Tech_Exhibit_0302_Snow_and_Ice_Removal_Plan.docx

Technical Exhibit 0302 Snow and Ice Removal Plan

16 October 2017

BASEOPS CONTRACT

SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL PLAN

FOR FORT HAMILTON

1.0 PURPOSE: This plan establishes policy outline procedures and assigns responsibilities for the preparation and execution of emergency snow and ice removal operations at Fort Hamilton.

2.0 MISSION: Upon declaration of a snow and/or ice emergency, the snow removal team will perform snow/ice removal operations at Fort Hamilton and continue until the entire installation returns to normal operations. These snow/ice operations will be conducted in 5 phases: Preparation; Activation; Emergency; Clean up; and After Event phases. These phases will be discussed in detail in this plan starting in paragraph 6.

3.0 DEFINITIONS: The following definitions are established for the purpose of this Plan:

3.1 ALERT STATUS: Is a non-paid status, wherein team members have been notified that they will be working at an anticipated time but that time can change do to the unpredictability of weather patterns.

3.2 CONTINUOUS OPERATIONS: The sustained effort of snow removal not less than 4 hours in duration where the logistical considerations of refueling, rest breaks, meals, and sleep cycles become critical elements of coordination and synchronization.

3.3 CUT CURBS: The end of a sidewalk that meets the intersection for pedestrian crossing. It is sloped to allow for handicap access to the sidewalk.

3.4 PASSABLE: The following will define what constitutes “passable” for streets, sidewalks and parking lots:

a. Streets – Accumulations are removed and vehicles can drive with ample room without abrading the snow that has been plowed.

b. Sidewalks- Accumulations are removed and there is at least a 2.5’-3’ pathway for pedestrians to walk.

c. Parking lots- Accumulations are removed and parking spaces where no vehicles have parked have been cleared, excluding where snow has been piled temporarily.

3.5 SNOW EMERGENCY OPERATIONS: The process of removing snow from the streets, sidewalks, and parking lots until accumulations have ceased and all paved areas have been rendered passable.

3.6 THERMAL BARRIER: A light to medium coat of melting agents such as rock salt or calcium chloride applied to pavement areas to slow or eliminate accumulations of snow and ice. Depending upon the conditions, thermal barriers can also be useful in creating a moisture level between the frozen precipitation and pavement making it easier for removal.

4.0 SAFETY: All team members involved with snow removal operations are required to utilize the proper PPE and become aware of the following safety procedures helping to strive for a zero accident/incident rate:

4.0.1. CONTINUOUS OPERATIONS: Considerations are to be given to the hazards that continuous operations may cause. Close observation of operators and sidewalk team members will be made for signs of cold injury, extreme fatigue and unsafe practices that accompany sustained work in hazardous conditions.

4.0.2 REFUELING: Extreme caution must be taken when refueling equipment (which has been running for a period of time) that the exhaust system has had sufficient time to cool below operating temperature.

4.0.3 SAFETY BRIEFING: IF POSSIBLE, A safety briefing will be conducted prior to snow removal operations with the fully assembled team. During the safety briefing such subjects will be discussed as weather conditions, proper lifting techniques, signs of cold weather injuries, proper PPE utilization, proper refueling practices, what to do in a “whiteout” condition, and any other particular safety consideration that may need to be addressed for that specific event.

4.0.4 WARM UP BREAKS: Team Leaders are to ensure sufficient warm-up breaks are provided for the team members to combat the onset of cold weather injury.

4.0.5 WHITEOUT CONDITION: During “whiteout” conditions, all Heavy Equipment Operators are to pull over, activate their 4 way flashers and wait for visibility to improve. DO NOT continue operations until the “whiteout” conditions have subsided.

4.0.6 SAFETY MONITORS: All members of the snow removal team, from the Project Manager to those responsible for shoveling, are safety monitors. If you think an act is unsafe, question it. If you know an act is unsafe, stop it. Anyone has the authority to stop an unsafe act at anytime and bring it to management’s attention, immediately.

4.0.7 ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS: Accidents/incidents will be reported immediately to the Project Manager or the Alternate Project Manager who will notify DES, Installation Safety Officer (ISO), KO, COR and O&M Chief. Any medical emergency will be reported to the ISO, as soon as practical.

