TE-9_MCTP_Role_Player.pdf

Mission Command Training Program (MCTP) Interagency, intergovernmental and Multinational (IIM)/Unified Action Partner (UAP) Role Player Justification for FY 17-21

23 January 2015

1. This document provides MCTP's analysis of the requirements necessary to replicate the IIM/UAP (see Paragraph 20 below or refer to Reference a. in paragraph 2 below) environment for Decisive Action Training Environment (DATE) exercise scenarios in its Warfighter Exercises (WFXs), Mission Command Training (MCT), the Mission Command Training Interagency Training Exercise (MCT IATX) and Exercise Life Cycle (ELC) Planning Events for the 2017-2021 timeframe and for inclusion of those requirements in the Program Operating Memorandum (POM) 17-21 submission. Selected references that mandate the IIM/UAP environment in MCTP exercises and justify the use of role players are listed below.

2, REFERENCES:

a. CJCS Notice 3500.01, 2014-2017 Joint Training Guidance, 10 October 2013

b. AR 350-1, Army Training and Leader Development, 19 Sep 2014

c. ADRP 1-02, Terms and Military Symbols, 24 Sep 2013

d. ADRP 3-0, Unified Land Operations, 16 May 2012

e. ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process, 17 May 2012

f. ADRP 6-0, Mission Command, C2, 28 Mar 2014

g. ADRP 7-0, Training Units and Developing Leaders, 23 August 2012

h. Army Strategic Planning Guidance (ASPG) 2014

i. The Army Training Strategy, 3 October 2012

j. Detailed Minutes of Tasks, Chief of Staff, Army (CSA) MCTP Huddle, 26 Jul 12

k. Minutes and Taskings from CSA CTC Huddle #10, 7 Feb 13

l. Minutes and Taskings from CSA CTC Huddle #12, 10 April 2014

m. FORSCOM FY 15 Command Training Guidance, 11 April 2014

n. FORSCOM Reg. 350-1, Training in FORSCOM Units, 15 July 2014

o. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1, The Army Operating Concept, 7 October 2014

p. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-8-5, The US Army Functional Concept for Engagement, 24 Feb 2014

q. TRADOC Strategic Plan, 2014

3. The MCTP Interagency Team (MCTP IA) of Operations Group X-Ray (OG X), Scenario Design Division (SDD), in conjunction with (ICW) designated MCTP Operations Groups (OGs), trains Army, Joint and Multinational Training Audiences (TAs) in mission command in support of Unified Land Operations (ULO) in a simulated combat Decisive Action Training Environment (DATE). The effort focuses the TA’s training within the context of the overarching exercise where US Army, Joint and Multinational forces have been deployed into a landlocked, friendly foreign country in the Caspian Sea area (Atropia – modeled on Azerbaijan) with a functioning, but degraded government, and degraded military, security and infrastructure and social systems, in order to assist the foreign government in repelling an invader. This represents a change from previous efforts that focused training on counterinsurgency (COIN) and Stability Operations as in OEF/OIF, where Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) and associated organizations at a Provincial level were the primary focus.

4. Through examination of observations, insights and lessons of nearly 14 years of continuous combat operations and considering many successful operations throughout history, MCTP IA has determined that to be successful in future operations, Senior military commanders and staffs, on entry into a Theater of Operations in order to secure the political-military environment that sets the stage for successful operations, must rapidly assess what IIM/UAP organizations are present, how effective and efficient they are and decide how best to work with these myriad organizations, developing a collection of organizations that, under a lead agency (if available), generates unity of effort and purpose. This allows US, Partner and Coalition combat forces to orient on their main task, that of defeating and removing the military and security threat posed by enemy forces and other enemy capabilities and activities. All Army Combat Training Centers (CTCs) and MCTP in particular have been directed to replicate the JIIM/UAP training

Example environment for units, commanders and staffs, as realistically as possible. MCTP IA is the lead agent for developing this replication and in keeping with guidance in the above references, employs role players with special skills, experience and expertise, as described below. Uniformed service personnel and DA/DOD civilians organic to MCTP and the Army at large do not have the special skills, experience and expertise to serve as specialized role players (as explained below), thus, the role players must be contracted.

