TO 42B-1-1.pdf

TO 42B-1-1

TECHNICAL MANUAL

QUALITY CONTROL OF FUELS

PREPARED BY AFSC COMMODITY TEAM

F41608-90-D-1819

THIS MANUAL SUPERSEDES TO 42B-1-1, DATED 1 AUGUST 2014, AND ANY CHANGES INCLUDING SUPPLEMENTS. THIS MANUAL WAS TRANSFERRED TO A NEW EDITING SYSTEM. THE STYLE AND FORMAT WAS EXTENSIVELY CHANGED/REVISED, THEREFORE, CHANGE BARS ARE OMITTED IN THIS RELEASE.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A - Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Requests for this document must be referred to AFPET/ PTPT, 2430 C St, Bldg 70, Area B, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7632. PA Case Number AFMC 04-405. Submit recommended changes or problems with this Technical Order to AFPET/PTPS, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433.

HANDLING AND DESTRUCTION NOTICE - Handle in compliance with the distribution statement and destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of the contents or reconstruction of the document.

PUBLISHED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

15 NOVEMBER 2016

Dates of issue for original and changed pages are:

Original . . . . . . 0. . . . . . . 15 November 2016

TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 80, CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING:

Page *Change No. No.

Page *Change No. No.

Page *Change No. No.

Title A i - v vi Blank vii viii Blank ix x Blank

1-1 - 1-2 2-1 - 2-2 3-1 - 3-8 4-1 - 4-13 4-14 Blank 5-1 - 5-6 6-1 - 6-3 6-4 Blank

7-1 7-2 Blank A-1 - A-4 B-1 B-2 Blank C-1 - C-23 C-24 Blank

TO 42B-1-1

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES INSERT LATEST CHANGED PAGES. DESTROY SUPERSEDED PAGES.

NOTE The portion of the text affected by the changes is indicated by a vertical line in the outer margins of the page. Changes to illustrations are indicated by shaded or screened areas, or by miniature pointing hands.

* Zero in this column indicates an original page.

A USAF

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

SAFETY SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1 AIR FORCE PETROLEUM OF-

FICE (AFPET) . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2 GENERAL SAFETY AND ENVI-

RONMENT

CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . 1-1

1.3 TEMPERATURE CONTROL . . . 1-1

1.4 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR FUEL

QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE AT

ORIGIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.6 QUALITY SURVEILLANCE AT

BASE LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.7 LIST OF FORMS . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

2 AVIATION FUELS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.1 TURBINE FUELS. . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.2 AVIATION GASOLINE

(AVGAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.3 FUEL ADDITIVES . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

3 FUEL HANDLING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2 RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.3 STRAINERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.4 FILTERS/FILTER SEPARATORS

(F/S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.5 TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

3.6 TANK INSPECTION AND

CLEANING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

3.7 PRODUCT SETTLING . . . . . . . 3-2

3.7.1 Bulk Storage/Operating Tanks . . . 3-2

3.7.2 Hydrant System Tanks . . . . . . . . 3-3

3.7.3 Ground Fuel Tanks . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3.8 CONTAMINATION. . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3.9 WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3.10 SOLID CONTAMINANTS . . . . . 3-4

3.11 LINE DISPLACEMENT . . . . . . 3-4

3.12 IDENTIFICATION AND MARK-

ING OF FUEL HANDLING

SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3.13 SERVICING CONTROLS . . . . . 3-4

3.14 CONVERTING REFUELING

UNITS FROM ONE PROD-

UCT TO ANOTHER . . . . . . . 3-4

3.15 BLENDING OR DOWNGRAD-

ING PETROLEUM

PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3.16 DEFUELING

AIRCRAFT/BOWSERS . . . . . 3-4

3.17 MULTI-PRODUCT PIPELINE

SHIPMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3.18 FILTRATION REQUIREMENTS. 3-5

3.19 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE . . . 3-6

4 QUALITY CONTROL OF AVIATION

FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.2 LABORATORY TECHNICIAN

QUALIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.3 LABORATORY OPERATIONS . . 4-1

4.4 SAMPLING AND TESTING . . . 4-1

4.4.1 Types of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.4.2 Sampling Equipment . . . . . . . . . 4-2

4.4.3 General Sampling Procedures . . . 4-2

4.5 PRODUCT RECEIPT — AVIA-

TION FUEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4.6 SECURE FUEL TEST

PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

4.7 PROCEDURE FOR SOAKING,

FLUSHING, AND SAMPLING

HOSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

4.8 DEPLOYED/TEMPORARY OR

LOCATIONS WITHOUT A

BASE FUELS LABORATORY 4-11

4.9 PROCEDURES FOR AIRCRAFT

SUMP SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . 4-11

5 SAMPLE SUBMISSION TO OFF-BASE

LABORATORIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.2 SAMPLE SUBMISSION . . . . . . 5-1

5.3 SHIPPING CONTAINERS AND

PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.4 MARKING AND IDENTIFYING

SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.5 TURBINE FUEL CORRELA-

TION SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . 5-2

5.6 SAMPLES OF DORMANT

STOCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

TO 42B-1-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page Chapter Page i

5.7 FUEL AND OIL SAMPLES

FROM CRASHED AIRCRAFT

OR FUEL-RELATED

INCIDENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

6 GROUND FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.2 MOTOR GASOLINES. . . . . . . . 6-1

6.3 DIESEL FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.4 GROUND FUEL RECEIPTS

(ALL GRADES EXCEPT

HEATING OIL) . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.5 PERIODIC SAMPLING AND

TESTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6.6 COLD WEATHER

OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6.7 CONVERSION OF GROUND

FUEL PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . 6-3

6.7.1 E85 Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3

6.7.2 Bio-Diesel Conversion . . . . . . . . 6-3

7 AIRCRAFT ENGINE OILS AND OTHER

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

A ADDITIVE BLENDING PROCEDURES

TURBINE FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

A.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

A.2 FUEL SYSTEM ICING

INHIBITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

A.3 CORROSION INHIBITOR/LU-

BRICITY IMPROVER . . . . . . A-1

A.4 STATIC DISSIPATOR

ADDITIVE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

A.5 CALCULATING ADDITIVE

RATIOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

A.6 INJECTING/BLENDING

METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

A.7 LEAK DETECTION

ADDITIVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

B MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT FOR

LABORATORY TESTING. . . . . . . . . . . B-1

B.1 MISCELLANEOUS

EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

C TEST PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

C.1 TEST FOR VISUAL FREE WA-

TER AND PARTICULATE

CONTAMINATION. . . . . . . . C-1

C.1.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.1.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.1.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.1.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.1.5 Calculation and Report . . . . . . . . C-1 C.1.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

C.2 TEST FOR COLOR AND PAR-

TICULATE MATTER . . . . . . C-1

C.2.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.2.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.2.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.2.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 C.2.5 Calculation and Report . . . . . . . . C-2 C.2.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2

C.3 TEST FOR PARTICULATE MAT-

TER BY MATCHED-WEIGHT

METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5

C.3.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5 C.3.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-5 C.3.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5 C.3.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5 C.3.5 Calculation and Report . . . . . . . . C-6 C.3.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-6

C.4 PARTICULATE CONTAMINA-

TION IN AVIATION FUELS

BY LABORATORY FILTRA-

TION (BOTTLE METHOD) . . C-8

C.4.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 C.4.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-8 C.4.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 C.4.4 Sample Container . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 C.4.5 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 C.4.6 Calculation and Report . . . . . . . . C-9 C.4.7 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9

C.5 FREE WATER

DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . C-12

C.5.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-12 C.5.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-12 C.5.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-12 C.5.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-12 C.5.5 Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-13 C.5.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-13

C.6 TEST FOR FUEL SYSTEM IC-

ING INHIBITOR (FSII) CON-

CENTRATION IN JET FUEL . C-14

C.6.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-14 C.6.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-14 C.6.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-14 C.6.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-14

TO 42B-1-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED

ii

C.6.5 Calculation and Report . . . . . . . . C-14 C.6.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-14

C.7 TEST METHOD FOR DETER-

MINING THE ELECTRICAL

CONDUCTIVITY OF AVIA-

TION FUEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-15

C.7.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-15 C.7.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-15 C.7.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-15 C.7.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-15 C.7.5 Calculation and Report . . . . . . . . C-15 C.7.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-15

C.8 FLASH POINT OF PETROLEUM

PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-16

C.8.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-16 C.8.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-17 C.8.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-17 C.8.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-17 C.8.5 Calculation and Report . . . . . . . . C-17

C.8.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-18

C.9 TEST FOR API GRAVITY OF

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS . . C-20

C.9.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-20 C.9.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-20 C.9.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-20 C.9.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-20 C.9.5 Calculation and Report . . . . . . . . C-20 C.9.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-20

C.10 PARTICULATE-MATTER CON-

TENT OF DIESEL AND BIO-

DIESEL FUELS . . . . . . . . . . C-22

C.10.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-22 C.10.2 Significance of Test . . . . . . . . . . C-22 C.10.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-22 C.10.4 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-22 C.10.5 Calculation and Report . . . . . . . . C-23 C.10.6 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-23

TO 42B-1-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED

iii

3-1 Vessel Pressure Drop Characteristics with SPENT Cartridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

C-1 Test Procedure C.2, Bonding Wire for Millipore In-Line Sampler . . . . . . . . C-3

C-2 Test Procedure C.2, 3-Way Valves In- Line Samplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-4

C-3 Test Procedure C.3, Bonding Wire for Millipore In-Line Sampler . . . . . . . . C-7

C-4 Test Procedure C.4, Apparatus for Deter-mining Total Contaminants. . . . . . . . C-10

C-5 Test Procedure C.4, Bottle Method Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-11

C-6 Test Procedure C.8, Pensky-Martens As-sembly Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-19

C-7 Test Procedure C.9, Hydrometer Scale Reading for Transparent Liquids . . . . C-21

TO 42B-1-1

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Number Title Page Number Title Page iv

2-1 Turbine Fuel Characteristics . . . . . . . . . 2-2 3-1 Conversion Chart for Refueling

UnitsProduct to be loaded . . . . . . . . 3-7 4-1 Aviation Turbine Fuel Sampling and

Testing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4-2 Secure Fuel Test Limits 1. . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 5-1 Minimum Sampling and Testing Fre-quencies of Dormant Petroleum Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

5-2 AFPET Fuel Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

6-1 Ground Fuel All Grades Periodic Sam-pling and Testing Requirements . . . . 6-2

A-1 Additive Blending Quantities (Calcula-tions are Based on Neat Fuel). . . . . . A-3

A-2 Approved Volatile Chemical Tracer Leak Detection Additives. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4

B-1 Miscellaneous Equipment for Laboratory Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

C-1 Test Procedure C.7, Conductivity vs Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-16

TO 42B-1-1

LIST OF TABLES

Number Title Page Number Title Page v/(vi blank)

INTRODUCTION

1 PURPOSE.

This technical order (TO) prescribes the procedures for as-suring the quality of fuels used by Air Force activities. This TO applies to both Continental United States (CONUS) and overseas areas (OCONUS). As the Air Force quality assur-ance plan, this TO prescribes quality assurance practices that are generally universal. However, due to the configuration of some Air Force fuel systems (i.e. unfiltered pantographs), as a risk abatement to eliminate the potential of issuing unsuit-able for use product, additional sampling may be required.