5.0 RESPONSIBILITIES:

5.1 LRC:

a. LRC is responsible for the Maintenance of the Army Owned and GSA vehicles in support of Snow and Ice Removal Operations

b. LRC typically has personnel at work in order to fix any issues that may occur during an event

5.2 MANAGEMENT TEAM:

a. Will have overall responsibility for the conduct of all phases of snow/ice removal operations.

b. Coordinate with LRC to have equipment ready to go prior to any Snow and Ice Removal Operations

c. Coordinate with LRC if equipment needs repair during an event

d. Check in with DES upon arrival for emergency snow/ice removal operations.

e. Will participate as a primary member of the Installation’s Crisis Action Team (CAT), when activated.

f. Provide periodic situation reports (SITREPs) to the Installation Operations Center (IOC) for distribution as necessary. SITREPs will include equipment, material and personnel status using the green, amber, red and black code discussed in 5.1.1.

g. Prior to any significant forecasted snow event (6” or more), prior coordination through the CAT must be made with the installation gas station for hours of operation to refuel equipment.

h. Procuring, storing, maintaining and operating power-operated snow removal equipment, including truck-mounted plows, salt spreaders, sidewalk blowers, and associated mechanized equipment.

i. Procuring and stockpiling bulk salt and calcium chloride for snow removal operations.

j. Initiating action to muster and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish snow removal operations.

k. Ensure that Quality Control for snow/ice removal operations will be IAW the Quality Control Plan.

l. Coordinate with DPW-QAS and contractors on post while/if they are conducting construction operations involving the tearing up of roads, to identify the proper placement of any “lift plow blade” signs needed.

m. Ensure that calcium chloride is distributed to each OMA building IAW the PWS and are resupplied as necessary.

n. Make provisions for food and warming beverages predicated upon the severity and duration of the snow event.

o. Conduct an AAR within 2 workdays after the snow or ice emergency, and submit an AAR to DPW-QAS within 3 workdays after the operation is completed.

p. Ensure any accidents/incidents are reported to DES and the Installation Safety Officer, immediately.

q. Ensure any medical emergency is reported to DES and the Installation Safety Officer, immediately.

5.1.1 CHART (COLOR CODE)

5.2 PROGRAM MANAGER:

a. Be the on-site supervisor for all snow or ice emergencies with overall authority to execute the operation.

m. Keep the Fort Hamilton DES, DPW-QAS and the Project Manager/Alternate Project Manager updated (as required) on current operations being conducted.

5.3 SNOW AND ICE EMERGENCY TEAM LEADERS:

a. Ensure accountability of assigned personnel and equipment at all times.

b. Be familiar with the contents of this SOP and the team’s Area of Responsibility.

c. Ensure sufficient warm-up breaksare provided for team members.

d. Ensure team members are dressed appropriately and wear their Protective Personal Equipment (PPE).

e. Participate in the internal AAR.

6.0 PHASE 1: PREPARATION: Whenever there is a snow/ice storm forecast for the Fort Hamilton area to arrive 96 hours out, this begins the preparation phase. Send a representative to the IOC whenever the Installation’s Crisis Action Team is activated. Within 96 hours of a predicted snow or ice event the following elements will be discussed at the CAT and info will be brought back to the snow management team, who will meet to confirm that the following elements of the preparation phase are being addressed/accomplished:

6.1 START OF SNOW SEASON: At the beginning of the snow season sidewalks, fire hydrants and catch basins will be marked with 1 ½ X 1 ¾ wooden stakes with reflective tips for ease of ID during the snow/ice event. This will also be the time to deliver calcium chloride to each OMA building and position orange cones to identify oil fill up points.

6.2 IDENTIFY PRIORITIES: Priorities other than the ones established in this SOP will be identified by the CAT representative and Project Manager.

6.3 SIGNIFICANT GARRISON OPERATING HOURS: Opening times and closing times of specific garrison buildings and parking lots will be established so the proper snow and ice removal can be scheduled accordingly.

6.4 RISK ASSESSMENT: A risk assessment will be conducted to mitigate the risks of the upcoming snow removal operations to the lowest possible level. The risk assessment will include, but is not limited to: Whiteout conditions, temperature range, road work/metal plating, continuous operational hazards, etc.

6.5 AAR: A review of the prior storms internal After Action Review will be conducted to ensure that improvements are made in the areas that are needed. At this time the new information for the next AAR will begin, ensuring that the posted sustainment issues are in fact sustained.

6.6 GASOLINE REFUELING: Prior to any significant snow or ice event (6 inches or more forecasted), coordination will be made with the installation gas station for hours of operation in order to be able to refuel vehicles and equipment as necessary. This will be accomplished at the CAT level but the information will be disseminated to the teams for refueling times as necessary.