5. The US Interagency (US Government Departments and Agencies) and its in-country subset in the US Embassy “Country Team” (See Para. 20) are the gateway to the IIM/UAP dimension in the Theater of Operations. The IIM/UAP dimension includes International Governmental Organizations – IGOs such as the United Nations (UN), INTERPOL, the European Union (EU) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Non-Governmental Organizations – NGOs such as Medecins sans Frontieres/Doctors Without Borders and Samaritan's Purse and Multinational organizations such as the Ministries and Departments of the Host Nation government and other country assets that share the Host Nation domain with the US in the form of Embassies, intelligence organizations and elements that interact with Ministries, Departments and Agencies of the Host Nation. MCTP depicts activities of, scripts messages from and/or role plays operatives of these organizations – and more, depending on the exercise situation

6. In the course of exercises, MCTP IA, ICW elements of MCTP OGs replicates a range of these organizations and personnel throughout the Exercise Life Cycle via coordination with IIM/UAP organizations to ensure currency of concepts, Master Scenario Event List (MSEL) development, scripting and role playing across the IIM/UAP dimension for the TAs including the US Embassy Country Team, Host Nation Ministries and Senior Officials, Host Nation Military and Police Commanders, Foreign Embassies, Diplomats and Officials, NGOs and selected members and IGOs and selected members.

These efforts provide depth to the exercise and a necessary engagement environment for senior commanders and staff. It is these and other associated IIM/UAP organizations that role players must represent – and they must be capable of representing them for interaction at the General Officer/Senior Field Grade Officer level.

7. Role players directly support the Chief of Staff United States Army’s (CSA’s) Army Training Strategy (15 October 2012). They are identified as a critical component that must, “Enhance Combat Training Centers (CTC) Experience. CTCs provide realistic, doctrinally based, joint and combined arms training that approximates actual combat. The CTCs serve a dual role in both generating unit readiness while serving as a crucible experience for active leader development. Deploying units will train in an environment that replicates their anticipated deployment operational environment, while non-deploying and regionally aligned forces will train in the DATE.” And FORSCOM Regulation 350-1, 15 July 24, p. 126 states: "AC and RC BCTs may use general role players for company-level training, pre-deployment, at home station as part of CTC train-up. Role players used at CTCs will be planned by the respective training center operations groups." All other references listed above support or imply the use of role players in creating training realism.

8. Role players have been essential in conducting WFXs and MRXs and will prove to be indispensable as the force shifts to Decisive Action Training Exercises. Exercise Operational Environment (OE) training conditions must replicate battlefield complexities to drive Decisive Action offense, defense, and stability operations across the spectrum of conflict, employing kinetic and non-kinetic effects within Major Combat Operations (MCO) and Irregular Warfare (IW), against various types of threats – including hybrid threats.

Training conditions must present the challenges associated with teaching, coaching, training, and developing multi-skilled and adaptive leaders, increase cultural competencies and language capabilities, and help the force meet Army and Joint training objectives by achieving maximum proficiency ratings in Decisive Action Mission Essential Tasks.

9. While Decisive Action exercises will not be OIF/OEF centric, many of the OEF/OIF required training tasks, which are currently directed for inclusion in training prior to deployment to those Theaters of Operation, will comprise integral parts of any future Decisive Action exercise. The directed training tasks depicted in the following chart will be part of Decisive Action scenarios and will require role players.

10. FORSCOM/Other Directed Pre-deployment Training for Follow-On Forces Deploying ISO operations in the Middle East/Southwest Asia (SWA) Applicable to Decisive Operations.

Directed Task Office 1 Personnel Recovery CSA 2 Panjwai/Bales Type Attack on Civilians Incident JS J7/CSA 3 DVIDS/Press Conference CAC 4 Suicide CDR, MCTP 5 Fratricide CDR, MCTP

6 IG CDR, MCTP

7 Cultural Awareness CFLCC 8 Safety CDR, MCTP 9 Conduct Law of War HQDA

10 Proper use of Contracting HQDA 11 Complete Media Awareness Training CFLCC 12 Conduct Call for Fire CFLCC 13 ROE and Graduated Response Matrix CFLCC

Supervise the application of Rules of Engagement, rules on the Use of Force (RUF) and the Escalation of Force.

