CR232410_Backup_Exhibit A Weston and Sampson Bridging Documents_Part2.pdf

MLevesque Typewritten Text VOC not needed

MLevesque Typewritten Text ERik Grotton

MLevesque Typewritten Text 2/18/23

MLevesque Typewritten Text

ML

MLevesque Line

MLevesque Typewritten Text

ML - 2/22/23

Appendix C – Field Water Quality Sample ID Sample Location/Description

01 Pilot Influent Treated (pH adjusted and chlorinated) blend of Well 2 (300 gpm) and Well 4 (600 gpm). Well 4 was primary well of interest.

10 POX ABCD Blend of Post‐Oxidized influent sampled prior to Filters A, B, C, and D.

20 Filter A Filter A effluent

21 Filter B Filter B effluent

22 Filter C Filter C effluent

23 Filter D Filter D effluent

Blueleaf Pilot Study Report

Appendix C ‐ Field Water Quality pg Row Date and Time SAMPLE LOCATION

Cl2(f)

(mg/L)

Cl2(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(d)

(mg/L)

Mn(t)

(mg/L)

Mn(d)

(mg/L) pH (su) Temp (Ce) Alk

CO2

(mg/L)

TOC

(mg/L)

A

Trial

B

Trial

C

Trial

D

Trial

Field Water Quality Data ‐ Manually Entered Filter Trial

03 03 2/2/23 8:57

Started Acclimation trial. Using newly installed 3/4 line. No chlorine addition at this point.

03 15 2/2/23 11:02 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.02 0.01 0.23 0.12 0.035 0.021 6.79 11.20

03 16 2/2/23 11:02 20 Filter A 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.002 6.66 11.20

03 17 2/2/23 11:02 21 Filter B 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.005 6.64 11.30

03 18 2/2/23 11:02 22 Filter C 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.006 6.61 11.30

03 19 2/2/23 11:02 23 Filter D 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.003 6.58 11.30

03 21 2/2/23 11:50 Started chlorine addition

04 05 2/2/23 13:35

Shutdown trailer due to freezing weather over weekend. Left filters sitting in high Cl water to eliminate any demand from filters.

04 15 2/6/23 15:00 Start Acclimation trial. Adding chlorine.

04 21 2/7/23 8:26 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.03 0.06 0.010 6.56 12.00

04 22 2/7/23 8:26 10 POX ABCD 0.33 0.04 0.019 6.46 12.00

04 23 2/7/23 8:26 20 Filter A 0.31 0.01 0.008 6.44 12.00

04 24 2/7/23 8:26 21 Filter B 0.13 0.02 0.021 6.69 12.20

04 25 2/7/23 8:26 22 Filter C 0.25 0.01 0.030 6.62 12.00

04 26 2/7/23 8:26 23 Filter D 0.21 0.02 0.041 6.64 12.30

05 02 2/7/23 8:51 Shutdown ALL Filters for BW

05 07 2/7/23 8:51 Adjusted Loading rates

05 12 2/7/23 9:52 Start Filters. Increased Cl feed 1 1 1 1

05 20 2/7/23 11:09 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.016 0.020 6.33 11.20 1 1 1 1

05 21 2/7/23 11:09 10 POX ABCD 0.50 0.61 0.01 0.014 6.31 11.50 1 1 1 1

05 22 2/7/23 11:09 20 Filter A 0.30 0.61 0.02 0.006 6.39 11.50 1 1 1 1

05 23 2/7/23 11:09 21 Filter B 0.27 0.49 0.02 0.005 6.37 11.50 1 1 1 1

05 24 2/7/23 11:09 22 Filter C 0.41 0.50 0.01 0.003 6.36 11.70 1 1 1 1

05 25 2/7/23 11:09 23 Filter D 0.24 0.41 0.01 0.008 6.35 11.80 1 1 1 1

05 19 2/7/23 11:09 30 Distribution System 0.03 6.22 1 1 1 1

06 02 2/7/23 11:43 WQ acceptable, start GAC feed @ 1.5 gpm 1 1 1 1

06 04 2/7/23 12:15 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.09 0.18 0.05 0.01 0.058 0.048 6.95 11.30 1 1 1 1

06 05 2/7/23 12:15 10 POX ABCD 0.72 0.89 0.044 6.99 11.70 1 1 1 1

06 06 2/7/23 12:15 20 Filter A 0.50 0.58 0.005 6.85 11.60 1 1 1 1

06 07 2/7/23 12:15 21 Filter B 0.60 0.77 0.005 6.82 11.60 1 1 1 1

06 08 2/7/23 12:15 22 Filter C 0.64 0.70 0.006 6.82 11.70 1 1 1 1

06 09 2/7/23 12:15 23 Filter D 0.43 0.57 0.004 6.76 11.90 1 1 1 1

06 03 2/7/23 12:40 30 Distribution System 0.43 6.64 1 1 1 1

06 11 2/7/23 13:55 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.44 0.52 0.05 0.01 0.114 0.104 7.85 12.40 1 1 1 1

06 12 2/7/23 13:55 10 POX ABCD 1.05 1.18 0.086 7.81 13.00 1 1 1 1

06 13 2/7/23 13:55 20 Filter A 0.59 0.62 0.002 7.51 12.90 1 1 1 1

06 14 2/7/23 13:55 21 Filter B 0.78 0.93 0.001 7.46 12.80 1 1 1 1

06 15 2/7/23 13:55 22 Filter C 0.79 0.90 0.005 7.46 12.80 1 1 1 1

06 16 2/7/23 13:55 23 Filter D 0.58 0.70 0.005 7.38 12.90 1 1 1 1

06 11 2/7/23 13:57 30 Distribution System 0.40 6.97 1 1 1 1

06 17 2/7/23 14:09 Online pH ~8.6 su 1 1 1 1

06 18 2/7/23 14:20 Online pH ~6.8 su 1 1 1 1

06 19 2/7/23 14:23

Online pH ~7.9 su. Noted fluctuations in pH. Matt mentioned flushing, not sure if this lines up with that? 1 1 1 1 pg Row Date and Time SAMPLE LOCATION

Cl2(f)

(mg/L)

Cl2(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(d)

(mg/L)

Mn(t)

(mg/L)

Mn(d)

(mg/L) pH (su) Temp (Ce) Alk

CO2

(mg/L)

TOC

(mg/L)

A

Trial

B

Trial

C

Trial

D

Trial

Field Water Quality Data ‐ Manually Entered Filter Trial

06 21 2/7/23 14:27 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.39 0.48 0.05 0.02 0.116 0.102 8.22 12.50 1 1 1 1

06 22 2/7/23 14:27 10 POX ABCD 1.00 1.12 0.01 0.085 8.40 12.80 1 1 1 1

06 23 2/7/23 14:27 20 Filter A 0.52 0.64 0.01 0.004 7.61 13.00 1 1 1 1

06 24 2/7/23 14:27 21 Filter B 0.78 0.86 0.02 0.003 7.58 13.10 1 1 1 1

06 25 2/7/23 14:27 22 Filter C 0.75 0.88 0.01 0.006 7.55 13.30 1 1 1 1

06 26 2/7/23 14:27 23 Filter D 0.48 0.60 0.01 0.005 7.48 13.50 1 1 1 1

06 27 2/7/23 14:40 30 Distribution System 0.28 7.53 1 1 1 1

07 11 2/8/23 8:38 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.21 0.34 0.05 0.02 0.102 0.085 7.55 12.00 31 4.4 0.49999 1 1 1 1

07 12 2/8/23 8:38 10 POX ABCD 0.68 0.79 0.01 0.077 7.68 12.10 1 1 1 1

07 13 2/8/23 8:38 20 Filter A 0.35 0.47 0.01 0.005 7.62 11.90 1 1 1 1

07 14 2/8/23 8:38 21 Filter B 0.43 0.56 0.01 0.005 7.54 11.90 1 1 1 1

07 15 2/8/23 8:38 22 Filter C 0.39 0.58 0.02 0.007 7.50 11.80 1 1 1 1

07 16 2/8/23 8:38 23 Filter D 0.33 0.48 0.01 0.009 7.49 11.80 1 1 1 1

07 12 2/8/23 8:38 40 GAC Effluent 0.50759 1 1 1 1

08 02 2/8/23 9:00 pH Titration Data 1 1 1 1

09 03 2/8/23 10:30 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.16 0.36 0.04 0.02 0.116 0.102 8.41 12.30 1 1 1 1

