuel such as JP-4, and vice versa.

1.2.43 Transferring of Fuel. The movement of fuel within

the aircraft internal fuel system. This term also applies to bulk movement of fuel.

1.3 REPORTING OF HAZARDS.

Any potential hazard shall be reported to local supervision.

Examples of hazards that should be reported are:

a. Glowing or crackling fuel.

b. Visible areas or sparks from any source.

c. Electrical shocks to personnel.

d. Aircraft with defective grounding/bonding receptacles.

e. Fluid leaks, mists, or sprays.

1.4 RECOVERABLE PRODUCTS.

Recoverable products resulting from ground handling and servicing of aircraft/equipment will be handled in accordance with federal, state, and local environmental directives or laws. Refer to AFI 23-502, Recoverable and Unusable Liq-uid Petroleum Products, and TO 42B-1-23, Management of Recoverable and Waste Liquid Petroleum Products.

1.5 FUEL OR OIL SPILLS.

Fuel or oil spills will be reported to the base fire department and the civil engineering pollution control response team as required by local directives. Implement spill control proce-dures in accordance with local directives.

1-4

CHAPTER 2

ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS AND STATIC GROUNDING AND BONDING

2.1 INTRODUCTION.

Fire or explosion hazards are always present where fuels are handled. The grounding or bonding of all conductive parts of the system are an effective means of controlling hazards cre-ated by electrostatic energy. Grounding is the process of connecting one or more metallic objects and ground conduc-tors to ground electrodes. Bonding is the process of connect-ing two or more metallic objects together by means of a conductor. Bonding is done to equalize electrostatic potential between two or more conductive objects.

2.2 ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES.

Static electricity is frequently generated when two materials are brought into contact and then separated. Removing items of clothing, dust blowing across a surface, a liquid flowing through a pipe, and moving vehicles are common means of producing a static charge. Static electricity has been the ig-nition source for many petroleum fires. Protection against static charge buildup is obtained by dissipating static charges through proper connections to the ground or equalizing static charges through effective bonding.

2.3 STRAY CURRENTS.

Electrical currents flowing through paths other than their in-tended circuits, or any extraneous current in the earth are stray currents. Since Air Force fixed refueling systems are in contact with the earth, stray currents sometimes take paths through the conducting parts of the system. Grounding or bonding does not eliminate stray currents.

2.4 COMBUSTION.

Combustion requires fuel vapors, air (oxygen), and an igni-tion source. Flammable vapors exist over the surface of JP-4 at -10 °F and above, and aviation gasoline at -50 °F and above. Ignition of these vapors can be caused either by a spark or flame. When the proper ratio of fuel vapor and air is present, ignition will result in fire or explosion. Energy lev-els associated with electrostatic discharges may be sufficient to ignite fuel vapors.

2.5 ELECTROSTATIC CHARGING OF PERSON-

NEL.

The normal activity of personnel involved in refueling op-erations can generate static electricity charges on their cloth-ing. Humidity greatly affects the static electricity character-istics of clothing materials. The lower the humidity, the higher the electrostatic hazard. Under low humidity condi-tions, almost all Air Force issued garments can produce a static charge of sufficient potential to cause a discharge. The wearing of multiple garment layers in itself does not cause an excessive static charge to develop. However, never re-move any garment while in the refueling area. Antistatic fin-ishes are not permanent and are gradually removed by laun-dering or dry cleaning. In addition, antistatic finishes are not as effective in low humidity conditions or at low tempera-tures. Moisture increases the electrical conductivity of cloth-ing and this is why high humidity conditions minimize static build-up problems. Body perspiration has the same effect by adding moisture to undergarments and outer clothing. Insu-lated foot wear limits the dissipation of static charges to the ground. Both rubber soles and composition soles are rela-tively poor conductors but most have sufficiently low resis-tances to dissipate static charge. The same is true for gloves.

In most cases, personnel can dissipate static charges through gloves or soles, but, as an added precaution, personnel should touch a grounding/bonding point with their bare hand. Per-sonnel wearing Chemical Warfare Defense Ensembles (CWDEs) do not need to remove any clothing to dissipate static buildup. They can adequately ground or bond them-selves directly through the CWDE boot or glove. Clothing having a surface resistivity of less than 1012 ohms per square or an inside-to-outside resistance of less than 1010 ohms will dissipate static charges through normal grounding procedures or equalize static charges through normal bonding proce-dures. Many aircraft have avionics Line Replaceable Units (LRUs) having electronic components that are sensitive to static discharges. When removing or replacing these units, personnel should electrostatically equalize themselves with the aircraft prior to touching the LRUs. The preferred con-tact/equalization point is just inside the applicable avionics bay. When handling or carrying the LRUs, avoid touching any connector pins or jacks because they might be directly connected to sensitive electronic components. Any connector or jack caps/covers should be installed whenever the LRUs are disconnected from the aircraft. Once the LRUs are in the avionics shop for repairs, standard safeguards as outlined in MDS specific technical orders and TO 00-25-234 will suffice to prevent electrostatic damage. When handling munitions or explosive devices, avoid touching bare electrical primers, exposed propellants, and explosive chemicals.

2.6 TANK FILLING.

During the tank filling process, the electrical potential of the liquid fuel surface may reach thousands of volts. A spark may discharge from the surface of the liquid to the internal surfaces of the tank or any other object in the tank such as piping, fittings, or foreign material. If the fuel vapor-air mix-ture above the liquid surface is in the explosive range, such a spark will provide ignition with disastrous results. Objects in a fuel tank will collect a charge from the fuels and become

2-1 similar to an electrical condenser (capacitor) plate. The po-tential required for a discharge from these floating objects to the tank is less than that required to cause a discharge from the liquid surface to the tank. Therefore, the hazard is greatly increased by the presence of such objects. The Air Force now incorporates a conductivity additive to decrease the re-laxation time of electrostatic charges in order to preclude these problems. Also, the use of a higher flash point fuel such as JP-8 or JP-5 in lieu of JP-4, when permitted by the applicable aircraft technical orders, reduces the vapor igni-tion hazard.