AFI11-218.pdf

BY ORDER OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 11-218

11 MAY 2005

Flying Operations

AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AND

MOVEMENT ON THE GROUND

COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY

ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-Publishing website at www.e-publishing.af.mil for downloading or ordering.

RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication.

OPR: HQ AFFSA/XOF Certified by: HQ USAF/XOO (Lt Gen Charles F. Wald)

Supersedes AFI 11-218, 19 May 2004 Pages: 92

This instruction implements AFPD 11-2, Flight Rules and Procedures. It prescribes rules for the opera-tion, movement, and control of aircraft on the ground. This instruction applies to ground operations of all USAF aircraft operating in an aircraft apron/ramp and movement area at any airfield, whether military, civilian, or foreign. This instruction does not apply to specialized maintenance procedures normally con-ducted away from aircraft apron/ramp and movement areas, such as engine runs conducted in approved sound suppressors. This instruction applies to all personnel operating USAF aircraft on the ground, whether military, civilian, or contractor. Major commands (MAJCOM) must send supplements to the Air Force Flight Standards Agency (HQ AFFSA/XOF), 1535 Command Drive, Suite D305, Andrews AFB MD 20762, for approval.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This revision incorporates Interim Change IC 2005-1. 1.22.2. and 1.22.3. Text changed to clarify taxi distances. Figure 3.2. Figure replaced; original was incorrect. 3.21.2. Note added clarifying sources for low visibility taxi diagrams in the CONUS. 3.22.1.3. Note added clarifying sources for low visibility taxi diagrams OCONUS. Attachment 1, Abbreviations and Acronyms. Added terms “AGE” and “AIP” to list. Attachment 1, Terms. Added terms “judgmental over-steering”, “obstruction (permanent)” and “taxi lane”. A bar ( | ) indicates a revision from the previous edition.

Chapter 1— RULES FOR AIRCRAFT OPERATION AND MOVEMENT

ON THE GROUND 6

Section 1A—General Rules 6

1.1. Procedures and Checklists

1.2. Use of Protective Equipment

1.3. Crew Rest and Duty Time Limitations

http://www.e-publishing.af.mil

2 AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005

1.4. Use of Aircraft Lights

1.5. Use of Radios

Section 1B—Records Disposal. 7

1.6. Records Disposal

Section 1C—Training Procedures and Documentation 7

1.7. General Training Requirements

1.8. Evaluation Requirements

1.9. Use of Simulators

1.10. Start, Run-up and Test of Engines

1.11. Taxi

1.12. Towing

1.13. Aircraft Marshalling, Airport Markings, Lights, and Signs

Section 1D—Start, Run-up and Test of Engines. 9

1.14. Authorized Personnel

1.15. Engine Run-up

1.16. Engine Run-up of Rotary Wing Aircraft

Section 1E—Taxi 10

1.17. Authorized Personnel

1.18. Taxiing of Rotary-Winged Aircraft

1.19. Manning Requirements

1.20. Right-of-Way Rules

1.21. Traffic Control Light Signals

Table 1.1. Air Traffic Control Tower Light Gun Signals (Ground Only)

1.22. Taxi and Towing Distances

Table 1.2. Minimum Allowable Taxi Distances

Table 1.3. Minimum Allowable Towing Distances

Chapter 2— AIRCRAFT MARSHALLING 15

Section 2A—Standard Marshalling Signals For The Air Force 15

2.1. Standard Marshalling Signals

2.2. AF Visual Aid (AFVA) 11-224, Aircraft Marshalling Signals

AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005 3

Section 2B—Aircraft Marshallers. 15

2.3. Aircraft Marshallers

Section 2C—Visual Marshalling Signals 15

2.4. USAF Visual Marshalling Signals (Pilot Initiated):

2.5. International Aircraft Marshalling Signals

Figure 2.1. Ground Movement Signals For All Aircraft (Signals 1 Through 54) .

Note: Day and night signals are the same except where noted

Figure 2.2. Additional Signals For Hovering Aircraft (Signals 55 Through 90) Note: Day and night signals are the same except where noted

Chapter 3— AIRPORT MARKINGS, LIGHTS AND SIGNS 54

Section 3A—Standard Airport Markings, Lights, and Signs. 54

3.1. Standard Airport Markings, Lights, and Signs

3.2. Visual Aid for Airport Markings, Lights, and Signs

3.3. Compliance With Airport Markings, Lights, and Signs

Section 3B—Airport Markings 55

3.4. General

3.5. Runway Markings

Figure 3.1. Runway Shoulder Markings

Figure 3.2. FAA Demarcation Bars and Threshold Markings

Figure 3.3. USAF Threshold Markings

3.6. Taxiway Markings

Figure 3.4. Taxiway Holding Position Markings

Figure 3.5. Taxiway Edge Markings

Figure 3.6. Taxiway Shoulder Markings

Figure 3.7. Surface Painted Location and Direction Signs

Figure 3.8. Geographic Position Markings

3.7. Holding Position Markings

Figure 3.9. Runway Holding Position Markings

Figure 3.10. Holding Position Markings for ILS Critical Area

Figure 3.11. Holding Position Markings for Taxiway/Taxiway Intersections

4 AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005

Figure 3.12. Surface Painted Holding Position Sign

3.8. Other Markings

Figure 3.13. Vehicle Roadway Markings

Figure 3.14. Non-movement Area Boundary Markings

Figure 3.15. Closed Runway or Taxiway Markings

Figure 3.16. Helicopter Landing Areas

Section 3C—Airport Lighting Systems 69

3.9. Runway Lights

3.10. Control of Lighting Systems

3.11. Taxiway Lights

Figure 3.17. Clearance Bar Lights

Figure 3.18. Runway Guard Lights

Figure 3.19. Stop Bar Lights

Figure 3.20. Runway Guard Lights

Figure 3.21. Stop Bar Lights

Section 3D—Airport Signs 73

3.12. General

3.13. Mandatory Instruction Signs

Figure 3.22. Runway Holding Position Sign

Figure 3.23. Runway Holding Position Sign at Beginning of Takeoff Runway

Figure 3.24. Runway Holding Position Sign at Intersection of Two Runways

Figure 3.25. Runway Approach Area Holding Position Sign

Figure 3.26. ILS Critical Area Holding Position Sign

Figure 3.27. No Entry Sign

3.14. Location Signs

Figure 3.28. Taxiway Location Sign

Figure 3.29. Taxiway Location Sign Collocated With Runway Holding Position Sign

Figure 3.30. Runway Location Sign

Figure 3.31. Runway Boundary Sign

Figure 3.32. ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign

AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005 5

3.15. Direction Signs

Figure 3.33. Direction Sign to Indicate Runway Exit

3.16. Destination Signs

Figure 3.34. Destination Sign for Military Area

Figure 3.35. Destination Sign for Common Taxi Route to Two Runways

Figure 3.36. Destination Sign for Different Taxi Route to Two Runways

3.17. Information Signs

3.18. Runway Distance Remaining Signs

Figure 3.37. Runway Distance Remaining Sign Indicating 3,000 feet of Runway Remaining