09 04 2/8/23 10:30 10 POX ABCD 0.64 0.82 0.082 8.36 12.70 1 1 1 1

09 05 2/8/23 10:30 20 Filter A 0.40 0.53 0.006 8.15 12.60 1 1 1 1

09 06 2/8/23 10:30 21 Filter B 0.53 0.67 0.008 8.04 12.70 1 1 1 1

09 07 2/8/23 10:30 22 Filter C 0.54 0.71 0.007 7.97 12.60 1 1 1 1

09 08 2/8/23 10:30 23 Filter D 0.45 0.59 0.008 7.96 12.70 1 1 1 1

09 03 2/8/23 10:30 30 Distribution System 0.31 7.93 1 1 1 1

09 10 2/8/23 11:00

Flow calibration. Found that FC flow was higher than PLC. Adjusted FC flowrate accordingly. 1 1 1 1

09 19 2/8/23 12:57 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.14 0.39 0.04 0.01 0.120 0.106 7.57 12.80 1 1 1 1

09 20 2/8/23 12:57 10 POX ABCD 0.55 0.67 0.092 7.72 13.30 1 1 1 1

09 21 2/8/23 12:57 20 Filter A 0.34 0.48 0.005 7.72 13.30 1 1 1 1

09 22 2/8/23 12:57 21 Filter B 0.45 0.60 0.008 7.83 13.50 1 1 1 1

09 23 2/8/23 12:57 22 Filter C 0.45 0.39 0.004 7.82 13.60 1 1 1 1

09 24 2/8/23 12:57 23 Filter D 0.35 0.53 0.004 7.81 13.80 1 1 1 1

09 19 2/8/23 12:58 30 Distribution System 0.29 8.07 1 1 1 1

09 25 2/8/23 13:04 ESS Lab Sample Pickup 1 1 1 1

10 03 2/8/23 14:09 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.13 0.29 0.05 0.02 0.119 0.106 8.43 12.90 1 1 1 1

10 04 2/8/23 14:09 10 POX ABCD 0.41 0.66 0.02 0.092 8.57 13.70 1 1 1 1

10 05 2/8/23 14:09 20 Filter A 0.34 0.40 0.03 0.006 8.24 13.70 1 1 1 1

10 06 2/8/23 14:09 21 Filter B 0.44 0.43 0.01 0.006 8.15 13.50 1 1 1 1

10 07 2/8/23 14:09 22 Filter C 0.44 0.60 0.00 0.004 8.08 13.60 1 1 1 1

10 08 2/8/23 14:09 23 Filter D 0.37 0.47 0.00 0.005 8.03 13.80 1 1 1 1

11 02 2/9/23 8:21 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.17 0.38 0.05 0.01 0.113 0.099 7.43 12.20 1 1 1 1

11 03 2/9/23 8:21 10 POX ABCD 0.35 0.46 0.01 0.091 7.44 12.30 1 1 1 1

11 04 2/9/23 8:21 20 Filter A 0.17 0.32 0.01 0.006 7.49 12.30 1 1 1 1

11 05 2/9/23 8:21 21 Filter B 0.19 0.36 0.02 0.005 7.53 12.20 1 1 1 1

11 06 2/9/23 8:21 22 Filter C 0.25 0.32 0.00 0.004 7.55 12.20 1 1 1 1

11 07 2/9/23 8:21 23 Filter D 0.15 0.37 0.01 0.004 7.62 12.20 1 1 1 1

11 02 2/9/23 8:23 30 Distribution System 0.32 7.75 1 1 1 1

11 09 2/9/23 10:19 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.32 0.44 0.04 0.00 0.115 0.098 8.12 12.60 1 1 1 1

11 10 2/9/23 10:19 10 POX ABCD 0.47 0.54 0.091 8.12 13.00 1 1 1 1

11 11 2/9/23 10:19 20 Filter A 0.23 0.35 0.000 7.98 12.90 1 1 1 1 pg Row Date and Time SAMPLE LOCATION

Cl2(f)

(mg/L)

Cl2(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(d)

(mg/L)

Mn(t)

(mg/L)

Mn(d)

(mg/L) pH (su) Temp (Ce) Alk

CO2

(mg/L)

TOC

(mg/L)

A

Trial

B

Trial

C

Trial

D

Trial

Field Water Quality Data ‐ Manually Entered Filter Trial

11 12 2/9/23 10:19 21 Filter B 0.33 0.33 0.004 7.94 12.90 1 1 1 1

11 13 2/9/23 10:19 22 Filter C 0.34 0.47 0.004 7.90 12.90 1 1 1 1

11 14 2/9/23 10:19 23 Filter D 0.33 0.37 0.005 7.88 12.90 1 1 1 1

11 09 2/9/23 10:19 30 Distribution System 0.28 7.91 1 1 1 1

11 21 2/9/23 12:18 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.24 0.43 0.04 0.02 0.125 0.111 7.90 12.80 1 1 1 1

11 22 2/9/23 12:18 10 POX ABCD 0.47 0.53 0.099 7.87 13.30 1 1 1 1

11 23 2/9/23 12:18 20 Filter A 0.29 0.39 0.004 7.86 13.30 1 1 1 1

11 24 2/9/23 12:18 21 Filter B 0.37 0.47 0.006 7.89 13.20 1 1 1 1

11 25 2/9/23 12:18 22 Filter C 0.33 0.43 0.001 7.90 13.30 1 1 1 1

11 26 2/9/23 12:18 23 Filter D 0.27 0.37 0.003 7.85 13.60 1 1 1 1

11 21 2/9/23 12:18 30 Distribution System 0.07 7.93 1 1 1 1

12 04 2/9/23 14:55 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.34 0.45 0.06 0.01 0.126 0.108 8.14 12.90 1 1 1 1

12 05 2/9/23 14:55 10 POX ABCD 0.49 0.56 0.03 0.093 8.15 13.50 1 1 1 1

12 06 2/9/23 14:55 20 Filter A 0.30 0.40 0.01 0.004 8.03 13.60 1 1 1 1

12 07 2/9/23 14:55 21 Filter B 0.37 0.45 0.02 0.005 8.01 13.60 1 1 1 1

12 08 2/9/23 14:55 22 Filter C 0.32 0.46 0.04 0.003 8.00 13.60 1 1 1 1

12 09 2/9/23 14:55 23 Filter D 0.34 0.41 0.03 0.002 7.95 13.80 1 1 1 1

12 04 2/9/23 14:55 30 Distribution System 0.05 7.98 1 1 1 1

12 20 2/10/23 8:23 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.012 0.020 6.50 12.70 1 1 1 1

12 21 2/10/23 8:23 10 POX ABCD 0.13 0.21 0.02 0.013 6.43 12.90 1 1 1 1

12 22 2/10/23 8:23 20 Filter A 0.11 0.11 0.01 0.001 6.74 13.00 1 1 1 1

12 23 2/10/23 8:23 21 Filter B 0.09 0.13 0.02 0.003 6.69 13.10 1 1 1 1

12 24 2/10/23 8:23 22 Filter C 0.10 0.12 0.02 0.002 6.68 13.10 1 1 1 1

12 25 2/10/23 8:23 23 Filter D 0.05 0.11 0.01 0.002 6.78 13.30 1 1 1 1

12 20 2/10/23 8:24 30 Distribution System 0.05 6.49 1 1 1 1

13 04 2/10/23 11:03 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.035 0.030 6.55 12.10 1 1 1 1

13 05 2/10/23 11:03 10 POX ABCD 0.22 0.28 0.035 6.53 12.70 1 1 1 1

13 06 2/10/23 11:03 20 Filter A 0.08 0.14 0.003 6.54 12.70 1 1 1 1

13 07 2/10/23 11:03 21 Filter B 0.09 0.16 0.005 6.54 12.20 1 1 1 1

13 08 2/10/23 11:03 22 Filter C 0.10 0.17 0.006 6.54 12.30 1 1 1 1

13 09 2/10/23 11:03 23 Filter D 0.06 0.11 0.003 6.51 12.80 1 1 1 1

13 04 2/10/23 11:05 30 Distribution System 0.07 6.31 1 1 1 1

13 13 2/10/23 11:33 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.14 0.19 0.05 0.02 0.065 0.055 6.95 12.30 1 1 1 1

13 14 2/10/23 11:33 10 POX ABCD 0.28 0.37 0.01 0.051 6.93 12.80 1 1 1 1

13 15 2/10/23 11:33 20 Filter A 0.15 0.21 0.02 0.008 6.84 12.80 1 1 1 1

13 16 2/10/23 11:33 21 Filter B 0.20 0.28 0.01 0.008 6.83 12.60 1 1 1 1

13 17 2/10/23 11:33 22 Filter C 0.23 0.28 0.01 0.010 6.87 13.00 1 1 1 1

13 18 2/10/23 11:33 23 Filter D 0.20 0.22 0.02 0.006 6.80 13.40 1 1 1 1

13 13 2/10/23 11:33 30 Distribution System 0.12 6.43 1 1 1 1

14 02 2/10/23 13:05 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.20 0.26 0.04 0.01 0.079 0.060 7.51 12.00 1 1 1 1

