Attachment 6_CA Officer Student Outline.pdf

CIVIL AFFAIRS OFFICER COURSE

M020A3D/0530 Student Outlines

Table of Contents

Introduction to Civil-Military Operations 100 Civil Affairs Operations 101 Operational Culture 102 Civil Preparation of the Battlespace 103 Interorganizational Cooperation 104 CMOC and Civil Coordination Mechanisms 105 Military Government Operations 106 CA Support to IFO and Projects 107 Information Operations and Information Related Capabilities Integration 108 Media Relations 109 Information Management 110 Civil Information Management and CA Report 111 Marine Civil Information Management System (MARCIMS) 112 Military Brief 113 Civil Reconnaissance 114 Stability Assessment Framework 115 Foreign Humanitarian Assistance 116 Foreign Disaster Relief 117 Defense Support of Civil Authority 118 Arts, Monuments, and Archives 119 Support to Civil Administration 120 Foreign Assistance 121 Populace and Resources Control 122 Dislocated Civilian Operations 123 Non-Combatant Evacuation Operations 124 Civil Engagement 125 Negotiation/Mediation 126 Employ an Interpreter 127 CA Team Orders Development 128 Marine Corps Planning Process 129

BLANK

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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

MARINE CORPS CIVIL-MILITARY OPERATIONS SCHOOL

WEAPONS TRAINING BATTALION

TRAINING COMMAND

2301 LITTLE ROAD

QUANTICO, VIRGINIA 22134

STUDENT OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL-MILITARY OPERATIONS

0530-100

CIVIL AFFAIRS OFFICER COURSE

M020A3D

MAY 2021

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a. Terminal Learning Objective. Given a mission, commander's intent, and access to interorganizational and local representatives, coordinate with interorganizational agencies, local authorities, and related capabilities to build international support, conserve resources, and conduct coherent operations in accordance with MCTP 3-03A, Chapter 4 and to ensure the CMO effort is synchronized and coordinated with other related staff functions such as information operations, public affairs, and military information support operations in accordance with MCTP 3-03A, Chapter 2. (CACT-EXE-2009)

b. Enabling Learning Objective. Without the aid of references, define civil-military operations (CMO), in accordance with JP 3-57, Chapter 1. (CACT-EXE-2009a)

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1. BACKGROUND

a. Complex Operating Environment. Marine Corps

Intelligence Activity’s 2015-2025 Future Operating Environment:

Implications for Marines states that “Marines will face a shared battlespace in which civilians, non-state actors, and armed groups possess advanced weapons, off-the-shelf surveillance, and unmanned capabilities.” Furthermore, “Marines must be prepared to operate on battlefields crowded with civilian populations fleeing war. The enemy will hide, attack, and resupply among the population. Marines with foreign language and cultural knowledge will be key.” Simply put, the future operating environment will involve densely populated urban areas and mass migrations of civilians. The MAGTF cannot solely focus on the force-on-force aspect of operations, instead it must be compelled to integrate fires with lethal and non-lethal effects to combat the enemy/threat by focusing on and influencing the human terrain. In support of this effort, it is essential to integrate civil-military operations (CMO) into the planning process and execution of MAGTF operations. It is important to note that a vast majority of CMO will be conducted by non-civil affairs (CA) Marines.

b. Civil-Military Operations. Civil-military operations are the activities of a commander, performed by designated military forces, that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military forces and indigenous populations and institutions (IPI) by directly supporting the achievement of objectives relating to the reestablishment or maintenance of stability within a region or host nation. Civil-military operations may include activities and functions normally performed by the local, regional, or national government. These activities may occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other military actions or operations. They may also occur in the absence of other military operations. Civil-military operations are conducted across the conflict continuum.

(1) Three Levels of Warfare. Strategic, operational, and tactical link tactical actions to achievement of national objectives.

(a) Strategic. Civil-military operations focuses on larger and long-term issues that may be part of United States

Government (USG) shaping, stabilization, reconstruction, and economic development initiatives in failing, defeated, or recovering nations.

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(b) Operational. Civil-military operations synchronize stability activities with other activities and operations (offense and defense) within each phase of any operation.

(c) Tactical. Tactical CMO are normally focused on specific areas or groups of people and have more immediate effects.

(2) Civil-Military Operations Operational Categories.

Commanders conduct CMO across the conflict continuum in three primary categories: Military engagement, security cooperation

(SC) and deterrence; crisis response and limited contingency operations; and large-scale combat operations.

2. CIVIL-MILITARY OPERATIONS COMPONENTS AND ACTIVITIES.

Commanders conduct CMO in order to attain unified action between the military and civilian counterparts during the execution of operations. Unified action synchronizes, coordinates, and/or integrates joint, Marine Corps, and multi-national operations with the operations of other USG departments and agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations

[e.g., the United Nations (UN)], and the private sector to achieve unity of effort. Synchronizing, coordinating, and integrating all partner efforts with those of the MAGTF in a whole-of-government approach is essential to obtaining a unified objective of stabilization.

a. Civil-Military Operations Components. The components of

CMO are broad categorizations consisting of the supporting actions required to achieve CMO objectives (See Figure 1). CMO activities are service capabilities that support the overall CMO goals and objectives through the execution of assigned missions and tasks. As depicted below, the three components of CMO are civil-military relations, enabling operations, and information management.