Section 3E—Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (SMGCS) 80

3.19. General Information

3.20. SMGCS Training

3.21. SMGCS Procedures (FAA)

3.22. SMGCS Procedures (ICAO)

Section 3F—Aircraft Arresting Devices 82

3.23. Emergency Arresting Gear

Attachment 1— GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION 84

Attachment 2— IC 2004-1 TO AFI 11-218, AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS

AND MOVEMENT ON THE GROUND 88

Attachment 3— IC 2005-1 TO AFI 11-218, AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS

AND MOVEMENT ON THE GROUND 89

6 AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005

Chapter 1

RULES FOR AIRCRAFT OPERATION AND MOVEMENT ON THE GROUND

Section 1A—General Rules

1.1. Procedures and Checklists. Personnel authorized to start, test, taxi, or operate US Air Force (USAF) fixed or rotary wing aircraft will adhere to procedures as described in aircraft flight and mainte-nance manuals. Appropriate technical order (TO) checklists will be used.

1.2. Use of Protective Equipment.

1.2.1. Personnel must wear protective goggles or an appropriate helmet with visor, when in rotor wash areas or in front of an aircraft that is being backed using the aircraft's engines.

1.2.2. Personnel must wear earplugs, muff-type ear defenders, or headsets in the immediate area of aircraft that have engines, Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), or Gas Turbine Compressor (GTC) running.

"Immediate area" is the area where hearing loss may occur if ear protectors are not worn.

1.3. Crew Rest and Duty Time Limitations.

1.3.1. Crew rest is required for all personnel prior to operating an aircraft on the ground. This includes engine start and taxi of aircraft.

1.3.1.1. Aircrew personnel shall comply with AFI 11-202 Volume 3, General Flight Rules, for crew rest and maximum duty periods when operating aircraft on the ground.

1.3.1.2. Maintenance personnel shall comply with AFI 21-201, Aerospace Equipment Mainte-nance Management, for crew rest and maximum duty periods when operating aircraft on the ground.

1.4. Use of Aircraft Lights.

1.4.1. For aircraft equipped with anti-collision lights, the lights must be on from just prior to engine start until engine shutdown.

1.4.1.1. Aircraft that do not have power available before engine start shall turn anti-collision lights on as soon as power is available.

1.4.2. From sunset to sunrise all moving aircraft shall display position lights and lights to clearly illu-minate the extremities of the aircraft.

1.4.2.1. From sunset to sunrise, moving aircraft with no power available to operate lighting sys-tems, such as aircraft being towed, shall use wing-walkers with lighted wands, or another means to illuminate the extremities of the aircraft in motion.

1.4.3. Flashing lights may be switched off or reduced in intensity if they will adversely affect the per-formance of duties, or subject an outside observer to harmful glare.

1.5. Use of Radios. Operators shall obtain approval from ground control, ramp control, or tower, in accordance with local procedures, prior to engine start. Emergency situations or authorized flights are

AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005 7

exempted. If approval is required and the aircraft radios are inoperative, obtain the approval through alter-nate means.

1.5.1. Monitor ground control, ramp control, or tower frequency, if available, during ground opera-tions with engines running to insure prompt emergency response if needed. If the aircraft radios are inoperative, a person who does have contact with the controlling agency, or crash, fire, rescue person-nel, must monitor ground operations with engines running.

1.5.2. At airfields where ground control, ramp control, or tower does not operate continuously, estab-lish radio contact with base operations, base command post, maintenance job control, or other respon-sible agency, in accordance with local procedures, prior to engine start. The contacted agency must have immediate access to the base fire department and, when possible, the secondary crash net.

Section 1B—Records Disposal.

1.6. Records Disposal. Dispose of records IAW AFMAN 37-139.

Section 1C—Training Procedures and Documentation

1.7. General Training Requirements. Personnel involved in engine runs or moving aircraft on the ground will receive instruction in their required duties.

1.7.1. Conduct training in accordance with AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Manangement, and MAJCOM directives or supplements (as applicable). MAJCOMs will specify in directives or supplements the minimum areas required in training lesson plans.

1.7.1.1. Non-pilot aircrew members authorized to start engines and taxi aircraft are not required to meet the minimum skill level, rank, and experience prerequisites specified in AFI 21-101, Aero-space Equipment Maintenance Management, prior to entry into training. MAJCOM’s will estab-lish minimum skill level, rank, and experience requirements for training entry for non-pilot aircrew members.

1.7.1.2. Maintenance personnel authorized to start, run-up and test engines and taxi aircraft shall comply with this instruction, AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Management, and MAJCOM supplements or directives for training requirements.

1.8. Evaluation Requirements. Where periodic evaluation or certification is required, comply with the following evaluation/certification intervals:

1.8.1. For pilot and non-pilot aircrew members, such evaluations/certifications will expire on the last day of the 17th month following the month in which the previous evaluation/certification was success-fully completed. Evaluation/re-certification eligibility period begins 6 months prior to the expiration date. The evaluation/re-certification may be administered any time in the eligibility period. For exam-ple, an evaluation/certification completed on 9 Oct 96 expires on 31 Mar 98. The eligibility period begins on 1 Oct 97. MAJCOM’s may prescribe a more frequent evaluation/re-certification schedule.