IAW COMISAF

Directive

15 Supervise Handling of Enemy Personnel and Equipment HQDA 16 Urban Ops (OIF) CFLCC 17 Mountainous Ops (OEF) CFLCC 18 Conduct Crowd Control CFLCC 19 Air/Ground Integration FORSCOM

11. Additional Facts bearing on the discussion:

a. Guidance from multiple sources mandates the following exercises to be conducted in a training year:

1 x WFX with 2 x DIV TAs + 1 x Corps TA + 1 x JTF HICOM 1 x WFX with 2 x DIV TAs + 1 x Corps HICOM 3 x WFX with 1 x DIV TA + 1 x Corps HICOM 1 x UE-type DIV/Corps MRX (PRT variant)

All having increased SOF representation Must include support to all Exercise Life Cycle requirements.

b. Corps and Division Headquarters (occasionally multiple Division HQs) will execute a Decisive Action Mission Essential Task List (METL) - focused MCTP WFX under the ARFORGEN Model. Special Operations Forces (SOF) will play a greater role than in the past. Similarly, Functional and Sustainment Brigades will participate in WFXs and other exercises, including Brigade Combat Team Warfighter Exercises (BWFXs) as TAs, supported by MCTP or designated Centers of Excellence (CoEs) when capacity allows. Additionally MCTP will support Mission Rehearsal Exercise (MRX) – type exercises for designated deploying forces (for example in FY 14, MCTP supported UE 15 for forces deploying to the Middle East and Southwest Asia and the preparation of the 101st Airborne Division [Air Assault] for its deployment to West Africa in support of operations to combat the spread of the Ebola Virus Disease

[EVD]).

c. Role-players are required to accurately replicate the IIM/UAP dimension and its Human Terrain to the TAs and thus enhance Decisive Action METL training through live engagements (Soldier-Leader Engagements – SLEs [Formerly Key Leader Engagements - KLEs] with selected TA commanders and staff.

d. Few such tasks can be trained through virtual means.

e. The Army must train cross-cultural and language competencies to Soldiers/units. The CTCs and MCTP in particular provide the venue to apply the cultural awareness training conducted at home station and in individual institutional training within the unit training cycle.

f. Exercises must realistically portray a realistic, challenging operating environment (OE).

g. Replication of the OE and its actors is imperative to the conduct of a DATE Exercise – hereafter referred to as a Warfighter Exercise (WFX).

h. Meeting engagements with IIM officials and the associated bilateral negotiation skills are perishable and must be continually reinforced.

i. Role-players allow for the realistic replication of selected, relevant facets of the Joint-Interagency- Intergovernmental-Multinational (JIIM)/Unified Action Partner (UAP) environment.

12. During a normal WFX there will be an average of 1600 MSEL injects per exercise. The approximate number of MSEL injects requiring Role Player support has been determined to be greater than 380.

These include SLEs. Telephonic conversations are also required in coordinating the SLE. In an ideal SLE, each role player should be accompanied by at least one translator and one staff member in order to enhance realism. MCTP IA (ICW Operations Groups) is required to dynamically script storylines in reaction to TA initiatives and activities. This can require additional role player support, above and beyond what was projected for the exercise.

13. MCTP WFX Role Players separate into two categories: Cultural Role Players (CRP) or Special Skilled Role Players (SKRP). MRX type exercises commonly require two additional types of role players:

Government Role Players and Foreign Language Speakers. Regardless of classification, they must all be highly skilled, experienced and trained role players with specific experience, knowledge and expertise that enables them to provide added value to the Training Audience.

a. WFX Role Players.

(1) Subject Matter Experts (SME): Senior IIM Retirees/former senior operators with specific service records in positions such as Ambassadors, Deputy Chiefs of Mission (DCMs), Political Officers (POLOFFs), Political Advisors (POLADs), Regional Security Officers (RSOs), etc.

(2) Special Skilled Role Players (SKRP): Personnel with unique knowledge, expertise, or experience suitable to the training environment such as lower than SME-level State Department, FBI, or USAID experience.

(3) Cultural Role Players (CRP): Personnel with specific cultural experience for a target country or region to provide a realistic cultural experience; they are also typically native foreign language speakers.

These individuals typically play critical roles within training scenarios such as governors, ministers of Host Nation departments and agencies, mayors, police chiefs, religious leaders, foreign nationals and key community persons, etc.