14 03 2/10/23 13:05 10 POX ABCD 0.42 0.50 0.055 7.49 13.10 1 1 1 1

14 04 2/10/23 13:05 20 Filter A 0.22 0.31 0.004 7.34 13.40 1 1 1 1

14 05 2/10/23 13:05 21 Filter B 0.28 0.35 0.004 7.30 13.30 1 1 1 1

14 06 2/10/23 13:05 22 Filter C 0.13 0.34 0.003 7.29 13.30 1 1 1 1

14 07 2/10/23 13:05 23 Filter D 0.12 0.29 0.004 7.19 13.70 1 1 1 1

14 02 2/10/23 13:48 40 GAC Effluent 0.24917 1 1 1 1

14 13 2/10/23 14:30 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.14 0.25 0.04 0.01 0.070 0.050 7.68 11.90 1 1 1 1

14 14 2/10/23 14:30 10 POX ABCD 0.44 0.59 0.03 0.043 7.66 12.60 1 1 1 1

pg Row Date and Time SAMPLE LOCATION

Cl2(f)

(mg/L)

Cl2(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(d)

(mg/L)

Mn(t)

(mg/L)

Mn(d)

(mg/L) pH (su) Temp (Ce) Alk

CO2

(mg/L)

TOC

(mg/L)

A

Trial

B

Trial

C

Trial

D

Trial

Field Water Quality Data ‐ Manually Entered Filter Trial

14 15 2/10/23 14:30 20 Filter A 0.23 0.29 0.02 0.004 7.53 12.60 1 1 1 1

14 16 2/10/23 14:30 21 Filter B 0.25 0.34 0.02 0.004 7.51 12.40 1 1 1 1

14 17 2/10/23 14:30 22 Filter C 0.29 0.34 0.01 0.005 7.48 12.50 1 1 1 1

14 18 2/10/23 14:30 23 Filter D 0.22 0.30 0.05 0.004 7.44 12.80 1 1 1 1

14 13 2/10/23 14:30 30 Distribution System 0.11 6.71 1 1 1 1

14 21 2/10/23 14:55 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.45 0.59 0.06 0.00 0.134 0.095 9.45 13.20 1 1 1 1

14 22 2/10/23 14:55 10 POX ABCD 0.87 0.92 0.01 0.078 9.41 13.60 1 1 1 1

14 23 2/10/23 14:55 20 Filter A 0.31 0.37 0.02 0.008 7.86 13.70 1 1 1 1

14 24 2/10/23 14:55 21 Filter B 0.46 0.67 0.01 0.007 7.84 13.80 1 1 1 1

14 25 2/10/23 14:55 22 Filter C 0.57 0.62 0.01 0.005 7.73 14.00 1 1 1 1

14 26 2/10/23 14:55 23 Filter D 0.28 0.40 0.02 0.004 7.62 14.20 1 1 1 1

14 21 2/10/23 14:55 30 Distribution System 0.39 7.92 1 1 1 1

15 06 2/13/23 8:16 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.03 0.04 0.27 0.11 0.014 0.029 6.51 11.20 1 1 1 1

15 07 2/13/23 8:16 10 POX ABCD 0.24 0.41 0.02 0.006 6.47 11.30 1 1 1 1

15 08 2/13/23 8:16 20 Filter A 0.20 0.29 0.01 0.000 6.65 11.40 1 1 1 1

15 09 2/13/23 8:16 21 Filter B 0.22 0.30 0.01 0.000 6.62 11.20 1 1 1 1

15 10 2/13/23 8:16 22 Filter C 0.16 0.27 0.02 0.000 6.56 11.20 1 1 1 1

15 11 2/13/23 8:16 23 Filter D 0.15 0.26 0.01 0.000 6.65 11.30 1 1 1 1

15 06 2/13/23 8:16 30 Distribution System 0.03 6.04 1 1 1 1

15 12 2/13/23 8:28 Shutdown ALL FILTERS for BW 1 1 1 1

15 13 2/13/23 8:36 Shutoff GAC feed pump

15 14 2/13/23 8:51 Start ALL FILTERS (Increased LR to 10, 6, 10, 6 gpm/sf) 2 2 2 2

15 22 2/13/23 9:18 Turbidity stabilized, Start GAC 2 2 2 2

16 01 2/13/23 10:00 DOH and W&C Visit. Toured trailer. 2 2 2 2

16 03 2/13/23 11:25 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.33 0.41 0.05 0.01 0.109 0.095 7.99 12.20 2 2 2 2

16 04 2/13/23 11:25 10 POX ABCD 0.88 0.96 0.00 0.081 7.99 12.30 2 2 2 2

16 05 2/13/23 11:25 20 Filter A 0.75 0.88 0.01 0.006 7.61 12.20 2 2 2 2

16 06 2/13/23 11:25 21 Filter B 0.65 0.64 0.01 0.004 7.30 12.40 2 2 2 2

16 07 2/13/23 11:25 22 Filter C 0.76 0.75 0.01 0.003 7.29 12.50 2 2 2 2

16 08 2/13/23 11:25 23 Filter D 0.75 0.75 0.01 0.006 7.28 12.60 2 2 2 2

16 03 2/13/23 11:25 30 Distribution System 0.35 6.78 2 2 2 2

16 11 2/13/23 11:49 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.49999 2 2 2 2

16 12 2/13/23 11:49 40 GAC Effluent 0.49999 2 2 2 2

16 16 2/13/23 12:02 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.13 0.35 0.05 0.01 0.112 0.104 7.78 12.20 2 2 2 2

16 17 2/13/23 12:02 10 POX ABCD 0.86 1.03 0.085 7.92 12.30 2 2 2 2

16 18 2/13/23 12:02 20 Filter A 0.74 0.91 0.009 7.70 12.10 2 2 2 2

16 19 2/13/23 12:02 21 Filter B 0.71 0.77 0.008 7.57 12.20 2 2 2 2

16 20 2/13/23 12:02 22 Filter C 0.41 0.79 0.006 7.53 12.10 2 2 2 2

16 21 2/13/23 12:02 23 Filter D 0.77 0.79 0.015 7.48 12.10 2 2 2 2

16 16 2/13/23 12:02 30 Distribution System 0.32 7.16 2 2 2 2

16 22 2/13/23 12:14 Justin from W&C collected RSCCT sample. Sample was AFTER GSP, but prior to GAC 2 2 2 2

17 09 2/13/23 13:38 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.40 0.48 0.05 0.02 0.111 0.097 8.59 12.40 2 2 2 2

17 10 2/13/23 13:38 10 POX ABCD 0.96 1.03 0.085 8.53 12.70 2 2 2 2

17 11 2/13/23 13:38 20 Filter A 0.58 0.65 0.004 8.02 12.60 2 2 2 2

17 12 2/13/23 13:38 21 Filter B 0.60 0.64 0.007 7.91 12.70 2 2 2 2

17 13 2/13/23 13:38 22 Filter C 0.75 0.87 0.005 7.87 12.70 2 2 2 2

17 14 2/13/23 13:38 23 Filter D 0.71 0.83 0.006 7.82 12.80 2 2 2 2 pg Row Date and Time SAMPLE LOCATION

Cl2(f)

(mg/L)

Cl2(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(d)

(mg/L)

Mn(t)

(mg/L)

Mn(d)

(mg/L) pH (su) Temp (Ce) Alk

CO2

(mg/L)

TOC

(mg/L)

A

Trial

B

Trial

C

Trial

D

Trial

Field Water Quality Data ‐ Manually Entered Filter Trial

17 09 2/13/23 13:38 30 Distribution System 0.28 7.48 2 2 2 2

17 16 2/13/23 14:00 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.40 0.43 0.05 0.01 0.114 0.098 8.81 12.70 2 2 2 2

17 17 2/13/23 14:00 10 POX ABCD 0.89 0.96 0.082 8.87 12.80 2 2 2 2

17 18 2/13/23 14:00 20 Filter A 0.82 0.94 0.007 8.31 12.80 2 2 2 2

17 19 2/13/23 14:00 21 Filter B 0.72 0.79 0.008 8.06 13.00 2 2 2 2

17 20 2/13/23 14:00 22 Filter C 0.74 0.87 0.005 8.01 12.90 2 2 2 2

17 21 2/13/23 14:00 23 Filter D 0.76 0.90 0.006 7.95 13.00 2 2 2 2

17 16 2/13/23 14:00 30 Distribution System 0.22 7.60 2 2 2 2

18 02 2/13/23 14:43 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.37 0.43 0.05 0.01 0.116 0.098 8.88 12.70 2 2 2 2

