TE-21_MCTP_Rules_and_Workarounds.pdf

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO)

NOVEMBER 2014

MULTI-RESOLUTION FEDERATION WARSIM 7.0 (MRF-W 7.0)

Rules and Workarounds

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO)

FOUO

MCTP Rules & Workarounds – MRF-W 7.0 November 2014 ii iii iv

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1-1

A. PURPOSE: 1-1

B. WFX OVERVIEW: 1-1

C. EXERCISE CONTROL GROUP (ECG): 1-2

D. SIMULATION CONTROL: 1-5

E. CHANGES AND REVISIONS: 1-7

F. DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS: 1-7

G. VIOLATIONS: 1-21

H. APPROVAL 1-22

CHAPTER 2 – RULES 2-1

A. PURPOSE 2-1

B. SIMULATION CENTER (SIMCTR) RULES. 2-1

C. GENERAL RULES 2-2

D. OPERATING RULES 2-3

E. UNIT ICON ASSIGNMENT RULES. 2-6

F. AUTOMATED UNIT (AU) ECHELON AND MANAGEMENT RULES: 2-7

G. FUNCTIONAL AREA WORK CELL RULES. 2-8

1. Intelligence. 2-8

2. Maneuver. 2-9

3. Protection. 2-9

4. Fires. 2-10

5. Rotary Wing (RW) Aviation. 2-10

6. Fixed-Wing (FW) Aviation. 2-10

7. CBRNE. 2-11

8. Sustainment. 2-11

9. SOF/SPF. 2-11

CHAPTER 3 - WORKAROUNDS 3-1

A. PURPOSE 3-1

B. GENERAL 3-1

1.1 LOW STRENGTH / DESTROYED AUTOMATED UNITS (AUs) 3-Mnvr-1

1.2 BLUFOR COMMAND POST OVERRUN/DESTROYED 3-Mnvr-3

1.3 AMPHIBIOUS LANDINGS 3-Mnvr-5

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1.4 AIRLIFT, AIR ASSAULT, AIRDROP, and AIRBORNE OPERATIONS

(FW AND RW) 3-Mnvr-6

3.1 UNIT OPERATIONAL DECONTAMINATION 3-Prot-1

3.2 ASSAULT BOAT CROSSING OF A WET GAP OPERATIONS 3-Prot-5

5.1 DOWNED AIRCRAFT /UAS/ AVIATION EQUIPMENT LOSS 3-RW-1

6.1 SPECIAL MUNITIONS & LONG-RANGE DIRECT FIRE PRECISION/

NEAR-PRECISION-GUIDED AIR-TO-GROUND WEAPON SYSTEMS 3-FW-1

6.2 NAVAL AIRCRAFT CARRIER/MARINE AIR OPERATIONS 3-FW-2

7.1 CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS (CMO) 3-CA/PSYOP-1

7.2 Psychological Operations (PSYOP) 3-CA/PSYOP-3

7-3 SPECIAL FORCES (SF) SPECIAL RECON (SR) MISSIONS 3- SF/SPF-1

7.4 SPECIAL FORCES AMBUSH 3-SF/SPF-2

7.5 SF/SPF DETONATE TARGET 3-SF/SPF-4

7.6 SF/SPF STAY BEHIND HIDE 3-SF/SPF-5

8.1 MUSE UAS Shoot Down 3-Intel-1

8.2 GROUND MOVE A UAS PLATOON 3-Intel-2

9.1 OPFOR CIVILIANS 3-COE-1

9.2 OPFOR UAS PRECISION ATTACK 3-COE-3

9.3 DECOY OPERATIONS 3-COE-6

9.4 ENEMY PRISONERS OF WAR WORKAROUND: 3-COE-9

9.5 UNDERGROUND FACILITIES (UGF) (HARTS) (TUF) 3-COE-11

9.6 ELECTRONIC WARFARE EFECTS 3-COE-14

9.7 HIDE/SHELTER IN URBAN AREAS. 3-COE-17

10.1 LRSD RESUPPLY WORKAROUND 3-SR CTRL-1

11.1 OPFOR HIMAD WORKAROUND 3-EXCON-1

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CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

A. PURPOSE:

1. To publish the Mission Command Training Program (MCTP) Warfighter Exercises (WFXs) WARSIM supported Rules and Workarounds. Rules are directives that govern the conduct of a MCTP training exercise. Workarounds are a functionality or military operation not modeled, or not adequately modeled, in the simulation(s). This document is universal and applies equally to Blue Force (BLUFOR), Opposing Force (OPFOR) and Exercise Control (EXCON) personnel. The intent of this document is to provide standard rules and workarounds to ensure a “level playing field” during Simulation driven exercises. Simply stated, both the BLUFOR and OPFOR have equal opportunity to gain advantage over one another by application of doctrine, tactics and force levels.

The rules and workarounds apply equally, as appropriate, to both forces as they attempt to defeat one another in a competitive, free play environment.

2. MCTP recommends that all U.S. Army simulation centers using the MCTP Aggregate Constructive exercise models (WARSIM, etc.), federated or non-federated, use this book to enhance exercises, standardize rules and workarounds and increase the level of soldier understanding and confidence for MCTP exercises.

B. WFX OVERVIEW:

1. The WFX is a simulation-driven, MSEL supported, command post exercise (CPX) that allows the BLUE Training Audience commander to “fight” his organization and assess its training proficiency. The WFX Training Audience and its designated subordinate headquarters fight the battle from field command posts (CP)s. Each field CP is represented by subordinate Role Player work cells in the Simulation Center (SIMCTR). In a like manner, the OPFOR, called the World Class OPFOR (WCOPFOR) establishes doctrinal CPs separate from the WCOPFOR work cells and fights the battle from the Fort Leavenworth National Simulation Center (NSC). The WCOPFOR higher headquarters control is provided by the MCTP Operations Group X’s (OPSGRP-X) Forward Control and Scenario Design work cells located in the MCTP operations center at the WFX site.

