W912C317B0002-TE3-Part4-ManualUniformTrafficControlDevices-.pdf

2009 Edition Page 621

Standard:

22 Mobile operations shall have appropriate devices on the equipment (that is, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, signs, or special lighting), or shall use a separate vehicle with appropriate warning devices.

Option:

23 For mobile operations that move at speeds of less than 3 mph, mobile signs or stationary signing that is periodically retrieved and repositioned in the advance warning area may be used.

Section 6G.03 Location of Work Support:

01 Chapter 6D and Sections 6F.74 and 6G.05 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.

02 The choice of TTC needed for a TTC zone depends upon where the work is located. As a general rule, the closer the work is to road users (including bicyclists and pedestrians), the greater the number of TTC devices that are needed. Procedures are described later in this Chapter for establishing TTC zones in the following locations:

A. Outside the shoulder, B. On the shoulder with no encroachment, C. On the shoulder with minor encroachment, D. Within the median, and E. Within the traveled way.

Standard:

03 When the work space is within the traveled way, except for short-duration and mobile operations, advance warning shall provide a general message that work is taking place and shall supply information about highway conditions. TTC devices shall indicate how vehicular traffic can move through the TTC zone.

Section 6G.04 Modifications To Fulfill Special Needs Support:

01 The typical applications in Chapter 6H illustrate commonly encountered situations in which TTC devices are employed.

Option:

02 Other devices may be added to supplement the devices provided in the typical applications, and device spacing may be adjusted to provide additional reaction time. When conditions are less complex than those depicted in the typical applications, fewer devices may be needed.

Guidance:

03 When conditions are more complex, typical applications should be modified by giving particular attention to the provisions set forth in Chapter 6B and by incorporating appropriate devices and practices from the following list:

A. Additional devices:

1. Signs

2. Arrow boards

3. More channelizing devices at closer spacing (see Section 6F.74 for information regarding detectable edging for pedestrians)

4. Temporary raised pavement markers

5. High-level warning devices

6. Portable changeable message signs

7. Temporary traffic control signals (including pedestrian signals and accessible pedestrian signals)

8. Temporary traffic barriers

9. Crash cushions

10. Screens

11. Rumble strips

12. More delineation

December 2009 Sect. 6G.02 to 6G.04

Page 622 2009 Edition

B. Upgrading of devices:

1. A full complement of standard pavement markings

2. Brighter and/or wider pavement markings

3. Larger and/or brighter signs

4. Channelizing devices with greater conspicuity

5. Temporary traffic barriers in place of channelizing devices C. Improved geometrics at detours or crossovers D. Increased distances:

1. Longer advance warning area

2. Longer tapers E. Lighting:

1. Temporary roadway lighting

2. Steady-burn lights used with channelizing devices

3. Flashing lights for isolated hazards

4. Illuminated signs

5. Floodlights F. Pedestrian routes and temporary facilities G. Bicycle diversions and temporary facilities

Section 6G.05 Work Affecting Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities Support:

01 It is not uncommon, particularly in urban areas, that road work and the associated TTC will affect existing pedestrian or bicycle facilities. It is essential that the needs of all road users, including pedestrians with disabilities, are considered in TTC zones.

02 In addition to specific provisions identified in Sections 6G.06 through 6G.14, there are a number of provisions that might be applicable for all of the types of activities identified in this Chapter.

Guidance:

03 Where pedestrian or bicycle usage is high, the typical applications should be modified by giving particular attention to the provisions set forth in Chapter 6D, this Chapter, Section 6F.74, and in other Sections of Part 6 related to accessibility and detectability provisions in TTC zones.

04 Pedestrians should be separated from the worksite by appropriate devices that maintain the accessibility and detectability for pedestrians with disabilities.

05 Bicyclists and pedestrians should not be exposed to unprotected excavations, open utility access, overhanging equipment, or other such conditions.

06 Except for short duration and mobile operations, when a highway shoulder is occupied, a SHOULDER WORK (W21-5) sign should be placed in advance of the activity area. When work is performed on a paved shoulder 8 feet or more in width, channelizing devices should be placed on a taper having a length that conforms to the requirements of a shoulder taper. Signs should be placed such that they do not narrow any existing pedestrian passages to less than 48 inches.

07 Pedestrian detours should be avoided since pedestrians rarely observe them and the cost of providing accessibility and detectability might outweigh the cost of maintaining a continuous route. Whenever possible, work should be done in a manner that does not create a need to detour pedestrians from existing routes or crossings.

Standard:

08 Where pedestrian routes are closed, alternate pedestrian routes shall be provided.

09 When existing pedestrian facilities are disrupted, closed, or relocated in a TTC zone, the temporary facilities shall be detectable and shall include accessibility features consistent with the features present in the existing pedestrian facility.

Section 6G.06 Work Outside of the Shoulder Support:

01 When work is being performed off the roadway (beyond the shoulders, but within the right-of-way), little or no TTC might be needed. TTC generally is not needed where work is confined to an area 15 feet or more from the edge of the traveled way. However, TTC is appropriate where distracting situations exist, such as vehicles parked on the shoulder, vehicles accessing the worksite via the highway, and equipment traveling on or crossing the roadway to perform the work operations (for example, mowing). For work beyond the shoulder, see Figure 6H-1.