1.8.2. IAW AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Management, for maintenance person-nel such evaluations/certifications will expire on the last day of the 12th month following the month in which the previous evaluation/certification was successfully completed. Evaluation/re-certification eligibility period begins 6 months prior to the expiration date. For example, an evaluation/certification

8 AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005

completed 9 Oct 96 expires on 31 Oct 97. The eligibility period begins on 1 Apr 97. MAJCOM’s may prescribe a more frequent evaluation/re-certification schedule.

1.9. Use of Simulators. Units with flight simulators (aircrew training devices), will schedule mainte-nance personnel and non-pilot aircrew personnel certified to run engines or taxi aircraft to use the simula-tor during periods that will not interfere with pilot aircrew training. Each maintenance person and non-pilot aircrew certified to run engines or taxi aircraft will receive emergency procedures evaluation/ certification simulator in accordance with (IAW) paragraph 1.8. MAJCOM’s will establish alternate eval-uation/certification procedures for units without flight simulators (aircrew training devices).

1.10. Start, Run-up and Test of Engines.

1.10.1. Conduct training for maintenance personnel and non-pilot aircrew personnel authorized to start, run-up and test engines in accordance with AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Management, and MAJCOM directives or supplements. MAJCOM’s shall specify in directives or supplements the minimum areas required in training lesson plans. As a minimum, training lesson plans will include proper use of normal and emergency braking systems, throttles, aircraft controls, checklists, radios, egress systems, and fire extinguishing systems.

1.10.2. The proficiency of maintenance personnel authorized to conduct engine start, run-up and test of engines will be documented on AF Form 623, On-The-Job Training Record, or IAW AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Management, or another suitable product. This record must stipulate the maximum power at which the individual is qualified to operate the engines. MAJ- COM directives or a supplement to this instruction must specify qualification requirements and proce-dures for certification. Re-certification intervals are IAW paragraph 1.8.

1.10.3. The proficiency of non-pilot aircrew personnel authorized to conduct engine start, run-up and test of engines will be documented on AF Form 8, Certificate of Aircrew Qualification. This record must stipulate the maximum power at which the individual is qualified to operate the engines. MAJ- COM directives or a supplement to this instruction must specify qualification requirements and proce-dures for evaluation. Evaluation intervals are IAW paragraph 1.8.

1.11. Taxi.

1.11.1. Conduct training for maintenance personnel and non-pilot aircrew personnel authorized to taxi aircraft in accordance with AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Management, and MAJCOM supplements or directives. MAJCOM’s shall specify in directives or supplements the min-imum areas required in training lesson plans. As a minimum, training lesson plans will include proper use of normal and emergency braking systems, throttles, aircraft controls, checklists, radios, egress systems, fire extinguishing systems, control tower light signals, marshalling signals, airport markings, lights, and signs.

1.11.2. The proficiency of maintenance personnel authorized to taxi aircraft will be documented on AF Form 623, On-The-Job Training Record, or IAW AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Mainte-nance Management, or another suitable product. MAJCOM directives or a supplement to this instruc-tion must specify qualification requirements and procedures for certification. Re-certification intervals are IAW paragraph 1.8. A pilot Flight Examiner must administer taxi certification.

AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005 9

1.11.3. The proficiency of non-pilot aircrew personnel authorized to taxi aircraft will be documented on AF Form 8, Certificate of Aircrew Qualification. MAJCOM directives or a supplement to this instruction must specify qualification requirements and procedures for evaluation. Evaluation inter-vals are IAW paragraph 1.8. A pilot Flight Examiner must administer taxi evaluation.

1.12. Towing.

1.12.1. Conduct training for maintenance personnel authorized to tow aircraft in accordance with AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Management, and MAJCOM supplements or directives.

MAJCOM’s shall specify in directives or supplements the minimum areas required in training lesson plans. As a minimum, training lesson plans will include proper use of normal and emergency braking systems, aircraft controls, checklists, radios, egress systems, fire extinguishing systems, control tower light signals, marshalling signals, airport markings, lights, and signs.

1.12.2. The proficiency of maintenance personnel authorized to tow aircraft will be documented on AF Form 623, On-The-Job Training Record, or IAW AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Mainte-nance Management, or another suitable product. A qualified maintenance tow team supervisor will administer tow certification. AFI 21-101, Aerospace Equipment Maintenance Management, MAJ- COM directives or a supplement to this instruction must specify qualification requirements and proce-dures for certification. Re-certification intervals are IAW paragraph 1.8.

1.13. Aircraft Marshalling, Airport Markings, Lights, and Signs.

1.13.1. MAJCOM's will ensure that all ground and all aircrew personnel who are or could be directly involved with aircraft movement are tested on their knowledge of marshalling signals, airport mark-ings, lights, and signs. Test personnel within 30 days after:

1.13.1.1. Reporting for duty following permanent change of station (N/A if tested at a formal school within the previous 6 months), or

1.13.1.2. After their first assignment to duties requiring knowledge of marshalling signals and/or airport markings, lights, and signs.

1.13.2. For ground personnel, document successful test completion on AF Form 623, On-The-Job Training Record or another suitable product. For aircrew personnel, document successful test com-pletion in Aviation Resource Management System (ARMS), MAJCOM specified training folder, or other suitable product.

1.13.3. Test personnel only in those areas applicable to their qualifications. For example, do not test personnel on airport markings, lights, and signs if the individuals’ qualifications do not permit towing and taxi operations.

Section 1D—Start, Run-up and Test of Engines.

1.14. Authorized Personnel. Personnel authorized to start, operate, warm-up, or test engines installed in aircraft are:

1.14.1. Rated pilots.

1.14.2. Student pilots approved for solo operations IAW MAJCOM directives, supplements, or train-ing syllabus, or being supervised by a qualified instructor.

10 AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005

1.14.3. Non-pilot aircrew members qualified IAW this instruction, and MAJCOM directives or sup-plements, or being supervised by a qualified instructor.

1.14.4. Maintenance personnel certified IAW this instruction, and MAJCOM directives or supple-ments, or being supervised by a qualified instructor.

1.14.5. Flight engineers may carry out the functions stated at paragraph 1.14. from the engineer's position provided a person listed in that paragraph is seated in the pilot's seat.