2. During the WFX, BLUFOR Role Players operate in SIMCTR work cells use the simulation to execute orders they receive from their field Training Audience CPs. The Training Audience commanders and staff make decisions based on simulated battle results provided by their SIMCTR work cells through doctrinal communications and simulation reports and unit SOP reports. A critical training enhancement to the field CPs is the role-playing of subordinate units and staffs in the SIMCTR work cells as they report information. Through role-playing, the SIMCTR work cells translate the automated model outputs into tactical and/or SOP reports expected from units in the Operational Environment. As a result, the simulation becomes transparent or “real” to commanders and staffs in the field and the overall training experience is enhanced.

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3. During the WFX, the Training Audience unit commanders and staffs receive several formal and informal After Action Reviews (AARS) which highlight areas for training sustainment and improvement. MCTP analysts process reports and data from the simulation to help in preparation of issues and graphics used in the AARs. From these AARS, the commanders can assess proficiency and establish future training priorities.

C. EXERCISE CONTROL GROUP (ECG):

1. The Exercise Control Group (ECG) - Comprised of White Cell members, Functional Cells, Syndicates and Observer Coach, Trainer (OC/T) representation, provides a centralized control environment to present a synchronized and realistic exercise to the training audience. The ECG ensures the simulation and scripted scenario events remain technically and operationally synchronized, as well as providing replication for functions, actions, responses and decisions of agencies external to the Training Audience. The ECG also provides and approves portrayal of the Operational Environment, to include initial and follow-on intelligence, scenario and information stimulus. Through OC/T representation, the ECG monitors and controls the exercise to ensure accomplishment of the training objectives.

2. The Exercise Director (JTF, Corps, Army Group, or Army Force Commander) controls the exercise by establishing the exercise starting conditions, writing the higher headquarters operations plans/orders. The Exercise Director controls both BLUFOR and OPFOR forces to ensure that the conditions are set for the unit to meet its training objectives. The MCTP Commander is the Deputy Exercise Director and is responsible for the SIMCTR operations, exercise control and AARS. The SIMCTR, its equipment, exercise personnel and all required support personnel are under the operational control (OPCON) of the MCTP Commander for the duration of the WFX preparation, exercise and close-down. MCTP Exercise Control (EXCON) work cells provide all WFX participants with a replication of operations, intelligence and combat information systems not modeled in the simulation, in addition to unit play outside the Competitive Zone. EXCON supports the WFX unit, OPFOR, higher headquarters and all OPFOR work cells. Figure 1 shows the current ECG organization. Figure 2 shows the specific functions of each of the EXCON work cells.

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EXERCISE CONTROL GROUP (ECG)

Figure 1, Exercise Control Group Schematic.

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Figure 2, Exercise Control Group Organization Overview

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D. SIMULATION CONTROL: Simulation outcomes, Joint Training Information Management System (JTIMS) activities, combined with role-playing, simulation controls and training objectives, drive the WFX. Although the simulation control mechanisms are structured for standardization, they are dynamic for different scenarios and training objectives.

1. MCTP employs Observer Coach/Trainers (OC/Ts) at field CP locations and MCTP Civilian Work Cell Controllers working with Role Players in the SIMCTR work cells to simulate the Training Audience TOC, subordinate units and support teams for simulation management and mission command networks and systems analysis.

2. The following type work cells are normally employed at the exercise site SIMCTR representing administrative and Warfighting Functions (WfF)

Maneuver Fires

Sustainment Protection

Army Aviation Air Force Fixed Wing

Blue Operations Senior Control

Technical Support Team OPSGRP-X Forward Control

Exercise Control: Intel, Maneuver Control, SOF, PAO, Blue Air (FW)

3. MCTP military and civilian personnel in the WCOPFOR CPs and work cells under the direction of the OPSGRP-X perform their duties at the Ft. Leavenworth SIMCTR.

The following OPFOR work cells are normally operated from Ft. Leavenworth:

Maneuver and Combat Support Integrated Fire Support (Indirect, RW, FW-ADA) Flanks, Follow-On Forces Infrastructure Material Support SPF/Commandos /Civilians Intelligence Operations OPFOR Senior Control Rear

4. MCTP Digital Support Team (DST).

a. The Digital Support Team supports Operations Groups A, B, C, D, F, S and J WFX exercises on a sustained basis. During C Team WFXs, DST provides and sets up the servers and clients for a digital HICOM with equivalent digital capabilities of a division headquarters.

b. MCTP operates the MCTP Digital Training Laboratory facility in Building 47 Annex with selective Army Mission Command System (AMCS), namely TMC, AFATDS, GCCS-A, AMDWS, TAIS and BCS3.

c. DST digital analysts provide familiarization training to MCTP military and contractor personnel concentrating on the AMCS systems.

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d. Digital analysts provide assistance on any AMCS questions relating to the collection, storage, organization or display of digital information collected by them from WFX exercise unit TACLAN and their AMCS systems.

e. DST engineering personnel establish and maintain the collection network that harvests data from WFX exercise TACLAN for transmission to the WFX simulation center and finally to each analyst's ARCHER workstation.

f. DST provides direct support to WFX Operations in areas of training, Tactical Mission Command (TMC) equipment and TMC expertise.

g. DST system analysts provide SME expertise and over the shoulder assistance to contractors and OCTs during the conduct of C Team Brigade WFXs.

h. DST C2 Adapters provide the stimulation to unit AMCS servers. Essentially, the C2 Adapters convert game messages into valid C4I messages and forward them to inject points that allow the unit to see the game. DST is responsible for the C2 Adapters that directly feed the training audience GCCS-A, DDS, CPOF, AFATDS, AMDWS, and

AFATDS.

