Attachment_13b_PECO_VC_Graphic_Layouts_April_2021.pdf

P R O J E C T:

Pecos National Historical Park Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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63Scale = 6” = 1’ Sub C panels GL-4-300 & GL-4-310 Spanish Occupation wall, profile cut

EXHIBIT 4—SUB J PANELS

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After decades of occupation and assault on traditional ways, frustrations boiled over in August of 1680. Imagine the rage that fueled the destruction of the once-mighty Pecos church. The roof was burned but the adobe brick walls were torn down by hand.

Slide this wall to reveal more of the story.

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 4—SUB J REVEAL

Po’pay, a native leader from Okay Owingeh, inspired and led the Pueblo Revolt. This statue of Po’pay, by Jemez artist Clifford Fragua, stands in the U.S. Capitol.

TTHHEE PPUUEEBBLLOOSS RREEVVOOLLTT

In 1680, pueblos across the region staged a carefully coordinated revolution, in an attempt to end Spanish occupation. And while some members of the Pecos community participated in the revolt, others warned the missionaries of the uprising. It was a community divided.

Po’pay, a native leader from Okay Owingeh, inspired and led the Pueblo Revolt. This statue of Po’pay, by Jemez artist Clifford Fragua, stands in the U.S. Capitol.

TTHHEE PPUUEEBBLLOOSS RREEVVOOLLTT

In 1680, pueblos across the region staged a carefully coordinated revolution, in an attempt to end Spanish occupation. And while some members of the Pecos community participated in the revolt, others warned the missionaries of the uprising. It was a community divided.

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FPO

FPO MURAL FPO—

HI-RES IMAGE NEEDED

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 4—SUB K PANELS

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DDIIVVIISSIIOONN AATT

PPEECCOOSS PPUUEEBBLLOO

Archaeological evidence found at Pecos subtly reveals the growing divide between its North and South pueblos. Excavations suggest greater Spanish influence in the South Pueblo, including more Spanish influenced pottery, more use of adobe brick, and larger rooms.

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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66Sub C panels GL-4-300 & GL-4-310 Spanish Occupation wall, profile cut

EXHIBIT 4—SUB K REVEAL

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Descendants of the Pecos people at Jemez Pueblo remember the division within Pecos Pueblo with this symbol. It is a reminder of how division contributed to the pueblo’s undoing and the idea that we need to come together in the present.

Descendants of the Pecos people at Jemez Pueblo remember the division within Pecos Pueblo with this symbol. It is a reminder of how division contributed to the pueblo’s undoing and the idea that we need to come together in the present.

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Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 4—SUB L PANELS

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PEDRO NARANJO, a Pueblo man in 1690, described the targets of the Pueblo Revolt:

Pope [Po’pay] . . . ordered in all the pueblos through which he passed that they instantly

BREAK UP AND BURN

the images of the holy Christ

. . . that they burn the temples, [and] break up the bells.

Archaeologists found these fragments of a Spanish church bell near the site of the 1625 church.

We cannot be sure of their origin, but they may be from the church bell destroyed in the Pueblo Revolt.

GL-4-760

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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UUNNTTYYIINNGG TTOO

UUPPRRIISSIINNGG

Pecos people coordinated with dozens of other pueblos in Northern New Mexico to rise up against the Spanish. They counted down the days by unraveling a rope, knot by knot, day by day.

The revolt was a success—the pueblos drove the Spanish out, at least for the time being.

Touch this rope and imagine the rising tension as Pecos people counted down the days to the Pueblo Revolt. Would they drive out the Spanish? Or would they fail—and likely lose their lives doing so?

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 4—WALL PAPER

Scale = 3/4” = 1’ GL-4-900 Wall Mural

GL-4-900

MURAL FPO—

NEW MURAL TO BE CREATED

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 4— FLORA GRAPHIC

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GL-4-910

CUTOUTS TO BE REFINED

GL-4-910 Flora Graphic

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 4—CONQUISTADOR CUT FIGURE

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KING PHILLIP II of Spain’s official appointment of don Juan de Oñate to control of the Spanish colonial province of New Mexico, including Pecos Pueblo, 1595

I appoint you as my governor, captain general, caudillo, discoverer, and pacifier of the … provinces of New Mexico … .

You will endeavor to attract the natives with PEACE, FRIENDSHIP, and GOOD TREATMENT, which

I particularly charge you, and to INDUCE them to hear and accept the HOLY GOSPEL.

Fifty years after their explorers first entered the region, Spain returned to establish a colony in Northern New Mexico. They came for wealth and to convert Native peoples to Catholicism.

KING PHILLIP II of Spain’s official appointment of don Juan de Oñate to control of the Spanish colonial province of New Mexico, including Pecos Pueblo, 1595

I appoint you as my governor, captain general, caudillo, discoverer, and pacifier of the … provinces of New Mexico … .

You will endeavor to attract the natives with PEACE, FRIENDSHIP, and GOOD TREATMENT, which

I particularly charge you, and to INDUCE them to hear and accept the HOLY GOSPEL.

Fifty years after their explorers first entered the region, Spain returned to establish a colony in Northern New Mexico. They came for wealth and to convert Native peoples to Catholicism.