(4) Foreign Language Speakers (FLS) (if available) Personnel that are native and/or fluent speakers to replicate languages in support of training objectives for a geographically based scenario.

b. MRX Role Players:

(1) Subject Matter Experts (SME): Senior IIM Retirees/former senior operators with specific service records in positions such as Ambassadors, Deputy Chiefs of Mission (DCMs), Political Officers (POLOFFs), Political Advisors (POLADs), Regional Security Officers (RSOs), etc.

Special Skilled Role Players (SKRP): Personnel with unique knowledge, expertise, or experience suitable to the training environment such as lower than SME-level State Department, FBI, or USAID experience.

(2) Cultural Role Players (CRP): Personnel with specific cultural experience for a target country or region to provide a realistic cultural experience; they are also typically native foreign language speakers.

These individuals typically play critical roles within training scenarios such as governors, ministers of Host Nation departments and agencies, mayors, police chiefs, religious leaders, foreign nationals and key community persons, etc.

(3) Government Role Players: Personnel from the deployment area with specific expertise oriented on creating an “immersion” experience prior to deployment.

(4) Foreign Language Speakers: Personnel who speak the most effective language of the deployment area who serve as translators between TA and GRPs in order to ensure realistic “immersion” experience.

14. The first table below shows the breakdown of required role players for each MCTP event. MCTP requires selected role players to be present at designated Exercise Life Cycle (ELC) planning events in order to (IOT) incorporate and synchronize storylines and scenarios. The second table recounts the man-day analysis to support these role player requirements.

Part Time MCTP WFX/MRX Role Players “By the Numbers” for POM 17-21.

Terms:

BWFX – Brigade Warfighter Exercise

MEP – Mid Event Planning

FEP – Final Event Planning

MCT – Mission Command Training

Script. Conf. – Intelligence Scripting Conference

IATX – Mission Command Training Interagency Training Exercise

GRPs FLSs CRPs SME/SKRP Total

BWFX N/A N/A 5 DOS, USAID, NGO 3 8

MEP/MSEL 1 N/A N/A 0 DOS, DOJ, IA 3 3

FEP/MSEL 2 N/A N/A 0 DOS, USAID, DOJ, NGO, IA 5 5

Script. Conf. N/A N/A 0 POLAD, DOS, USAID, IA 4 4

1 DIV TA

WFX

N/A N/A 6 POLAD at Corps & Div (2), AMB, RSO/CO, USAID, DOJ, UN, NGO 8 14

2 DIV TA

WFX

N/A N/A 6 POLAD at Corps & Div (3), AMB, RSO/CO, USAID, DOJ, UN, NGO 9 15

CORPS & 2

DIV TA WFX

N/A N/A 9 POLAD at Corps & Div (3), AMB, RSO/CO, USAID, DOJ, UN, NGO 9 18

MRX 4 4 6 POLAD at Corps & Div (2), AMB, RSO/CO, USAID, DOJ, UN, NGO 8 22

IATX 0 0 0 Role depends on exercise focus 2 2

Total Mandays.

Days/ Event

Events/ Yr

GRPs FLSs CRPs SKRPs SME Total Total Mandays

BWFX 13 20 N/A N/A 5 2 1 8 4500

MEP/MSEL 1 5 10 N/A N/A 0 2 1 3 150

FEP/MSEL 2 5 10 N/A N/A 0 3 2 5 250

Script. Conf 5 10 N/A N/A 0 3 1 4 200

1 DIV TA

WFX 18 3 N/A N/A 6 5 3 14 756

2 DIV TA

WFX 18 1 N/A N/A 6 5 4 15 270

CORPS & 2

DIV TA WFX 18 1 N/A N/A 9 5 4 18 324

MRX 18 1 4 4 6 5 3 22 396

IATX 4 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 48

14. In addition to the above, MCTP requires one Full Time Equivalent (FTE) Project Manager/Contract Supervisor from the contracted company who is POLAD qualified, plans and coordinates day to day activities and serves as an exercise facilitator or role player as the situation dictates. He attends all Exercise Life Cycle Events (ELC) events. Due to increasing OPTEMPO, MCTP requires a second FTE.

Often other activities are conducted concurrently with WFXs/MRXs and these FTEs must serve in additional locations to facilitate other ongoing or future exercises.