5. MCTP Simulation Support Team (SST).

a. During MCTP WFX exercises, the MCTP Simulation Support Team (SST) provides on-site support to the BLUE OPSGRP directing the WFX and to OPSGRP-X directing the WCOPFOR. This support includes functionality expertise and, in conjunction with the Parametric Data Base Team (PDT), parametric database technical support. The SST maintains fulltime oversight of the simulation game to facilitate analysis of reported problems and perceived game anomalies. This allows for quick analysis and identification of problems and assists in the isolation of the problem to database, code, or for documentation as a training issue. The SST can then develop and recommend an interim solution or workaround as required. The SST also maintains a real game workstation for use in troubleshooting and identifying problems, and solutions to those problems.

b. The SST receives reviews and documents all legitimate reported game deficiencies and all interim changes to the database for further resolution after the exercise. Problems that cannot be fixed on-site are documented and coordinated with the NSC for correction.

c. The SST also monitors the overall system performance during WFXs such as excessive memory usage during saves, game ratio difficulties, etc, and makes recommendations to overcome the difficulty.

d. Requests for SST testing that are not directly germane to the current exercise will be honored if they can be accomplished without interference with WFX duties, otherwise they will be deferred for testing at home station during non-WFX periods.

6. MCTP Technical Support Team (TST): TST personnel support MCTP exercises at the National Simulation Center (NSC) and McHugh Training Center at Fort Leavenworth, KS. and forward Mission Training Complex(s) (MTCs) WFX SIMCTRs.

This team is responsible for receiving MCTP exercise equipment at the exercise site

1-6 and, IAW the WFX exercise Simulation Control Plan (SCP) and directions from government personnel, for configuring all WFX SIMCTRs work cells. They are also responsible for operation of the WARSIM simulation and other simulation software during work cell training and the WFX. In addition, the TST is responsible for setting up and manning the White Cell’s Command Information Center (CIC), providing higher Enclaves intelligence products, managing the exercise databases, obtaining information from unit digital systems, and providing support for exercise AAR's. Following ENDEX the TST is responsible for packing and redeployment of MCTP exercise equipment.

E. CHANGES AND REVISIONS: Users of this document are encouraged to submit recommended corrections, deletions and changes to:

Commander, MCTP ATTN: ATZL-CTB (WARSIM Workgroups) Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027

Corrections or recommended changes should include a statement of the problem and the reason for the recommended correction or change. Submission should also state if the change is a fix to existing software or a suggested change for a future version of

WARSIM.

F. DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS:

Adjudication: - Those actions taken by the Commander, MCTP, to settle simulation anomalies through a manual process, which considers the facts, related to the issue and the application of military judgment for a "reasonable" solution. Adjudication decisions are normally coordinated with EXCON and managed by the lead Training OPSGRP Operations Officer acting for the Training OPSGRP COG and MCTP Commander.

Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS): - Provides automated decision support for the fire support.

After Action Review (AAR): - A system that provides feedback and information to Army units to help them assess their training readiness. Results of AARs are provided to the Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL), CAC Training, Fort Leavenworth KS.

Air/Missile Defense Workstation (AMDWS): - Integrates Air Defense fire units, sensors, and C2 centers, into a coherent system capable of defeating/denying the low altitude aerial threat.

Air War Simulation (AWSIM): - US Air Force simulation designed to adjudicate air combat involving aircraft assigned to shore-based airfield.

Analyst: - A MCTP contract civilian working in the MCTP Operations Center to retrieve and analyze data for After Action Review (AAR) preparation to the Training Audience.

The Analyst also working directly with Observer Coach/Trainers (OC/T) extract specific

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WARSIM unit attributes at regular or directed intervals through the course of the WFX IOT inform the operations group, senior mentors on unit performance and assist in facilitating adjudications and workarounds.

Area of Interest: - (ADP 3-0 Page 12):- That area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area also includes areas occupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission (JP 2-03). The area of interest for stability or civil support operations may be much larger than that associated with offensive and defensive operations.

Area of Operations: - (ADP 3-0 Page 12):- An area of operations is an operational area defined by the joint force commander for lane and maritime forces that should be large enough to accomplish their missions and protect their forces (JP 3-0). Area of operations also refers to areas assigned Army units by higher headquarters. The Army or land force commander is the supported commander within an area of operations designated by the joint force commander for land operations. Within their areas of operations, commanders integrate and synchronize maneuver, fires, and interdiction.

To facilitate this integration and synchronization, commanders have the authority to designate targeting priorities and timing of fires.

ARFOR: - Army Force.

Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS): - The central system comprised, in part, of AFATDS, ASAS, CSSCS, AMDWS, and MCS.

Army Service Component Command (ASCC):-

Automated Behavior: - Automated units (AUs) are given orders specifying the task to perform. AUs plan, make decisions, and assess the battlefield within the constraints of their orders. AUs communicate without human intervention, to higher, subordinate, and lateral units. They conduct automated behaviors affecting Orders: Movement/Aviation Move To Contact, Recon/ Aviation Recon, Security/Aviation Security Ops, Attack, Attack/Aviation Attack By Fire, Assault and Ambush. (see Reactive Behaviors).