6.7 PRIMARY PARING AREAS: Coordination with building managers to relocate vehicles away from primary parking areas will be made in preparation for plowing the priority parking lots.

6.8 SUPPLIES: Amounts of on hand melting agents (rock salt/calcium chloride), will be established and re-order trigger points will be established so as not to fall below amounts that would hinder operation or create unsafe conditions.

6.9 RADIOS: Someone from the snow management team will be designated to contact DES to pick up three (3) of their radios, for safe operations. Contractor shall have their own radios and will distribute them to all plow team members, sidewalk team chiefs, mechanic, Program Manager and his assistant and the Project Manager or Alternate Project Manager. All should be issued radios with spare battery and with charging stations for the duration of the event. Initial coordination for the DES radios will take place at the CAT level.

6.10 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS: The level of response will be determined by the amount of snow, the type of precipitation and priorities. The Project Manager or Alternate Project Manager will determine the final number of personnel necessary to make up the snow team for that specific event.

6.11 SNOW TEAM ARRIVALS: A fluid, but best-guess predetermined start time for plow teams and sidewalk teams will be established as soon as practical. After all members of the plow teams and sidewalk teams have been contacted, the Program Manager will be notified of team strength. They in turn will notify the Project Manager or Alternate Project Manager as soon as practical.

6.12 FOOD AND SHELTER: Prior to any significant snow or ice event, prior coordination will be made with DFMWR for food and sleeping accommodations, if available. This will be accomplished at the CAT level.

6.13 PRIOR TO SNOW OPERATIONS: The Program Manager, Assistant, and the Buildings and Structures Foreman will insure the following items are accomplished:

a. STORM STAND TO: All snow removal equipment will be run to operating temperature, filled with fuel and checked for proper operation.

b. MARKING OIL FILL POINTS: All OMA fuel oil fill points will be covered with an orange traffic cone so they can be easily identified during and after a storm. This will be accomplished prior to winter operations.

c. TIRE CHAINS: An evaluation of upcoming conditions will be made by the Program Manager to determine if tire chains for the dump truck with plow and spreader is needed. If deemed necessary, tire chains will be installed prior to the snow/ice event.

d. RADIOS: The radio POC will contact DES and find out when the radios needed for the upcoming event can be physically obtained and signed for on a hand receipt.

e. THERMAL BARRIER: Depending upon weather conditions and type of precipitation, a thermal barrier application will be considered by the COR and Program Manager and recommendations made to the Project Manager/APM for execution.

NOTE: When the above items have been completed, this signifies the end of Phase 1 and the beginning of Phase 2.

7.0 PHASE 2: ACTIVATION: When a snow or ice accumulation is forecasted to arrive at an estimated time and is predicted to have accumulation of 2” or more, the following procedures will be employed.

7.1 ADVANCE NOTICE: Team members will be given as much advanced notice as possible. Depending upon the forecasted accumulation, the Program Manager, the Assistant DPW Branch Manager and/or the Buildings and Structures Foreman will alert the appropriate teams planned to accomplish the mission. Team members will be told they are on alert, and to wait for further instructions.

7.2 SAFETY BRIEFING: If at all possible, a safety briefing will be conducted the day prior to the planned start of the operation. If this is not accomplished, the safety briefing will be given immediately prior to the start of operations.

7.3 START TIME/SNOW TEAM ARRIVAL: Team members will be scheduled to come in 1 hour prior to the estimated start time of snow accumulations. If applicable, thermal barrier applications will begin on sidewalks, roads and parking lots at this time, if not accomplished the day prior.

7.4 SNOW TEAM COMPOSITION AND RESPONSIBILITIES: There are three levels of response to snow/ice events depending upon the forecasted accumulations. They are Alpha 2”- 4”, Bravo 4”- 8” and Charlie 8” and above. The following is the specific composition and responsibilities of those teams.

7.5 ALPHA TEAM 2”- 4”:

7.6 PLOW-TEAM ALPHA: Consists of 1 dump truck with a plow and a salt spreader, 2 pickup trucks with plows and salt spreaders. Plowing will begin with all primary roads. Secondary roads will be plowed once the primary roads begin to become passable. One pickup truck with plow and spreader will be dedicated to the RCI foot print while one dump truck with plow and spreader and one pickup truck with plow and spreader will operate in the rest of the garrison.