(DETAIL)

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HI-RES SCANS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

NEEDED

Blending, Division, Decline

MMOOMMEENNTTSS

1680–1838

Blending, Division, Decline

The Spanish Return 1692–1717

Independence and Uncertainty 1680–1692

After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, and the death of Po’pay, some Pecos people questioned if the revolt had brought positive change. Although traditional worship had begun anew, drought, disease, and Apache raids had not abated.

The Pueblos were no longer united.

Moving on From Pecos Pueblo 1717–1838

Increasing raids by Comanches from the northern Plains made Pecos a dangerous home. The divide within the pueblo persisted, even as the Spanish acted more moderately and more successfully blended with Pueblo traditions. Influenza, smallpox, and measles continued to reduce the population.

One by one, families made the difficult choice to leave their home at Pecos. By 1776, just 269 people lived here. While the last families went to Jemez Pueblo in 1838, we know the Pecos people also went to Tesuque, Cochiti, Santo Domingo, and other pueblos.

Pecos traditions live on at Jemez Pueblo today.

The revolt taught valuable lessons to the Spanish crown. A modified form of rule returned to Pecos Pueblo in 1693. The encomienda system no longer taxed the native residents. Franciscan missionaries converted souls while tolerating traditional practices more. By 1717, construction finished on a new smaller church—whose remains you see today—built on top of the old church destroyed in the revolt.

P R O J E C T:

Pecos National Historical Park Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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The last remnants of a once great and powerful nation.

—Chris Toya, Jemez Pueblo

Just as oral history described the foundation of Pecos Pueblo, it also records the end of its permanent occupation.

LLOO SS SS

Lift to Listen

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Gray boxes in layout will be replaced by selected images.

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Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 5—AREA PANEL (DETAIL)

The Spanish Return 1692–1717

Independence and Uncertainty 1680–1692

After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, and the death of Po’pay, some Pecos people questioned if the revolt had brought positive change. Although traditional worship had begun anew, drought, disease, and Apache raids had not abated.

The Pueblos were no longer united.

Moving on From Pecos Pueblo 1717–1838

Increasing raids by Comanches from the northern Plains made Pecos a dangerous home. The divide within the pueblo persisted, even as the Spanish acted more moderately and more successfully blended with Pueblo traditions. Influenza, smallpox, and measles continued to reduce the population.

One by one, families made the difficult choice to leave their home at Pecos. By 1776, just 269 people lived here. While the last families went to Jemez Pueblo in 1838, we know the Pecos people also went to Tesuque, Cochiti, Santo Domingo, and other pueblos.

Pecos traditions live on at Jemez Pueblo today.

The revolt taught valuable lessons to the Spanish crown. A modified form of rule returned to Pecos Pueblo in 1693. The encomienda system no longer taxed the native residents. Franciscan missionaries converted souls while tolerating traditional practices more. By 1717, construction finished on a new smaller church—whose remains you see today—built on top of the old church destroyed in the revolt.

Scale = 3” = 1’ GL-5-100 detail

FPO—HI-RES IMAGE NEEDED

FPO—HI-RES IMAGE NEEDED

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 5—AREA READER RAIL (DETAIL)

The last remnants of a once great and powerful nation.

—Chris Toya, Jemez Pueblo

Just as oral history described the foundation of Pecos Pueblo, it also records the end of its permanent occupation.

LLOO SS SS

Lift to Listen

FPO

FPO

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Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-5-200 detail quote

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 5— SUB A + SUB B READERRAIL

GL-2-100 Area Panels and RRScale = 3” = 1’

The building of a much smaller church by 1717 reflects the reduced population and stature of Pecos Pueblo. Still an imposing presence on the landscape, the new church fit within the outline of the larger 1625 church destroyed in the Pueblo Revolt. It was also oriented in the opposite direction, facing west, so the afternoon light would shine through a clerestory window onto the altar at the sanctuary.

TTHHEE 11 77 11 77 CCHHUURRCCHH

Look into this diorama of the 1717 church and convento. As you explore the park today, you can walk among its ruins.

Try to imagine its imposing walls and then consider how the previous 1625 church dwarfed it!

This painting of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula (Our Lady of the Angels of Porciúncula) hung at the altar in the 1717 church. When the last pueblo residents left in 1838, they entrusted it to St. Anthony’s Parish in the town of Pecos where it remains to this day. Every summer, a replica of the painting returns to the Pecos mission church for La Fiesta de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles.

AA PPAAIINNTTIINNGG,, AA PPRROOMMIISSEE

Every year people from Jemez Pueblo, including Pecos descendants, gather here on their Feast. They celebrate mass and perform the traditional Pecos Bull dance to fulfil una promesa—a promise—to remember Pecos

Pueblo and honor Our Lady of the Angels.

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 5— SUB A + SUB B READERRAIL [DETAIL]

GL-2-100 Area Panels and RRScale = 6” = 1’

The building of a much smaller church by 1717 reflects the reduced population and stature of Pecos Pueblo. Still an imposing presence on the landscape, the new church fit within the outline of the larger 1625 church destroyed in the Pueblo Revolt. It was also oriented in the opposite direction, facing west, so the afternoon light would shine through a clerestory window onto the altar at the sanctuary.

TTHHEE 11 77 11 77 CCHHUURRCCHH

Look into this diorama of the 1717 church and convento. As you explore the park today, you can walk among its ruins.