Sect. 6G.04 to 6G.06 December 2009

2009 Edition Page 623

Guidance:

02 Where the situations described in Paragraph 1 exist, a single warning sign, such as ROAD WORK AHEAD

(W20-1), should be used. If the equipment travels on the roadway, the equipment should be equipped with appropriate flags, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, and/or a SLOW MOVING VEHICLE (W21-4) sign.

Option:

03 If work vehicles are on the shoulder, a SHOULDER WORK (W21-5) sign may be used. For mowing operations, the sign MOWING AHEAD (W21-8) may be used.

04 Where the activity is spread out over a distance of more than 2 miles, the SHOULDER WORK (W21-5) sign may be repeated every 1 mile.

05 A supplementary plaque with the message NEXT XX MILES (W7-3aP) may be used.

Guidance:

06 A general warning sign like ROAD MACHINERY AHEAD (W21-3) should be used if workers and equipment must occasionally move onto the shoulder.

Section 6G.07 Work on the Shoulder with No Encroachment Support:

01 The provisions of this Section apply to short-term through long-term stationary operations.

Standard:

02 When paved shoulders having a width of 8 feet or more are closed, at least one advance warning sign shall be used. In addition, channelizing devices shall be used to close the shoulder in advance to delineate the beginning of the work space and direct motor vehicle traffic to remain within the traveled way.

Guidance:

03 When paved shoulders having a width of 8 feet or more are closed on freeways and expressways, road users should be warned about potential disabled vehicles that cannot get off the traveled way. An initial general warning sign, such as ROAD WORK AHEAD (W20-1), should be used, followed by a RIGHT or LEFT SHOULDER CLOSED (W21-5a) sign. Where the downstream end of the shoulder closure extends beyond the distance that can be perceived by road users, a supplementary plaque bearing the message NEXT XX FEET (W16-4P) or MILES (W7-3aP) should be placed below the SHOULDER CLOSED (W21-5a) sign. On multi-lane, divided highways, signs advising of shoulder work or the condition of the shoulder should be placed only on the side of the affected shoulder.

04 When an improved shoulder is closed on a high-speed roadway, it should be treated as a closure of a portion of the road system because road users expect to be able to use it in emergencies. Road users should be given ample advance warning that shoulders are closed for use as refuge areas throughout a specified length of the approaching TTC zone. The sign(s) should read SHOULDER CLOSED (W21-5a) with distances indicated.

The work space on the shoulder should be closed off by a taper or channelizing devices with a length of 1/3 L using the formulas in Tables 6C-3 and 6C-4.

05 When the shoulder is not occupied but work has adversely affected its condition, the LOW SHOULDER (W8-9) or SOFT SHOULDER (W8-4) sign should be used, as appropriate.

06 Where the condition extends over a distance in excess of 1 mile, the sign should be repeated at 1-mile intervals.

Option:

07 In addition, a supplementary plaque bearing the message NEXT XX MILES (W7-3aP) may be used.

Temporary traffic barriers may be needed to inhibit encroachment of errant vehicles into the work space and to protect workers.

Standard:

08 When used for shoulder work, arrow boards shall operate only in the caution mode.

Support:

09 A typical application for stationary work operations on shoulders is shown in Figure 6H-3. Short duration or mobile work on shoulders is shown in Figure 6H-4. Work on freeway shoulders is shown in Figure 6H-5.

December 2009 Sect. 6G.06 to 6G.07

Page 624 2009 Edition

Section 6G.08 Work on the Shoulder with Minor Encroachment Support:

01 Chapter 6D and Sections 6F.74 and 6G.05 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.

Guidance:

02 When work takes up part of a lane, vehicular traffic volumes, vehicle mix (buses, trucks, cars, and bicycles), speed, and capacity should be analyzed to determine whether the affected lane should be closed. Unless the lane encroachment permits a remaining lane width of 10 feet, the lane should be closed.

03 Truck off-tracking should be considered when determining whether the minimum lane width of 10 feet is adequate.

Option:

04 A lane width of 9 feet may be used for short-term stationary work on low-volume, low-speed roadways when vehicular traffic does not include longer and wider heavy commercial vehicles.

Support:

05 Figure 6H-6 illustrates a method for handling vehicular traffic where the stationary or short duration work space encroaches slightly into the traveled way.

Section 6G.09 Work Within the Median Support:

01 Chapter 6D and Sections 6F.74 and 6G.05 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.

Guidance:

02 If work in the median of a divided highway is within 15 feet from the edge of the traveled way for either direction of travel, TTC should be used through the use of advance warning signs and channelizing devices.

Section 6G.10 Work Within the Traveled Way of a Two-Lane Highway Support:

01 Chapter 6D and Sections 6F.74 and 6G.05 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.

02 Detour signs are used to direct road users onto another roadway. At diversions, road users are directed onto a temporary roadway or alignment placed within or adjacent to the right-of-way. Typical applications for detouring or diverting road users on two-lane highways are shown in Figures 6H-7, 6H-8, and 6H-9. Figure 6H-7 illustrates the controls around an area where a section of roadway has been closed and a diversion has been constructed.

Channelizing devices and pavement markings are used to indicate the transition to the temporary roadway.

Guidance:

03 When a detour is long, Detour (M4-8, M4-9) signs should be installed to remind and reassure road users periodically that they are still successfully following the detour.

04 When an entire roadway is closed, as illustrated in Figure 6H-8, a detour should be provided and road users should be warned in advance of the closure, which in this example is a closure 10 miles from the intersection. If local road users are allowed to use the roadway up to the closure, the ROAD CLOSED AHEAD, LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY (R11-3a) sign should be used. The portion of the road open to local road users should have adequate signing, marking, and delineation.