(1) Civil-Military Relations. Civil-military relations established, restored, or maintained by executing the CMO activities of interorganizational cooperation and IPI relationships. Marine forces may operate across a wide range of human habitation, from densely populated cities to sparsely populated rural areas. Every habitation poses myriad distinct and unique challenges. Civil-military relations should revolve around positive, often mutually supportive, relationships with non-military stakeholders.

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(a) Indigenous populations and institutions cooperation are the activities of establishing relationships with IPI and obtaining the cooperation of the IPI in achieving stability within a given region.

(b) Interorganizational cooperation consists of those activities and interactions between USG, partner nations, NGOs, and international organizations (IOs) and the private sector with IPI.

Figure 1.

(2) Enabling Operations. Include Civil Affairs

Operations (CAO), medical civil-military operations (MCMO), military government, military police (MP) activities, engineer activities, military information support operations (MISO), Public Affairs (PA) activities, cyberspace operations, and sustainment activities.

(a) Civil Affairs Operations. Actions planned, coordinated, executed, and assessed to enhance awareness of and manage the interaction with the civil component of the operational environment; identify and mitigate underlying causes of instability within civil society; and/or involve the application of functional specialty skills normally the responsibility of civil government. CAO are conducted by CA

Marines, consisting of three core competencies and their nested functions: Civil Affairs Activities (CAA), Military Government

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Operations (MGO), and Civil Affairs Supported Activities (CASA).

(b) Medical Civil-Military Operations. Medical CMO is performed by health support units directly and in conjunction with CA forces. Medical CMO are accomplished by health support personnel and typically affect the health sector of the involved nation and where other civil sectors integrate with the health sector. Medical CMO include peacetime medical military engagement activities; Foreign Humanitarian Assistance (FHA);

and disease outbreak response in a permissive environment; pre-conflict, health-related CMO; and health-related activities during major campaigns and operations and post-conflict stability activities. It is important to note, the USMC CA forces do not normally have a medical expert assigned in its table of organization, though the MAGTF normally deploys with its own organic medical capability which can be used in CMO.

Reserve component CA structure includes limited medical capability with each CA detachment and in the CA CMO branch.

(c) Military Government. Military government is established during military operations when replacement or sustainment of civil authority is required to maintain stability and governance in an area that has been legally occupied.

Military government supports the U.S. instruments of national power abroad through executing governance tasks mandated by U.S.

policy and international law. The objective of a military government is to establish law and order for USG stabilization and reconstruction efforts, the end state of which is a reconstructed indigenous government that employs governing policies consistent with U.S. interests.

(d) Military Police Operations. Each Marine

Expeditionary Force (MEF) had a Law Enforcement (LE) battalion assigned under the MEF command element. The LE battalion provided task-organized, functionally specialized police units capable of conducting LE operations; policing operations; police advising, training, and partnering; and detainee/corrections operations tailored to support the operational requirements of the MAGTF commander (See Table 1). This capability is critical to Populace and Resources Control (PRC) and now primarily resides in the reserve component.

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Table 1.

(e) Engineer Operations. Civil-military operations rely on engineering for construction, repair, operation and maintenance of national, regional, and local infrastructure and essential services, to include facilities, water, sanitation, transportation, electricity, and fuel distribution.

Expeditionary engineering are capabilities conducted to meet the maneuver, force protection (FP), and basic logistic requirements of the MAGTF. Expeditionary engineering support includes limited horizontal/vertical construction, power generation and distribution, bulk liquids storage, and a working understanding of infrastructure systems to adapt them for MAGTF use.

(f) Military Information Support Operations.

Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Marines conduct MISO.

Originally, MISO were traditionally orientated solely on enemy and adversary military capabilities. But now PSYOP Marines also engage with civilian populations through MISO. MISO are planned

MAGTF Military Police Capabilities

Policing

Operation

Detention

Operations

Support to

Security and

Mobility

Operations

Police patrol operations

Detainee processing

Route regulation

Police intelligence

Detainee collection point operations

Physical security support

Support to identity operations

Detainee reporting Protective services operations

Criminal investigation

Civil disturbance control

Law enforcement operations

Dislocated civilian support operations

Police advising and training

Support to mission assurance

Military working dog operations

Customs and border clearance operations

100-8 operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, object reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals in a manner favorable to the originator’s objectives. At all levels, MISO enables commanders to directly communicate and empathize with target audiences, through political or diplomatic positions, announcements, communiques, distribution of leaflets, radio, television broadcasts, face-to-face contact, and/or the use of loudspeakers to deliver MISO messages.

(g) Public Affairs. Public affairs are communication activities with external and internal audiences.