Try to imagine its imposing walls and then consider how the previous 1625 church dwarfed it!

also oriented in the opposite direction, facing west, so

This painting of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula (Our Lady of the Angels of Porciúncula) hung at the altar in the 1717 church. When the last pueblo residents left in 1838, they entrusted it to St. Anthony’s Parish in the town of Pecos where it remains to this day. Every summer, a replica of the painting returns to the Pecos mission church for La Fiesta de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles.

AA PPAAIINNTTIINNGG,, AA PPRROOMMIISSEE

Every year people from Jemez Pueblo, including Pecos descendants, gather here on their Feast. They celebrate mass and perform the traditional Pecos Bull dance to fulfil una promesa—a promise—to remember Pecos

Pueblo and honor Our Lady of the Angels.

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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GL-5-300

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Archaeologists use objects to trace how culture changes over time.

Colonoware reflects a blending of Native American and European traditions. Traditional pueblo pottery persists, while Spanish forms add sometimes subtle but significant adaptations.

Other types of ceramics rooted in European traditions, like majolicas, were made by indigenous crafts people in Mexico and imported to New Mexico. These represent an attempt to recreate European goods in the New World. Olive jars arrived from Spain carrying olives, olive oil, wine or fish.

EXHIBIT 5— SUB C PANELS

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Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 5— SUB D PANELS

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GL-5-350

What would compel you to leave the home you and your ancestors had built?

Imagine the sense of loss that families felt. Consider how important this place remains to their descendants today.

GL-5-360

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TTOO PPEECCOOSS

The decline of the Pecos Pueblo population continued after the return of Spanish power in 1692. One by one, families made the difficult choice to leave their home at Pecos. By 1776, just 269 people lived here. By 1838, the final families left Pecos to resettle at Jemez Pueblo.

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 5—SUB E PANELS

Scale = 6” = 1’ Sub B panels GL-4-250, GL-4-260 & GL-4-270 Spanish Occupation wall, profile cut

GL-5-400

GL-5-410

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TTHHEE CCOOMMAANNCCHHEE EEMMPPIIRREE

In the early 1700s the nomadic Comanche, skilled warriors on horseback, took control of Apache hunting and trading grounds. The Comanche targeted Pecos Pueblo in the 1740s with raids that threatened the very existence of Pecos Pueblo. Spaniard, Pueblo, and Apache now united against a common enemy as the Comanche empire expanded towards Santa Fe.

The growing Comanche empire posed a threat to Spanish sovereignty and to peace. In 1786, a peace treaty between the Spanish and Comanche was successfully negotiated at Pecos Pueblo. The treaty and trade agreement brought peace to the region for a generation, but Pecos continued to decline as the Comanche manipulated the price of trade goods.

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Colonoware Soup Plate Colonoware Candle Holder Majolica Photograph courtesy of the Western Australian Museum.

Olive Jar Photograph courtesy of

[TBD].

GL-05-594

GL-5-591 GL-5-592 GL-5-593 GL-5-594

EXHIBIT 5—SUB E ARTIFACT LABELS

GL-5-591 to -594 Artifact Labels

FPO—ALTERNATIVE IMAGE NEEDED FOR

PERMISSION AND HI-RES

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 5—WALL PAPER

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GL-5-900

FPO—PARK SUPPLYING HI RES IMAGE

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 5— FLORA GRAPHIC

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GL-5-910

GL-5-910 Flora Graphic

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 5—MONK AND FARMER CUT FIGURES, INDIAN GRANDFATHER CUT FIGURE

Scale = 1 1/2” = 1’ Sub B panels GL-4-250, GL-4-260 & GL-4-270 Spanish Occupation wall, profile cut

GL-5-010

GL-5-011

FPO—HI-RES IMAGE NEEDED

FPO—HI-RES

IMAGE NEEDED

CUTOUTS TO BE REFINED;

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 6A—TRADE INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS

GL-6A-100, GL-6A-150 panels around the column

GL-6A-100 GL-6A-150

New panel added by client

Each one of these objects was traded here at Pecos Pueblo. Take an object from the basket and look at the map.

Look under the object for a clue to where it came from.

Please return the object to the basket for the next visitor.

PPEECCOOSS TTRRAADDEE FFAAIIRR

Trade fairs were common at Pecos Pueblo due to its location where the eastern edge of the Pueblo world met the Great Plains. Pecos traded surplus corn and pottery as well as objects received by trading with others. In return, they received useful and beautiful things from hundreds or even thousands of miles away— including a variety of bison products from the Great Plains, decorative shells from the coasts, birds and feathers from Mexico, and obsidian from the Jemez Mountains.

PPLLAAIINNSS PPEEOOPPLLEE

The Great Plains east of Pecos supported diverse groups of people anthropologists call the Plains tribes. The Spanish gave them names they did not call themselves; the Apache, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa and the Witchita. Many of the tribes were mobile hunter-gatherers following bison herds.

Some Apache groups adopted agriculture from the Pueblos.

Plains Apache had a close cultural and economic relationship with Pecos Pueblo. They often gathered here in the fall for trade fairs. These events fostered a mutually dependent relationship, focused on the exchange of bison meat and hides, agricultural products, pottery, shell, turquoise, and slaves.

The traditional homelands of some Apache groups include the Sangre de Cristo mountains and the adjacent plains near Pecos. By the mid-1700s raiding Comanche groups forced some Apaches off their land. In the late 1800s, the US Army placed many of the Plains tribes on reservations far from their homelands.