18 03 2/13/23 14:43 10 POX ABCD 0.77 1.03 0.01 0.089 8.92 12.70 2 2 2 2

18 04 2/13/23 14:43 20 Filter A 0.80 0.95 0.01 0.008 8.38 13.00 2 2 2 2

18 05 2/13/23 14:43 21 Filter B 0.71 0.85 0.02 0.008 8.11 13.20 2 2 2 2

18 06 2/13/23 14:43 22 Filter C 0.75 0.88 0.01 0.007 8.08 13.20 2 2 2 2

18 07 2/13/23 14:43 23 Filter D 0.80 0.89 0.03 0.009 7.98 13.50 2 2 2 2

18 02 2/13/23 14:43 30 Distribution System 0.18 7.82 2 2 2 2

18 12 2/14/23 8:15 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.20 0.39 0.04 0.02 0.111 0.090 8.73 12.40 2 2 2 2

18 13 2/14/23 8:15 10 POX ABCD 0.97 1.08 0.02 0.089 8.75 12.40 2 2 2 2

18 14 2/14/23 8:15 20 Filter A 0.87 0.85 0.01 0.006 8.62 12.30 2 2 2 2

18 15 2/14/23 8:15 21 Filter B 0.57 0.94 0.00 0.005 8.58 12.20 2 2 2 2

18 16 2/14/23 8:15 22 Filter C 0.85 0.92 0.01 0.004 8.55 12.10 2 2 2 2

18 17 2/14/23 8:15 23 Filter D 0.80 0.94 0.01 0.010 8.55 12.30 2 2 2 2

18 12 2/14/23 8:15 30 Distribution System 0.21 8.34 2 2 2 2

18 19 2/14/23 9:19 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.31 0.39 0.04 0.00 0.119 0.106 7.91 12.70 2 2 2 2

18 20 2/14/23 9:19 10 POX ABCD 0.99 1.04 0.093 7.88 12.80 2 2 2 2

18 21 2/14/23 9:19 20 Filter A 0.85 0.98 0.008 7.96 12.60 2 2 2 2

18 22 2/14/23 9:19 21 Filter B 0.79 0.90 0.011 8.20 12.60 2 2 2 2

18 23 2/14/23 9:19 22 Filter C 0.83 0.96 0.010 8.11 12.70 2 2 2 2

18 24 2/14/23 9:19 23 Filter D 0.79 0.90 0.010 8.23 12.80 2 2 2 2

18 19 2/14/23 9:19 30 Distribution System 0.32 7.72 2 2 2 2

19 02 2/14/23 10:20 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.167 0.137 9.14 12.80 2 2 2 2

19 03 2/14/23 10:20 10 POX ABCD 0.64 0.68 0.117 9.13 13.20 2 2 2 2

19 04 2/14/23 10:20 20 Filter A 0.42 0.64 0.009 8.62 13.00 2 2 2 2

19 05 2/14/23 10:20 21 Filter B 0.49 0.60 0.010 8.49 13.10 2 2 2 2

19 06 2/14/23 10:20 22 Filter C 0.47 0.54 0.011 8.38 13.10 2 2 2 2

19 07 2/14/23 10:20 23 Filter D 0.52 0.55 0.013 8.33 13.20 2 2 2 2

19 02 2/14/23 10:20 30 Distribution System 0.01 8.35 2 2 2 2

20 03 2/14/23 12:44 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.40 0.43 0.05 0.05 0.123 0.112 7.83 13.10 2 2 2 2

20 04 2/14/23 12:44 10 POX ABCD 0.99 1.13 0.099 7.77 13.70 2 2 2 2

20 05 2/14/23 12:44 20 Filter A 0.79 0.91 0.009 7.86 13.50 2 2 2 2

20 06 2/14/23 12:44 21 Filter B 0.78 0.88 0.009 8.00 13.90 2 2 2 2

20 07 2/14/23 12:44 22 Filter C 0.76 0.90 0.009 7.95 13.80 2 2 2 2

20 08 2/14/23 12:44 23 Filter D 0.75 0.89 0.009 7.98 14.00 2 2 2 2

20 10 2/14/23 13:15 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.166 0.123 9.25 13.60 2 2 2 2

20 11 2/14/23 13:15 10 POX ABCD 0.61 0.74 0.107 9.24 14.10 2 2 2 2

20 12 2/14/23 13:15 20 Filter A 0.48 0.47 0.009 8.68 13.90 2 2 2 2

20 13 2/14/23 13:15 21 Filter B 0.37 0.57 0.011 8.52 14.10 2 2 2 2

20 14 2/14/23 13:15 22 Filter C 0.47 0.56 0.014 8.44 14.10 2 2 2 2

20 15 2/14/23 13:15 23 Filter D 0.44 0.54 0.007 8.37 14.40 2 2 2 2 pg Row Date and Time SAMPLE LOCATION

Cl2(f)

(mg/L)

Cl2(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(d)

(mg/L)

Mn(t)

(mg/L)

Mn(d)

(mg/L) pH (su) Temp (Ce) Alk

CO2

(mg/L)

TOC

(mg/L)

A

Trial

B

Trial

C

Trial

D

Trial

Field Water Quality Data ‐ Manually Entered Filter Trial

20 10 2/14/23 13:15 30 Distribution System 0.00 8.73 2 2 2 2

20 16 2/14/23 14:00 Calgon 55‐gal drum picked up 2 2 2 2

20 18 2/14/23 14:37 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.22 0.29 0.05 0.03 0.120 0.112 7.58 13.20 2 2 2 2

20 19 2/14/23 14:37 10 POX ABCD 0.91 1.01 0.04 0.098 7.59 13.40 2 2 2 2

20 20 2/14/23 14:37 20 Filter A 0.75 0.88 0.02 0.010 7.87 13.20 2 2 2 2

20 21 2/14/23 14:37 21 Filter B 0.76 0.87 0.00 0.010 8.06 13.20 2 2 2 2

20 22 2/14/23 14:37 22 Filter C 0.72 0.75 0.02 0.009 8.08 13.40 2 2 2 2

20 23 2/14/23 14:37 23 Filter D 0.76 0.87 0.01 0.010 8.16 13.70 2 2 2 2

20 24 2/14/23 14:37 30 Distribution System 0.21 6.81 2 2 2 2

21 03 2/15/23 8:11 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.07 0.018 0.016 6.69 11.90 2 2 2 2

21 04 2/15/23 8:11 10 POX ABCD 0.51 0.61 0.03 0.014 6.46 12.00 2 2 2 2

21 05 2/15/23 8:11 20 Filter A 0.29 0.52 0.01 0.006 6.57 11.90 2 2 2 2

21 06 2/15/23 8:11 21 Filter B 0.41 0.49 0.01 0.005 6.66 12.00 2 2 2 2

21 07 2/15/23 8:11 22 Filter C 0.41 0.48 0.02 0.005 6.67 12.00 2 2 2 2

21 08 2/15/23 8:11 23 Filter D 0.36 0.49 0.01 0.006 6.67 12.10 2 2 2 2

21 09 2/15/23 8:11 30 Distribution System 0.04 6.80 2 2 2 2

21 18 2/15/23 10:31 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.039 0.035 6.56 11.90 2 2 2 2

21 19 2/15/23 10:31 10 POX ABCD 0.62 0.77 0.034 6.55 12.40 2 2 2 2

21 20 2/15/23 10:31 20 Filter A 0.50 0.66 0.005 6.60 12.10 2 2 2 2

21 21 2/15/23 10:31 21 Filter B 0.52 0.62 0.007 6.59 12.30 2 2 2 2

21 22 2/15/23 10:31 22 Filter C 0.49 0.64 0.005 6.61 12.50 2 2 2 2

21 23 2/15/23 10:31 23 Filter D 0.53 0.62 0.000 6.60 12.80 2 2 2 2

21 18 2/15/23 10:31 30 Distribution System 0.08 6.58 2 2 2 2

22 02 2/15/23 11:30 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.16 0.04 0.01 0.081 0.068 7.13 12.30 2 2 2 2

22 03 2/15/23 11:30 10 POX ABCD 0.83 0.064 7.11 12.70 2 2 2 2

22 04 2/15/23 11:30 20 Filter A 0.75 0.012 7.08 12.60 2 2 2 2

22 05 2/15/23 11:30 21 Filter B 0.64 0.009 6.99 13.30 2 2 2 2

22 06 2/15/23 11:30 22 Filter C 0.51 0.012 7.01 13.60 2 2 2 2

22 07 2/15/23 11:30 23 Filter D 0.60 0.011 7.00 13.80 2 2 2 2

22 08 2/15/23 11:35 30 Distribution System 0.14 6.66 2 2 2 2

22 10 2/15/23 12:00 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.081 2 2 2 2