Public affairs are performed by Communications Strategy and

Operations (COMMSTRAT) Marines. The Marine Corps considers

COMMSTRAT as a communication activity that provides timely, accurate information which informs and educates about the missions, organization, capabilities, needs, activities, and performance of the Marine Corps as an instrument of national defense. Communications Strategy and Operations Marines convey facts about MAGTF activities to help the commander build public support.

(h) Cyberspace Operations. Utilized along with electronic warfare (EW) to degrade, disrupt, deny, exploit, and defend electronic information and infrastructure through offensive and defensive cyberspace operations.

1. Offensive cyberspace operations are intended to project power by application of force in/through cyberspace.

2. Defensive cyberspace operations are passive and active operations intended to preserve the ability to use friendly cyberspace capabilities and protect data, networks, net-centric capabilities, and other designated systems.

(i) Sustainment. Sustainment operations consider all potential supply sources, including HN, commercial, multi-national, and pre-positioned supplies. Logistics and support infrastructure to sustain CMO are frequently underestimated.

CMO are often logistics and engineering intensive, and should include logistic support normally outside military logistics, such as support to the civilian populace (e.g., women, children, and the elderly). CMO often provides support to these categories of individuals, and CMO planners ensure proper aid is administered.

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(3) Information Management. Information management activities that promote situational understanding of the operational environment (OE), specifically as it applies to the civil component. This information allows the commander to obtain knowledge of the OE and the systems, links, and nodes that comprise the society that exists within.

(a) Civil Information Management. The CIM process is continuous, occurs across the range of military operations, and develops timely and accurate civil component information critical to the commander’s understanding and planning. CIM enhances situational awareness and facilitates understanding for all forces in the OE. Civil information management is conducted in six steps that generate situational understanding through collection, collation, processing, and analysis of information that leads to the production and dissemination of civil information products that are fused with other intelligence and planning products.

(b) Intelligence. Joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment (JIPOE) and Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (IPB) are continuous processes that define the total OE. They also describe the impact of the OE (to include the civil and cultural environment), evaluate the threat, and determine and describe the threat’s potential courses of action (COAs), particularly the threat’s most likely

COA and the COA most dangerous to friendly forces and mission accomplishment.

1. Medical intelligence preparation of the operational environment (MIPOE) advises and assists the

JIPOE/IPB effort regarding medical factors that may influence the OE (e.g., potential disease epidemics and vectors, existing health infrastructure, and environmental health risk factors).

2. Police intelligence (PI) is a military police function, integrated within all military police operations, that supports the operations process through analysis, production, and dissemination of information collected as a result of police activities to enhance situational understanding, protection, civil control, and law enforcement. PI informs the planning process by identifying historical patterns of crime in local areas as well as locations of police stations and jails, addresses the relationship between the population and police, the current or past methods of justice, how (in)stability may drive criminal activity, and who will be the perpetrator or victim of crimes.

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(c) Geospatial Engineering. Geospatial information is what identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural or constructed features and boundaries on the Earth, including statistical data; information derived from remote sensing, mapping, and surveying technologies; and mapping, charting, geodetic data, and related products.

(d) Target Audience Analysis. The identification and analysis of a Target Audience (TA) to develop an understanding of how that TA perceives its environment, to include analysis of TA rules, norms, and beliefs.

3. PLANNING CMO. Civil-military operations provide the MAGTF commander with a clear understanding of the civil component of the operational environment. The commander uses CMO to analyze and influence the human terrain through specific processes and dedicated resources and personnel. Civil-military operations ensure the legitimacy and credibility of the mission to the people affected by military operations. The key to understanding the role of CMO is recognizing the importance of leveraging each relationship between the command and every individual, group, and organization in the operational environment to achieve a desired effect.

a. The Competition Continuum. Rather than a world either at peace or at war, the competition continuum describes a world of enduring competition conducted through a mixture of cooperation, competition below armed conflict, and armed conflict. The ultimate purpose of the U.S. Armed Forces is to fight and win the nation’s wars. Although much of DOD’s focus is on war and war preparation, opportunities also exist to prevent or mitigate the severity of conflict, legitimize U.S.

positions, reward partner nations, provide expertise to multinational operations, and enhance the positive perception of the United States. U.S. national leaders can use CMO in a wide variety of missions that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity to achieve national objectives.

b. Groups of Military Activities. Most individual joint operations share certain activities or actions in common. There are six general groups (the former phasing model) of military activities that may typically occur in preparation for and during a single large-scale joint combat operation. These activities are not necessarily sequential and may be occurring simultaneously.

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(1) Shaping Activities (Formerly Phase 0). During implementation of the Combatant Commander’s (CCDR) SC planning objectives, CMO can mitigate the need for other military operations in response to a crisis. Civil affairs support FID and contribute to planning. Before a crisis, CA working with

HNs, regional partners, and IPI can shape the OE. Shaping operations can include regional conferences to bring together multiple stakeholders with competing concerns and goals, economic agreements designed to build interdependency, or regional aid packages and other capability/capacity building activities to enhance stability.