When visiting Pecos keep in mind that the area was also home to Plains people who no longer live here.

TTRRAADDEE RROOUUTTEESS

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GL-6A-200

FPO case FPO case

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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Each one of these objects was traded here at Pecos Pueblo. Take an object from the basket and look at the map.

Look under the object for a clue to where it came from.

Please return the object to the basket for the next visitor.

PPEECCOOSS TTRRAADDEE FFAAIIRR

Trade fairs were common at Pecos Pueblo due to its location where the eastern edge of the Pueblo world met the Great Plains. Pecos traded surplus corn and pottery as well as objects received by trading with others. In return, they received useful and beautiful things from hundreds or even thousands of miles away— including a variety of bison products from the Great Plains, decorative shells from the coasts, birds and feathers from Mexico, and obsidian from the Jemez Mountains.

PPLLAAIINNSS PPEEOOPPLLEE

The Great Plains east of Pecos supported diverse groups of people anthropologists call the Plains tribes. The Spanish gave them names they did not call themselves; the Apache, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa and the Witchita. Many of the tribes were mobile hunter-gatherers following bison herds.

Some Apache groups adopted agriculture from the Pueblos.

Plains Apache had a close cultural and economic relationship with Pecos Pueblo. They often gathered here in the fall for trade fairs. These events fostered a mutually dependent relationship, focused on the exchange of bison meat and hides, agricultural products, pottery, shell, turquoise, and slaves.

The traditional homelands of some Apache groups include the Sangre de Cristo mountains and the adjacent plains near Pecos. By the mid-1700s raiding Comanche groups forced some Apaches off their land. In the late 1800s, the US Army placed many of the Plains tribes on reservations far from their homelands.

When visiting Pecos keep in mind that the area was also home to Plains people who no longer live here.

EXHIBIT 6A—TRADE INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS [DETAIL]

GL-6A-100 GL-6A-150

GL-6A-100, GL-6A-150 Trade Overview and Plains People graphics

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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Examples of Trade Objects

GL-6A-111

EXHIBIT 6A—ARTIFACT LABEL

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-6A-111 Artifact Label

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 6A—TRADE INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS

Scale = Not to scale GL-6A-290 Map Table

Je m ez

M ou nt ai ns P ec os

P ue bl o

G re at P la in s

M ex ic o

P ac ifi c

C oa st

GL-6A-290

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 6A—TRADE INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS

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MMAACCAAWW FFEEAATTHHEERRSS

Pueblo people sought macaw feathers and birds for use in ceremonies. Trade networks for birds and feather extended from Pecos Pueblo deep into modern-day Central and South America.

BBIISSOONN HHOORRNN

Many parts of a bison—not just its fur and hide— had valuable uses for both Plains hunters and Pueblo dwellers.

GL-6A-210

GL-6A-211

GL-6A-215

GL-6A-216

FPO

GL-6A-210 to -216, trade interactive graphics

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 6A—TRADE INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS

Scale = 6” = 1’

SSHHEELLLLSS

Pecos Pueblo traded for beautiful and exotic seashells. Skilled artists fashioned them into jewelry.

OOBBSSIIDDIIAANN

Razor-sharp and striking in color and shine, obsidian forms from rapid cooling of lava.

Much of the obsidian used at Pecos Pueblo comes from the Jemez Mountains. It was often shaped into arrow points.

GL-6A-220

GL-6A-221

GL-6A-225

GL-6A-226

FPO

GL-6A-220 to -226, trade interactive graphics

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 6A—TRADE INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS

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CCOORRNN

Surplus yields of corn were traded to Plains people who lived a nomadic lifestyle and did not spend time in one place long enough to raise crops.

GL-6A-230

GL-6A-231

GL-6A-230 and -231, trade interactive graphics

Exhibit Planning and Design, Pecos Visitor Center

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EXHIBIT 6B—INTRO PANEL

GL-6B-300

GL-6B-100 Pottery Design Interactive Intro

PPOOTTTTEERRYY PPAATTTTEERRNNSS

Pueblo people have adorned their pottery with dazzling designs for over a thousand years. Potters today blend traditional forms and designs with modern expressions. Compare the modern pottery in this case to the ancient vessels in the exhibit.

Do you see any similarities?

Art reflects who we are—our culture, our values, and our identity. If you made pottery, how would you design it?

Make your own design on the pottery models here. Need inspiration? Look to the examples here or elsewhere in the exhibit.

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Contemporary Pottery from the Pueblos of Kewa (1), Acoma (2), and Jemez (3)

GL-6B-501

EXHIBIT 6B—ARTIFACT LABEL

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-6B-501 Artifact Label

Newcomers, Travelers, Soldiers

1838–1880

Newcomers, Travelers, Soldiers

MMOOMMEENNTTSS

Trade along the Santa Fe Trail 1821–1880s

New Nation, New Settlers 1821–1846

When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, new settlers and traders moved into the region. Hispanic towns grew as the population of Pecos Pueblo dwindled.

Five homesteads within the current park boundaries farmed land along the Pecos River. Cattle, goats, and sheep grazed in the uplands.