2 SCOPE.

Procedures and instructions prescribed by this publication ap-ply to receiving, storing, handling, testing, and dispensing of fuels at Air Force installations. At Air Force assigned inter-mediate depots, where the Air Force has Quality Surveillance (QS) responsibilities, the quality procedures outlined in MIL-

STD-3004 Department of Defense Standard Practice Quality Assurance/Surveillance for Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Products and this TO apply. Where content of this TO may conflict with fuel quality instructions or procedures contained in other government documents or publications, the provi-sions of this TO take precedence. These instructions will be used in conjunction with Air Force Instruction (AFI) 91-203 Air Force Consolidated Occupational Safety Instructions wherever applicable. The provisions of this TO are compat-ible with NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 3149, 1135, and ASIC AIR STD ACS (FG) 4020 and 4024.

This TO is the established quality control program as required by DoD 4140.25M DoD Management of Bulk Petroleum Products, Natural Gas, and Coal and in conjunction with MIL-STD-3004. In case of conflict between this TO and the aircraft flight manual, the aircraft flight manual shall take pre-cedence. Users should contact the appropriate System Pro-gram Office (SPO) or System Management Support Office in regard to aircraft operations.

vii/(viii blank)

SAFETY SUMMARY

1 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS.

Personnel must understand general safety instructions and ap-ply precautions during fuel handling and laboratory opera-tions to ensure personal safety and health as well as protec-tion of Air Force property.

2 WARNING AND CAUTION STATEMENTS.

WARNING and CAUTION statements have been strategi-cally placed throughout this text prior to operating or main-tenance procedures, practices, or conditions considered es-sential to the protection of personnel (WARNING) or equipment and property (CAUTION). WARNINGs and CAUTIONs will apply each time the related step is repeated.

Prior to starting any task, the WARNINGs or CAUTIONs in-cluded in the text for the task will be reviewed. Compliance is mandatory prior to performing the next step in the task.

3 CLEANERS/CHEMICALS SPECIAL CARE.

Keep cleaners/chemicals in approved safety containers and in minimum quantities. Some cleaners/chemicals may have an adverse effect on skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Observe manufacturer WARNING labels; Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) instructions for proper handling, storage, and dis-posal; and current safety directives. Use cleaners/chemicals only in authorized areas. Discard soiled cloths into safety cans. Unless otherwise indicated in the text, use as described in this TO should not result in any immediate health concerns.

4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE).

PPE requirements are outlined in AFI 91-203. For assistance contact supervisor.

5 CHEMICAL DISPOSITION.

For proper disposition of chemicals cited for use in this TO, review applicable MSDS and consult with local Environmen-tal Management and Bio-Environmental Engineering Offices for guidance.

6 DEFINITIONS.

Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc, which if not strictly observed, could result in injury to, or death of, personnel or long term health haz-ards.

Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice condition, statement, etc, which, if not strictly observed, could result in dam-age to, or destruction of, equipment or loss of mis-sion effectiveness.

NOTE

Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, condition, or statement.

Shall and Will Indicate mandatory requirements. Will is also used to express a declaration of purpose.

Should Indicates a preferred method of ac-complishment.

May Indicates an acceptable, optional, or sug-gested means of accomplishment.

ix/(x blank)

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

1.1 AIR FORCE PETROLEUM OFFICE (AFPET).

Air Force Fuels Service Control Point (SCP):

a. AFPET Operations Directorate provides planning, policy, and procedures regarding all Air Force petro-leum operations. Within the AFPET Operations Direc-torate is the AFPET Current Operations Division and can be reached at DSN 427-8705 or e-mail AFPET.

ptoc@dla.mil.

b. AFPET Technical Assistance Division is responsible for the quality control of Air Force petroleum products worldwide. The Technical Assistance Team is available to assist Fuels Management (FM) personnel worldwide in identifying and correcting quality problems. Re-quests for assistance will be submitted through the AF- PET Current Operations Division as prescribed in AFI 23-201, Fuels Management. For Air National Guard (ANG) units, requests for assistance will be coordi-nated through the NGB/A4RMF staff.

c. AFPET Product Support Directorate maintains and op-erates Aerospace Fuels Laboratories worldwide. Re-quests for assistance will be submitted to AFPET Cur-rent Operations. For ANG units, requests for assistance will be coordinated through the NGB/A4RMF staff.

1.2 GENERAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT CON-

SIDERATIONS.

Petroleum products are hazardous due to toxic, explosive, flammable, and environmentally damaging properties. Pre-scribed safety precautions will be strictly followed for the safety and protection of personnel, equipment, and the envi-ronment. Fire hazards are present wherever petroleum prod-ucts are handled due to leaks, spills, vapor accumulation, im-proper grounding/bonding of equipment, or ignition from a heat source. Leaks or spills must be eliminated to prevent pol-lution of waterways and underground water tables. CFR Title 40, Part 112.7, GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION

AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SPILL PREVENTION

CONTROL AND COUNTERMEASURE PLAN provides guidance on establishing an adequate spill prevention control program. All spills will be promptly reported to the applicable agencies (Fire Department, Safety Office, Bio-Environmental Representative, etc.). Air Force Instructions which outline general safety guidelines shall be followed. TO 42B-1-23, MANAGEMENT OF RECOVERABLE AND WASTE LIQ-

UID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, provides guidance in the collection, segregation, and disposition of recoverable and waste liquid petroleum products.

1.3 TEMPERATURE CONTROL.

Maintain Base Fuels Laboratories at a temperature of 73° ± 5° F (23° ± 3° C). Large temperature fluctuations adversely affect laboratory equipment and fuel samples. This could cause inaccurate analysis of fuel properties and allow issue of contaminated fuel to aircraft.