05 Detours should be signed so that road users will be able to traverse the entire detour route and back to the original roadway as shown in Figure 6H-9.

Support:

06 Techniques for controlling vehicular traffic under one-lane, two-way conditions are described in Section 6C.10.

Option:

07 Flaggers may be used as shown in Figure 6H-10.

08 STOP/YIELD sign control may be used on roads with low traffic volumes as shown in Figure 6H-11.

09 A temporary traffic control signal may be used as shown in Figure 6H-12.

Sect. 6G.08 to 6G.10 December 2009

2009 Edition Page 625

Section 6G.11 Work Within the Traveled Way of an Urban Street Support:

01 Chapter 6D and Sections 6F.74 and 6G.05 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.

02 In urban TTC zones, decisions are needed on how to control vehicular traffic, such as how many lanes are required, whether any turns need to be prohibited at intersections, and how to maintain access to business, industrial, and residential areas.

03 Pedestrian traffic needs separate attention. Chapter 6D contains information regarding pedestrian movements near TTC zones.

Standard:

04 If the TTC zone affects the movement of bicyclists, adequate access to the roadway or shared-use paths shall be provided (see Part 9).

05 Where transit stops are affected or relocated because of work activity, both pedestrian and vehicular access to the affected or relocated transit stops shall be provided.

Guidance:

06 If a designated bicycle route is closed because of the work being done, a signed alternate route should be provided. Bicyclists should not be directed onto the path used by pedestrians.

07 Worksites within the intersection should be protected against inadvertent pedestrian incursion by providing detectable channelizing devices.

Support:

08 Utility work takes place both within and outside the roadway to construct and maintain services such as power, gas, light, water, or telecommunications. Operations often involve intersections, since that is where many of the network junctions occur. The work force is usually small, only a few vehicles are involved, and the number and types of TTC devices placed in the TTC zone is usually minimal.

Standard:

09 All TTC devices shall be retroreflective or illuminated if utility work is performed during nighttime hours.

Guidance:

10 As discussed under short-duration projects, however, the reduced number of devices in utility work zones should be offset by the use of high-visibility devices, such as high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on work vehicles or high-level warning devices.

Support:

11 Figures 6H-6, 6H-10, 6H-15, 6H-18, 6H-21, 6H-22, 6H-23, 6H-26, and 6H-33 are examples of typical applications for utility operations. Other typical applications might apply as well.

Section 6G.12 Work Within the Traveled Way of a Multi-Lane, Non-Access Controlled Highway Support:

01 Chapter 6D and Sections 6F.74 and 6G.05 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.

02 Work on multi-lane (two or more lanes of moving motor vehicle traffic in one direction) highways is divided into right-lane closures, left-lane closures, interior-lane closures, multiple-lane closures, and closures on five-lane roadways.

Standard:

03 When a lane is closed on a multi-lane road for other than a mobile operation, a transition area containing a merging taper shall be used.

Guidance:

04 When justified by an engineering study, temporary traffic barriers (see Section 6F.70) should be used to prevent incursions of errant vehicles into hazardous areas or work space.

Support:

05 Figure 6H-34 illustrates a lane closure in which temporary traffic barriers are used.

Option:

06 When the right lane is closed, TTC similar to that shown in Figure 6H-33 may be used for undivided or divided four-lane roads.

December 2009 Sect. 6G.11 to 6G.12

Page 626 2009 Edition

07 If morning and evening peak hour vehicular traffic volumes in the two directions are uneven and the greater volume is on the side where the work is being done in the right-hand lane, consideration should be given to closing the inside lane for opposing vehicular traffic and making the lane available to the side with heavier vehicular traffic, as shown in Figure 6H-31.

08 If the larger vehicular traffic volume changes to the opposite direction at a different time of the day, the TTC should be changed to allow two lanes for opposing vehicular traffic by moving the devices from the opposing lane to the center line. When it is necessary to create a temporary center line that is not consistent with the pavement markings, channelizing devices should be used and closely spaced.

Option:

09 When closing a left lane on a multi-lane undivided road, as vehicular traffic flow permits, the two interior lanes may be closed, as shown in Figure 6H-30, to provide drivers and workers additional lateral clearance and to provide access to the work space.

Standard:

10 When only the left lane is closed on undivided roads, channelizing devices shall be placed along the center line as well as along the adjacent lane.

Guidance:

11 When an interior lane is closed, an adjacent lane should also be considered for closure to provide additional space for vehicles and materials and to facilitate the movement of equipment within the work space.

12 When multiple lanes in one direction are closed, a capacity analysis should be made to determine the number of lanes needed to accommodate motor vehicle traffic needs. Vehicular traffic should be moved over one lane at a time. As shown in Figure 6H-37, the tapers should be separated by a distance of 2L, with L being determined by the formulas in Tables 6C-3 and 6C-4.

Option:

13 If operating speeds are 40 mph or less and the space approaching the work area does not permit moving traffic over one lane at a time, a single continuous taper may be used.

Standard:

14 When a directional roadway is closed, inapplicable WRONG WAY signs and markings, and other existing traffic control devices at intersections within the temporary two-lane, two-way operations section shall be covered, removed, or obliterated.

Option:

15 When half the road is closed on an undivided highway, both directions of vehicular traffic may be accommodated as shown in Figure 6H-32. When both interior lanes are closed, temporary traffic controls may be used as provided in Figure 6H-30. When a roadway must be closed on a divided highway, a median crossover may be used (see Section 6G.16).