War Comes to Glorieta Pass

When the Civil War erupted, the newly formed Confederacy looked to the West. Access to the Pacific Ocean and the gold fields of Colorado and California could help fund the war effort. Glorieta Pass, the long-time route to points west, became the stage for a pivotal battle that ultimately halted the Confederacy’s westward aspirations.

As the United States expanded westward during the 1800s a lucrative trade route emerged between Santa Fe and Missouri.

This route, known as the Santa Fe Trail, passed right by Pecos Pueblo. When the United States claimed New Mexico in 1846, traffic along the trail increased. However, by 1880 railroad lines connected New Mexico to the rest of the country, rendering the wagon trail obsolete.

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EXHIBIT 7—AREA PANEL

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Trade along the Santa Fe Trail 1821–1880s

New Nation, New Settlers 1821–1846

When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, new settlers and traders moved into the region. Hispanic towns grew as the population of Pecos Pueblo dwindled.

Five homesteads within the current park boundaries farmed land along the Pecos River. Cattle, goats, and sheep grazed in the uplands.

War Comes to Glorieta Pass

When the Civil War erupted, the newly formed Confederacy looked to the West. Access to the Pacific Ocean and the gold fields of Colorado and California could help fund the war effort. Glorieta Pass, the long-time route to points west, became the stage for a pivotal battle that ultimately halted the Confederacy’s westward aspirations.

As the United States expanded westward during the 1800s a lucrative trade route emerged between Santa Fe and Missouri.

This route, known as the Santa Fe Trail, passed right by Pecos Pueblo. When the United States claimed New Mexico in 1846, traffic along the trail increased. However, by 1880 railroad lines connected New Mexico to the rest of the country, rendering the wagon trail obsolete.

Scale = 3” = 1’ GL-7-100 detail

FPO—PARK SUPPLYING HI RES IMAGE

FPO—PARK SUPPLYING

HI RES IMAGE

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95Scale = 6” = 1’ Sub A panels GL-7-200 & GL-7-210 Trade Wagon

EXHIBIT 7—SUB A PANELS

GL-7-200

Take a peek inside this trade wagon.

What objects do you see? Can you figure out which items might have come from back east in Missouri and which might have come from Santa Fe?

GL-7-210

TTRRAADDEE WWAAGGOONN OONN

TTHHEE SSAANNTTAA FFEE TTRRAAIILL

Westbound merchants carried necessities (hardware, wool, fabric) and luxuries (wine, jewelry), and returned east with furs, gold, and silver. Traders and travelers paused along the way, including at Pecos Pueblo and at the historic Kozlowski’s Trading Post. Stop by the Trading Post to experience more Santa Fe Trail history.

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96Scale = 6” = 1’ Sub B panels GL-7-250 & GL-7-260 Trail Remains

EXHIBIT 7—SUB B PANELS

GL-7-250

Take a look at the objects in this case.

The items on the right are for trade.

The ones on the left are to help make travel easier.

GL-7-260

TTRRAAIILL RREEMMAAIINNSS

Objects found along the Santa Fe Trail help tell us how people traveled. Some items give insights into the small luxuries that travelers needed for the weeks-long journey. Others reveal items carried to trade along the way. Have you ever taken a long trip? What do you bring, and what do you need to pick up on the road?

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Objects From the Santa Fe Trail We are still working to uncover the history of Pecos! This DECORATIVE MEDALLION and FIRE STEEL were discovered during archaeological survey of the Santa Fe Trail.

GL-07-251

Trade Goods Including HAIR CURLER, TIN FOR DRIED COCONUT, and COFFEE GRINDER.

Glass Trade Goods Popular especially among Native Americans.

Mexican Pesos Helped stabilize Missouri’s economy during one of the nineteenth century’s many financial panics.

GL-7-251 GL-7-252 GL-7-253 GL-7-254

EXHIBIT 7—SUB B ARTIFACT LABELS

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-7-250 to -254 Artifact Labels

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A detachment of Federal troops moved across Glorieta Mesa and destroyed the Confederates’ supply train, setting wagons like these ablaze.

Unable to continue without supplies, the Confederates had to abandon their plans of western conquest.

Scale = 6” = 1’ Sub C panels GL-7-300 & GL-7-310 Battle of Glorieta Pass

EXHIBIT 7—SUB C PANELS

GL-7-300

GL-7-310

FFIIGGHHTTIINNGG IINN

GGLLOORRIIEETTAA PPAASSSS

Confederate Texans took Santa Fe in March 1862, and then looked northeast to Fort Union, where they could replenish their supply wagons. To get there, they would have to go through Glorieta Pass—and Colorado volunteers fighting for the Union. After a day of fierce fighting, the Union forces retreated. But the Confederate victory would be short lived.

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99Scale = 6” = 1’ Sub D panels GL-7-350 & GL-7-360 Battle Remains

EXHIBIT 7—SUB D PANELS

GL-7-350

BBAATTTTLLEE RREEMMAAIINNSS

For more than six hours, bullets whizzed through trees and careened off rocks during the Battle of Glorieta Pass. By its end, each side had lost more than 120 men—some 35 dead, 60 wounded, and 25 captured. The objects left behind are enduring evidence of the ferocious battle.

DeadWoundedCaptured

GL-7-360

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Civil War Munitions 12 pounder CANNONBALL, CASE SHOT, .58

CALIBER MINIÉ BALLS, LEAD SHOT.