1.15. Engine Run-up

1.15.1. Run engines at approved sites.

1.15.2. Use technical order procedures for seat belt and shoulder harness use. Exceptions to this para-graph are:

1.15.2.1. Emergencies.

1.15.2.2. Helicopters being operated in unimproved areas.

1.15.3. Do not leave controls unattended when engines are running.

1.15.4. Run-up aircraft engines so the propeller wash or jet blast does not pose a safety hazard to per-sonnel, buildings, pavement, stands, vehicles, and other aircraft, particularly those taxiing, taking off, or landing.

1.16. Engine Run-up of Rotary Wing Aircraft.

1.16.1. A qualified rotary wing pilot must be in the seat with a functioning set of flight controls for engine start and/or run-up on helicopters that require rotor rotation.

1.16.2. Certified personnel may operate helicopter engines on a helicopter with a rotor brake, or other system that does not allow the rotors to turn, without a qualified pilot in the seat.

Section 1E—Taxi

1.17. Authorized Personnel. Personnel authorized to taxi aircraft are:

1.17.1. Rated pilots.

1.17.2. Student pilots approved for solo operations IAW MAJCOM directives, supplements, or train-ing syllabus, or being supervised by a qualified instructor.

1.17.3. Non-pilot aircrew personnel qualified IAW this instruction, and MAJCOM directives or sup-plements for both day and night operations, and have received a taxi evaluation from a pilot Flight Examiner.

1.17.4. Maintenance personnel certified IAW this instruction, and MAJCOM directives or supple-ments for both day and night operations, and have received a taxi evaluation from a pilot Flight Exam-iner.

1.18. Taxiing of Rotary-Winged Aircraft. Only a qualified helicopter pilot, or student helicopter pilot under supervision of a qualified helicopter instructor pilot, may taxi a rotary-wing aircraft.

AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005 11

1.19. Manning Requirements. Aircraft requiring two pilots for flight must have both seats occupied by authorized personnel during taxi.

1.19.1. MAJCOM's may establish incentive, indoctrination, and orientation programs to allow unqualified personnel to occupy a pilot seat during taxi. Comply with AFI 11-401, Flight Manage-ment, regarding orientation programs.

1.19.1.1. MAJCOM's will establish specific supervision and training requirements in supplements or directives.

1.19.1.1.1. MAJCOM supplements or directives will specify briefing requirements for taxi, emergency, and egress procedures.

1.19.1.1.2. When an unqualified individual occupies a pilot seat during taxi, an instructor pilot must be seated at the other set of controls.

1.19.1.1.3. Passengers may not be carried when an unqualified person is occupying a pilot seat during taxi.

1.20. Right-of-Way Rules.

1.20.1. Usually, right-of-way is given to the aircraft least able to maneuver, which normally permits that aircraft to maintain course and speed. However, each person operating an aircraft on the ground must take whatever action is necessary to avoid collision, regardless of who has the right-of-way.

1.20.1.1. When two aircraft are approaching head on, or approximately so, each shall stop or where practicable alter its course to the right so as to keep well clear.

1.20.1.2. When two aircraft are on a converging course, the one that has the other on its right shall give way.

1.20.1.3. An aircraft that is being overtaken by another aircraft shall have the right-of-way and the overtaking aircraft shall keep well clear of the other aircraft.

1.21. Traffic Control Light Signals.

1.21.1. The following procedures are used by air traffic control towers in the control of aircraft, ground vehicles, equipment, and personnel not equipped with a radio. These same procedures will be used to control aircraft, ground vehicles, equipment, and personnel equipped with radio if radio con-tact cannot be established.

1.21.1.1. Air Traffic Control (ATC) personnel use a directive traffic control signal that emits an intense narrow light beam of a selected color (red, white, or green) when controlling traffic by light signals.

1.21.1.2. Between sunset and sunrise, a person operating an aircraft on the ground wishing to attract the attention of the control tower should turn on a landing light and taxi the aircraft into a position, clear of the active runway, so that light is visible to the tower. The landing light should remain on until appropriate signals are received from the tower.

1.21.1.3. During daylight hours, acknowledge tower transmissions or lights signals by moving the flight controls. At night, acknowledge by blinking the landing or navigation lights. If radio mal-

12 AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005

function occurs after departing the parking area, watch the tower for light signals or monitor tower frequency.

Table 1.1. Air Traffic Control Tower Light Gun Signals (Ground Only).

1.22. Taxi and Towing Distances.

1.22.1. Do not taxi or tow beyond taxiway hold lines, or within 100 feet of an active runway if there are no hold lines, unless previously cleared by air traffic control.

1.22.2. Do not taxi or tow an aircraft within 25 feet of obstructions without wing walkers monitoring the clearance between the aircraft and the obstruction.

1.22.2.1. Locally based aircraft are exempt when fixed taxi routes are marked and the obstruction is permanent. See paragraph 1.22.2.1.3. for the definition of a permanent obstruction. This exemp-tion only applies to locations where aircraft are taxiing into or out of a parking spot. These criteria shall not be applied on taxiways or taxi lanes where aircraft do not normally park. Taxi routes must be used by the same model aircraft for which they were designed.

1.22.2.1.1. The exemption and waiver authorities specified in this instruction apply only to existing facilities. Do not apply these criteria in the design of new facilities. UFC 3-260-1 Air-field and Heliport Planning and Design, establishes design criteria for new facility construc-tion, including waivers to design criteria.

1.22.2.1.2. NOTE: MAJCOM/DO (may be delegated no lower than WG/CC) may waive the requirement for 25 feet clearance in taxi lanes only, but in no case can this be waived to less than 10 feet between wingtips and any portion of adjacent aircraft (also see paragraph 1.22.3.1.3.). When the waivered taxi lines require the aircraft to turn, the waiver can only be applied to aircraft with good visibility of the wingtips from the cockpit that do not require the use of judgmental oversteering for turns (ex. C-21 or most fighters).