1.4 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR FUEL QUALITY.

Petroleum products require quality surveillance from the point of initial acceptance by the government until consumed.

Every agency and individual in the supply system share the responsibility for some phase of quality control.

1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE AT ORIGIN.

Quality Assurance Representatives (QAR) and Quality Sur-veillance Representatives (QSR) of Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Energy monitor fuel quality during produc-tion, storage, testing, loading, and shipping. Quality surveil-lance of US Government owned petroleum products is the responsibility of DLA Energy or the military service owning or operating the terminal. The authorized government repre-sentative identified on the shipping document and applicable military service control point must be contacted when irregu-larities or discrepancies arise during receipt of fuels.

1.6 QUALITY SURVEILLANCE AT BASE LEVEL.

a. Responsible Officers (RO) and/or Terminal Managers (TM) are responsible for the quality of all Defense Working Capitol Fund (DWCF) fuel through the point of sale. RO/TM shall support all CONUS and host na-tion environmental compliance requirements for sam-pling and testing of petroleum products. See AFI 32-

7040, AIR QUALITY COMPLIANCE AND

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.

b. Upon DLA Energy concurrence, rejecting a receipt prior to/or during offloading the SF Form 368 shall be used. For products received or within the inventory, a DLA Form 1960 will be used. AFPET will evaluate and coordinate with DLA Energy for further action as re-quired.

c. Receipt and suitability for use limits for specific turbine fuel types are shown in Table 4-1.

d. Quality surveillance of petroleum products in organiza-tional support tanks is the responsibility of the organi-zational tank custodian.

1-1

e. Approval for use of an aviation fuel which does not meet specification limits must be granted by the specific weapon system Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and/or the engineering function in the SPO.

f. In any event where the fuel quality is questionable or suspected of contamination, the base is directed to no-tify AFPET/Current Operations. Coordination with AF- PET will assist in determining a quality hold and sam-pling plan.

1.7 LIST OF FORMS.

a. DD Form 250 Series Forms are Used for Record Control of Fuel Shipments.

b. AF Form 979, Danger Tag.

c. AF Form 980, Caution Tag.

d. AFTO Form 149, Fuel Inoculation Record.

e. AFTO Form 422, Fuel Filter Pressure Differential

Log.

f. AFTO Form 475, Fuels and Lubricant Sample.

g. Standard Form 368, Product Quality Deficiency Re-port.

h. Standard Form 364, Report of Discrepancy.

i. DLA Form 1960, DLA Energy Fuel Disposition Form.

1-2

CHAPTER 2

AVIATION FUELS

2.1 TURBINE FUELS.

NOTE

All annotations to aviation turbine fuel in this TO reference the fuels listed below unless otherwise noted. Bases must be cognizant of the fuels handled at their locations.

Turbine fuel is a mixture of hydrocarbons, broadly classified as kerosene based. Table 2-1 provides information on some key properties of aviation turbine fuels.

a. JP-8 (NATO F-34) − this fuel is procured to MIL-DTL- 83133 and is the standard USAF turbine engine fuel.

This fuel is similar to commercial Jet A-1 with the ad-dition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Lubricity Improver (CI/ LI), Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII), and Static Dis-sipator Additive (SDA).

b. JP-5 (NATO F-44) − this fuel is procured to MIL-DTL- 5624 and is the standard US Navy turbine engine fuel.

The requirements applicable when used to purge air-craft are found in TO 1-1-3.

c. JP-4 (NATO F-40) − this fuel is procured to MIL-DTL- 5624 and is a highly-flammable fuel containing gaso-line and kerosene fractions. This grade is maintained by select bases to aid in cold weather starting.

d. TS-1/TC-1 is a fuel produced to GOST 10227 supplied in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and locations in southwest Asia. This fuel must include the standard U.S. military additive package; including FSII, SDA, and CI/LI. Use of Russian additive pack-age is not authorized without approval from the weapon system Program/Single Manager.

e. Thermally Stable Jet Fuel (JPTS) is used in limited quantities for special applications. MIL-DTL-25524 is the specification for this product. Quality control pro-cedures for this product are contained in TO 42B1-1- 16.

f. Jet A is a commercial fuel procured to the ASTM D1655 specification. Jet A does not contain SDA, FSII, or CI/LI.

g. Jet A-1 is a commercial fuel procured to the ASTM D1655 or DEFENSE STANDARD (DEF STAN) 91-91 specifications and does not contain SDA, FSII, or CI/

LI.

h. Jet A (NATO F-24) is a commercial fuel procured to the ASTM D1655 specification and must contain FSII, SDA, and CI/LI IAW concentrations prescribed in

MIL-DTL-83133.

2.2 AVIATION GASOLINE (AVGAS).

NOTE

All quality and handling of AVGAS related issues shall be directed to TO 42B1-1-22, Quality Control of Aviation Gasoline.

All AVGAS (NATO F-18) is procured to meet ASTM D910 or DEF STAN 91-90 specifications. AVGAS is a mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with small quantities of ad-ditives which include tetraethyl lead. Commercial Grade 100 Low Lead (100LL) is blue.

2.3 FUEL ADDITIVES.

a. Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) conforming to MIL- DTL-85470 is added to aviation turbine fuels. This in-hibitor is Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di- EGME). This icing inhibitor lowers the freezing point of small quantities of free water in fuel. This has no ef-fect on the actual freezing point of fuel.

b. Corrosion Inhibitor/Lubricity Improver (CI/LI) con-forming to MIL-PRF-25017 is added to aviation turbine engine fuels to prevent corrosion of steel surfaces.