Automated Unit (AU): - It is the only type of simulation entity that will respond directly to a WARSIM order/task (ie. Order or Message delivered by simulation menu.) An AU is usually a company size unit but may be smaller or larger unit may be smaller or larger.

Augmentee Observer Coach-Trainer (AOC/T):- Military personnel who augment MCTP for an exercise to provide expertise not available in the MCTP organization, and temporarily fill vacancies in the MCTP OC/T TDA or to provide 24-hour OC/T coverage at a player command post.

Basic Load (BL): - The quantity of supplies a unit keeps on-hand to sustain combat operations for a prescribed number of days. It must be movable by organic transport, subject to command approval and coordinated with MCTP before STARTEX. BL also refers to the quantity of non-nuclear ammunition authorized and required to be on-hand

1-8 in a unit to meet combat needs until resupply can be accomplished. The BL is specified by the Theater Army and is expressed in units, rounds or units of weight as appropriate.

Battle Outcome Adjudicator (BOA): - A WARSIM model enhancement to basic functionality modeling and rules based expert system designed to capture the qualitative aspects of combat.

Blue Forces (BLUFOR):- A term used to denote United States and coalition forces in exercises.

Battle Space Workstation (BSWS): - The physical Desktop computer hardware on which is displayed the software/menus used to execute missions and tasks to units controlled by the controller. The controller maintains situational awareness through real time unit dispositions, map graphics, message center reports and logistics status boards. Also see, Workstation.

Combined Information Data Network Exchange (CIDNE): - Used to collect and analyze critical battlefield data to provide daily operational and intelligence community reporting relevant to a commander's daily decision-making processes.

Command Post (CP): - Level of command above SIMCTR work cells during WFX (e.g.

BLUFOR and OPFOR TOCS).

Competitive Zone (CZ): - Area within the play box in which the simulation provides battlefield effects used in the WFX. It must be defined by grid coordinates (see Figure 4). The CZ is the area in which all WARSIM competitive free-play and supporting scenario activity are conducted. The CZ normally consists of various parts which combine to form the entire CZ. These parts are:

The exercised unit's zone or sector as defined by its operational order graphics/ boundaries.

The CZ may be expanded, as required, by the Exercise Director to achieve the exercised unit's training objectives. This expanded CZ may include forward, rearward, or to the flanks of the exercise unit. Expanded CZ may contain orchestrated forces, BLUEFOR and OPFOR that are not competitive at STARTEX, but may become competitive later in the WFX.

Scripted Zone is an area outside the competitive zone to allow concurrent scenario development and testing. Also see further Scripted Zone definition below.

Deception Unit: - A unit placed in WARSIM as part of an approved deception plan.

Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS): - The intelligence and electronic warfare component from EAC to battalion.

Dual-hatted Work Cell Role Player: - An individual assigned to the Work Cell as a Role Player and is also a principal Training Audience Brigade Staff officer. This person serves in a Brigade WFF staff position and is also the commander of a subordinate unit of the Brigade. Example: Brigade DS Artillery, Engineer, Squadron Commanders. See rules for Dual-hatted.

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Enclave: - see WARSIM Intelligence Model (WIM) classification levels.

End of Exercise (ENDEX): - The designated time that all WFX actions stop. The time designated by the Exercise Director and Deputy Exercise Director at which all competitive play between sides stop, training unit receives a separate formal, final after action review (FAAR), final AARs are prepared, and administrative actions start to clear and return the SIMCTR to the local host.

Equipment Groups (EGs): - These units do not have an icon, are considered sub-units of AUs with their unique platforms. In some places called EGs. They cannot be ordered to do a task by the operator. These units are typically platoons within a company/battery AU that are icons. However they could be larger or smaller size units.

Exercise Control (EXCON) Work Cells: - EXCON Work Cells facilitate the flow of the WFX exercise with the training unit and its higher headquarters by augmenting the basic EXCON structure IAW the published TDA for the WFX. EXCON provides battlefield intelligence, direction for higher and subordinate units, and off-line manual input into WARSIM for those areas not played by WARSIM. EXCON is overall responsible for control of the minute-by-minute conduct of the WFX as outlined in the Scenario Design.

Federation of Models: A group of DOD models that can interoperate during the same simulation-driven exercise.

Graphic User’s Interface:(GUI): - A window access to a {WARSIM} menu item that allows the user to enter or modify data to control the exercise. A GUI may also be accessed from another GUI.

Icon: A graphic representation of a unit in the database that displays unit by type, size, side, and color according to side (red, blue, gray, orange or green).

Independent Stimulation Module: (ISM): - ISM provides a comprehensive, integrated tool set for full life-cycle support of simulation-driven, JTIMS supported training events.

ISM seamlessly connects geographically dispersed event planners and controllers to facilitate:

Planning and development

Execution and Management

Data collection

ISM provides the capability to stimulate C4I systems so vignettes and practical exercises, integrated into school house courses, can be conducted.

Infrastructure Map Symbols: Map Symbols (Public Buildings, Water and Sewage Plants, Factories, etc) are represented in WARSIM by appropriate map symbols, Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, and Multinational (JIIM): Operations during Div, Corps, ASCC, JFLCC, and JTF exercises in order to create training experiences that enable the Army’s Senior Battle Commanders to develop current, relevant, campaign-quality, joint and expeditionary Mission Command instincts and skills.