1.22.2.1.3. NOTE: Aerospace Ground Equipment (AGE) and vehicles are considered a per-manent obstruction for purposes of paragraphs 1.22.2. through 1.22.3., provided it is parked entirely within a designated area. Areas will be designated by permanent markings such as painted boxes or lines on the ramp or another suitable means. AGE or vehicles parked in these areas must have a parking brake set, chocks, or another suitable means to prevent inadvertent

Meaning Color and Type of Signal Movement of Vehicles, Equipment, and Personnel Aircraft on the Ground

Steady green Cleared to cross, proceed or go Cleared for takeoff Flashing green Not applicable Cleared for taxi Steady red STOP STOP Flashing red Clear the taxiway/runway Taxi clear of the runway in use Flashing white Return to starting point on the airport Return to starting point on the airport

Alternating red and green Exercise extreme caution Exercise extreme caution

AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005 13

movement of the equipment. Adjacent aircraft are also considered a permanent obstruction, provided the aircraft is parked properly in it’s designated spot and is not moving.

1.22.2.1.4. CAUTION: When designing and marking parking areas as described in para-graphs 1.22.2. and 1.22.3., MAJCOMs and units must take into account the effects of wing and tail growth, landing gear geometry, and use of judgmental over-steering during turns, as applicable, to insure clearances are maintained during all phases of a turn into or out of a park-ing spot.

1.22.2.1.5. NOTE: For the purposes of paragraphs 1.22.2. and 1.22.3., locally based aircraft include aircraft of the same type operating at another base with the same type aircraft, in park-ing areas specifically designed for that type aircraft. For example, a KC-135 from Grand Forks AFB ND operating in the KC-135 parking area at McConnell AFB KS or an F-15 from RAF Lakenheath operating in the F-15 parking area at Seymour-Johnson AFB NC.

1.22.3. Do not taxi aircraft closer than 10 feet to any obstruction.

1.22.3.1. This restriction can be waived by the MAJCOM/DO (may be delegated no lower than WG/CC) under any of the following circumstances:

1.22.3.1.1. During contingency operations when compliance would restrict the mission. A marshaller must be used.

1.22.3.1.2. When operating from alert, readiness, or protective shelters. A plainly visible cen-terline must be painted along the exit path. A marshaller must be used.

1.22.3.1.3. Locally based aircraft when operating into and out of parking spots specifically designed for those aircraft and the obstruction is permanent. These criteria shall not be applied on taxiways or taxi lanes where aircraft do not normally park, or when environmental or oper-ational conditions (ice, snow, inoperative systems, etc.) may impact the normal turn perfor-mance of the aircraft. Taxi routes shall be clearly marked. Taxi routes must be used by the same model aircraft for which they were designed. See paragraph 1.22.2.1.3. for the definition of a permanent obstruction. Parking spots shall be spaced to allow a minimum of 10 feet clear-ance between any portion of adjacent aircraft. A marshaller must be used.

1.22.3.1.3.1. WARNING: Paragraph 1.22.3. sets out minimum clearances for aircraft taxi-ing into and out of parking spots. These minimums may not be appropriate for all types of aircraft, especially large swept wing aircraft with limited visibility from the cockpit and/or when judgmental over-steering may be required for turning (i.e. C-5, KC-10, KC-135, etc.). When turns are required, MAJCOMs will establish appropriate clearance standards for aircraft where visibility is limited from the cockpit, judgmental over-steering is required for turning, or there is wing or tail growth during turns.

14 AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005

Table 1.2. Minimum Allowable Taxi Distances.

Table 1.3. Minimum Allowable Towing Distances.

1.22.3.2. Operating from alert, readiness, or protective shelters. A plainly visible centerline must be painted along the exit path. A marshaller must be used.

1.22.3.3. Operating locally based aircraft from parking spots specifically designed for those air-craft. Parking spots shall be spaced to allow a minimum 10' clearance between any portion of adja-cent aircraft and will have clearly marked taxi routes. Support equipment required for each spot shall be placed in appropriately designated and marked areas. A marshaller must be used.

1.22.3.4. These clearance criteria can only be assured at US Air Force installations.

TAXI DISTANCE MARSHALLER

REQUIRED

WING WALKER

REQUIRED

> 25 FEET No No 10-24 FEET NOT IN PARKING AREA Yes Yes 10-24 FEET IN PARKING AREA IAW 1.22.2.1. No No

10-24 FEET IN TAXI LANE W/O MAJCOM/DO

WAIVER

Yes Yes

10-24 FEET IN TAXI LANE WITH MAJCOM/

DO WAIVER IAW 1.22.2.1.2.

No No

<10 FEET W/O MAJCOM/DO WAIVER No Taxiing Allowed No Taxiing Allowed

<10 FEET WITH MAJCOM/DO WAIVER IAW

1.22.3.1.

Yes No

TOWING DISTANCE MARSHALLER

REQUIRED

WING WALKER

REQUIRED

> 25 FEET No No*

10-24 FEET NOT IN PARKING

AREA

No Yes

10-24 FEET IN PARKING

AREA IAW 1.22.2.1.

No No*

<10 FEET No Yes *Comply with aircraft and maintenance technical order procedures and MAJCOM directives regarding the use of wing walkers if it is more restrictive than Table 1.3.

AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005 15

Chapter 2

AIRCRAFT MARSHALLING

Section 2A—Standard Marshalling Signals For The Air Force

2.1. Standard Marshalling Signals. For standard marshalling signals for the Air Force, see Figure 2.1.

and Figure 2.2. All ground and aircrew personnel must use these signals to direct and control movement and operation of aircraft on the ground. Refer to Chapter 1 for testing requirements.

2.2. AF Visual Aid (AFVA) 11-224, Aircraft Marshalling Signals. AFVA 11-224 shows marshalling signals identical to those in Figure 2.1. and Figure 2.2. Display this visual aid where maintenance and flight related operations take place. Suitable locations are aircraft maintenance work areas and flight line buildings frequented by ground and aircrew personnel.

Section 2B—Aircraft Marshallers.

2.3. Aircraft Marshallers. Aircraft marshallers provide hand signals to personnel taxiing or operating aircraft on the ground.

2.3.1. Transient alert aircraft marshallers will wear the uniform described in paragraph 2.3.1.1. Uni-form consistency is necessary to ensure flying personnel of one nation can readily identify aircraft marshallers of other nations. Individuals directly involved in fueling, defueling, and servicing liquid oxygen systems shall not wear the marshaller's uniform. Concurrent Servicing Supervisors are exempted.