Support:

16 TTC for lane closures on five-lane roads is similar to other multi-lane undivided roads. Figure 6H-32 can be adapted for use on five-lane roads. Figure 6H-35 can be used on a five-lane road for short duration and mobile operations.

Section 6G.13 Work Within the Traveled Way at an Intersection Support:

01 Chapter 6D and Sections 6F.74 and 6G.05 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.

02 The typical applications for intersections are classified according to the location of the work space with respect to the intersection area (as defined by the extension of the curb or edge lines). The three classifications are near side, far side, and in-the-intersection. Work spaces often extend into more than one portion of the intersection.

For example, work in one quadrant often creates a near-side work space on one street and a far-side work space on the cross street. In such instances, an appropriate TTC plan is obtained by combining features shown in two or more of the intersection and pedestrian typical applications.

03 TTC zones in the vicinity of intersections might block movements and interfere with normal road user flows.

Such conflicts frequently occur at more complex signalized intersections having such features as traffic signal heads over particular lanes, lanes allocated to specific movements, multiple signal phases, signal detectors for actuated control, and accessible pedestrian signals and detectors.

Sect. 6G.12 to 6G.13 December 2009

2009 Edition Page 627

04 The effect of the work upon signal operation should be considered, and temporary corrective actions should be taken, if necessary, such as revising signal phasing and/or timing to provide adequate capacity, maintaining or adjusting signal detectors, and relocating signal heads to provide adequate visibility as described in Part 4.

Standard:

05 When work will occur near an intersection where operational, capacity, or pedestrian accessibility problems are anticipated, the highway agency having jurisdiction shall be contacted.

Guidance:

06 For work at an intersection, advance warning signs, devices, and markings should be used on all cross streets, as appropriate. The typical applications depict urban intersections on arterial streets. Where the posted speed limit, the off-peak 85th-percentile speed prior to the work starting, or the anticipated speed exceeds 40 mph, additional warning signs should be used in the advance warning area.

07 Pedestrian crossings near TTC sites should be separated from the worksite by appropriate barriers that maintain the accessibility and detectability for pedestrians with disabilities.

Support:

08 Near-side work spaces, as depicted in Figure 6H-21, are simply handled as a midblock lane closure. A problem that might occur with near-side lane closure is a reduction in capacity, which during certain hours of operation could result in congestion and backups.

Option:

09 When near-side work spaces are used, an exclusive turn lane may be used for through vehicular traffic.

10 Where space is restricted in advance of near-side work spaces, as with short block spacings, two warning signs may be used in the advance warning area, and a third action-type warning or a regulatory sign (such as Keep Left) may be placed within the transition area.

Support:

11 Far-side work spaces, as depicted in Figures 6H-22 through 6H-25, involve additional treatment because road users typically enter the activity area by straight-through and left- or right-turning movements.

Guidance:

12 When a lane through an intersection must be closed on the far side, it should also be closed on the near-side approach to preclude merging movements within the intersection.

Option:

13 If there are a significant number of vehicles turning from a near-side lane that is closed on the far side, the near-side lane may be converted to an exclusive turn lane.

Support:

14 Figures 6H-26 and 6H-27 provide guidance on applicable procedures for work performed within the intersection.

Option:

15 If the work is within the intersection, any of the following strategies may be used:

A. A small work space so that road users can move around it, as shown in Figure 6H-26;

B. Flaggers or uniformed law enforcement officers to direct road users, as shown in Figure 6H-27;

C. Work in stages so the work space is kept to a minimum; and D. Road closures or upstream diversions to reduce road user volumes.

Guidance:

16 Depending on road user conditions, a flagger(s) and/or a uniformed law enforcement officer(s) should be used to control road users.

Section 6G.14 Work Within the Traveled Way of a Freeway or Expressway Support:

01 Problems of TTC might occur under the special conditions encountered where vehicular traffic must be moved through or around TTC zones on high-speed, high-volume roadways. Although the general principles outlined in the previous Sections of this Manual are applicable to all types of highways, high-speed, access-controlled highways need special attention in order to accommodate vehicular traffic while also protecting road users and workers. The road user volumes, road vehicle mix (buses, trucks, cars, and bicycles, if permitted), and speed of vehicles on these facilities require that careful TTC procedures be implemented, for example, to induce critical merging maneuvers well in advance of work spaces and in a manner that creates minimum turbulence and December 2009 Sect. 6G.13 to 6G.14

Page 628 2009 Edition delay in the vehicular traffic stream. These situations often require more conspicuous devices than specified for normal rural highway or urban street use. However, the same important basic considerations of uniformity and standardization of general principles apply for all roadways.

02 Work under high-speed, high-volume vehicular traffic on a controlled access highway is complicated by the roadway design and operational features. The presence of a median that establishes separate roadways for directional vehicular traffic flow might prohibit the closing of one of the roadways or the diverting of vehicular traffic to the other roadway. Lack of access to and from adjacent roadways prohibits rerouting of vehicular traffic away from the work space in many cases. Other conditions exist where work must be limited to night hours, thereby necessitating increased use of warning lights, illumination of work spaces, and advance warning systems.

03 TTC for a typical lane closure on a divided highway is shown in Figure 6H-33. Temporary traffic controls for short duration and mobile operations on freeways are shown in Figure 6H-35. A typical application for shifting vehicular traffic lanes around a work space is shown in Figure 6H-36. TTC for multiple and interior lane closures on a freeway is shown in Figures 6H-37 and 6H-38.