CI/LI also provides lubricity to the fuel pumps and fuel controls.

c. Static Dissipator Additive (SDA) in fuel enhances safety during handling and flight. Electrostatic relax-ation times are decreased by increasing the conductiv-ity of the fuel. Stadis 450 is the only approved conduc-tivity additive.

d. Other Additives − antioxidants must be added to JP-8 and JP-5 when hydrogen-treated blend stocks are used in the refining process.

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Table 2-1. Turbine Fuel Characteristics

Product Spec Flash Point Freezing Point API Gravity

Range Weight Range lb/gal

JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133 38° C, Min −47° C, Max 37 − 51 6.5 − 7.0

JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624 60° C, Min −46° C, Max 36 − 48 6.6 − 7.0

JP-4 MIL-DTL-5624 N/A −58° C, Max 45 − 57 6.3 − 6.7

Jet A ASTM D1655 38° C, Min −40° C, Max 37 − 51 6.5 − 7.0

Jet A-1 ASTM D1655 38° C, Min −47° C, Max 37 − 51 6.5 − 7.0

TS-1 GOST 10227 28° C, Min −60° C, Max 51 Max 6.5 Min

NOTE

For logistics planning purposes, see average weights in TO 42B1-1-14, Fuels for USAF Aircraft, AFPAM 23- 221, Fuels Logistics Planning, or MIL HDBK 210A, Conversion Factors and Logistics Data for Petroleum Plan-ning

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CHAPTER 3

FUEL HANDLING

3.1 SCOPE.

This chapter describes Air Force fuel systems and discusses the relationship of specific system components in maintain-ing fuel quality. Specific operating guidance is provided in this chapter to ensure product quality. Sources and types of contamination are identified to aid base personnel in prevent-ing quality degradation.

3.2 RESPONSIBILITIES.

a. FM is responsible for the operation of base fuel systems and operator maintenance of these systems (fixed and mobile).

b. The Base Civil Engineer and Water Fuels System Maintenance (WFSM) are responsible for maintenance of fixed systems beyond operator maintenance as de-tailed in Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-460-03, Operation and Maintenance: Maintenance of Petroleum Systems.

c. Base Vehicle Management is responsible for the main-tenance of mobile refueling equipment beyond the scope of operator maintenance.

d. The DLA funds projects related to maintenance, repair, environmental compliance, and minor construction of DoD-owned fuel handling systems containing DWCF fuel.

3.3 STRAINERS.

a. Strainers are metal screens installed at selective points in base receiving and dispensing systems for the re-moval of large solid contaminants. The most common types are basket strainers and cone strainers. Strainers with various size openings are used as required in TO 37A-1-101 and UFC 3-460-03. Mesh size refers to the number of openings per linear inch, i.e., 100-mesh screen has 100 openings per linear inch or 10,000 open-ings per square inch. An opening this size is equivalent to a particle size of 150 microns.

b. A properly designed and installed strainer directs all flow through the screen. The proper size basket or cone strainer must have the seating surfaces sealed to prevent fuel from bypassing. A bypassed or broken screen or strainer must be replaced.

c. When fixed facilities and mobile refueling equipment require filter changes, they shall have EI 1581 latest edition filters installed according to UFC 3-460-03 or TO 37A-1-101, USAF Fuel, Water, and Lubricant Dis-pensing Equipment. Water absorption elements meeting the criteria of EI 1583 are not authorized for DoD use.

3.4 FILTERS/FILTER SEPARATORS (F/S).

a. Where FILTER and FILTER SEPARATOR appears in this TO, the terms are defined as follows:

(1) FILTER, refers to a micronic filter vessel contain-ing 1 or more filter elements. Very few micronic filters are in use, but those remaining consist of treated paper elements or cartridges housed in cy-lindrical vessels. Filters remove very fine particles from fuel, thus the name micronic filters. Ele-ments are treated to repel water, but will not co-alesce water from fuel.

(2) The term FILTER SEPARATOR is used in refer-ence to a vessel containing two stages. The first is a micronic paper filter and fiberglass strand co-alescer element. The second stage is a Teflon screen canister or separator element that separates free water from fuel. Both vertical and horizontal types are in use in Air Force systems. The coalesc-ing function is performed as the fuel passes through the first stage or first section of the ele-ment assembly. As the fuel passes through the el-ements, small droplets of water that may be sus-pended in fuel are coalesced into large droplets.

Since the openings of the coalescing elements are very small, removal of fine particles also occurs.

Fuel then passes through a water repellent media, such as Teflon-coated screen, to prevent coalesced water from being discharged with the fuel. The separated water drops to a sump for removal through a manual drain valve.

NOTE

If filters are changed out of cycle due to high DP or for quality reasons, notify the AFPET Technical Assistance Division .

Exercise caution when draining systems under pressure.

b. Draining vertical and horizontal filters and filter sepa-rator sumps under pressure is necessary to ensure re-moval of all water and contaminants.

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(1) Drain (under pressure) daily prior to use a mini-mum of 1 gallon (continuous, without stopping) from all vertical and horizontal filter and filter separator sumps (preferably into a bowser, ce-ramic white bucket, or equivalent). Perform a vi-sual analysis for color, water and solids using a clean, clear, quart jar. Continue the sampling until a clear and bright sample is obtained. When any gelatinous substance is detected, retain this mate-rial, contact AFPET Current Operations Division.

(2) An excessive increase in differential pressure over a short time or after little fuel throughput indicates a system malfunction or product contamination.

Determine the cause and take corrective action.

(3) A drop in differential pressure usually indicates a malfunction of the vessel, such as ruptured ele-ments, unless the reading is taken at lower flow rates.