2.3.1.1. The uniform is a sleeveless garment of fluorescent international orange. It covers the shoulders and extends to the waist in the front and back. Wear this garment over the basic uniform prescribed for transient alert personnel.

2.3.1.2. The orange garment may be marked with numbers on the front and back, at the discretion of the installation commander,

2.3.1.3. During daylight hours, marshallers may use high visibility paddles. Self-illuminating wands are required at night or during restricted visibility.

Section 2C—Visual Marshalling Signals

2.4. USAF Visual Marshalling Signals (Pilot Initiated):

2.4.1. Pilots will initiate all signals regarding the operation of aircraft systems, for example, speed brakes, flaps, etc. The marshaller (crew chief) will repeat the given signal when it is safe to operate the aircraft system.

2.4.2. When marshallers must stay with a moving aircraft, pilots must make sure taxi speeds allow the ground marshaller or signal person to keep their proper position.

2.4.3. When giving visual signals, the pilot's hands must be in clear view of the marshaller. Specific signals are:

2.4.3.1. "OK." Thumbs up.

16 AFI11-218 11 MAY 2005

2.4.3.2. Trim Set for Take Off. Pilot forms "T" with hands.

2.4.3.3. Safety Pin check. Comply with technical order procedures. If the technical order does not specify safety pin check procedures, then the pilot must display seat pin before requesting removal of chocks. Marshallers must display ground safety pins before stowage.

2.4.3.4. Armament Switches Off, Safe, or Normal Position. This signal is used during arming and de-arming aircraft. The pilot must verify that all armament switches are turned off and then place hands in clear view of the ground crew.

2.4.3.5. Pitot Heat Check. The pilot grasps extended forefinger of left hand with right hand. The marshaller will give "OK" signal if the system is operating properly.

2.4.3.6. Nose Gear Steering Check. The pilot, with hands at head level, palms toward marshaller, moves hands back and forth simulating movement of rudder pedals. After positive acknowledg-ment from marshaller, the pilot performs the steering check. The marshaller will give the "OK" signal if nose gear moves properly.

2.4.3.7. Probe Check. The pilot raises arm upward and in a position resembling a probe. The mar-shaller will give the "OK" signal if no malfunction is observed.

2.4.3.8. Clearance to Release Drag Chute. The pilot extends arm outward and down; alternately clenches and opens hand. The marshaller will:

2.4.3.8.1. Respond with an affirmative nod if all is clear to release chute, and

2.4.3.8.2. Give the "OK" signal when drag chute separates from aircraft.

2.4.3.9. Clear to Lower Canopy. The pilot pats top of helmet; the marshaller pats top of head.

2.4.3.10. Flight Refueling Door Check. The pilot places hand on top of helmet with palm down and fingers forward, then raises and lowers forward portion of hand to simulate door opening and closing. The marshaller repeats the signal to indicate clear for safe opening or closing; then gives an "OK" signal if operation is proper.

2.4.3.11. Pilots may use other signals, similar to marshaller's signals in Figure 2.1. and Figure 2.2., as necessary.

2.4.3.11.1. CAUTION: Do not extend arms or hands outside the cockpit on aircraft config-ured with clamshell-type canopies unless an uplock device has been inserted.

2.5. International Aircraft Marshalling Signals.

2.5.1. Where possible, signals in this instruction comply with North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Standardization Agreement 3117, Air Standardization Coordinating Committee Air Stan-dard 44/42A, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and Federal Aviation Adminis-tration (FAA) signals. Where there is a conflict in guidance between USAF, FAA, ICAO, and NATO documents, the USAF generally follows ICAO guidance wherever feasible. Significant differences in signals are annotated wherever possible.

2.5.2. The marshaller will signal facing the aircraft while standing in one of the following positions:

2.5.2.1. Fixed Wing Aircraft. The marshaller will stand forward of the left wingtip of the aircraft and remain in full view of the pilot.

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2.5.2.2. Helicopters. The marshaller will stand in full view of the pilot (the pilot is usually on the right side of the helicopter).

2.5.3. During night operations or restricted visibility, the marshaller will use a pair of same color light wands. During surface taxiing or parking, the pilot must stop immediately if one or both of the mar-shaller's wands fail.

A

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Figure 2.1. Ground Movement Signals For All Aircraft (Signals 1 Through 54) .

Note: Day and night signals are the same except where noted.

USAF DAY USAF NIGHT FAA NATO ICAO

1. PROCEED TO NEXT

MARSHALLER

Right or left arm down, other arm moved across the body and extended to indicate direction of next marshaller.

NONE SAME SAME

2. THIS MARSHALLER

Arms above head in vertical position with palms facing inward

SAME SAME SAME

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3. PROCEED UNDER

FURTHER GUIDANCE

BY SIGNALPERSON

Right hand raised vertically overhead and moved left and right. Left hand at side.

NONE NONE NONE NONE

4. MOVE AHEAD

Arms a little aside, palms facing backwards and repeatedly moved upward backward from shoulder height.

SAME SAME SAME

5. TURN TO THE LEFT

Point right arm downward, left arm repeatedly moved upward backward. Speed of arm movement indicating rate of turn.

SAME Signals 5 and 6 are the same as a spot turn for hovering aircraft.

SAME

USAF DAY USAF NIGHT FAA NATO ICAO

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6. TURN TO THE RIGHT

Point left arm downward, right arm repeatedly moved upward backward. Speed of arm movement indicating rate of turn.

SAME Signals 5 and 6 are the same as a spot turn for hovering aircraft.

SAME

7. SLOW DOWN

Arms down with palms toward ground then moved up and down several times.

A Y

8. BRAKES ON

Day: Arms above head, open palms and fingers raised with palms towards aircraft, then fist closed.

Night: Arms above head then wands crossed.

ICAO: Raise arm and hand with fingers extended, horizontally in front of body then clench fist.

NONE NONE NONE

9. BRAKES OFF

Day: Arms above head, fist close facing aircraft. Then fist open.

Night: Arms above head with wands crossed then uncrossed.

ICAO: Raise arm, with fist clenched, horizontally in front of body, then extend fingers.