22 11 2/15/23 12:00 20 Filter A 0.012 2 2 2 2

22 12 2/15/23 12:00 21 Filter B 0.010 2 2 2 2

22 13 2/15/23 12:00 22 Filter C 0.011 2 2 2 2

22 14 2/15/23 12:00 23 Filter D 0.008 2 2 2 2

22 10 2/15/23 12:15 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.082 2 2 2 2

22 11 2/15/23 12:15 20 Filter A 0.009 2 2 2 2

22 12 2/15/23 12:15 21 Filter B 0.009 2 2 2 2

22 13 2/15/23 12:15 22 Filter C 0.009 2 2 2 2

22 14 2/15/23 12:15 23 Filter D 0.012 2 2 2 2

22 18 2/15/23 13:00 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.13 0.28 0.04 0.02 0.078 0.052 7.27 12.40 2 2 2 2

22 19 2/15/23 13:00 10 POX ABCD 0.82 0.90 0.059 7.23 12.90 2 2 2 2

22 20 2/15/23 13:00 20 Filter A 0.24 0.66 0.006 7.40 12.60 2 2 2 2

22 21 2/15/23 13:00 21 Filter B 0.61 0.66 0.006 7.20 12.80 2 2 2 2

22 22 2/15/23 13:00 22 Filter C 0.58 0.68 0.003 7.20 12.80 2 2 2 2

22 23 2/15/23 13:00 23 Filter D 0.58 0.74 0.002 7.19 13.10 2 2 2 2

22 18 2/15/23 13:00 30 Distribution System 0.14 6.72 2 2 2 2

23 02 2/15/23 14:30 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.10 0.22 0.04 0.02 0.070 0.065 7.07 12.70 2 2 2 2 pg Row Date and Time SAMPLE LOCATION

Cl2(f)

(mg/L)

Cl2(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(d)

(mg/L)

Mn(t)

(mg/L)

Mn(d)

(mg/L) pH (su) Temp (Ce) Alk

CO2

(mg/L)

TOC

(mg/L)

A

Trial

B

Trial

C

Trial

D

Trial

Field Water Quality Data ‐ Manually Entered Filter Trial

23 03 2/15/23 14:30 10 POX ABCD 0.78 0.84 0.05 0.057 7.06 13.20 2 2 2 2

23 04 2/15/23 14:30 20 Filter A 0.64 0.73 0.03 0.006 7.09 13.10 2 2 2 2

23 05 2/15/23 14:30 21 Filter B 0.60 0.76 0.01 0.005 7.13 13.60 2 2 2 2

23 06 2/15/23 14:30 22 Filter C 0.27 0.79 0.01 0.004 7.14 14.00 2 2 2 2

23 07 2/15/23 14:30 23 Filter D 0.64 0.74 0.00 0.004 7.15 14.30 2 2 2 2

23 02 2/15/23 14:30 30 Distribution System 0.15 6.68 2 2 2 2

23 18 2/16/23 8:21 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.08 0.06 0.84 0.36 0.062 0.055 6.70 13.20 2 2 2 2

23 19 2/16/23 8:21 10 POX ABCD 0.11 0.40 0.03 0.028 6.63 13.30 2 2 2 2

23 20 2/16/23 8:21 20 Filter A 0.09 0.31 0.03 0.007 6.68 13.30 2 2 2 2

23 21 2/16/23 8:21 21 Filter B 0.03 0.25 0.02 0.009 6.77 13.40 2 2 2 2

23 22 2/16/23 8:21 22 Filter C 0.07 0.29 0.03 0.006 6.69 13.40 2 2 2 2

23 23 2/16/23 8:21 23 Filter D 0.03 0.25 0.00 0.002 6.74 13.90 2 2 2 2

24 02 2/16/23 10:01 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.030 0.020 6.52 12.10 2 2 2 2

24 03 2/16/23 10:01 10 POX ABCD 0.57 0.69 0.02 0.021 6.49 12.70 2 2 2 2

24 04 2/16/23 10:01 20 Filter A 0.44 0.63 0.02 0.006 6.53 12.20 2 2 2 2

24 05 2/16/23 10:01 21 Filter B 0.34 0.55 0.00 0.004 6.55 12.50 2 2 2 2

24 06 2/16/23 10:01 22 Filter C 0.35 0.55 0.01 0.007 6.55 12.50 2 2 2 2

24 07 2/16/23 10:01 23 Filter D 0.49 0.58 0.01 0.007 6.56 12.70 2 2 2 2

24 02 2/16/23 10:01 30 Distribution System 0.06 6.60 2 2 2 2

24 09 2/16/23 10:41 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.35 0.48 0.06 0.098 0.086 7.49 13.10 2 2 2 2

24 10 2/16/23 10:41 10 POX ABCD 0.88 1.09 0.071 7.46 13.70 2 2 2 2

24 11 2/16/23 10:41 20 Filter A 0.81 0.99 0.007 7.28 13.40 2 2 2 2

24 12 2/16/23 10:41 21 Filter B 0.79 0.94 0.008 7.10 13.60 2 2 2 2

24 13 2/16/23 10:41 22 Filter C 0.82 0.87 0.009 7.10 13.50 2 2 2 2

24 14 2/16/23 10:41 23 Filter D 0.75 0.90 0.003 7.07 14.10 2 2 2 2

24 16 2/16/23 11:06 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.28 0.43 0.111 0.099 7.67 13.10 2 2 2 2

24 17 2/16/23 11:06 10 POX ABCD 1.05 0.99 0.084 7.66 13.80 2 2 2 2

24 18 2/16/23 11:06 20 Filter A 0.79 0.96 0.006 7.51 13.40 2 2 2 2

24 19 2/16/23 11:06 21 Filter B 0.76 0.90 0.008 7.42 13.70 2 2 2 2

24 20 2/16/23 11:06 22 Filter C 0.77 0.91 0.004 7.40 13.60 2 2 2 2

24 21 2/16/23 11:06 23 Filter D 0.74 0.91 0.006 7.32 14.00 2 2 2 2

24 23 2/16/23 11:26 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.114 2 2 2 2

24 24 2/16/23 11:26 20 Filter A 0.009 2 2 2 2

24 25 2/16/23 11:26 21 Filter B 0.007 2 2 2 2

24 26 2/16/23 11:26 22 Filter C 0.006 2 2 2 2

24 27 2/16/23 11:26 23 Filter D 0.008 2 2 2 2

25 02 2/16/23 11:45 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.117 2 2 2 2

25 03 2/16/23 11:45 20 Filter A 0.006 2 2 2 2

25 04 2/16/23 11:45 21 Filter B 0.010 2 2 2 2

25 05 2/16/23 11:45 22 Filter C 0.009 2 2 2 2

25 06 2/16/23 11:45 23 Filter D 0.009 2 2 2 2

25 08 2/16/23 11:57 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.41 0.49 0.116 0.100 8.81 13.10 2 2 2 2

25 09 2/16/23 11:57 10 POX ABCD 1.04 1.01 0.073 8.80 14.00 2 2 2 2

25 10 2/16/23 11:57 20 Filter A 0.53 0.67 0.009 8.14 13.80 2 2 2 2

25 11 2/16/23 11:57 21 Filter B 0.85 0.98 0.010 7.72 14.50 2 2 2 2

25 12 2/16/23 11:57 22 Filter C 0.74 0.93 0.100 7.70 14.50 2 2 2 2

25 13 2/16/23 11:57 23 Filter D 0.82 0.88 0.011 7.62 15.00 2 2 2 2

25 15 2/16/23 12:50 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.15 0.41 0.116 0.101 7.88 13.50 2 2 2 2 pg Row Date and Time SAMPLE LOCATION

Cl2(f)

(mg/L)

Cl2(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(t)

(mg/L)

Fe(d)

(mg/L)

Mn(t)

(mg/L)

Mn(d)

(mg/L) pH (su) Temp (Ce) Alk

CO2

(mg/L)

TOC

(mg/L)

A

Trial

B

Trial

C

Trial

D

Trial

Field Water Quality Data ‐ Manually Entered Filter Trial

25 16 2/16/23 12:50 10 POX ABCD 1.07 1.12 0.084 7.80 14.10 2 2 2 2

25 17 2/16/23 12:50 20 Filter A 0.88 0.97 0.008 7.70 13.80 2 2 2 2

25 18 2/16/23 12:50 21 Filter B 0.82 0.91 0.008 7.64 14.00 2 2 2 2

25 19 2/16/23 12:50 22 Filter C 0.86 0.98 0.007 7.63 13.90 2 2 2 2

25 20 2/16/23 12:50 23 Filter D 0.80 0.90 0.007 7.60 14.20 2 2 2 2

25 15 2/16/23 12:50 30 Distribution System 0.29 7.70 2 2 2 2

25 22 2/16/23 13:08 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.114 2 2 2 2