15. Each SLE requires a planning, preparation, execution and After Action Review (AAR) phase.

Planning consists of the research required for the role player to have the required background information to successfully execute the SLE. Preparation consists of identifying main points to be covered during the SLE and the rehearsal of the role player. Execution is the actual SLE with the training audience. In the AAR, the role player, Senior Mentor and OG Observer/Coach/Trainer (OCT) step "out of role" to provide the training audience members (often General Officers) observations and insights on the results of the SLE. An example of time required for an SLE is as follows: Role of the Minister of Defense – Planning: 4 hours, Preparation: 4 hours and Execution and AAR: 30-40 minutes.

16. Corps, Division and WFXs require the types of skilled role players described below:

In Country US Government Organizations – examples include: The Country Team in terms and Ambassador and other Department of State personnel, USAID, Department of Justice and in the near future, Intelligence Community representation. These roles will be portrayed at least three to four times during an exercise. Each storyline requires one to three SLEs per storyline. (3 role players X 4 storylines = 12 roles played X3 SLEs = 36 roles played for SLEs).

Ministry Level Leaders – Role player requirement examples include: Minister of Defense, Minister of Finance and Minister of Economics. These roles are usually portrayed three to four times during an exercise. Each role player portraying one of these ministers will execute an SLE with the training audience at least twice for each Storyline. To maintain realism, role players should not play consecutive roles as different Ministry officials; this creates confusion and has been an issue with TAs in previous exercises. (3 role players x 4 Storylines = 12 roles played X 2 engagements = 24 roles played for SLEs)

National Level Political Leaders - examples include: Prime Ministers and Presidents from countries in the region or from the Host Nation. These roles are usually portrayed once to twice during an exercise.

Each role will require at least one to two SLEs. (3 role players X 2 storylines = 6 roles played X 2 engagements = 12 roles played for SLEs)

Host Nation General Officer level - examples include: Host Nation Army, Navy, National Police, and Border Patrol Police commanders. These roles will be portrayed in storylines at least five to six times during an exercise. Each Storyline will require at least one SLE and usually two to three per storyline. To maintain realism, role players must not portray consecutive roles as different General Officers, doing so has and will confused the training audience as to whom they are dealing with. (3 role players X 6 Storylines = 18 roles played X 3 engagements = 54 roles played for SLEs)

Field Grade level officers Senior Non Commissioned Officers (Colonels, Lieutenant Colonel, and Command Sergeants Major) - examples include: Host Nation Army, National Police and Border Patrol Police. These roles will be portrayed in storylines at least five to six times during an exercise. Each Storyline will require at least one SLE and usually two to three per storyline. To maintain realism role players must not portray consecutive roles as different Field Grade Officers, doing so has and will confuse the training audience as to whom they are dealing with. (3 role players X 6 Storylines = 18 roles played X 3 engagements = 54 roles played for SLE)

Regional/District level Politicians – examples include: Regional Ministry and District Ministry. These roles will be portrayed in at least five to six storylines during an exercise. Each storyline will require at least one SLE and usually two to three per storyline. To provide a sense of realism, role players must not portray consecutive roles as different Regional/District level Politicians, doing so has and will confuse the training audience as to whom they are dealing with. (3 role players X 6 Storylines = 18 roles played X 3 engagements = 54 roles played for SLEs)

Local Level Politicians/Sheiks/Tribal leaders – examples include: Mayors, city officials and local police.

These roles will be portrayed in at least two to three storylines during an exercise. Each storyline will require at least one SLE and sometimes as many as two per storyline. To provide maintain realism, role players should not portray consecutive roles as different local level Politicians/Sheiks/Tribal leaders.

Doing so has and will confuse the training audience as to whom they are dealing with. (3 role players X 3 Storylines = 9 roles played X 3 SLEs = 27 roles played for SLEs).