(2) Deter Activities (Formerly Phase 1). Civil-military operations should be integrated with flexible deterrent options to generate maximum strategic or operational effect. Civil-military operations, in conjunction with deterrence activities, build on shaping activities, and can provide a stabilizing effect on the OE, reduce uncertainty, and influence the perception of joint force intentions.

(3) Seize the Initiative Activities (Formerly Phase 2).

In conjunction with other joint force activities to seize the initiative, CMO are conducted to gain access to theater infrastructure and to expand friendly freedom of action in support of JFC operations. Civil-military operations are planned to minimize civil-military friction and support friendly political-military objectives. CMO conducted before the outbreak of conflict may also be used to create opportunities to aid in seizing the initiative, such as development of dual-use infrastructure and relationship-building with IPI.

(4) Dominate Activities (Formerly Phase 3). Civil-military operations also help minimize HN civilian interface with joint operations so that collateral damage to IPI from offensive, defensive, or stability activities is limited.

Limiting collateral damage may reduce the duration and intensity of combat and stability activities. Stability activities are conducted as needed to ensure a smooth transition to stabilization, relieve suffering, and set conditions for civil-military transition.

(5) Stabilization Activities (Formerly Phase 4).

Stabilization activities are required when there is no fully functional, legitimate civil governing authority. This condition can be caused by a natural or man-made disaster, major combat operation, or regime collapse. The joint force may be required to occupy territory, perform limited local governance, 100-12 or take on full governing responsibilities through a transitional military authority. It must then integrate the efforts of other supporting or contributing multi-national, IOs, NGOs, or USG department and agency participants until legitimate local entities are functioning. Civil-military operations facilitate humanitarian relief, civil order, and restoration of public services as the security environment stabilizes.

Throughout these activities, the JFC continuously assesses whether current operations enable transfer of overall regional authority to a legitimate civil entity.

(6) Enable Civil Authority Activities (Formerly Phase

5). These activities are predominantly characterized by joint force support to legitimate civil governance in the AO. This includes coordinating CMO with interagency, multi-national, IPI, IO, and NGO participants; establishing and assessing measures of effectiveness (MOEs) and measures of performance (MOPs); and favorably influencing the attitude of the HN population regarding both the US and the local civil authority’s objectives.

c. Civil-Military Operations Planning Tools

(1) The MAGTF staff section responsible for CMO is the

G-9. However, CMO planners are in the MEF Information Groups, at the MARFORs and with MEUs. CMO Planners and a CMO working groups conduct the initial civil preparation of the battlespace

(CPB), create the Annex G, and attend other boards, bureaus, centers, cells, and working groups (B2C2WGs).

(2) The green cell is an ad hoc working group that assists the commander, staff, and operational planning teams in understanding the effect of the civil environment on both friendly and threat forces. The purpose of a green cell is to consider the population to promote a better understanding of the civil environment and the nature of the problem confronting the

MAGTF. At a minimum, the green cell provides for the independent will of the population.

REFERENCES:

JP 3-57 Civil-Military Operations, July 2018

JP 3-07 Stability, August 2016

JP 3-08 Interorganizational Coordination, October 2016, validated 2017

MCWP 3-03, Stability Operations

MCWP 3-32 Marine Air-Ground Task Force Information Operations, 100-13

April 2018

MCTP 3-03A, MAGTF Civil-Military Operations, September 2011 as

MCWP 3-33.1, reissued as an MCTP in September 2016

MCRP 2-10B.4 Geospatial Information and Intelligence, April 2018

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Notes:

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WEAPONS TRAINING BATTALION

TRAINING COMMAND

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AFFAIRS OPERATIONS

0530-101

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a. Terminal Learning Objectives

(1) Given a mission, commander's intent, and a designated AO, support influence foreign target audience activities to influence select foreign audiences and affect their decision-making and behaviors in order to create conditions favorable to operational objectives. (CAIE-PLEX-2004)

(2) Given a mission, commander's intent, and a designated AO support the control of information capabilities, resources and activities to provide the commander with the ability to exercise command and control, and integrate assigned

Marine, Naval and Joint Information assets and enhance the

MAGTF's ability to operate in the Information Environment.