Guidance:

04 The method for closing an interior lane when the open lanes have the capacity to carry vehicular traffic should be as shown in Figure 6H-37. When the capacity of the other lanes is needed, the method shown in Figure 6H-38 should be used.

Section 6G.15 Two-Lane, Two-Way Traffic on One Roadway of a Normally Divided Highway Support:

01 Two-lane, two-way operation on one roadway of a normally divided highway is a typical procedure that requires special consideration in the planning, design, and work phases, because unique operational problems (for example, increasing the risk of head-on crashes) can arise with the two-lane, two-way operation.

Standard:

02 When two-lane, two-way traffic control must be maintained on one roadway of a normally divided highway, opposing vehicular traffic shall be separated with either temporary traffic barriers (concrete safety-shape or approved alternate), channelizing devices, or a temporary raised island throughout the length of the two-way operation. The use of markings and complementary signing, by themselves, shall not be used.

Support:

03 Figure 6H-39 shows the procedure for two-lane, two-way operation. Treatments for entrance and exit ramps within the two-way roadway segment of this type of work are shown in Figures 6H-40 and 6H-41.

Section 6G.16 Crossovers Guidance:

01 The following are considered good guiding principles for the design of crossovers:

A. Tapers for lane drops should be separated from the crossovers, as shown in Figure 6H-39.

B. Crossovers should be designed for speeds no lower than 10 mph below the posted speed, the off-peak

85th-percentile speed prior to the work starting, or the anticipated operating speed of the roadway, unless unusual site conditions require that a lower design speed be used.

C. A good array of channelizing devices, delineators, and full-length, properly placed pavement markings should be used to provide drivers with a clearly defined travel path.

D. The design of the crossover should accommodate all vehicular traffic, including trucks and buses.

Support:

02 Temporary traffic barriers and the excessive use of TTC devices cannot compensate for poor geometric and roadway cross-section design of crossovers.

Section 6G.17 Interchanges Guidance:

01 Access to interchange ramps on limited-access highways should be maintained even if the work space is in the lane adjacent to the ramps. Access to exit ramps should be clearly marked and delineated with channelizing devices. For long-term projects, conflicting pavement markings should be removed and new ones placed. Early coordination with officials having jurisdiction over the affected cross streets and providing emergency services should occur before ramp closings.

Sect. 6G.14 to 6G.17 December 2009

2009 Edition Page 629

Option:

02 If access is not possible, ramps may be closed by using signs and Type 3 Barricades. As the work space changes, the access area may be changed, as shown in Figure 6H-42. A TTC zone in the exit ramp may be handled as shown in Figure 6H-43.

03 When a work space interferes with an entrance ramp, a lane may need to be closed on the freeway (see Figure 6H-44). A TTC zone in the entrance ramp may require shifting ramp vehicular traffic (see Figure 6H-44).

Section 6G.18 Work in the Vicinity of a Grade Crossing Standard:

01 When grade crossings exist either within or in the vicinity of a TTC zone, lane restrictions, flagging, or other operations shall not create conditions where vehicles can be queued across the tracks. If the queuing of vehicles across the tracks cannot be avoided, a uniformed law enforcement officer or flagger shall be provided at the crossing to prevent vehicles from stopping on the tracks, even if automatic warning devices are in place.

Support:

02 Figure 6H-46 shows work in the vicinity of a grade crossing.

03 Section 8A.08 contains additional information regarding temporary traffic control zones in the vicinity of grade crossings.

Guidance:

04 Early coordination with the railroad company or light rail transit agency should occur before work starts.

Section 6G.19 Temporary Traffic Control During Nighttime Hours Support:

01 Chapter 6D and Sections 6F.74 and 6G.05 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.

02 Conducting highway construction and maintenance activities during night hours could provide an advantage when traditional daytime traffic control strategies cannot achieve an acceptable balance between worker and public safety, traffic and community impact, and constructability. The two basic advantages of working at night are reduced traffic congestion and less involvement with business activities. However, the two basic conditions that must normally be met for night work to offer any advantage are reduced traffic volumes and easy set up and removal of the traffic control patterns on a nightly basis.

03 Shifting work activities to night hours, when traffic volumes are lower and normal business is less active, might offer an advantage in some cases, as long as the necessary work can be completed and the worksite restored to essentially normal operating conditions to carry the higher traffic volume during non-construction hours.

04 Although working at night might offer advantages, it also includes safety issues. Reduced visibility inherent in night work impacts the performance of both drivers and workers. Because traffic volumes are lower and congestion is minimized, speeds are often higher at night necessitating greater visibility at a time when visibility is reduced. Finally, the incidence of impaired (alcohol or drugs), fatigued, or drowsy drivers might be higher at night.

05 Working at night also involves other factors, including construction productivity and quality, social impacts, economics, and environmental issues. A decision to perform construction or maintenance activities at night normally involves some consideration of the advantages to be gained compared to the safety and other issues that might be impacted.

Guidance:

06 Considering the safety issues inherent to night work, consideration should be given to enhancing traffic controls (see Section 6G.04) to provide added visibility and driver guidance, and increased protection for workers.

07 In addition to the enhancements listed in Section 6G.04, consideration should be given to providing additional lights and retroreflective markings to workers, work vehicles, and equipment.

Option:

08 Where reduced traffic volumes at night make it feasible, the entire roadway may be closed by detouring traffic to alternate facilities, thus removing the traffic risk from the activity area.