NONE NONE NONE

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10. SLOW DOWN

ENGINES (S) ON

INDICATED SIDE

Arms down with palms toward ground, then either right or left arm waved up and down indicating that left or right side engines respectively should be slowed down.

NONE SAME SAME

11. MOVE BACK

Arms by sides, palms facing forward, arms swept forward and upward repeatedly to shoulder height. Do not bend arms at the elbow.

For rotary wing aircraft only.

SAME SAME

12. TURN WHILE

BACKING - TAIL TO

THE RIGHT

Point left arm down. The right arm is by the side, palm facing forward. The right arm is swept forward and upward repeatedly to shoulder height. Do not bend arm at the elbow.

NONE SAME AS FAA

A Y

13. TURN WHILE

BACKING - TAIL TO

THE LEFT

Point right arm down. The left arm is by the side, palm facing forward. The left arm is swept forward and upward repeatedly to shoulder height. Do not bend arm at the elbow.

NONE SAME AS FAA

14. REQUEST/

CLEARANCE FOR

PERSONNEL TO

APPROACH AIRCRAFT

A beckoning motion with right hand at eye level.

SAME NONE SAME NONE

15. PERSONNEL

APPROACH THE

AIRCRAFT

Left hand raised vertically overhead, palm towards aircraft. The other hand indicates to personnel concerned and gestures towards aircraft.

NONE SAME NONE

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16. STOP

USAF. Arms crossed above the head, palms facing forward.

ICAO Note: The rapidity of the arm movement should be related to the urgency of the stop, i.e. the faster the movement the quicker the stop.

SAME AS USAF

17. EMERGENCY STOP

Arms crossed above the head, palms facing forward.

Arms repeatedly crossed above head (the rapidity of the arm movement should be related to the urgency of the stop, i.e. the faster the movement the quicker the stop).

NONE NONE NONE NONE

A Y

18. START ENGINE (S)

Circular motion of right hand at head level with left arm pointing to engine.

SAME EXCEPT

Circular motion is in front of body perpendicular to the ground.

SAME EXCEPT

Number of fingers extended on left hand indicates engine to be started.

SAME EXCEPT

Number of fingers extended on left hand indicates engine to be started.

19. CUT ENGINE (S)/

ROTOR

Either arm and hand level with shoulder, hand moving across throat, palm downward.

SAME SAME SAME

20. ABANDON

AIRCRAFT

Marshaller first gives signal to cut engines, followed be signal simulating unfastening seat belt and shoulder straps and throwing them up and off.

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21. AUXILIARY POWER

UNIT - CONNECTED

Hands above head, left fist partially clenched, right hand moved in direction of left hand with first two fingers extended and inserted into circle made by fingers of the left hand.

SAME NONE SAME NONE

22. AUXILIARY POWER

UNIT - DISCONNECTED

Hands above head, left fist partially clenched, right hand moved away from left hand, withdrawing first two fingers from circle made by fingers of the left hand.

SAME NONE SAME NONE

A Y

23. EXTERNAL

STARTING

AIR-CONNECTED

Hands above head, left hand cupped, right first fully clenched, right fist moved in direction of left hand and inserted into cup made by left hand.

SAME NONE SAME NONE

24. EXTERNAL

STARTING

AIR-DISCONNECTED

Hands above head, left hand cupped, right first moved away from left hand withdrawing fist from cup made by left hand.

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25. CHOCKS-INSERTED

Arms down, fists closed, thumbs extended inwards, swing arms from extended position inwards.

SAME SAME SAME

26. CHOCKS-REMOVED

Arms down, fists closed, thumbs extended outwards, swing arms outwards.

A Y

27. LOWER WING FLAPS

OR FLAPS ARE

EXTENDED

Hands in front, palms together horizontally then opened from the wrist.

NONE SAME NONE

28. RAISE WING FLAPS

OR FLAPS ARE UP

Hands in front, horizontally, with palms open from the wrists, then suddenly closed.

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29. TAIL WHEEL/NOSE

WHEEL-LOCK

Hands together overhead, palms open from the wrists in a vertical V, then suddenly closed.

NONE SAME NONE

30. TAIL WHEEL/NOSE

WHEEL-UNLOCK

Hands overhead, palms together then opened from the wrists to form a vertical V.

A Y

31. AFFIRMATIVE (ALL

CLEAR OR "OK")

Hand raised, thumb up.

SAME SAME SAME

32. NEGATIVE (NOT

CLEAR)

Hand raised, thumb down.

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33. WEAPON BAY -

OPEN

Body bent forward at the waist, hands held with fingertips touching in front of body and elbow bent at approximately 45 degrees, then arms swing downwards and outwards.

NONE SAME NONE

34. WEAPON

BAY-CLOSE

Body bent forward at the waist and arms extended horizontally, then arms swing downward and in until finger tips touch in front of the body with elbows bent at approximately 45 degrees.

NONE SAME NONE

35. FOLD WINGS/

HELICOPTER BLADES/

SWEEP WINGS AFT

Arms straight out at sides, then swept forward and hugged around shoulders.

A Y

36. SPREAD WINGS/

HELICOPTER BLADES/

SWEEP WINGS

FORWARD

Arms hugged around shoulders, then swept straight out to the sides.

NONE SAME NONE

37. LOCK WINGS/

HELICOPTER BLADES

Hit right elbow with palm of left hand.

NONE NONE NONE

38. UP TAIL HOOK

Right fist, thumb extended upward, raised suddenly to meet horizontal palm of left hand.

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39. DOWN TAIL HOOK

Right fist, thumb extended downward, forward suddenly to meet horizontal palm of left hand

NONE SAME NONE

40. OPEN AIR/SPEED

BRAKES OR AIR/SPEED

BRAKES ARE OPEN

Hands in front, palms together vertically, then opened from the wrists.

A Y

41. CLOSE AIR/SPEED

BRAKES OR AIR/SPEED

BRAKES ARE CLOSE

Hands in front, vertically with palms open from the wrists, then suddenly closed.

NONE SAME NONE

42. DOWN LOCKS/

LANDING GEAR PINS

INSTALLED

With arms above head, the right-hand clasps left forearm.

NATO: Left arm bent vertically in front with fist clenched, right arm bent horizontally in front with fist clenched and held motionless at left elbow.