Bayonet From the Battle of Glorieta Pass.

Uniform Items

EPAULET, BOX PLATE, BUTTONS,

Union Infantry INSIGNIA.

Tobacco Pipe Bowls From the Battle of Glorieta Pass.

Sword and Scabbard This is the sword and scabbard of Corporal John E. Briney, a Maryland farmer who was 29 years old when he fought for the United States Calvary in the Battle of Glorieta Pass. Made by the Ames Manufacturing Company, the MODEL 1840 DRAGOON SABER was excessively heavy, earning it the nickname “Old Wrist Breaker.”

Discharge Paper Corporal John E. Briney, U.S. Army.

GL-7-351 GL-7-352 GL-7-353 GL-7-354

GL-7-355 GL-7-356

EXHIBIT 7—SUB D ARTIFACT LABELS

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-7-350 to -356 Artifact Labels

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EXHIBIT 7—WALL PAPER

Scale = 1” = 1’ GL-7-810 and Gl-7-820 Mural

GL-7-820

FPO—HI-RES MURAL IMAGE NEEDED

NOTE: EMPTY

SPACE FOR

WAGON

FPO—HI-RES MURAL IMAGE NEEDED

GL-7-810

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EXHIBIT 7—CIVIL WAR SOLDIER CUT FIGURE

Scale = 1 1/2” = 1’ GL-7-010 Cut Out

GL-7-010

FPO—HI-RES

IMAGE NEEDED

CUTOUTS TO BE REFINED;

Studying and Ranching the Land

1880–Today

Studying and Ranching the Land

MMOOMMEENNTTSS

Cattle and Dude Ranching 1900–1935

Digger Deeper 1880–1929

Archaeologists have been studying Pecos since the 1880s, when Adolph Bandelier first mapped Pecos Pueblo. Alfred Kidder’s excavations, starting in 1914, formed the basis for his synthesis of cultures of the ancient Southwest.

Through decades of excavation and analysis, his careful study of stratigraphy and pottery laid a foundation for Southwest archaeology.

Summer Retreat 1941–1990

Texas oil-man Buddy Fogelson purchased the Forked Lightning Ranch in 1941. He and his wife, the acclaimed British movie star Greer Garson, spent summers here raising cattle and entertaining guests.

Tex Austin, an international rodeo promoter, purchased much of the land that comprises the park today. He operated his Forked Lightning Ranch as both a working cattle ranch and as a dude ranch. He welcomed tourists here to Pecos to experience the Old West at his ranch until bankruptcy forced him to sell in 1935.

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EXHIBIT 8—AREA PANEL

Scale = 1 1/2” = 1’ GL-8-100, profile cut rounded corners

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Cattle and Dude Ranching 1900–1935

Digger Deeper 1880–1929

Archaeologists have been studying Pecos since the 1880s, when Adolph Bandelier first mapped Pecos Pueblo. Alfred Kidder’s excavations, starting in 1914, formed the basis for his synthesis of cultures of the ancient Southwest.

Through decades of excavation and analysis, his careful study of stratigraphy and pottery laid a foundation for Southwest archaeology.

Summer Retreat 1941–1990

Texas oil-man Buddy Fogelson purchased the Forked Lightning Ranch in 1941. He and his wife, the acclaimed British movie star Greer Garson, spent summers here raising cattle and entertaining guests.

Tex Austin, an international rodeo promoter, purchased much of the land that comprises the park today. He operated his Forked Lightning Ranch as both a working cattle ranch and as a dude ranch. He welcomed tourists here to Pecos to experience the Old West at his ranch until bankruptcy forced him to sell in 1935.

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—GREER GARSON

Due to our having a ranch at Pecos, we have become fascinated by and involved for nearly half a century in Education and Arts in this area... I think we both FEEL MORE AT HOME HERE in New Mexico than anywhere.

May I say that it is Buddy’s hope and mine that after we have left the scene, you will think of us sometimes and continue to keep alive and GROWING THE

GOOD THINGS that have been started.”

Greer Garson and her husband Buddy Fogelson laid the groundwork to establish this national park unit. They donated land and funded the construction of this visitor center.

EXHIBIT 8—GREER CUT FIGURE

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GL-8-005 Greer Cut Out

GL-8-005

—GREER GARSON

Due to our having a ranch at Pecos, we have become fascinated by and involved for nearly half a century in Education and Arts in this area... I think we both FEEL MORE AT HOME HERE in New Mexico than anywhere.

May I say that it is Buddy’s hope and mine that after we have left the scene, you will think of us sometimes and continue to keep alive and GROWING THE

GOOD THINGS that have been started.”

Greer Garson and her husband Buddy Fogelson laid the groundwork to establish this national park unit. They donated land and funded the construction of this visitor center.

(DETAIL)

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CUTOUTS TO BE REFINED;

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EXHIBIT 8—SUB A PANELS

Scale = 6” = 1’ Sub A panels GL-8-20 Making Today’s National Park

GL-8-200

MMAAKKIINNGG TTOODDAAYY’’SS

NNAATTIIOONNAALL PPAARRKK

New Mexico designated Pecos Pueblo as a state park in 1935. Thirty years later (and with the support of Buddy Fogelson and Greer Garson), the National Park Service assumed control of the site as a national monument.