Guidance:

09 Consideration should be given to stationing uniformed law enforcement officers and lighted patrol cars at night work locations where there is a concern that high speeds or impaired drivers might result in undue risks for workers or other drivers.

December 2009 Sect. 6G.17 to 6G.19

Page 630 2009 Edition

Standard:

10 Except in emergencies, temporary lighting shall be provided at all flagger stations.

Support:

11 Desired illumination levels vary depending upon the nature of the task involved. An average horizontal luminance of 5 foot candles can be adequate for general activities. An average horizontal luminance of 10 foot candles can be adequate for activities around equipment. Tasks requiring high levels of precision and extreme care can require an average horizontal luminance of 20 foot candles.

Sect. 6G.19 December 2009

2009 Edition Page 631

CHAPTER 6H. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

Section 6H.01 Typical Applications Support:

01 Chapter 6G contains discussions of typical TTC activities. This Chapter presents typical applications for a variety of situations commonly encountered. While not every situation is addressed, the information illustrated can generally be adapted to a broad range of conditions. In many instances, an appropriate TTC plan is achieved by combining features from various typical applications. For example, work at an intersection might present a near-side work zone for one street and a far-side work zone for the other street. These treatments are found in two different typical applications, while a third typical application shows how to handle pedestrian crosswalk closures.

For convenience in using the typical application diagrams, Tables 6C-1 and 6C-4 are reproduced in this Chapter as Tables 6H-3 and 6H-4, respectively.

02 Procedures for establishing TTC zones vary with such conditions as road configuration, location of the work, work activity, duration of work, road user volumes, road vehicle mix (buses, trucks, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles), and road user speeds.

03 In general, the procedures illustrated represent minimum solutions for the situations depicted. Except for the notes (which are clearly classified using headings as being Standard, Guidance, Option, or Support), the information presented in the typical applications can generally be regarded as Guidance.

Option:

04 Other devices may be added to supplement the devices and device spacing may be adjusted to provide additional reaction time or delineation. Fewer devices may be used based on field conditions.

Support:

05 Figures and tables found throughout Part 6 provide information for the development of TTC plans. Also, Table 6H-3 is used for the determination of sign spacing and other dimensions for various area and roadway types.

06 Table 6H-1 is an index of the 46 typical applications. Typical applications are shown on the right-hand page with notes on the facing page to the left. The legend for the symbols used in the typical applications is provided in Table 6H-2. In many of the typical applications, sign spacings and other dimensions are indicated by letters using the criteria provided in Table 6H-3. The formulas for determining taper lengths are provided in Table 6H-4.

07 Most of the typical applications show TTC devices for only one direction.

December 2009 Sect. 6H.01

Page 632 2009 Edition

Typical Application Description Typical Application Number

Work Outside of the Shoulder (see Section 6G.06)

Work Beyond the Shoulder TA-1

Blasting Zone TA-2

Work on the Shoulder (see Sections 6G.07 and 6G.08)

Work on the Shoulders TA-3

Short Duration or Mobile Operation on a Shoulder TA-4

Shoulder Closure on a Freeway TA-5

Shoulder Work with Minor Encroachment TA-6

Work Within the Traveled Way of a Two-Lane Highway (see Section 6G.10)

Road Closed with a Diversion TA-7

Roads Closed with an Off-Site Detour TA-8

Overlapping Routes with a Detour TA-9

Lane Closure on a Two-Lane Road Using Flaggers TA-10

Lane Closure on a Two-Lane Road with Low Traffic Volumes TA-11

Lane Closure on a Two-Lane Road Using Traffic Control Signals TA-12

Temporary Road Closure TA-13

Haul Road Crossing TA-14

Work in the Center of a Road with Low Traffic Volumes TA-15

Surveying Along the Center Line of a Road with Low Traffic Volumes TA-16

Mobile Operations on a Two-Lane Road TA-17

Work Within the Traveled Way of an Urban Street (see Section 6G.11)

Lane Closure on a Minor Street TA-18

Detour for One Travel Direction TA-19

Detour for a Closed Street TA-20

Work Within the Traveled Way at an Intersection and on Sidewalks (see Section 6G.13)

Lane Closure on the Near Side of an Intersection TA-21

Right-Hand Lane Closure on the Far Side of an Intersection TA-22

Left-Hand Lane Closure on the Far Side of an Intersection TA-23

Half Road Closure on the Far Side of an Intersection TA-24

Multiple Lane Closures at an Intersection TA-25

Closure in the Center of an Intersection TA-26

Closure at the Side of an Intersection TA-27

Sidewalk Detour or Diversion TA-28

Crosswalk Closures and Pedestrian Detours TA-29

Work Within the Traveled Way of a Multi-Lane, Non-Access Controlled Highway (see Section 6G.12)

Interior Lane Closure on a Multi-Lane Street TA-30

Lane Closure on a Street with Uneven Directional Volumes TA-31

Half Road Closure on a Multi-Lane, High-Speed Highway TA-32

Stationary Lane Closure on a Divided Highway TA-33

Lane Closure with a Temporary Traffic Barrier TA-34

Mobile Operation on a Multi-Lane Road TA-35

Work Within the Traveled Way of a Freeway or Expressway (see Section 6G.14)