(CAIE-PLEX-2005)

(3) Given a mission, commander's intent, and access to

Interorganizational and local representatives, coordinate with interorganizational agencies, local authorities and related capabilities, to build international support, conserve resources, and conduct coherent operations in accordance with

MCTP 3-03A* chapter 4 and to ensure the CMO effort is synchronized and coordinated with other related staff functions such as information operations, public affairs, and military information support operations in accordance with MCTP 3-03A*

Chapter 2. (CACT-EXE-2009)

b. Enabling Learning Objective

(1) Without the aid of references, identify CA core competencies, in accordance with JP 3-57. (CAIE-PLEX-2005b)

(2) Without the aid of references, identify the capabilities of CA forces, in accordance with MCCMOS Circular, Marine CAO, Ch 1. (CAIE-PLEX-2004a)

(3) Without the aid of references, identify geographical locations of CA units, in accordance with MCCMOS Circular, Marine CAO, Ch 1. (CACT-EXE-2009b)

(4) Without the aid of references, identify composition of CA teams, in accordance with MCCMOS Circular, Marine CAO, Ch

1. (CACT-EXE-2009c)

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1. INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AFFAIRS OPERATIONS

a. Introduction. The complexity of the future operating environment will require U.S. forces to be proficient in a wide variety of activities, tasks, missions, and operations that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity. To be successful in this complex operating environment, the U.S. Armed Forces and their partners must not only focus on defeating enemy forces but must also address the civil dimension of the operating environment to support U.S. military efforts and gain legitimacy among the civil population.

b. Civil Affairs Operations. Civil affairs operations

(CAO) are actions planned, coordinated, and executed by civil affairs (CA) forces, assessed to enhance awareness of and manage the interaction with the civil component of the operational environment; identify and mitigate underlying causes of instability within civil society; and/or involve the application of functional specialty skills normally the responsibility of civil government. Civil Affairs Marines focus on the civil considerations - Areas, Structures, Capabilities, Organizations, People, and Events (ASCOPE), ensuring the civil domain is accounted for within the common operating picture.

c. Civil Affairs Core Competencies and Functions. The intent of civil-military operations (CMO) and Civil Affairs

Operations (CAO) is to enhance stability, set conditions for the mitigation or defeat of threats to civil society, and to assist in establishing local government capability or enhancing its capacity for deterring or defeating future civil threats. Civil affairs core competencies and functions are executed within the scope of CAO (See Figure 1). Civil affairs forces have three core competencies that focus on the civil component. These core competencies are: Civil Affairs Activities (CAA), Military

Government Operations (MGO), and Civil Affairs Supported

Activities (CASA).

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Figure 1.

2. CIVIL AFFAIRS ACTIVITIES. Civil affairs activities are specifically planned, executed, and assessed by CA forces, and provide unique capabilities to the commander. They consist of the following functions:

a. Civil Reconnaissance. Civil reconnaissance (CR) is a targeted, planned, and coordinated observation and evaluation of specific civil aspects of the environment. CR focuses specifically on the civil component, the elements of which are best represented at the tactical level by using civil areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events

(ASCOPE). CA Marines or other forces can conduct CR, as required. Examples of other units and assets that can conduct

CR are engineers, medical, military police, and unmanned aircraft systems. Civil reconnaissance is conducted by tactical

CA teams based on the established civil information collection plan to support the higher unit’s mission. CR begins prior to deployment and is continuous throughout the operation.

Potential sources of civil information that a coordinated CR plan considers include:

(a) Observations of maneuver forces supporting CA teams in the conduct of offensive operations.

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(b) Debriefings to forces involved in medical civic action and veterinary civic action regarding attitudes of the local population.

(c) Debriefings to Marines involved in daily convoy operations.

(d) Ongoing ASCOPE assessments of the battlespace that identify measures of effectiveness (MOE) trends.

(e) Civil affairs interaction with indigenous populations and institutions (IPI) spheres of influence, including: Local government officials, religious leaders, and tribal or clan leaders.

b. Civil Engagement. Civil engagement (CE) is a function as well as a tactical task of CA. Civil engagement is the planned and targeted activities in which CA forces deliberately focus on the interaction with the IPI, unified action partners and other civil entities. Civil affairs forces conduct CE to positively promote and influence the relationship between military forces and the civil component. This enhances the commander’s understanding of the civil component and legitimizes the MAGTF’s mission. Civil engagement may be in person or by other means of communication. The purpose of CE, as a function, is to:

(a) Inform or seek information and facilitate

(b) Coordinate efforts and collaborate with the civil component.

(c) De-conflict operations between the civil populace and military.

(d) Resolve conflict and mitigate the impact of military operations on IPI.

(e) Influence actions by civil entities and develop civil considerations.

c. Civil Information Management. The civil information management (CIM) process is continuous, occurs across the range of military operations and develops timely and accurate civil component information critical to the commander’s understanding and planning. The primary role of CIM is to provide civil

101-6 information to the commander and staff by updating the Common

Operational Picture (COP). CIM is a critical process that helps the commander to develop the civil component of the operational environment (OE). Civil information management is a process whereby data relating to the civil component of the OE is planned and collaborated, gathered, consolidated (collated and processed), analyzed, produced into information products, and shared. The intent of CIM is to keep most of this information unclassified and easily shared with non-U.S. Government partners

(see Figure 2). The secondary role of CIM is to share civil information with interagency, Non-governmental Organizations

(NGO), International Organizations (IO) and the IPI.