US Government Officials (Visiting from Washington, DC) – depending on the exercise examples can include: US Senator/Congressman/Staffers (Congressional Delegation - CODEL), Secretary of Defense (SECDEF), Secretary of State (SECSTATE). Selected roles will be portrayed in one to two storylines during an exercise. Each storyline will require at least one SLE per storyline. (2 role players, X 2 Storylines = 4 roles played X 2 SLEs = 8 roles played for SLEs)

Non-Governmental Organization Officials (NGOs) - examples include: Medecins sans Frontieres/Doctors Without Borders, Samaritan's Purse, Catholic Relief Agency and Mine Clearance

Group. These roles will be portrayed in at least two to three storylines during an exercise. Each storyline requires one to three SLEs per storyline. (1 role player X 3 storylines = 3 roles played X 3 SLEs = 9 roles played for SLEs)

International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) - examples include the United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, the European Union (EU), the International Community of the Red Cross (ICRC), INTERPOL and the World Health Organization (WHO). These roles will be portrayed in at least three storylines during an exercise. Each storyline requires one to three SLEs per storyline. (1 role player X 3 storylines = 3 roles played X 3 SLEs = 9 roles played for SLEs)

Below is a depiction of these role players in a hypothetical exercise scenario.

17. CTCs over the last 30 years have provided units a “near” war like experience. To continue to provide this type of experience, MCTP must provide role players. The numbers of role players requested to support each type and level of exercise are the minimum numbers needed to ensure adequate replication of scripting, MSEL development, messaging and Soldier-Leader Engagements (SLE) required to stimulate the training audience. All presented replication requirements are measured as “The Good Enough” solution or benchmark, as required by DA G3, to replicate the complexities at a high-fidelity for MCTP exercises.

18. Role players directly support the idea of “changing the Army’s mindset” found in ADRP 7-0, Training Units and Developing Leaders. We must grasp role players as a part of this training paradigm and support the changing of the mindset.

19.Terms. REF. 2c. ADRP 1-02 Terms and Military Symbols.

a. Country Team– (DOD) The senior, in-country U.S. coordinating and supervising body, headed by the chief of the U.S. diplomatic mission, and composed of the senior member of each represented U.S.

department or agency, as desired by the chief of the U.S. diplomatic mission. (JP 3-07.4) See ATP 3- 57.20, FM 3-07, and FM 3-57.

b. Interagency – (DOD) Of or pertaining to United States Government agencies and departments, including the Department of Defense. (JP 3-08) See ATP 1-06.2, ATP 3-57.20, and FM 3-07.

c. Interagency Coordination – (DOD) Within the context of Department of Defense involvement, the coordination that occurs between elements of Department of Defense, and engaged US Government agencies and departments for the purpose of achieving an objective. (JP 3-0) See ADRP 3-0, FM 3-07, and ATP 3-57.20.

d. Intergovernmental Organization – (DOD) An organization created by a formal agreement between two or more governments on a global, regional, or functional basis to protect and promote national interests shared by member states. Also called IGO. (JP 3-08) See ADRP 3-0, ATP 3-57.20, FM 3-07, and FM 3-50.1.

e. Multinational Operations – (DOD) A collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance. (JP 3-16) See ADRP 3-0, FM 3-07, and FM 3-16.

f. Security Assistance – (DOD) Group of programs authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, as amended, or other related status by which the United States provides defense articles, military training, and other defense-related services, by grant, loan, credit, or cash sales in furtherance of national policies and objectives. Security Assistance is an element of Security Cooperation Agency. Also called SA. (JP 3-22) See FM 3-57.

g. Security Cooperation – (DOD) All Department of Defense interactions with foreign defense establishments to build defense relationships that promote specific US security interests, develop allied and friendly military capabilities for self-defense and multinational operations, and provide US forces with peacetime and contingency access to a host nation. (JP 3-22) See ADRP 3-0 and ADRP 3-07.

h. Security Force Assistance – (DOD) The Department of Defense activities that contribute to unified action by the U.S. Government to support the development of the capacity and capability of foreign security forces and their supporting institutions. Also called SFA. (JP 3-22) See ADRP 3-05, ADRP 3-07 and ATP 3-07.5. (Army) The unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local, host-nation, or regional security forces in support of legitimate authority. (FM 3-07).

i. Unified Action Partners – Those military forces, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and elements of the private sector with whom Army forces plan, coordinate, synchronize, and integrate during the conduct of operations. (ADRP 3-0).

j. Unified Land Operations – How the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the initiative to gain and maintain a position or relative advantage in sustained land operations through simultaneous offensive, defensive, and stability operations in order to prevent or deter conflict, prevail in war, and create the conditions for favorable conflict resolution. (ADP 3-0).