25 23 2/16/23 13:08 20 Filter A 0.008 2 2 2 2

25 24 2/16/23 13:08 21 Filter B 0.009 2 2 2 2

25 25 2/16/23 13:08 22 Filter C 0.005 2 2 2 2

25 26 2/16/23 13:08 23 Filter D 0.011 2 2 2 2

26 02 2/16/23 14:05 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.36 0.36 0.07 0.01 0.114 0.102 7.96 14.20 2 2 2 2

26 03 2/16/23 14:05 10 POX ABCD 0.98 1.08 0.02 0.087 7.96 14.60 2 2 2 2

26 04 2/16/23 14:05 20 Filter A 0.89 0.95 0.01 0.007 7.84 14.20 2 2 2 2

26 05 2/16/23 14:05 21 Filter B 0.59 0.87 0.00 0.006 7.80 14.20 2 2 2 2

26 06 2/16/23 14:05 22 Filter C 0.86 0.92 0.01 0.008 7.77 14.10 2 2 2 2

26 07 2/16/23 14:05 23 Filter D 0.76 0.88 0.00 0.005 7.74 14.50 2 2 2 2

26 02 2/16/23 14:05 30 Distribution System 0.32 7.71 2 2 2 2

26 11 2/17/23 8:00 NaOCl day tank level went below footvalve overnight. Made 500 mL soln. 2 2 2 2

26 17 2/17/23 8:10 01 RAW ‐ Treated Blend Wells 2 + 4 0.04 0.31 0.05 0.01 0.092 0.072 6.81 13.50 2 2 2 2

26 18 2/17/23 8:10 10 POX ABCD 0.22 0.44 0.02 0.066 6.84 13.50 2 2 2 2

26 19 2/17/23 8:10 20 Filter A 0.30 0.30 0.01 0.010 6.93 13.20 2 2 2 2

26 20 2/17/23 8:10 21 Filter B 0.30 0.50 0.01 0.011 7.13 13.20 2 2 2 2

26 21 2/17/23 8:10 22 Filter C 0.14 0.35 0.00 0.011 7.17 13.30 2 2 2 2

26 22 2/17/23 8:10 23 Filter D 0.36 0.48 0.00 0.010 7.22 13.30 2 2 2 2

26 14 2/17/23 8:13 Shutdown GAC feed 2 2 2 2

26 15 2/17/23 8:15 Shutdown ALL FILTERS. Demobilize trailer and take back to shop. 2 2 2 2

Appendix D – Manufacturer Data Sheets

Data Sheet

Safety Message

Wet activated carbon can deplete oxygen from air in enclosed spaces. If use in an enclosed space is required, procedures for work in an oxygen deficient environment should be followed.

FILTRASORB® 400

Granular Activated Carbon

FILTRASORB 400 activated carbon can be used in a variety of liquid phase applications for the removal of dissolved organic compounds. FILTRASORB 400 has been successfully applied for over 40 years in applications such as drinking and process water purification, wastewater treatment, and food, pharmaceutical, and industrial purification.

Description FILTRASORB 400 is a granular activated carbon for the removal of dissolved organic compounds from water and wastewater as well as industrial and food processing streams. These contaminants include taste and odor compounds, organic color, total organic carbon (TOC), industrial organic compounds such as TCE and PCE, and PFAS.

This activated carbon is made from select grades of bituminous coal through a process known as reagglomeration to produce a high activity, durable, granular product capable of withstanding the abrasion associated with repeated backwashing, hydraulic transport, and reactivation for reuse. The raw coal is mined and subsequently manufactured into GAC in the United States to ensure the highest quality and consistency in the finished product.

Activation is carefully controlled to produce a significant volume of both low and high energy pores for effective adsorption of a broad range of high and low molecular weight organic contaminants.

FILTRASORB 400 is formulated to comply with all the applicable provisions of the AWWA Standard for Granular Activated Carbon (B604) and Food Chemicals Codex. This product may also be certified to the requirements of NSF/ANSI 61 for use in municipal water treatment facilities. Only products bearing the NSF Mark are certified to the NSF/ANSI 61 - Drinking Water System Components

- Health Effects standard. Certified Products will bear the NSF Mark on packaging or documentation shipped with the product.

Applications Features / Benefits

• Produced in the United States from a pulverized blend of high quality, domestically mined bituminous coals resulting in a consistent, high quality product.

• Carbon granules are uniformly activated through the whole granule, not just the outside, resulting in excellent adsorption properties and constant adsorption kinetics.

• The reagglomerated structure ensures proper wetting while also eliminating floating material.

• High mechanical strength relative to other raw materials, thereby reducing the generation of fines during backwashing and hydraulic transport.

• Carbon bed segregation is retained after repeated backwashing, ensuring the adsorption profile remains unchanged and therefore maximizing the bed life.

• Reagglomerated with a high abrasion resistance, which provides excellent reactivation performance.

• High density carbon resulting in a greater adsorption capacity per unit volume.

1.800.4CARBON calgoncarbon.com

© Copyright 2019 Calgon Carbon Corporation, All Rights Reserved

DS-FILTRA40019-EIN-E1

Specifications1 FILTRASORB 400

Iodine Number, mg/g 1000 (min)

Moisture by Weight 2% (max)

Effective Size 0.55–0.75 mm

Uniformity Coefficient 1.9 (max)

Abrasion Number 75 (min)

Screen Size by Weight, US Sieve Series

On 12 mesh 5% (max)

Through 40 mesh 4% (max) 1Calgon Carbon test method

Typical Properties* FILTRASORB 400

Apparent Density (tamped) 0.54 g/cc

Water Extractables <1%

Non-Wettable <1%

*For general information only, not to be used as purchase specifications.

Industrial Wastewater

Pond/Aquarium/ Swim

Groundwater Surface Water

Bottle & Brewing

Environmental WaterPharmaceuticals Food &

Beverage

Water Processing

Drinking Water Industrial

Drinking Water (Potable)

Granular Activated Carbon Municipal

Water Reuse

Reactivation

Safety Message

Wet activated carbon can deplete oxygen from air in enclosed spaces. If use in an enclosed space is required, procedures for work in an oxygen deficient environment should be followed.

1.800.4CARBON calgoncarbon.com

© Copyright 2019 Calgon Carbon Corporation, All Rights Reserved

DS-FILTRA40019-EIN-E1

Design Considerations

FILTRASORB 400 activated carbon is typically applied in down-flow packed-bed operations using either pressure or gravity systems.

Design considerations for a treatment system is based on the user’s operating conditions, the treatment objectives desired, and the chemical nature of the compound(s) being adsorbed.

Typical Pressure Drop Based on a backwashed and segregated bed

Typical Bed Expansion During Backwash Based on a backwashed and segregated bed

24C/75ºF2C/35ºF 13C/55ºF

24C/75ºF

2C/35ºF

13C/55ºF

Superficial Velocity (gpm/ft2)

Conditioning and Backwashing Backwashing and conditioning fresh GAC before placing into operation is critical to GAC performance. The reasons for backwashing before placing fresh media online are to: (1) size segregate the media so subsequent backwashing will return the media to the same relative position in the bed, (2) remove any remaining air from the bed, and (3) remove media fines which can lead to excessive pressure drop and flow restriction. In addition, proper backwashing is a crucial step to collecting the most representative and meaningful post-start up data on compounds of interest, such as metals listed in the NSF/ANSI 61 standard.

Below are the recommended steps for proper conditioning and backwashing of GAC based on Filtrasorb 400 GAC being backwashed at 55°F:

1. Fully submerge GAC bed in clean, contaminant free water for at least 16 hours (overnight)

2. Open backwash inlet and begin up-flow at 3 gpm/ft2 for 2 minutes

3. Increase flow to 5 gpm/ft2 and maintain for 2 minutes

4. Increase flow to 7 gpm/ft2 and maintain for 2 minutes

5. Increase flow to 8.5 gpm/ft2 and maintain for 30 minutes*

6. Decrease flow to 7 gpm/ft2 and maintain for 2 minutes

7. Decrease flow to 5 gpm/ft2 and maintain for 2 minutes

8. Decrease flow to 3 gpm/ft2 and maintain for 2 minutes

9. Close backwash inlet and stop flow

*Duration representative of initial backwash conditions. Required duration during operational backwashes can be shorter but will vary by utility, solids load, and GAC throughput. Contact Calgon Carbon for more information”

URI (0229467.06) Woodard & Curran, Inc.