Lane Shift on a Freeway TA-36

Double Lane Closure on a Freeway TA-37

Interior Lane Closure on a Freeway TA-38

Median Crossover on a Freeway TA-39

Median Crossover for an Entrance Ramp TA-40

Median Crossover for an Exit Ramp TA-41

Work in the Vicinity of an Exit Ramp TA-42

Partial Exit Ramp Closure TA-43

Work in the Vicinity of an Entrance Ramp TA-44

Temporary Reversible Lane Using Movable Barriers TA-45

Work in the Vicinity of a Grade Crossing (see Section 6G.18)

Work in the Vicinity of a Grade Crossing TA-46

Table 6H-1. Index to Typical Applications

Sect. 6H.01 December 2009

2009 Edition Page 633

Table 6H-2. Meaning of Symbols on Typical Application Diagrams

Type 3 barricade

Truck-mounted attenuator

Traffic or pedestrian signal

Surveyor

Temporary barrier with warning light

Temporary barrier

Sign (shown facing left)

Warning light

Work space

Shadow vehicle

Work vehicle

Luminaire

Pavement markings that should be removed for a long-term project

Changeable message sign or support trailer

Arrow board

Channelizing device

Arrow board support or trailer (shown facing down)

Direction of temporary traffic detour

Crash cushion

Direction of traffic

High-level warning device (Flag tree)

Flagger

Longitudinal channelizing device

Table 6H-3. Meaning of Letter Codes on Typical Application Diagrams

Road Type Distance Between Signs**

A B C

Urban (low speed)* 100 feet 100 feet 100 feet

Urban (high speed)* 350 feet 350 feet 350 feet

Rural 500 feet 500 feet 500 feet

Expressway / Freeway 1,000 feet 1,500 feet 2,640 feet

* Speed category to be determined by highway agency

** The column headings A, B, and C are the dimensions shown in Figures 6H-1 through 6H-46. The A dimension is the distance from the transition or point of restriction to the first sign. The B dimension is the distance between the first and second signs. The C dimension is the distance between the second and third signs. (The “first sign” is the sign in a three-sign series that is closest to the TTC zone. The “third sign” is the sign that is furthest upstream from the TTC zone.)

Table 6H-4. Formulas for Determining Taper Length

Speed (S) Taper Length (L) in feet

40 mph or less L =

WS2

45 mph or more L = WS

Where: L = taper length in feet W = width of offset in feet S = posted speed limit, or off-peak 85th-percentile speed prior to work starting, or the anticipated operating speed in mph

Page 634 2009 Edition

Notes for Figure 6H-1—Typical Application 1 Work Beyond the Shoulder

Guidance:

1. If the work space is in the median of a divided highway, an advance warning sign should also be placed on the left side of the directional roadway.

Option:

2. The ROAD WORK AHEAD sign may be replaced with other appropriate signs such as the SHOULDER

WORK sign. The SHOULDER WORK sign may be used for work adjacent to the shoulder.

3. The ROAD WORK AHEAD sign may be omitted where the work space is behind a barrier, more than

24 inches behind the curb, or 15 feet or more from the edge of any roadway.

4. For short-term, short duration or mobile operation, all signs and channelizing devices may be eliminated if a vehicle with activated high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights is used.

5. Vehicle hazard warning signals may be used to supplement high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

Standard:

6. Vehicle hazard warning signals shall not be used instead of the vehicle’s high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

2009 Edition Page 635

Note: See Tables 6H-2 and 6H-3 for the meaning of the symbols and/or letter codes used in this figure.

Typical Application 1

Figure 6H-1. Work Beyond the Shoulder (TA-1)

Page 636 2009 Edition

Notes for Figure 6H-2—Typical Application 2 Blasting Zone

Standard:

1. Whenever blasting caps are used within 1,000 feet of a roadway, the signing shown shall be used.

2. The signs shall be covered or removed when there are no explosives in the area or the area is otherwise secure.

3. Whenever a side road intersects the roadway between the BLASTING ZONE AHEAD sign and the

END BLASTING ZONE sign, or a side road is within 1,000 feet of any blasting cap, similar signing, as on the mainline, shall be installed on the side road.

4. Prior to blasting, the blaster in charge shall determine whether road users in the blasting zone will be endangered by the blasting operation. If there is danger, road users shall not be permitted to pass through the blasting zone during blasting operations.

Guidance:

5. On a divided highway, the signs should be mounted on both sides of the directional roadways.

2009 Edition Page 637

Typical Application 2

Note: = Blasting cap

See Tables 6H-2 and 6H-3 for the meaning of the symbols and/or letter codes used in this figure.

300 to 500 ft

300 to 500 ft

1,000 ft

1,000 ft MIN.

1,000 ft or less

Blasting zone

1,000 ft

MIN.

300 to 500 ft

Blasting area

Figure 6H-2. Blasting Zone (TA-2)

Page 638 2009 Edition

Notes for Figure 6H-3—Typical Application 3 Work on the Shoulders

Guidance:

1. A SHOULDER WORK sign should be placed on the left side of the roadway for a divided or one-way street only if the left shoulder is affected.

Option:

2. The Workers symbol signs may be used instead of SHOULDER WORK signs.

3. The SHOULDER WORK AHEAD sign on an intersecting roadway may be omitted where drivers emerging from that roadway will encounter another advance warning sign prior to this activity area.

4. For short duration operations of 60 minutes or less, all signs and channelizing devices may be eliminated if a vehicle with activated high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights is used.