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Joint Deployment and Logistics Model (JDLM): - is a high fidelity, map centric, comprehensive sustainment simulation and training software that depicts detailed transportation, supply, maintenance, medical, personnel, and multi-modal infrastructure behaviors. (aka LOGFED)

Joint Land Component Constructive Training Capability (JLCCTC): - (formerly known as the Army Constructive Training Federation (ACTF). The Joint Land Component Constructive Training Capability (JLCCTC) is a software modeling and simulation capability that contributes to the Joint training functional concept and the Army training mission area by providing the appropriate levels of model and simulation resolution as well as the fidelity needed to support both Army and Joint training requirements. JLCCTC is a set of simulations, interfaces and tools that have an authorized configuration, as established by the NATIONAL SIMULATION CENTER; the associated security accreditation, as processed by PEO-STRI; and the formal system to be fielded to authorized sites with all applicable and necessary authorizations and components to install, run and manage the given set of components. WARSIM is a constructive simulation of the JLCCTC set.

Joint Master Scenario Event List (JMSEL): Obsolete term, see JTIMS below.

Joint Non-Kinetic Effects Model (JNEM): - JNEM models civilian satisfaction levels.

Military actions, use of diplomacy, support of humanitarian aid activities, infrastructure building and support-and failures to act all have effects on the moods of the various population groups. JNEM watches for events that affect the behavior of NGOs, IGOs, and contractors. JNEM sorts out the effects of relationships between the groups.

JNEM works with another federate, the Independent Stimulation Module, to create reports of civilian moods and activities related to events impacting on moods. ISM makes this information available to the training audience through the simulation and C4I messages. By paying heed to these reports, the training audience can determine the overall moods of the groups and assess the effectiveness of units actions directed toward the civilian population. JNEM produces significant amounts of hostile and friendly civilian activity:

(a) A fraction of each civilian population group will have the potential to engage in hostile acts depending on their dissatisfaction.

(b) Provides some specific hostile missions.

(c) When the conditions are right, civilian groups will expose some of the hostiles among them, pinpointing their locations.

(d) Some of the exposed hostiles may be assigned "golden nuggets" of recoverable military intelligence by the federation's intelligence models.

Joint Task Force (JTF): - A general term applied to a force composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments, operating under a single joint force commander. (JP 1-02)

Joint Training Information Management System (JTIMS): (New term, replaces JMSEL.) An automated system specifically designed to assist in Master Scenario Event

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List (MSEL) Management. A MSEL is a collection of pre-scripted events intended to guide an exercise toward specific outcomes. The JTIMS tool facilitates the work of Exercise Planners and supports execution of exercises with simple, easy to use functions. JTIMS provides a Web-based, Graphical User Interface (GUI) for developing and viewing the JTIMS product data. JTIMS supports Subject Matter Expert (SME) Users and MSEL Managers.

Magic: Senior Control functions that allow instant changes to the WARSIM databases.

Examples: Unit/Icon locations, strength and equipment changes through MAGIC MOVE and MAGIC SUPPLY.

Magic Message: WARSIM e-mail capability to message unit icons assigned to a Workstation using Senior Control.

Mission Command Training Program (MCTP): - A program designed to provide tough, realistic, stressful and high quality command and battle staff training for Corps, Division and Brigade Commander’s, battle staffs and major subordinate commanders.

MCTP serves as a source of data and lessons learned in Corps, Division and Brigade operations.

Mission Command System (MCS): - The arrangement of personnel; networks;

information systems; processes and procedures; and facilities and equipment that enable commanders to conduct operations.

Mission Training Complex (MTC): - The training area that supports several training activities, including the Simulation Center. Replaces the term, Battle Command Training Center (BCTC).

Mission Information Support Operations (MISO): - (Obsolete, replaced by Psychological Operations (PSYOPS))

Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Tactical Warfare Simulation (MTWS)

Maneuver Control System (MCS): - Provides common picture, decision aids and overlay capabilities.

Observer Coach/Trainer (OC/T): - MCTP military personnel observing and reporting on the exercised unit from field CP/TOCs without actively participating in the exercise.

On-Hand: - Quantities of personnel, equipment and supplies available for use in a unit icon in the WARSIM model.

Operational Environment: - (ADP 3-0 Page 2) A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 1-02).

Operations Officer (CHOPS) Training OPS GRP: The principle MCTP officers of all training operations groups, lead or embedded, participating in the WFX. They are responsible with EXCON for control of the competitive fight. The Operations Officer of the lead training operations group, who during a WFX, represents the Commander MCTP and lead Training OPSGRP for adjudication management, works with EXCON

1-12 and embedded training operations groups during WFX site set-up, exercise execution and ENDEX activities.

Opposing Force (OPFOR): - A term used to denote units identified as enemy forces.

OPFOR Command and Control: - As defined in TC 7-100.1 Hybrid Threat

OPFOR Operations Strategic Command (OSC): - OSC AORs (Areas of Responsibility) consist of three basic zones: disruption, battle, and support. An AOR may also contain one or more attack and/or kill zones. Zones may be linear or nonlinear in nature. These zones have the same basic purposes within each type of offensive and defensive operation. The size of these zones depends on the size of the OPFOR elements involved, engagement ranges of weapon systems, the terrain, and the nature of the enemy’s operation. See figure 3.

An AOR is not required to have any or all of these zones in any particular situation.

A particular command might have a battle zone and no disruption zone. It might not have a battle zone, if it is the disruption force of a higher command. If it is able to forage, it might not have a support zone.

Disruption Zone. The disruption zone is where the OPFOR will set the conditions for successful operations by beginning the attack on the components of the enemy combat system. A successful disruption zone operation will create a window of opportunity that is exploitable in the battle zone. In the disruption zone, specific elements of the enemy’s combat system will be attacked to begin the breakdown of the system. For example, attack of all enemy engineer elements can leave a maneuver force unable to continue effective combat operations in complex terrainexposing them to destruction by forces in the battle zone. Disruption zones may be contiguous, noncontiguous, or “layered.”