Figure 2.

d. Civil-Military Operations Center. The civil-military operations center (CMOC) serves as one of the primary coordination interfaces for U.S. forces with IPI, unified action partners and the interagency. The establishment of a CMOC is a task that all CA Marines may perform. However, it is important to note that unlike the U.S. Army, Marine CA units are not organized by Table of Organization and Equipment to provide the supported commander the manpower and equipment to form the nucleus of the CMOC. A CMOC is tailored and staffed to specific tasks associated with the MAGTF’s mission and augmented by assets (e.g. engineers, medical, transportation) available to the supported commander and unified action partners. Civil-military operations centers may require over the horizon and non-traditional communications capabilities (e.g., WhatsApp, Instagram) to most effectively conduct interagency collaborative planning and coordination, integrate non-military stakeholders

101-7 to synchronize and harmonize operations, and coordinate plans and operations with the civil component of the OE.

e. Civil-Military Operations Planning. Civil-military operations planners and CA support provide a dedicated capability and are nested within the Tables of Organization of the MAGTF. The G-9 (or senior CA Marine, e.g., CA Team Leader with Infantry Battalion), as a primary staff officer, is responsible for the planning, integration and assessment of civil considerations into the Marine Corps Planning Process

(MCPP). Planning encompasses both current and future operations. The G-9 depicts the civil domain of the operational environment through Civil Preparation of the Battlespace (CPB).

Courses of action are developed through the MCPP that support the end states and desired outcomes of the commander. The key to successful CA staff support is ensuring the civil component within the OE is factored into planning and is subsequently captured in branches and sequels based on the anticipated or realized outcomes of current operations. The G-9 is designated to provide the commander with actionable civil information that will increase the commander’s awareness and understanding of the civil component, ensure efficient use of finite resources, and harmonize the efforts of unified action partners, IPI, and interagency within the OE.

3. MILITARY GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS. According to Department of

Defense Directive (DoDD) 2000.13, CAO includes activities that establish civil security, provide support to governance, provide essential services, support economic development and infrastructure, and establish civil control for civilian populations in occupied or liberated areas until such control can be returned to civilian or non-U.S. military authority.

Military government is established when, through the course of military operations, replacement or sustainment of civil authority is required to maintain stability and governance.

When force is necessary, and a territory is occupied, the occupying force imposes military authority in accordance with the law of land warfare.

a. Transitional Military Authority. Civil administration in occupied territory encompasses the establishment of a transitional military government authority (TMA), as directed by

SecDef, to exercise executive, legislative, and judicial authority over the populace of a territory that U.S. forces have taken from an enemy by force. TMA exercises the functions of civil administration in the absence of a legitimate civil authority and until such time as a civil government can be

101-8 established. CA forces support or conduct TMA by applying civilian sector expertise to conduct government functions and/or services that are normally the responsibility of civilian authorities. Within its capabilities, the occupying force must maintain an orderly government in the occupied territory and must have, as its goal, the creation of a legitimate and effective civilian government. During TMA, the following terms apply:

(1) Military Governor. A military governor is the military commander or other designated person who, in an occupied territory, exercises supreme authority over the civil population subject to the laws and usages of war and to any directive received from the commander’s government or superior.

(2) Military Government Ordinance. A military government ordinance is an enactment on the authority of a military governor promulgating laws or rules regulating the occupied territory under such control.

(3) Governance. Governance is a requirement for obtaining a stable population-centric OE. TMA enables commanders to achieve civil control and stability and enable civil security. Department of State (DoS) has the lead on foreign policy and controls most of the resources which can be used under Title 22, 4 USC, Chapter 32 (Foreign Assistance Act).

b. Support to Civil Administration

(1) Support to civil administration (SCA) is assistance given to a governing body or civil structure of a foreign country, whether by assisting an established government, interim civilian authority or supporting a reconstructed government.

SCA occurs when military forces support DoS in the implementation of interim civil authority or U.S. foreign policy in support of HN internal defense and development. SCA are military operations that help to stabilize or continue the operations of a governing body or civil structure of a foreign country, whether by assisting an established government or by establishing military authority over an occupied population.

SCA supports the U.S. instruments of national power abroad through executing tasks affiliated with cooperative security, security cooperation (SC), and foreign internal defense (FID) as a function of stability activities.

(2) The CA responsibilities during SCA missions are designed to support the commander’s operational and support

101-9 function with respect to the continuity of government in a foreign nation (FN)/host nation (HN). Generally, these include:

(a) Identifying, validating, or evaluating FN/HN essential service infrastructure.

(b) Performing liaison functions between military and civilian agencies (USAID, USDA, etc.).

(c) Coordinating and synchronizing collaborative interagency or multinational SCA operations.

(d) Participating in the execution of selected SCA operations as needed or directed.

(e) Performing quality control assessments of SCA operations and costs.

(f) Assisting in the arbitration of problems arising from the execution of SCA operations.

(g) Coordinating and synchronizing transition of SCA operations from military to indigenous government or international transitional government control.

(h) Initiating or refining CIM process with geospatial projects that depict affected populations and civil vulnerabilities.