Pilot Test Report June 2023

APPENDIX C: CALGON CARBON CORPORATION REPORT DATED MAY 11,

CONFIDENTIAL

Calgon Carbon Corporation

Pittsburgh, PA

Technical Service Report No. 20230204

Revision 01

Rapid Small-Scale Column Test for The Removal of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl

Substances from Potable Water using Filtrasorb® 400 Granular Activated

Carbon

Prepared For:

Woodard and Curran

University of Rhode Island

Kingston, RI

Author: __________________

Adam Creveling

Date: May 11, 2023 cc: A. Rodriguez

M. Lutz

R. Klingbeil

A. Nordmann

S. Briczinski Woodard and Curran RSSCT 20230204 Rev01 SB202310

Calgon Carbon Corporation Technical Service Report No. 20230204 Rev. 01

Removal of PFAS from Potable Water using F400 GAC Page 2

INTRODUCTION

Calgon Carbon Corporation, hereinafter CCC, conducted a constant diffusivity rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) to treat potable water sourced from the University of Rhode Island at the request of Woodard and Curran. The RSSCT evaluated the performance of Filtrasorb 400 (F400) for the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and total organic carbon (TOC).

The RSSCT simulated a Model 10 vessel with a flow rate of 347 gallons per minute (gpm) operating for two years.

Due to their useful properties, such as oil and water repellency, PFAS have been used in a variety of manufacturing processes since the mid-20th century. Some PFAS are problematic because of their stability and persistence in the environment, mobility, and bioaccumulative nature. PFAS substances, where every carbon atom in the chain is saturated with fluorine atoms, are generally separated into two main categories: perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, of which perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are respective examples.

The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) proposed maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) are 4 ng/L (ppt) for both PFOA and PFOS. In addition, the hazard index, which incorporates the compounds GenX (HFPO-DA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorononanoic acid

(PFNA), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), has a proposed MCL of 1 and is calculated as follows:

𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠) =

𝑃𝐹𝐵𝑆 (𝑝𝑝𝑡)

2,000

𝐻𝐹𝑃𝑂 − 𝐷𝐴 (𝑝𝑝𝑡)

𝑃𝐹𝐻𝑥𝑆 (𝑝𝑝𝑡)

𝑃𝐹𝑁𝐴 (𝑝𝑝𝑡)

The state of Rhode Island has also established an interim drinking water standard of 20 ppt for the sum of the following six compounds: PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, perfluoroheptanoic acid

(PFHpA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA). This will be referred to in this report as RI-

PFAS6

SUMMARY and RESULTS

The RSSCT was conducted using virgin F400 activated carbon to determine the effective bed life for PFAS removal. The RSSCT simulated a 10-foot diameter vessel containing 20,000 lb of

F400 GAC at a flow rate of 347 gpm and providing 14.0 minutes of empty-bed contact time

(EBCT) after backwashing. Breakthrough curves from the RSSCT are shown in Figures 1 and 2, and raw data is shown in Table 1. Complete simulation details are shown in Table 2. At completion, the RSSCT simulated 789 days of operation (equivalent to 394 million gallons treated).

Calgon Carbon Corporation Technical Service Report No. 20230204 Rev. 01

Removal of PFAS from Potable Water using F400 GAC Page 3

The following conclusion may be drawn from the test results:

• The feed water contained 9.6 ppt PFOA, 4.9 ppt PFOS, and has a hazard index of 2.18, which are all above the EPA’s proposed MCLs.

• The RI-PFAS6 in the feed water was 40.7 ppt which is above the state interim regulation.

• PFOA and PFOS were kept under the reporting limit throughout the duration of the RSSCT.

Hazard index-contributing compound PFBA demonstrated initial breakthrough after 616 simulated days of operation (equivalent to 308 million gallons treated); by the end of the simulation, the hazard index had only reached a value of 0.002.

• RI-PFAS6 was kept under the reporting limit throughout the duration of the RSSCT (Figure

1).

• The feed water had a TOC concentration of 0.40 ppm; the effluent reached 50% of the feed value at 424 simulated days of operation (equivalent to 212 million gallons treated) (Figure

2).

Calgon Carbon Corporation Technical Service Report No. 20230204 Rev. 01

Removal of PFAS from Potable Water using F400 GAC Page 4

Figure 1. RI-PFAS6 concentration vs simulated days of operation

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

R I-

P

FA

S6 C o n ce n tr at io n p p t)

Simulated Days of Operation

Effluent

Feed

State interim regulation

Calgon Carbon Corporation Technical Service Report No. 20230204 Rev. 01

Removal of PFAS from Potable Water using F400 GAC Page 5

Figure 2. TOC concentration vs simulated days of operation

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

TO

C

C o n ce n tr at io n p p m

Simulated Days of Operation

Effluent

Feed

Calgon Carbon Corporation Technical Service Report No. 20230204 Rev. 01

Removal of PFAS from Potable Water using F400 GAC Page 6

Table 1. TOC and detected PFAS results

Sample Time

Si m u la te d d ay s o f o p e ra ti o n

G al lo n s tr e a te d

(x

,0

,0

B e d v o lu m e s tr e a te d

TO

C p p m

P

FO

A p p t)

P

FO

S (p

FH

p A p

FD

A p

Compounds that contribute to hazard index

P

FH

xA p

N Et

FO

SA

A p

FD

o A p

H az ar d

In d e x

R I-

P

FA

S6 p

FH

xS p

FN

A p

FB

S (p

H

FP

O -D

A p

Compounds that contribute to RI-PFAS6

Feed 2/22/2023 -- -- -- 0.40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Feed 3/3/2023 -- -- -- -- 9.7 4.8 5.1 0.1 J 6.3 15 7.6 <0.076 6.9 <0.070 <0.038 2.20 41.0

Feed 3/23/2023 -- -- -- 0.40 9.5 5.1 5.0 0.1 J 6.2 15 8.8 <0.076 6.6 0.2 J <0.038 2.16 40.4

Effluent 1 3/23/23 12:00 23.5 11.7 2,906 <0.1 0.1 J <0.102 0.1 J <0.064 <0.102 <0.049 <0.041 <0.082 <0.070 <0.076 <0.041 <RL <RL

Effluent 4 3/24/23 6:00 112 56.0 13,878 <0.1 0.1 J <0.101 <0.047 <0.064 <0.101 <0.048 <0.040 <0.081 <0.070 <0.075 <0.040 <RL <RL

Effluent 5 3/24/23 12:00 140 70.0 17,172 <0.1 0.1 J <0.104 <0.049 <0.066 <0.104 <0.050 <0.042 0.1 J <0.072 <0.077 <0.042 <RL <RL

Effluent 6 3/24/23 18:00 168 84.0 20,465 0.09 0.1 J <0.104 <0.049 <0.065 <0.104 <0.050 <0.041 <0.083 <0.072 <0.077 <0.041 <RL <RL

Effluent 7 3/25/23 0:00 196 98.0 23,758 0.10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 8 3/25/23 6:00 224 112 27,051 -- 0.1 J <0.094 <0.044 <0.059 <0.094 <0.045 <0.038 <0.075 <0.065 <0.070 <0.038 <RL <RL

Effluent 9 3/25/23 12:00 252 126 30,344 0.12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 10 3/25/23 18:00 280 140 33,637 -- 0.1 J <0.098 <0.046 <0.062 <0.098 <0.047 <0.039 <0.079 <0.068 <0.073 0.2 J <RL <RL

Effluent 11 3/26/23 0:00 308 154 36,930 0.16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 12 3/26/23 6:00 336 168 40,223 -- 0.1 J <0.097 0.09 J <0.061 <0.097 <0.047 0.08 J <0.078 0.2 J <0.072 <0.039 <RL <RL

Effluent 13 3/26/23 12:00 364 182 43,516 0.19 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 14 3/26/23 18:00 392 196 46,809 -- 0.2 J <0.098 0.2 J <0.062 <0.098 <0.047 0.5 J <0.078 0.4 J <0.072 0.1 J <RL <RL

Effluent 15 3/27/23 0:00 420 210 50,102 0.20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 16 3/27/23 6:00 448 224 53,395 -- 0.3 J 0.09 J 0.3 J <0.061 <0.097 0.2 J 0.5 J <0.077 0.8 J <0.071 <0.039 <RL <RL

Effluent 17 3/27/23 12:00 476 238 56,675 0.22 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 18 3/27/23 18:00 504 252 59,955 -- 0.4 J <0.093 0.4 J <0.059 0.1 J 0.2 J 0.9 J <0.074 1 J <0.069 <0.037 <RL <RL

Effluent 19 3/28/23 0:00 532 266 63,235 0.22 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 20 3/28/23 6:00 560 280 66,515 -- 0.6 J <0.093 0.6 J <0.058 0.2 J 0.3 J 1 J <0.074 2 J <0.069 <0.037 <RL <RL