NONE NONE

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43. DOWN LOCKS/

LANDING GEAR PINS

REMOVED

With arms and hands clasped as in “INSTALLED" position, the right hand unclasps the left forearm.

NATO: Left arm bent vertically in front with fist clenched, right arm bent horizontally in front with fist clenched and held motionless at left elbow.

Right fist moves horizontally away from left elbow.

NONE NONE

44. ENGAGE NOSE

GEAR STEERING

Point to nose with index finger while indicating direction of turn with other index finger.

A Y

45. DISENGAGE

NOSEGEAR STEERING

Point to nose with index finger, lateral wave with open palm of other hand at shoulder height.

NONE SAME NONE

46. FIRE IN THE ENGINE

OR APU

Make rapid horizontal figure-of-eight motion at waist level with either arm, pointing at source of fire with the other.

NONE SAME NONE

47. HOT BRAKES

Arms extended with forearm perpendicular to ground. Palms facing body.

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48. HOT BRAKES - LEFT

SIDE

Arms extended with forearm perpendicular to ground. Gesture indicates left side.

NONE NONE NONE

49. HOT BRAKES-

RIGHT SIDE

Arms extended with forearm perpendicular to ground. Gesture indicates right side.

A Y

50. FEATHER/FUEL

SHUT OFF (PROPELLER

AIRCRAFT ONLY)

Make a chopping motion with one hand slicing into the flat and open palm of the other hand. Number of fingers extended on right hand indicates affected engine.

NONE NONE NONE

51. TAKE OFF THIS WAY

(at pilot's discretion)

Marshaller conceals left hand and makes circular motion of right hand over head in horizontal plane ending in a throwing motion of arm towards direction of takeoff.

NONE

NOTE: For USAF, this is a rotary wing signal only.

NONE

NOTE: For USAF, this is a rotary wing signal only.

NONE

NOTE: For NATO this is a fixed wing signal only.

NONE

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52. VENTILATION

Circular motions or right hand in horizontal plane, fist clenched, index finger stretched down, right arm extended, with forearm perpendicular to the ground.

NONE NONE NONE NONE

53. TELEBRIEF

Make a “T” signal with hands at head level.

54. LASHINGS ON/OFF

With arms horizontal, hands make a circular motion in front of body.

A Y

Figure 2.2. Additional Signals For Hovering Aircraft (Signals 55 Through 90) Note: Day and night signals are the same except where noted.

USAF DAY USAF NIGHT FAA NATO ICAO

55. TAKEOFF

Arms extended horizontally sideways beckoning upwards.

NONE NONE NONE NONE

56. CLEAR TAKEOFF

DIRECTION

Both arms extended on same side above shoulder level in direction clear to fly off.

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57. LANDING DIRECTION

Marshaller turns and faces toward point where aircraft is to land; the arms are lowered repeatedly from a vertical position to a horizontal position, stopping finally in the horizontal position.

SAME SAME NONE

58. STOP ROTOR

Arms extended horizontally sideways, palms facing forward, and then crossed across the chest so hands touch shoulders.

A Y

59. STOP

Arms extended vertically overhead, palms facing outwards.

NONE NONE NONE NONE

60. VERTICAL

MOVEMENT-MOVE

UPWARD

Arms extended horizontally sideways beckoning upwards, with palms turned

up. Speed of movement indicates rate of ascent.

SAME SAME SAME

61. VERTICAL

MOVEMENT-MOVE

DOWNWARD

Arms extended horizontally sideways beckoning downwards with palms turned down. Speed of movement indicates rate of descent.

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62. HORIZONTAL

MOVEMENT-MOVE TO

THE RIGHT

Left arm extended horizontally sideways in direction of movement and other arm swung over the head in same direction, in a repeating movement.

SAME EXCEPT

Signal shows arm movement in front of chest parallel to ground.

SAME SAME EXCEPT

Signal shows arm movement in front of chest parallel to ground.

63. HORIZONTAL

MOVEMENT-MOVE TO

THE LEFT

Right arm extended horizontally sideways in direction of movement and other arm swung over the head in the same direction, in repeating movement.

SAME EXCEPT

Signal shows arm movement in front of chest parallel to ground.

SAME SAME EXCEPT

Signal shows arm movement in front of chest parallel to ground.

64. SWING TAIL TO

RIGHT

Right arm swings over chest perpendicular to ground. At the same time the left arm swings behind the back perpendicular to the ground.

Elbows remain locked.

A Y

65. SWING TAIL TO LEFT

Left arm swings over chest perpendicular to ground. At the same time the right arm swings behind the back perpendicular to the ground.

Elbows remain locked.

NONE NONE NONE NONE

66. MOVE BACK

Arms by sides, palms facing forward, arms swept downward repeatedly from shoulder height.

NONE NONE NONE NONE

67. MOVE FORWARD

Arms a little aside, palms facing backwards and repeatedly moved upward backward to shoulder height.

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68. LOWER WHEELS

When aircraft approaches with landing gear retracted, Marshaller gives signal by side view of a cranking circular motion of the hands.

NONE SAME NONE

69. WAVE OFF

Waving of arms over the head.

NONE SAME NONE

70. RELEASE LOAD

Left arm extended forward horizontally, fist clenched, right hand making horizontal slicing movement below the left fist, palm facing body.

A Y

71. LOAD HAS NOT BEEN

RELEASED

Bend left arm horizontally across chest, with fist clenched, palm downward;

open right hand pointing up vertically to center of left fist.

NONE NONE NONE

72. DOWN CARGO HOOK

Right fist, thumb extended downward, repeatedly raised and lowered to meet palm of left hand.

NONE NONE NONE

73. UP CARGO HOOK

Right fist, thumb extended upward, repeatedly raised and lowered to meet palm of left hand.

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74. HOVER

Arms extended horizontally, palms downward.

NONE SAME SAME

75. SPOT TURN

Left or right hand moving upward and backward, from a horizontal position, to indicate direction of tail movement. Other hand pointing to center of spot turns. Marshaller must remain in full eye-view with pilot.

NONE SAME

NOTE: These are the same as signals 5 and 6 for fixed wing aircraft.

NONE

76. LAND

Arms crossed and extended downwards in front…