4. CIVIL AFFAIRS SUPPORTED ACTIVITIES. Civil affairs supported activities (CASA) are those functions in which CA plays a key planning, coordinating, or synchronizing role, but for which they are not the proponent or primary executor (normally associated with CMO). These missions are executed through a combination of capabilities provided by elements of the MAGTF or

Joint force. Civil affairs knowledge and expertise of the civil dimension of the battlespace provides commanders the necessary tools to execute military operations with minimal impact by or on the civilian populace. In the current and predicted future operating environment the MAGTF will conduct these missions that are population centric and require CA capabilities. Civil affairs supported activities include; foreign assistance (FA), foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA), populace and resources control (PRC), civil-military engagement (CME).

a. Foreign Assistance. Foreign assistance (formerly Nation

Assistance) is aid given by the United States to other countries

101-10 to support global peace, security, and development efforts, and provide humanitarian relief during times of crisis. It is a strategic, economic, and moral imperative for the United States and vital to U.S. national security. The military may support

FA through a wide range of actions where the military instrument of national power supports diplomacy, informational, and economic instruments to promote U.S. national interests. These activities often include security assistance (SA), FID, and other Title 10, USC programs and activities performed on a reimbursable basis by USG departments and agencies. The Chief of Mission (COM) is the senior diplomatic representative in a

HN. The combatant commander (CCDR) may conduct CMO to support the COM and enhance HN legitimacy. Civil-military operations may be performed as the main effort or a supporting effort. The

HN, USG, international organizations, or NGOs may see value in

MAGTF logistical capabilities: vehicles, fixed-wing, and rotary-wing aircraft to deliver humanitarian assistance (HA) or medical services. The MAGTF should provide military support discreetly to maintain the neutrality of non-military organizations. Civil-military operations missions generally benefit the HN government by ensuring local authorities receive public credit for helping the civilian populace. When the COM approves FA activities, CMO planners should integrate CMO with

COM objectives.

b. Foreign Humanitarian Assistance. Foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA) consists of DoD activities conducted outside the United States and its territories to directly relieve or reduce human suffering, disease, hunger, or privation. FHA activities range from supporting SC and related programs to conducting limited contingency operations in support of another

USG department or agency. These activities are governed by various statutes and policies and range from steady-state engagements to limited contingency operations. FHA includes foreign disaster relief (FDR) operations and other activities that directly address humanitarian need and may also be conducted concurrently with other DoD support missions such as dislocated civilian support, security operations, and foreign consequence management (FCM). Foreign humanitarian assistance operations (including FDR operations) are normally conducted in support of USAID or DoS.

c. Populace and Resources Control. Populace and resources control (PRC) measures are designed to assist the HN government or de-facto authorities in retaining control over their population centers, thus precluding complicating problems that may hinder mission accomplishment. PRC are primarily the

101-11 responsibility of the HN government or de-facto authorities, and

PRC measures are an integral part of military operations across the conflict continuum. Civil-military operations planners should identify and evaluate existing HN PRC measures to make educated recommendations to the commander. It is also important to assess the effectiveness of the PRC control measures as those measures are implemented.

(1) Populace Control. Populace control provides security for the populace, mobilizes human resources, denies enemy access to the population, and detects and reduces the effectiveness of enemy agents. Populace control measures may include the following:

(a) Establish border security, including customs procedures to prevent trafficking of persons, to regulate immigration and emigration, and to establish control over major points of entry.

(b) Establish identification procedures, including securing documents relating to personal identification, property ownership, court records, voter registries, birth certificates, and driver’s licenses.

(c) Establish and disseminate rules relevant to movement, including curfews, movement restrictions, and travel permits.

(d) Institute policies regarding the regulation of air and overland movement.

(e) Relocate the population as necessitated by military operations.

(f) Establish transitional political authority and interim civil administration.

(2) Special Categories of PRC. There are two special categories of populace control - dislocated civilian (DC) operations and non-combatant evacuation operations (NEO).

(a) Dislocated Civilian Operations. Dislocated civilian (DC) operations are actions required to move civilians out of harm’s way or to safeguard them in the aftermath of a disaster. The disaster may be natural, such as a flood or an earthquake, or man-made, such as combat operations, social or

101-12 political strife, or technological hazard. The requirement to conduct DC operations may occur across the conflict continuum.

(b) Non-combatant Evacuation Operations. A non-combatant evacuation operation (NEO) is directed by the DoS or other appropriate authority, in conjunction with the DoD, whereby non-combatants are evacuated from foreign countries when their lives are endangered by war, civil unrest, or natural disaster to safe havens as designated by the DoS.

(3) Resources Control. Civil affairs should consider resources control measures to facilitate the MAGTF’s mission and the commander’s intent. Resources control regulates the movement or consumption of material resources, mobilizes materiel resources, and denies materiel to the enemy. Resources control targets specific sectors of a nation’s material wealth and economy, including natural resources, food and agriculture, immoveable property, finances, cultural, and critical infrastructure. Resources control measures may include:

(a) Mechanisms to prevent unauthorized seizures of land or property.