5. Vehicle hazard warning signals may be used to supplement high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

Standard:

6. Vehicle hazard warning signals shall not be used instead of the vehicle’s high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

7. When paved shoulders having a width of 8 feet or more are closed, at least one advance warning sign shall be used. In addition, channelizing devices shall be used to close the shoulder in advance to delineate the beginning of the work space and direct vehicular traffic to remain within the traveled way.

2009 Edition Page 639

Shoulder taper (see Note 7)

Note: See Tables 6H-2 and 6H-3 for the meaning of the symbols and/or letter codes used in this figure.

Typical Application 3

1/3 L

A

Shoulder taper (see Note 7)

1/3 L

A

B

Shoulder taper (see Note 7)

1/3 L

A

Figure 6H-3. Work on the Shoulders (TA-3)

Page 640 2009 Edition

Notes for Figure 6H-4—Typical Application 4 Short Duration or Mobile Operation on a Shoulder

Guidance:

1. In those situations where multiple work locations within a limited distance make it practical to place stationary signs, the distance between the advance warning sign and the work should not exceed 5 miles.

2. In those situations where the distance between the advance signs and the work is 2 miles to 5 miles, a Supplemental Distance plaque should be used with the ROAD WORK AHEAD sign.

Option:

3. The ROAD WORK NEXT XX MILES sign may be used instead of the ROAD WORK AHEAD sign if the work locations occur over a distance of more than 2 miles.

4. Stationary warning signs may be omitted for short duration or mobile operations if the work vehicle displays high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

5. Vehicle hazard warning signals may be used to supplement high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

Standard:

6. Vehicle hazard warning signals shall not be used instead of the vehicle’s high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

7. If an arrow board is used for an operation on the shoulder, the caution mode shall be used.

8. Vehicle-mounted signs shall be mounted in a manner such that they are not obscured by equipment or supplies. Sign legends on vehicle-mounted signs shall be covered or turned from view when work is not in progress.

2009 Edition Page 641

Note: See Tables 6H-2 and 6H-3 for the meaning of the symbols and/or letter codes used in this figure.

Typical Application 39

(optional)

(optional)

See Note 1

Typical Application 4

Shadow vehicle

Work vehicle

Truck-mounted attenuator (optional)

Figure 6H-4. Short-Duration or Mobile Operation on a Shoulder (TA-4)

Page 642 2009 Edition

Notes for Figure 6H-5—Typical Application 5 Shoulder Closure on a Freeway

Guidance:

1. SHOULDER CLOSED signs should be used on limited-access highways where there is no opportunity for disabled vehicles to pull off the roadway.

2. If drivers cannot see a pull-off area beyond the closed shoulder, information regarding the length of the shoulder closure should be provided in feet or miles, as appropriate.

3. The use of a temporary traffic barrier should be based on engineering judgment.

Standard:

4. Temporary traffic barriers, if used, shall comply with the provisions of Section 6F.85.

Option:

5. The barrier shown in this typical application is an example of one method that may be used to close a shoulder of a long-term project.

6. The warning lights shown on the barrier may be used.

2009 Edition Page 643

Crash cushion

6H-3 for the meaning of the symbols and/or letter codes used in this figure.

Typical Application 5

500 ft

Barrier and lights (optional)

1/3 L

A

B

Figure 6H-5. Shoulder Closure on a Freeway (TA-5)

Page 644 2009 Edition

Notes for Figure 6H-6—Typical Application 6 Shoulder Work with Minor Encroachment

Guidance:

1. All lanes should be a minimum of 10 feet in width as measured to the near face of the channelizing devices.

2. The treatment shown should be used on a minor road having low speeds. For higher-speed traffic conditions, a lane closure should be used.

Option:

3. For short-term use on low-volume, low-speed roadways with vehicular traffic that does not include longer and wider heavy commercial vehicles, a minimum lane width of 9 feet may be used.

4. Where the opposite shoulder is suitable for carrying vehicular traffic and of adequate width, lanes may be shifted by use of closely-spaced channelizing devices, provided that the minimum lane width of 10 feet is maintained.

5. Additional advance warning may be appropriate, such as a ROAD NARROWS sign.

6. Temporary traffic barriers may be used along the work space.

7. The shadow vehicle may be omitted if a taper and channelizing devices are used.

8. A truck-mounted attenuator may be used on the shadow vehicle.

9. For short-duration work, the taper and channelizing devices may be omitted if a shadow vehicle with activated high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights is used.

10. Vehicle hazard warning signals may be used to supplement high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

Standard:

11. Vehicle-mounted signs shall be mounted in a manner such that they are not obscured by equipment or supplies. Sign legends on vehicle-mounted signs shall be covered or turned from view when work is not in progress.

12. Shadow and work vehicles shall display high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

13. Vehicle hazard warning signals shall not be used instead of the vehicle’s high-intensity rotating, 2009 Edition Page 645

Buffer space (optional)

Note: See Tables 6H-2 and 6H-3 for the meaning of the symbols and/or letter codes used in this figure.

Typical Application 6

Truck-mounted attenuator (optional)

A

A

1/3 L

Work vehicle

Figure 6H-6. Shoulder Work with Minor Encroachment (TA-6)

10 ft

MIN.

Page 646 2009 Edition

Notes for Figure 6H-7—Typical Application 7 Road Closure with a Diversion

Support:

1. Signs and object markers are shown for one direction of travel only.

Standard:

2. Devices similar to those depicted shall be placed for the opposite direction of travel.

3. Pavement markings no longer applicable to the traffic pattern of the roadway shall be removed or obliterated before any new traffic patterns…