3.5 TANKS.

NOTE

All tanks will be equipped with a water removal system. Water bottoms will not be maintained in tanks for gauging purposes. Water will be removed from tankers, barges, railcars and tank trucks prior to off-loading. Larger amounts of water than ex-pected may be present if the ATG water probe or manual tank gauging location is not located at the lowest point of the tank.

Water removed from tanks, filter separators, water removal systems, low point drains, fuel bowsers, etc., contains an unknown concentration of FSII and requires proper handing. Do not drain such product on the ground or into the installation storm drain system. Consult the installation Environmen-tal Coordinator to ensure compliance with local, county, state, and federal environmental laws and regulations. The Environmental Coordinator, in co-ordination with the Base Civil Engineer, will de-termine procedures for disposal of water/FSII con-centrations.

The determination of water in storage tanks will be made us-ing installed ATG equipment or by gauge and plumb bob us-ing water-indication paste meeting the performance charac-teristics of MIL-W-83779. Two NSNs apply for MIL-W- 83779, 6850-00-001-4193 (jar) and 6850-00-001-4194 (tube). Water-indicating paste will separate during storage or periods of non-use. Keep water-indicating paste well mixed during use. The jar is recommended in lieu of the tube to en-hance mixing. Report quality deficiencies to AFPET Current Operations.

a. For locations with ATG and Water Probe installed in the sump, product recovery operations will not be per-formed until there is an indication of water in the sumps. The following guidance is limited to those fea-tures, practices, and operations directly affecting fuel quality:

(1) Active tank water removal systems will be oper-ated on a daily basis prior to any product move-ment. Inactive tank water removal systems will be operated at a minimum of weekly.

(2) Operate pipeline receiving tank water removal systems before and after receiving operations.

(3) All storage tanks in a high water environment should be programmed during the out-of-service API 653 tank inspection for Side Stream Filtration system, ATG and Water Probe installation.

3.6 TANK INSPECTION AND CLEANING.

Tank inspection and cleaning requirements are stated in TO 37-1-1 and UFC 3-460-03.

a. Excessive solids upstream of filter separators or rapid build-up of differential pressure in fixed-system filter separators are indications that the tank needs to be in-spected and cleaned.

b. Change of product does not necessarily require tank cleaning. Contact the AFPET Current Operations Divi-sion at DSN 427-8705 or AFPET.ptoc@dla.mil for guidance/instructions.

3.7 PRODUCT SETTLING.

NOTE

Requirements outlined in MIL-STD-3004 requires an 8-hour settling period (at a minimum) after re-ceipts to allow for settling of water and particu-lates. When mission parameters prevent an 8-hour settling time period, FM will receive authorization from LRS/CC to deviate from the 8-hour settling time requirement. Every effort shall be made to meet the settling time requirement, however, the tank shall be allowed to settle for a maximum amount of time as mission requirements allow.

When the 8-hour settling time requirement can not be met the following guidance shall be implemented:

3.7.1 Bulk Storage/Operating Tanks.

3.7.1.1 Simultaneous receipt and issue is not permitted.

3.7.1.2 In addition to Table 4-1 sampling requirements, procedures will be as follows:

3-2

a. Tank product saver tank operations will be performed prior to receipt, after receipt and prior to issue.

b. The first filter separator the unsettled fuel passes through shall be tested for visual assessment, water, and particulate content upstream (record ppm, PAG results) and downstream (10 ppm, PAG results Color max = 4.

Particle max = Acceptable) after line displacement.

c. A failure of any test will require an immediate retest and notification to the AFPET Current Operations.

3.7.2 Hydrant System Tanks.

3.7.2.1 Simultaneous receipt and issue is not permitted.

3.7.2.2 In addition to Table 4-1 sampling requirements, procedures will be as follows:

a. Tank product saver/recovery tank operations will be performed prior to receipt, after receipt and prior to is-sue.

b. The first filter separator the unsettled fuel passes through shall be tested for visual assessment, water, and particulate content upstream (record ppm, PAG results) and downstream (10 ppm, PAG results; Color max = 4.

Particle max = Acceptable) after line displacement.

Prior to placing tank on issue, samples will be taken during system recirculation.

c. A failure of any test will require an immediate retest and notification to the AFPET Current Operations.

3.7.3 Ground Fuel Tanks. Settling time for ground fuel

tanks greater than 84,000 gallons is 1 hour per foot of fuel received. If less than one foot is received, a minimum 1 hour settling time is required after receipt. Observe a longer set-tling time when mission requirements allow. For tanks under 84,000 gallons, a minimum of 30 minutes settling time is re-quired after receipt. Observe a longer settling time when mis-sion requirements allow.

3.8 CONTAMINATION.

Fuel contamination is generally classified as chemical, bio-logical, or material.

a. Chemical contamination results from mixing two dif-ferent types of hydrocarbon fuels or mixing other chemicals with fuel. Both the chemical and physical properties of fuel are affected. Laboratory testing can usually detect this contamination. Chemical contamina-tion is prevented by isolating different products in sepa-rate handling systems, positive physical separation be-tween systems, strict adherence to established operating procedures, and the alertness of operating personnel.

Carelessness is the major cause of this type contamina-tion.

(1) FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Contamination.

The present and growing international govern-mental requirements to add FAME to diesel fuel, has had the unintended side effect of leading to potential FAME contamination of jet turbine fuel in multi-fuel transport facilities (pipeline, tank trucks, rail cars etc.) and industry-wide concerns.

Current fuel specifications allow limited amounts of FAME which are analyzed during Area Lab Quality Surveillance Samples. Excessive amounts of FAME in jet fuel may have adverse effects on materials and components throughout the supply chain and aircraft systems.

b. Biological contamination results from growth of bacte-ria and/or fungi in water deposits within fuel systems.