In 1990, the National Park Service added the Forked Lightning Ranch property to Pecos National Historical Park. The park grew almost twentyfold, from 342 to 6,700 acres. Key portions of the Glorieta Pass Battlefield were added in 1993.

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This ceremonial shovel broke ground in 1983 for this visitor center. The Fogelsons donated the land and more than half the funding for this building. They also insisted on a mix of Spanish-and Pueblo architectural styles to ensure the building blended with its surroundings.

GL-8-210

Scale = 6” = 1’ Sub A panels GL-8-220 & GL-8-210 Shovel and Groundbreaking

EXHIBIT 8—SUB A PANELS

GL-8-220

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KKIIDDDDEERR’’SS LLEEGGAACCYY

Alfred Kidder’s excavations at Pecos from 1914–1929 helped define Southwestern archaeology as we know it today. His use of stratigraphic analysis and multi-disciplinary teams transformed how archaeology is conducted in America. In 1927, Kidder invited his colleagues to Pecos for the first-ever conference of Southwestern archaeologists. Archaeologists still gather every year for the Pecos Conference.

GL-8-250

EXHIBIT 8—SUB B

GL-8-250 Kidder’s LegacyScale = 6” = 1’

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—ALFRED KIDDER

Pecos is so EXTENSIVE that the six field-seasons spent upon it sufficed to clear only about twelve to fifteen percent of its total area. … During the whole of their long career the Pecos Indians kept shifting about, building, abandoning, tearing down and rebuilding. Almost every part of the MESA TOP was occupied at one time or another, and at several places the ruins lie three and four feet deep.”

EXHIBIT 8—KIDDER CUT FIGURE

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GL-8-006 Kidder Person Panel

GL-8-006

(DETAIL)

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—ALFRED KIDDER

Pecos is so EXTENSIVE that the six field-seasons spent upon it sufficed to clear only about twelve to fifteen percent of its total area. … During the whole of their long career the Pecos Indians kept shifting about, building, abandoning, tearing down and rebuilding. Almost every part of the MESA TOP was occupied at one time or another, and at several places the ruins lie three and four feet deep.”

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110Scale = 6” = 1’ Sub C panels GL-8-300 & GL-8-305 Stratigraphy

EXHIBIT 8—SUB C PANELS

GL-8-300

Imagine you are an archaeologist studying the soil layers at Pecos Pueblo.

You will find similar objects in different layers, so look closely for differences.

What might they suggest about changes in culture over time?

GL-8-305

PPEECCOOSS BBYY LLAAYYEERRSS

Soil layers at Pecos reveal exactly what archaeologists like Kidder hope to find: “the oldest naturally lying on the bottom, later ones above, and the latest at the top.”

Archaeologists pay close attention to the color and type of soil and the artifacts they find in each layer.

Putting it all together, they can create a cultural history of the people who lived at Pecos.

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CLUE: Finding “polychromatic” pottery—designs that use many different colors—show that you are at least in this phase of Pecos history.

CLUE: You find many pottery styles, but one type stands out with a design that expresses itself in black and white terms.

CLUE: When you find objects that may have come from your trash bin at home, you probably want to keep digging.

CLUE: Some objects indicate Spanish influence, but stone arrowheads have changed, too. A side notch reflects new technology in this era.

CLUE: With greater Spanish influence at Pecos, you find more Spanish objects in this layer, such as metal tools and Spanish-style painted pottery.

Read a clue and study the objects in each layer. Can you guess the layer?

Press the button to light up the correct case.

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-8-390—Stratigraphy interactive instruction panel

EXHIBIT 8—STRATIGRAPHY INTERACTIVE INSTRUCTIONS & LIGHT-UP

GL-8-390

GL-8-010

EXHIBIT 8—STRATIGRAPHY WALL

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112GL-8-010 Stratigraphy Wall, profile cut Scale = 1” = 1’

1700–Modern Era

1650–1700 CE

1500–1650 CE

1400–1500 CE

1300–1400 CE

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Artifact Label Placeholder This is a PARAGRAPH taximill acesto et, si ipsus essit quis dolorum rem eos qui dolupti.

GL-8-XX

EXHIBIT 8—ARTIFACT LABELS

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-8-XX, artifact lables (placeholder—artifacts TBD by park)

GL-8-900

EXHIBIT 8—MURAL

GL-8-900, Mural

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114Scale = 3/4” = 1’

NOTE: NEW MURAL TBD

(NOT A WINTER SCENE)

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EXHIBIT 8— FLORA GRAPHIC

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GL-8-910

GL-8-910 Flora Graphic

Pecos National Historical Park Pecos National Historical Park

EEXXPPLLOORREE

Explore the Battle of Glorieta Pass

The remains of Pecos Pueblo stand just beyond this visitor center. The 1.25-mile Ancestral Sites Trail weaves through the North and South pueblos and Spanish mission church. Plan to spend at least an hour exploring and immersing yourself in the pueblo.

Remember that this site remains an important place for Pueblo descendants as well as archeologists. Treat it with respect.

Explore Forked Lightning Ranch

The park preserves Forked Lightning Ranch and offers limited access to its interior and exterior grounds. Don’t forget to ask a ranger about hiking opportunities on the ranch lands.

Explore the 1862 Battle of Glorieta Pass on the Civil War Battlefield Trail, a 2.3-mile loop ideal for both history buffs and nature lovers. Stop at Kozlowski’s Trading Post before your trip to learn more about the battle and the Santa Fe Trail.