Battle Zone. The battle zone is where the OPFOR will exploit the opportunities created by actions in the disruption zone. Using fires and maneuver, the OPFOR will force tactically decisive operations. The linkage of those tactical successes to the operation plan allows the accomplishment of the operational and/or strategic mission.

In the battle zone, the OPFOR is typically trying to accomplish one or more of the following:

Create a penetration in the enemy defense through which exploitation forces can pass.

Draw enemy attention and resources to the action.

Seize operationally significant geographic areas.

Inflict casualties on a vulnerable enemy unit.

Prevent the enemy from moving a part of his force to impact OPFOR actions elsewhere on the battlefield.

An FG (Field Group) or OSC (Operations Strategic Command) does not form an operational-level battle zone per sethat zone is the aggregate of the battle zones of its subordinate units. In a nonlinear operation, multiple, noncontiguous battle zones may

1-13 exist, and within each a certain task would be assigned to the OPFOR unit charged to operate in that space. The battle zone provides the commander of each of those units the operational environment in which to frame his operations.

Support Zone. The support zone is that area of the operational environment designed to be free of significant enemy action and to permit the effective logistics and administrative support of forces. Security forces will operate in the support zone in a combat role to defeat enemy special operations forces. Camouflage, concealment, cover, and deception (C3D) measures will occur throughout the support zone to protect the force from standoff RISTA and precision attack. The OSC support zone may be dispersed within the support zones of subordinate tactical units, or the OSC may have its own support zone that is separate from subordinate AORs. The support zone may be in a sanctuary that is noncontiguous with other zones of the AOR.

Figure 3. OSC Nonlinear AOR Example

OPFOR Command Post Players: - OPFOR personnel role-playing chiefs-of-service and staff within the Battle Simulation Center (SIMCTR) at Fort Leavenworth.

OPFOR Work Area Commanders: - Contractor personnel designated as the commander/controller of an OPFOR workstation who role-play subordinate unit commanders as well as enforcing rules and providing technical expertise.

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OPFOR Work Area Role Players: - Contract personnel working in OPFOR work cells, role-playing subordinate unit staffs and operating work station equipment.

OPSGRP-X: - Operations Group-X, a subordinate command of MCTP, directs the WCOPFOR and Scenario Design actions that ensures MCTP exercises contain the operational environment. The operational environment effectively replicates the challenging composite of conditions, circumstances, and influences existing in War Fighter JIIM Operations, at worldwide locations, during Division, Corps, ASCC, JFLCC, and JTF exercises in order to create training experiences that enable the Army’s Senior Battle Commanders to develop current, relevant, campaign-quality, joint and expeditionary Mission Command instincts and skills.

OPSGRP-X Forward Control: - The determinative OPFOR Control work cell located at the WFX site that provides interface between MCTP WFX site Operations and WCOPFOR guidance to the Leavenworth-based OPFOR HQ and AAR input.

OPSGRP-X Senior Control Rear (Fort Leavenworth): - Senior Control station that monitors and validates all WCOPFOR operations and provides information on OPFOR actions.

Orchestrated Unit: - An OPFOR or BLUFOR unit played as an icon in the simulation by the EXCON Work Cells to set conditions for competitive operations. Orchestrated units may operate within both the Scripted and Competitive Zones. These units are normally noncompetitive, although the Exercise Director may direct that units become competitive during the WFX to achieve exercise objectives. These units are designed to provide the exercised unit with a realistic intelligence situation and a relevant common picture of the battlefield for those units fielded with ABCS. The STARTEX MOI will reflect any special conditions imposed upon orchestrated units. Also see chapter 2, D, 1, d Senior Control rules.

PauseEX: - A break, stop, or rest in a training unit's exercise to allow the unit time to re-group or re-configure their operations before continuing the exercise to completion.

Playbox: - Geographic area in which both simulation and notional WFX occurs. The CZ is a subset of the playbox. If the scenario requires units to be in contact at STARTEX, a line of contact, defined by a list of map coordinates, must be established for both the playbox and CZ. The playbox area, CZ, STARTEX locations and other issues affecting the WFX must be coordinated between representatives of the player unit's senior headquarters, MCTP Operations Group (OPSGRP) and World Class OPFOR. Final resolution of issues and problems, to include STARTEX locations, should occur between the STARTEX conference and STARTEX (See Figure 4).

(See diagram of Playbox on next page)

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Figure 4, Play Box

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Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information, and Infrastructure plus Physical environment and Time (PMESII-PT).

Psychological Operations (PSYOPs):- Replaces MISO

Reactive Behavior: - Normally, units must be ordered to do something. However, there are instances where a unit (AU or EG) must do something without waiting on Controller intervention. These are called Reactive Behaviors. When required conditions are met, the unit will execute the appropriate Reactive Behavior. A message will be sent to the Controller and the unit’s current task will reflect the Reactive Behavior.

Reactive Behaviors include: Attack By Fire, Aviation Abort, Breach or Bypass, Forced Withdrawal, Hasty Occupy, Non-Combatant Evade, React to Smoke, Hasty Decontamination.