(b) Securing existing harvest storage facilities to prevent spoilage and looting of harvested crops.

(c) Regulating and securing access to valuable natural resources (e.g. licensing).

(d) Protection/security of strategically important institutions, e.g., government buildings and archives, museums, religious sites, courthouses, and communications facilities.

(e) Establishment of procedures to resolve property rights for land and subterranean resources.

(f) Implementation of rationing and distribution programs for key commodities such as food and fuel.

(g) Establishing border security, including customs procedures to prevent arms smuggling and stop contraband, such as drugs and natural resources.

(h) Initiating processes for addressing and resolving resource ownership and access issues.

(i) Freezing financial accounts of enemy combatants.

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d. SUPPORT TO CIVIL-MILITARY ENGAGEMENT. Civil-military engagement (CME) is a formal program of record initiated by

United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) to address specific shaping operations that support global SOF contingency plans. CME is a supporting effort to USSOCOM for countering violent extremist organizations. Civil-military engagement requires continuous coordination with the GCCs and Theater

Special Operations Commands (TSOCs) to identify requirements and integrate actions into the theater campaign plan (TCP). As defined, CME facilitates efforts by the interagency, host nation authorities, international and non-governmental partners, and the private sector; to establish, sustain, or enhance civil capabilities and capacities that mitigate or eliminate civil vulnerabilities to local and regional populations. CME is a globally synchronized and regionally coordinated program of country-specific and regional actions executed through and with indigenous and U.S. interagency partners to eliminate the underlying conditions and core motivations for local and regional population support to violent extremist organizations and their networks. Marines should be aware of this program, however, most CME support originates from U.S. Army Special

Operations Command (USASOC).

5. CIVIL AFFAIRS FORCES

a. Civil Affairs. Designated active and Reserve Component forces and units organized, trained, and equipped specifically to conduct civil affairs operations and to support civil-military operations. CA Marines are the SMEs in the planning, coordination, and execution of CMO; however, the majority of the execution is conducted by the various elements of the MAGTF, i.e. Engineers, Logisticians, etc. Keep in mind that CMO tasks in a given AO will usually far exceed the ability of available

CA assets. CA Marines will assist in the planning and execution of CMO, but most of the effort will/may be conducted by other

MAGTF Forces.

b. Active and Reserve Component

(1) On 12 February 2019, after a review of the General

Officer Force Optimization Review Group, the Commandant of the

Marine Corps approved the reorganization of the Active Component

CA force in the following manner:

(a) Each Marine Forces Command (except MARSOC) receives a CA officer (0530) or a CA officer and enlisted (0531)

(MARFOREUR/AF).

101-14

(b) Each Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) receives two 0530s and two 0531s. III MEF would receive what amounts to a small detachment (three 0530s and three 0531s).

(c) Each MEF Information Group (MIG) receives two

0530s.

(d) Each Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) retains a

0531.

(e) The Marine Corps Information Operations Center

(MCIOC) receives a small detachment of five 0530s and seven

0531s.

(f) The supporting establishment to include the

Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC) and subordinates

(MCCMOS), Marine Corps Systems Command, and CAG inspectors and instructors will receive the remaining 0530s and 0531s.

(2) Reserve CA Forces are organized into three CAGs in the following locations:

(a) 1st CAG in Camp Pendleton, California, supporting I MEF.

(b) 3D CAG in Great Lakes Naval Station, Illinois, supporting III MEF.

(c) 4th CAG in Hialeah, Florida, in general support

(primarily SOUTHCOM).

(3) Structure. Civil affairs forces’ tactical structure is currently under review. In many instances, CA detachments and/or teams deploy based on specific and unique requirements of the operating forces. For example, between 2014 and 2018, MEUs routinely deployed with CA teams consisting of a mix of three or four 0530/0531s. Until such time as total force structure management publishes new Tables of Organization and Equipment, the Reserve Component CA team consists of five Marines. Active

Component CA teams are subject to force availability and specific operational requirements.

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MCTP 3-03A MAGTF Civil-Military Operations May 2016

MCCMOS Circular, Marine Civil Affairs Operations

JP 3-57 Civil Military Operations July 2018

JP 3-68 Non-combatant Evacuation Operations

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102-1

MARINE CORPS CIVIL-MILITARY OPERATIONS SCHOOL

WEAPONS TRAINING BATTALION

TRAINING COMMAND

INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONAL CULTURE

0530-102

102-2

a. Terminal Learning Objective. Given an operational environment, integrate Operational Culture Principles, to enhance the understanding of the operational environment in accordance with MCRP 3-03D.2, Appendix F. (CACT-EXE-2019)

b. Enabling Learning Objectives

(1) Without the aid of references, define the five dimensions of operational culture, in accordance with Op Culture for the Warfighter, Chapter 1. (CACT-EXE-2019a)

(2) Without the aid of references, identify cultural considerations regarding people's use of the physical…