Effluent 21 3/28/23 12:00 588 294 69,795 0.22 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 22 3/28/23 18:00 616 308 73,075 -- 0.8 J 0.5 J 0.9 J <0.058 0.3 J 0.1 J 2 J 0.09 J 2.5 <0.068 <0.037 <RL <RL

Effluent 23 3/29/23 0:00 644 322 76,354 0.24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 24 3/29/23 6:00 672 336 79,634 -- 1 J 0.2 J 1 J <0.060 0.4 J 0.8 J 2.6 0.09 J 3.2 <0.070 <0.038 0.001 <RL

Effluent 25 3/29/23 12:00 701 350 83,190 0.24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 26 3/29/23 18:00 730 365 86,745 -- 2 J 1 J 2 J <0.060 0.7 J 0.2 J 3.3 0.1 J 3.9 <0.070 <0.038 0.002 <RL

Effluent 27 3/30/23 0:00 759 379 90,301 0.25 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Effluent 28 3/30/23 6:00 789 394 93,857 -- 2 J 1 J 2 J <0.059 0.7 J 0.3 J 3.7 0.08 J 4.1 <0.070 <0.038 0.002 <RL

RL = reporting limit

J = Estimated value between the limit of detection and the RL; these values were treated as zero when calculating hazard index

Calgon Carbon Corporation Technical Service Report No. 20211057 Rev. 0

Removal of PFAS from Potable Water using F400 GAC Page 7

Table 2. Simulation details

Parameter Full-Scale Adsorber CD-RSSCT

RSSCT Scale Factor -- 115

Carbon Mesh Size 12×40 120×200

Mean Particle Diameter 1.07 mm 99.8 µm

Carbon A.D. 0.579 g/cc 0.544 g/cc

Adsorber I.D. 10 ft. 0.622 cm

Weight of Carbon in Adsorber 20,000 lbs 0.420 g

Flow Rate 347 gpm 7.45 mL/min

EBCT 14.0 minutes 6.0 seconds

Operation Time 789 days 6.9 days

Volume of Water Treated 394 million gallons 19.4 gallons

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RSSCT Design

The RSSCT simulated a 10-foot diameter adsorber containing 20,000 lb of F400 12×40, operating at 347 gpm, and providing 14.0 minutes of EBCT after backwashing. See Table 2 for design parameters used in the simulation. The RSSCT ran for 789 simulated days (394 million gallons treated). A description of the RSSCT is shown in Appendix A.

RSSCT Carbon Preparation

A current production sample of virgin F400 12×40 GAC was systematically re-sized to 120×200 mesh for use in the RSSCT. The test carbon was dried at 105° C for 16 hours and allowed to cool in a desiccator. Prior to the introduction of the challenge water, the column was pre-wetted with deionized water for approximately 16 hours.

RSSCT Influent Preparation

CCC received a 55-gallon plastic drum of water during February 2023. The feed was used as received with no additional pre-treatments. 19.4 gallons of water was consumed in the RSSCT.

RSSCT Sampling

Samples were collected four times per day via an automated sample collector into 8-oz. plastic bottles. The TOC samples were collected manually into 40-mL vials from the 8-oz. bottles.

The flow rate of the RSSCT was closely monitored throughout the study. Composite samples of the RSSCT effluent, minus discrete samples for testing, were collected once per day. From this data, average flow rates were calculated, and the flow rate was adjusted as necessary.

Removal of PFAS from Potable Water using F400 GAC Page 8

Analytical

TOC samples were analyzed in CCC’s analytical laboratory using SM 5310B Total Organic

Carbon, High Temperature Combustion. PFAS samples were analyzed by STRIDE Center for

PFAS Solutions using EPA 537 Version 1.1 Modified. See Table 3 for full list of PFAS analytes.

Table 3. PFAS compounds tested (STRIDE)

Full name Abbreviation CAS#

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid PFBS 375-73-5

Perfluorohexanoic acid PFHxA 307-24-4

Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid HFPO-DA 13252-13-6

Perfluoroheptanoic acid PFHpA 375-85-9

Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid PFHxS 355-46-4

4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid ADONA 919005-14-4

Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA 335-67-1

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid PFOS 1763-23-1

Perfluorononanoic acid PFNA 375-95-1

9-Chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid 9Cl-PF3ONS 756426-58-1

Perfluorodecanoic acid PFDA 335-76-2

N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid NMeFOSAA 2355-31-9

Perfluoroundecanoic acid PFUnA 2058-94-8

N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid NEtFOSAA 2991-50-6

11-Chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid 11Cl-PF3OUdS 763051-92-9

Perfluorododecanoic acid PFDoA 307-55-1

Perfluorotridecanoic acid PFTrDA 72629-94-8

Perfluorotetradecanoic acid PFTA 376-06-7

Removal of PFAS from Potable Water using F400 GAC Page 9

Appendix A: Rapid Small-Scale Column Test (RSSCT) Procedure

The RSSCT procedure uses a miniature carbon-filled column to rapidly simulate the adsorption breakthrough curve that would be obtained by treating an aqueous stream in a large adsorption system. This technique has been shown to accurately simulate the carbon treatment of a wide range of waters and wastewaters under various conditions.

The principal advantage of the RSSCT procedure compared to the one-inch diameter column adsorption test is its increased speed. Typically, an RSSCT can be completed in < 1 to 15 percent of the time required for a one-inch diameter study.

To predict the volume breakthrough curve for the full-scale adsorber, the RSSCT results must be multiplied by the volume scale factor determined for each carbon type. The time breakthrough curve for the full-scale adsorber can be calculated by either of two methods. First, one can divide the predicted volumes calculated above by the flow rate of the full-scale system. Second, one can multiple the run time by the scale factor determined for each carbon type.

The following equations for comparison between small- and full-scale are shown below:

𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑇𝑆𝐶

𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑇𝐿𝐶

𝑑𝑝,𝑆𝐶

𝑑𝑝,𝐿𝐶

2−𝑥 𝑡𝑆𝐶

𝑡𝐿𝐶

𝑉𝑆𝐶

𝑉𝐿𝐶

𝑑𝑝,𝐿𝐶

𝑑𝑝,𝑆𝐶

𝑀𝑆𝐶 = 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑇𝐿𝐶 [

𝑑𝑝.𝑆𝐶

𝑑𝑝,𝐿𝐶

2−𝑥

𝑄𝑆𝐶 ∗ 𝜌𝐿𝐶

where dp,SC and dp,LC are the particle sizes for the small and large GAC; x is the diffusivity constant to be used, 0 for constant and 1 for proportional diffusivity; tSC and tLC are the corresponding elapsed times in the small- and large-scale column tests, respectively; VSC and

VLC are the hydraulic loadings in the RSSCT and large-scale columns, respectively; MSC and QSC are the mass of carbon and flow rate in the small-scale column; and ρLC is the apparent density of the full-scale carbon.

Removal of PFAS from Potable Water using F400 GAC Page 10

Appendix B: Sales Spec Sheet woodardcurran.com

Fe/Mn & PFAS WTP – Basis of DesignUniversity of Rhode Island westonandsampson.com

APPENDIX E

Geotechnical Report

Pare Corporation, July 2023

GEOTECHNICAL REPORT

Water Treatment Facility Kingston, RI 20002.03

University of Rhode Island

Submitted July 2023 by:

University of Rhode Island –Water Treatment Facility– Kingston, RI

June 8, 2023 i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1.0 BACKGROUND/SITE LOCATION .................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Purpose and Scope ............................................................................................. 1-1

1.2 Background ........................................................................................................ 1-1

1.3 Surface Conditions ............................................................................................. 1-1

1.4 Previous Site Development ................................................................................ 1-1

1.5 USGS Surficial/Bedrock Geology ...................................................................... 1-3

2.0 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATIONS..................................................................... 2-1

2.1 Sampling Methodology ...................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.1 Borings .................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2 Field Measurement and Methodology ................................................................ 2-1

3.0 SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS .......................................................................... 3-2

3.1 Subsurface Exploration Summary ...................................................................... 3-2

3.2 Soil Strata ........................................................................................................... 3-2

3.3 Groundwater ....................................................................................................... 3-3

4.0 IMPLICATIONS OF SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS ....................................... 4-1

4.1 General ............................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Seismic Design Category and Liquefaction Evaluations ................................... 4-1

4.2.1 Site Criteria ........................................................................................... 4-1

4.2.2 Liquefaction Evaluation ........................................................................ 4-2

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 5-1

5.1 Site Preparation .................................................................................................. 5-1

5.2 Frost Depth Recommendations .......................................................................... 5-2

5.3 Foundations ...................................................................................