Growth of these microorganisms has a consistency of slime or mayonnaise at the fuel/water interface. This contamination can plug aircraft filters, cause quantity probe malfunctions, and corrode integral fuel tanks.

While fuel system icing inhibitor acts as a biostat, mi-crobial contamination is most effectively controlled by keeping water out of the fuel system.

c. Material contamination consists of water, sediment, and other materials described herein. Precautions must be taken to prevent introduction and subsequent issue of material contaminants, particularly whenever repairs are made to fuel system. Remove particles, shavings, welding rods, mud packs, and other debris introduced during repairs to systems.

3.9 WATER.

Water is present to some extent in all fuel systems. It can en-ter tanks during product receipt, especially from tankers and barges. It may enter through leaks in underground storage tanks. It may also be introduced as vapor which condenses within the system. Both fresh and salt water can be present as dissolved, entrained, or free water.

a. Dissolved water is in solution with fuel and is always present to some extent. The amount of dissolved water that can be in fuel depends upon the temperature of the fuel and its chemical composition. The aromatic com-pounds in fuels are chiefly responsible for the amount of water a fuel can dissolve. The quantity of dissolved water in fuel is small and is measured in parts per mil-lion. Dissolved water cannot be removed by equipment in the fuel handling system. Water can precipitate or drop out of fuel when the fuel cools.

b. Entrained water is free water suspended, in fuel as ex-tremely small droplets. Small amounts are not usually visible to the naked eye, but larger amounts create a milky haze or cloud in fuel. Water can become en-trained in fuel by condensation of atmospheric moisture in the vapor/air mixture in a tank when the ambient temperature drops. Free water can be emulsified with fuel by mechanical action, such as passing through pumps. Most entrained water will settle out of fuel pro-

3-3 vided there are no excessive surfactant contaminants present, which will hold water in suspension. Entrained water is removed by the coalescing action of filter sepa-rators.

c. Free water is not dissolved in the fuel. The term free water is usually used to indicate water which settled out of fuel or which coalesced into large droplets for re-moval from the system.

3.10 SOLID CONTAMINANTS.

a. Sediment appears as dust, powder, grains, flakes, and stains. Sources of sediment are storage tanks, metal vessels, filter or filter separator elements, valves, pumps, meters, pipelines, hose gaskets, diaphragms, and seals. Rust is the most common solid contaminant.

Extremely small particles, measured by the micron scale, can cause damage. Fine particles are difficult to detect without the sampling and testing prescribed by this publication.

b. Valves shall meet UFC 3-460-03 requirements. Valves used in sampling lines will not contain stem packing materials such as graphic.

3.11 LINE DISPLACEMENT.

Aviation fuel in the base pipeline system from bulk storage to operating storage or truck fillstands will be displaced at least every 30 days. This will preclude deterioration of some of the properties of fuels, such as thermal stability or gum content and protect the line against corrosion.

3.12 IDENTIFICATION AND MARKING OF FUEL

HANDLING SYSTEMS.

Clearly identify each petroleum piping system by the use of standard markings as prescribed in MIL-STD-161. Clearly identify mobile refueling equipment with the grade of fuel as specified by TO 35-1-3 and TO 36-1-191.

NOTE

All fuel vehicles, bowsers, drums, and containers used for the segregation and collection of Recov-erable and Waste (R&W) products will be isolated, marked, and controlled to avoid commingling of products. Refer to TO 42B-1-23 for guidelines on handling R&W products.

3.13 SERVICING CONTROLS.

Servicing controls are required to assure the correct grade of fuel is issued IAW AFI 23-201 and TO 37-1-1.

3.14 CONVERTING REFUELING UNITS FROM

ONE PRODUCT TO ANOTHER.

a. Conversions are listed in Table 3-1.

NOTE

Change unit markings and servicing controls as necessary.

b. For conversions to and from AVGAS follow TO 42B1- 1-22.

3.15 BLENDING OR DOWNGRADING PETRO-

LEUM PRODUCTS.

NOTE

Defueled product containing dye shall be handled

IAW TO 42B1-1-10.

When the fuel is unsuitable for use or of a different grade and downgrading or blending is desired, a written waiver or dis-position instructions are required. The organization having physical possession of the product must obtain written ap-proval from DLA Energy via the AFPET Current Operations Division prior to any downgrading action. The request for disposition instructions can be sent by e-mail to AFPET.

ptoc@dla.mil using DLA Energy Fuel Disposition Form 1960.

3.16 DEFUELING AIRCRAFT/BOWSERS.

Aviation fuel-mission support refuelers/defuelers will not be used to defuel bowsers, product collection tanks, pits, or to recover reclaimable, recyclable, or waste petroleum products, except as outlined in TO 42B-1-23 or in an emergency. AF- PET Current Operations Division (or for ANG units through the NGB/A4RMF staff) must approve emergency limits.

a. One-time defuels are authorized using in-service refu-elers. Defueled product may be issued to an aircraft in accordance with service guidance provided it meets the two-filtration requirement outlined in this TO, or it may be returned to bulk storage.

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NOTE

Aircraft defuels under the one-time defuel opera-tion are filtered during defuel and then again when the refueler is used to refuel, meeting the dual fil-tration requirement. To assure contamination has not been introduced, a sump sample will be drawn from the R-11 tank sump ensuring fuel appearance is clear and bright with no visible particulate, wa-ter, or contamination prior to refueling the aircraft.