Reconstitution: - Reconstitution is extraordinary action that commanders plan and implement to restore units to a desired level of combat effectiveness commensurate with mission requirements and available resources. Reconstitution operations includes Reorganization and

Regeneration: Reconstitution is a total process. In a MCTP WFX it is the process that protects the on hand and authorized figures (TOE) for severely deteriorated units that have been reduced below a Command defined or preset database threshold. The Training Audience/Role Player commander is responsible to cause replenishment actions to occur. The Brigade commander normally will establish a Reconstitution Site in VIC of the Brigade Support Area (BSA). A withdraw database threshold value is set in the WARSIM database. When a unit is attrited to this value (30%) the unit (icon) will automatically start withdrawing from the battle position. The command may choose to withdraw the unit before reaching this threshold. Another situation is the unit is destroyed from catastrophic action. In each case there are three COAs to follow: 1.

Reconstitute using the remaining command assets. 2. Reconstitute over time using the supply replenishment system. 3. Reconstitute using an approved exercise Magic Reconstitution action. Once the unit has attained a command directed redeployment threshold, it may be moved competitively and given tactical missions. See; Low Strength Workaround.

Research Evaluation and Systems Analysis (RESA): - A US Navy simulation designed as a naval warfare C3 analysis tool used to examine proposed or current C3 naval architecture.

Response Cell: - Division and/or Brigade Command Posts can be Response Cells during a Corps and/or Division exercise. They perform their mission as a TOC inside the SIMCTR. As Response Cells they are not limited but must be fully operational throughout the WFX. The Response Cell is a competitive part of the SIMCTR Work Cell structure, helping establish conditions that enable their Higher Headquarters Training Audience to accomplish its training objectives.

Reconnaissance, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition: (RISTA)

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Role Player: - Military individual(s) assigned to operate in a work cell at the SIMCTR.

They control unit icons in WARSIM and role-play the commanders and staff of those units. They represent subordinate units assigned to the players in the field TOCs and are generally members of the player unit.

Role-Playing: - A method by which Unit Role Players interact and communicate with their higher (player) headquarters representing subordinate units played in the simulation to portray a realistic picture of the simulated battle.

Rules: - Directives governing conduct of a MCTP WFX Exercise using WARSIM.

Rules of Engagement (ROE): - WARSIM attack or non-attack permissions: Ground and Air ROEs do not relate to each other except both follow the same criteria for GUI input:

Free – Shoot at all targets not identified as Friendly.

Tight – Shoot at ONLY targets identified as Enemy.

Hold – Shoot at Enemy only in Self Defense.

Stop – Will not shoot at any Target.

No Change – A GUI option if the last use of ROE has not changed.

Scenario Design Division: - A subordinate of MCTP OPSGRP-X which replicates the PMESII-PT aspects of the Operational Environment existing in Warfighter Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, and Multinational (JIIM) Operations, at worldwide locations. During designated exercises, the Division creates training experiences that enable the Army’s Senior Mission Commanders to develop current, relevant, campaign quality, joint and expeditionary Mission Command instincts and skills.

Scripted Zone: - The Area surrounding the competitive zone, which corresponds to the exercise unit's Area of Interest. It may contain both scripted and orchestrated units.

Scripted units are normally not competitive icons in the simulation. EXCON’s Maneuver Control in coordination with the Scenario Design Division, scripts, or orchestrates, activities in that zone based on the higher headquarters' OPORD, White Cell directives, and in coordination with OPSGRP -X Forward. EXCON’s Maneuver Control Cell, in coordination with the Scenario Design Division, provides the higher headquarters response cell and exercised unit with OPSUMS, INTSUMS, SPOTREPS, and liaison to keep them aware of activities on the flanks, and of higher headquarters.

Senior Control Forward and OPFOR Senior Control Rear: - Work cells in the MCTP Forward WFX SIMCTR site and OPFOR Rear SIMCTR (Leavenworth) having sole authority access to special WARSIM orders/menus to control, manage and facilitate corrective (adjudication) actions of the simulation competitive play. Senior Control Forward is controlled by EXCON and OPFOR Senior Control Rear is controlled by

OPSGRP-X.

Senior Control Subordinate(s): - An additional Senior Control Work Cell(s) usually at another WFX site(s) having selective authority access to special WARSIM

1-18 orders/menus to control, manage and facilitate corrective (adjudication) actions of the simulation competitive play. This subordinate normally is authorized to facilitate actions for its site under the direction of the embedded Training OPSGRP of that site. The embedded Training OPSGRP direction is based on coordination completed with the lead Training OPSGRP.

Senior Mentor: - Retired General Officer who observes the Training Audience and supports the AAR process during WFXs.

Sensing Zones: - Sensing Zones are polygons where ground units perform passive sensing. Ground units outside a Sensing Zone will not sense/detect other units. See:

Establishment of the Sensing Zones TTP.

Simulation Center (SIMCTR): - That area in the Mission Training Complex that houses the Aggregate Constructive exercise models (WARSIM, etc.) used by MCTP to conduct WFXs.

Special Operations Forces (SOF):- Name for all SOF forces, SF, CA, PSYOP, Rangers, SOF Aviation, etc.

Start of Exercise (STARTEX): - The designated time that all WFX actions may begin, D-Day, H-Hour. The time after which all competitive play between sides is real time and free play unless as further governed by JTIMS injects and approved MCTP Rules and Workarounds.

Synthetic Natural Environment (SNE): - The graphic representation on the BSWS Map Vision of the physical and environmental features of the exercise play area to include natural (forest, rivers hills, sand, rocks, etc.) and manmade (buildings, bridges, roads, etc.) features and weather (rain, fog, wind, snow, etc.).

Technical Control: - The work station in the SIMCTR which has sole access to monitor and manage the simulation/model functionality and operability.

Test Operations: - Conducted by the MCTP Simulation Support Team (SST) in support of a WFX. Testing is conducted on-site to isolate and/or correct simulation problems affecting the current exercise. All testing will be conducted utilizing the same units, terrain and time as those involved in the original problem. This testing will be conducted in a manner that has no adverse impact on the prosecution of the WFX.