Explore Pecos Pueblo

Lift to Listen

Pecos Pueblo remains a living site for the descendants of those who built and lived in it.

RREE TTUU RRNN

Pecos Pueblo has never been forgotten.

—Chris Toya, Jemez Pueblo

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GL-9-100

FPO

FPO

EXHIBIT 9—AREA PANEL

Scale = 1 1/2” = 1’ GL-9-100 Area Panel, profile cut rounded top corners GL-9-200 Area Panel RR

GL-9-200

Gray boxes in layout will be replaced by selected images.

img

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EXHIBIT 9—AREA PANEL (DETAIL) EXPLORE

Explore the Battle of Glorieta Pass

The remains of Pecos Pueblo stand just beyond this visitor center. The 1.25-mile Ancestral Sites Trail weaves through the North and South pueblos and Spanish mission church. Plan to spend at least an hour exploring and immersing yourself in the pueblo.

Remember that this site remains an important place for Pueblo descendants as well as archeologists. Treat it with respect.

Explore Forked Lightning Ranch

The park preserves Forked Lightning Ranch and offers limited access to its interior and exterior grounds. Don’t forget to ask a ranger about hiking opportunities on the ranch lands.

Explore the 1862 Battle of Glorieta Pass on the Civil War Battlefield Trail, a 2.3-mile loop ideal for both history buffs and nature lovers. Stop at Kozlowski’s Trading Post before your trip to learn more about the battle and the Santa Fe Trail.

Explore Pecos Pueblo

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EXHIBIT 9—AREA READER RAIL (DETAIL)

Lift to Listen

Pecos Pueblo remains a living site for the descendants of those who built and lived in it.

RREE TTUU RRNN

Pecos Pueblo has never been forgotten.

—Chris Toya, Jemez Pueblo

FPO

FPO

img

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-9-200 detail, Quote and image TBD quote

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EXHIBIT 9—SUB A PANELS

Scale = 1” = 1’ GL-9-250, GL-9-260 Sub A Panels

GL-9-260

GL-7-310

—A.V. KIDDER

Materials for the study of man’s past are limited, EXPENDABLE.

Once pillaged, a prehistoric site is RUINED for future investigators;

another page has been ripped from the already mutilated volume of history.

AA SSHHAARREEDD

RREESSPPOONNSSIIBBIILLIITTYY

This park is both an outdoor museum and a living landscape. Please do not take or leave anything. We need your help to protect, defend, and respect this place.

Not all visitors have acted respectfully. Some have apologized to us for their poor choices. These letters are just some that the park has received over the years.

GL-9-250

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Artifact Label Placeholder This is a PARAGRAPH taximill acesto et, si ipsus essit quis dolorum rem eos qui dolupti.

GL-9-XX

EXHIBIT 9—ARTIFACT LABELS

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-9-XX, Artifact Labels (placeholder, if needed)

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EXHIBIT 9—SUB B PANELS

Scale = 1” = 1’ GL-9-300, GL-9-310 Sub B Panels

GL-9-300

TTHHEE AANNCCEESSTTOORRSS RREETTUURRNN

Alfred Kidder’s archaeological work focused on collecting and removing material remains, including human remains and objects from burials. Pecos descendants from Jemez Pueblo gathered at this park on May 20, 1999, to welcome their ancestors home again. They had reclaimed more than 2,000 human remains and 1,000 funerary objects removed from Pecos Pueblo—the largest repatriation effort to date— due to the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

GL-9-310

In this repatriation, the people triumphed by coming together.

PETE TOYA, the War Chief at Jemez Pueblo, said, It does not matter if they are Apache, Navajo, Comanche, or Spanish.

If they were taken from Pecos, WE WILL TAKE THEM and

REBURY THEM back at the place where they were taken from.

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EXHIBIT 9—SUB C BROCHURE RACK PANEL

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-9-400 Brochure rack

GL-9-400

WWHHAATT EELLSSEE CCAANN II DDOO??

The Pecos River Valley (and Northern New Mexico more broadly) continues to support a vibrant landscape, as it has for hundreds of years. What will you do next? Where will you go? Consider these opportunities or ask a ranger, volunteer, or other park staffperson for more ideas.

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There is a basic conflict in those heritages... We have inherited that CLASH OF RELIGIONS, but also we have inherited many

BEAUTIFUL TRADITIONS

from both sides. It is who we are.

NICHOLAS HERRERA, made this bulto as an expression of who [he is], a mestizo, with both Spanish and native American blood.

Nicholas Herrera crafted this bulto, a traditional Catholic artwork of painted wood. Titled “Clashing of Religions,” it depicts “the arrival of the Spanish to Pecos Pueblo.” What details do you see?

—NICHOLAS HERRERA, Artist’s Statement

EXHIBIT 9—SUB D READER RAIL

Scale = 6” = 1’ GL-9-500 Bulto Case Reader Rail Graphic

GL-9-500

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EXHIBIT 9—MURAL BAND

Scale = 1” = 1’

GL-9-820GL-9-810

GL-9-810, GL-9-820 Murals

NOTE: EMPTY

SPACE FOR

BULTO CASE

NOTE: WHERE SHOULD

THE IM OF ELSTON YEPA

BE PLACED?