The visual sample from the R-11 sump shall be in-spected by a qualified fuels specialist (AFSC 2F0XX or civilian/contract equivalent). To be con-sidered qualified, the individual must be core task certified on CFETP task to perform visual analysis on fuel samples and documented in the Individual Training Plan (ITP) in the Training Business Area (TBA) or in an equivalent civilian/contractor train-ing documentation.

b. Consult with maintenance personnel to determine the fuel grade/additives and ensure the aircraft sumps have been drained. Specifically confirm the fuel to be defu-eled is not contaminated or suspected of being contami-nated with aircraft engine oil or hydraulic fluid. When defueled aviation turbine fuel is suspected of contami-nation, other than water and sediment, place the prod-uct in a holding tank or retain the product in the defuel unit. Place the tank or truck on QC hold. Submit a sample to the area laboratory for testing. When labora-tory results are satisfactory, return fuel to the system.

When the fuel is unsuitable for use and will be disposed of, follow the guidance contained in TO 42B-1-23.

3.17 MULTI-PRODUCT PIPELINE SHIPMENTS.

Few multi-product cross-country pipelines are operated by USAF. Refer to MIL-STD-3004 for detailed instructions for the operation of such lines.

3.18 FILTRATION REQUIREMENTS.

Aviation fuel must pass through two separate filter separator vessels downstream of bulk storage, with at least one filtra-tion downstream of operating tanks. A filter separator shall be provided on the fueling equipment that connects to the air-craft. Fueling equipment is defined as mobile refueling ve-hicles, hydrant servicing vehicles, hose carts, Missile Facil-ity-Refuelers (MF-R), and FSE. Mobile and permanently installed pantographs will either be equipped with a filter separator/electronic sensor or follow specific quality surveil-lance guidance for unfiltered pantographs defined in Table 4-1.

a. When space limitations and/or cost considerations war-rant an alternative, bases will request consideration to use electronic sensor technology that comply with EI 1598, “Design, functional requirements and laboratory testing protocols for electronic sensors to monitor free water and/or particulate matter in aviation fuel” and EI 1570, “Handbook on Electronic Sensors For The De-tection of Particulate Matter and/or Free Water During Aircraft Refueling.” These documents discuss both par-ticulate matter and water detection warning and auto-matic shutdown of the refueling operation.

b. To be considered suitable for installation on USAF fuel systems, electronic sensors must meet the following minimum performance criteria: equipment designed to detect both particulate matter and free water simultane-ously shall be capable of consistently detecting 10 parts per million (ppm) by volume, and more, of free water and consistently detecting particulate matter at 0.5 mg/L and above.

c. Before electronic sensors can be approved for use, each refueling location (issue point) must be analyzed by AFPET for the following:

(1) System drawings to include all pipe sizes, type of piping used (i.e. stainless steel, coated carbon steel, carbon steel), and low point drain locations.

(2) Potential contamination conditions will be evalu-ated by analyzing the last year’s sample data IAW- Table 4-1, Item 5a (pantographs without filtra-tion).

(3) Systems average rate of flow during issue.

(4) Systems rate of flow during high-speed flushing operations.

(5) A copy of the approved flushing plan IAW TO 37- 1-1.

(6) Sample results from the last year of monthly sys-tem flushing operations conducted IAW TO 37- 1-1.

d. Electronic sensors are a viable alternative if analysis in-dicates a low risk of possible contamination at the skin of the aircraft. Electronic sensors are not a viable op-tion if analysis indicates high-speed flushing operations cannot be accomplished.

e. Use these requirements when modifying existing sys-tems. See UFC 3-460-01, Petroleum Fuel Facilities, for new system design requirements.

f. The following are the filtration requirements for turbine fuels:

(1) Pipeline and Tank Truck/Tank Car receiving fa-cilities should have inbound receipt filtration

(2) Tanker/barge should have a micronic filter in-stalled before inbound receipt filtration.

(3) Truck fillstands should have a filter separator in-stalled.

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(4) Hydrant Systems. A filter separator or an elec-tronic sensor that provides both particulate and water defense, capable of detecting 10 ppm and more of free water and consistently detecting par-ticulate matter at 0.5 mg/L and above, should be provided on the fueling equipment that connects to the aircraft.

(5) Fuels Support Equipment (FSE).

(a) All fuel must pass through a minimum of two filter separators prior to aircraft issue.

(b) Fuel must pass through a minimum of one fil-ter separator prior to entry into bulk bladder storage.

3.19 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE.

Particulate contaminants in fuel affect the filtering surface of filter separator coalescer elements. During fuel handling op-erations, as the filtering surface collects solid contaminants, there is a corresponding increase in Differential Pressure (DP) across the coalescer elements. An increase in DP is reflected as psi on the DP gauge installed on the instrument panel or vessel.

a. Replace coalescer cartridges when the differential pres-sure exceeds the maximum psi level with the filter sepa-rator operating at the rated flow. Because systems are often operated at lower flow rates with a corresponding lower differential pressure, it is important to know the pressure differential characteristics at lower rates for a set of coalescer cartridges. If, for example, a 600 gpm filter separator shows a differential of 12 psi at 300 gpm and the flow rate increased to 600 gpm, the differential pressure would be about 24 psi, considerably above the recommended pressure drop for changing elements.

Refer to Figure 3-1.

b. It is common practice to operate multiple pumps and filter separators on Type III constant pressure hydrant systems simultaneously to a common discharge mani-fold. Under these conditions, if only two 600 gpm pumps are operating, the 1,200 gpm flow can be routed through four 600 gpm filter separators. To accurately determine the DP for each 600 gpm vessel, it is neces-sary to isolate each filter separator and manually oper-ate one pump to that vessel.

c. Base Fuels Laboratory personnel or other qualified per-sonnel designated by their Individual Training Plan (ITP) within the Training Business Area (TBA) shall record the DP reading. The frequency is established in Table 4-1 and is the same as sampling downstream of filter separators for solids.