Training Audience: - Individual(s) from the WFX unit(s) being exercised who are located at a field site (CP/TOC) outside of the simulation center. The specific individual(s) or groups of individuals identified to be trained by the WFX.

Truth Filter: - WARSIM control that restricts both BLUFOR and OPFOR from seeing the other side icons except those sensed or in conflict.

Training Operations Groups (lead and embedded): - The lead Training OPSGRP, whose Chief Operations Group (COG) interfaces with the senior Training Audience commanders for the WFF training objectives and requirements. This Training OPSGRP prepares and presents AARs to the senior Training Audience. The lead Training OPS

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GRP is overall responsible for the adjudication of the minute-by-minute competitive fight of the WFX.

While requirements sometimes dictate more than one Training Audience as embedded participating in the same WFX, other Training OPSGRPs support the WFX exercise with AAR focus on its embedded Training Audience. (Examples; Division of a Corps, Brigade Combat Team of a Division, Functional and Multi-functional support Bdes). Adjudication requirements for the embedded Training Audience are made by its Training OPSGRP after coordination with the lead Training OPSGRP.

Use Case 1(UC1): - WARSIM Exercises where Logistics and/or Fixed Wing air are functionality played internal to WARSIM.

Use Case 2(UC2): - WARSIM Exercises that include integration and federation with the LOGFED and AWSIM models are deemed Use Case 2.

Warm Start: - The time, usually 2-4 hours, designated just prior to STARTEX that non combat actions may begin. EXCON, in coordination with OPSGP-X/BLUFOR/FST will publish a check list describing authorized actions. Examples are; Exchange of Intelligence, UAS flights, Convoy movement, etc.

WARSIM: - The acronym for Warfighter’s Simulation

White Cell: - Neutral Exercise Control element that referees the WFX.

White Cell Meeting: - A daily Exercise Control Cell meeting conducted at the Executive and designated worker control levels with the specific purpose of keeping the WFX exercise on track and focused on training objectives. If another meeting is required by the battle rhythm, it is called an Executive Huddle, which although not as robust as the white cell, it brings key leaders together more for situational awareness than decision-making:

- Executive level includes the Exercise Director and Deputy Exercise Director.

- Worker Level follows the Executive level meeting and implements Exercise Director and Deputy Exercise Director’s guidance and direction.

WARSIM Intelligence Model (WIM): - Publishes intelligence data and enhances the data to meet the training requirements of the Training Audience. WIM is an Intelligence model tied directly to WARSIM. WIM is the primary Intelligence Driver for Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) and non-UAS Imagery (IMINT). WIM generates United States Message Text Format (USMTF) reports and forwards them to a C4I device. Reports are also sent to the BSWS that generated the order. The number of reports generated by platforms is based on the ability of the Headquarters to produce/ process the reports.

WIM requires that any Intel system in WARSIM must be its own AU, and may not be merged with any other AU nor can the Intel AU be split. All Intel AUs to be used during the exercise must be created during Scenario Generation. WIM operates in three classification levels (ENCLAVES), LOWER, MIDDLE, UPPER. The Lower Enclave (LE) is where all AUs are tasked. Additionally, HUMINT and MASINT Intel systems may be given an Intel Mission by WIM in this enclave. All other systems must receive their Intel

1-20 mission tasking in the US ONLY Middle Enclaves (ME) Secret or Upper Enclaves (UE) US Top Secret.

Work Cell: - A computer suite, a physical area where workstations, Role Players and Work Cell Controllers function. The Work Cell is in the SIMCTR and the Training Audience is a field TOC. Also see Response Cell.

Work Cell Instructor Controller (WIC): - A MCTP contract civilian in the work cell/response cell who trains and monitors Unit Role Players, observes exercise play, provides tactical and technical advice on WARSIM functionality and provides input for the AAR process. MCTP’s designated representative responsible for monitoring compliance with MCTP WFX Rules and Workarounds within the work cell/response cell.

Keeps O/CTs updated on progress of tactical operations through Workstation Reporting System (WRS).

Work Cell OIC: - The senior day/night shift Unit Role Player under the operational control (OPCON) of the MCTP commander assigned to a work cell to manage the operations of the cell and to role-play subordinate units assigned from the Training Audience unit he is representing or supporting. OICs are generally field grade Officer's assigned to the unit.

Workaround: - An approved means to support role playing a functionality or military operation that is not currently or not adequately modeled in WARSIM.

Workstation: - A hardware equipment set in the SIMCTR Work Cell. Normally consists of one tower, one or two monitors, keyboard and mouse. Also see BSWS.

World Class OPFOR (WCOPFOR): - A subordinate training team of MCTP, commanded by Chief OPSGRP -X, charged with plans to execute opposing forces supporting the WFX. WCOPFOR is charged to develop enemy doctrinal courses of action in support of the player unit training objectives. Execution of OPFOR plans are "free-playing" WITHIN THE RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE) agreed upon during exercise planning.

Zone of Separation (ZOS):- An area between the OPFOR and BLUFOR forward forces that is sufficient distance to prevent direct fire engagements as soon as the simulation is brought up. This distance is negotiated during the initial exercise planning and adjusted as necessary.

G. VIOLATIONS:

1. General. Violations of the rules and workarounds in this directive detract from the intent of the exercise and reduce WFX training opportunities. For the purpose of this directive, a violation is defined as the willful circumvention or failure to apply or enforce the intent of the MCTP Rules and Workarounds.

2. Reporting. The first occurrence of a violation in the work cells will be discussed…