7.7 PARKING LOTS: Snow removal will be performed by a Massey Ferguson tractor or Case M24C front loader with snow pusher box plow attached. The ability to complete snow removal in the parking lots will be dependent upon the timeline of the snow/ice event. During the events that accumulations occur during normal business hours, and vehicles cannot be relocated out of the parking lot, driving lanes will be cleared by the dump truck with plow and spreader or a pickup truck with plow and spreader. After the vehicles have been relocated, the snow pusher box plow can be utilized. This usually is accomplished after normal duty hours.

7.8 PARKING LOT PRIORITIES: The following is a list of parking lots in priority sequence according to opening and assumed start time of 0400-0600 for clearing.

0. 406

0. DCE 2

0. 129

0. 212 (AFRC)

0. 209 (UPH)/210 (Empire Shield)

0. 105 (CST)

0. 130

0. 137

0. 116

0. 113

0. 200

0. 123

0. 115 front

0. 115 back

0. TMP

0. 114

0. 206/207

0. 107

0. 124/125

0. 402/403

0. 412 Note: Parking areas will be done enroute when vehicles are relocated.

7.9 SIDE WALK TEAMS: There are separate teams that are dedicated to removing snow and ice accumulations from the garrison sidewalks. Specific composition and responsibilities of those teams are as follows:

RESPONSIBILITIES

EQUIPMENT

2 Bobcat S100 skid steers 2 BCS sidewalk tractors 1 Bobcat S100 skid steer 1 BCS sidewalk tractor

1 BCS sidewalk tractor

PERSONNEL

7.10 BRAVO TEAM 4”-8”:

7.11 PLOW TEAM BRAVO: Depending upon the type and time line of accumulations a second dump truck with plow and spreader will be added to the RCI foot print.

7.12 PARKING LOTS: There is no change to the parking lot snow removal with bravo status.

7.13 SIDE WALK TEAMS BRAVO: All sidewalk teams will receive 2 additional members and depending on the type of snow each teams will receive 1 snow blower per team.

B TEAM FOUR

RESPONSIBILITIES

Double Day Village, 201 rear, 221, 222, 223, 310, 311 & 312.

EQUIPMENT

2 Bobcat S100 skid steers 2 BCS sidewalk tractors 1 Snow blower 1 Bobcat S100 skid steer 1 BCS sidewalk tractor 1 Snow blower 1 Gravely sidewalk tractor 1 Snow blower 1 Bobcat S100 skid steer 1 BCS sidewalk tractor 1 Snow blower

PERSONNEL

7.14 CHARLIE TEAM 8” AND ABOVE:

7.15 PLOW TEAM CHARLIE: Depending upon the type and time line of accumulations an additional truck with plow may be added to support plowing on the main primary roadways that are not within the RCI foot print.

7.16 PARKING LOTS: Snow removal will be performed with a Massey Ferguson tractor and a Case M24C front loader. Priorities will be shared in order to open parking lots. The order of those lots are situational dependent and will be established by DPW QAE, Project Manager/APM or Branch Manager through the CAT or DPTMS.

7.17 SIDE WALK TEAMS CHARLIE: All sidewalk teams will receive 1 additional member and depending on the type of snow each teams will receive 1 additional snow blower per team. Charlie team 1 will receive an additional Bobcat skid steer. When accumulations are over 8” (in some cases below 8” depending upon the type of snow experienced), the BCS sidewalk tractors will be deactivated due to their operational limitations. If conditions change to allow for their use, the BCS’ will be reactivated to support snow removal operations.

C TEAM FOUR

RESPONSIBILITIES

Double Day Village, 201 rear, 221, 222, 223, 310, 311 & 312.

EQUIPMENT

2 Bobcat S100 skid steers 2 Snow blowers 1 Bobcat S100 skid steer 2 Snow blowers

2 Snow blowers

PERSONNEL

7.18 LONG TERM CONTINUOUS OPERATIONS: The following guidelines will be employed when continuous operations occur:

7.19 EQUIPMENT REFUELING: If emergency operations are to continue beyond 4 hours, wherein snow blowers and sidewalk tractors are utilized, a logistics element will be dispatched to the various locations to refuel those pieces of equipment on-site, every 1 1/ hours. This is only for snow blowers and sidewalk tractors. Other vehicles will refuel as necessary at the Heavy Equipment shop or Garrison gas station, as directed by the Program Manager/Assistant Branch Manager.

7.20 OPERATOR SHIFTS: When continuous operations are reaching fatigue levels that would make it unsafe and/or non-productive, it will be necessary to stand down the majority of the snow removal force. During these times it may also be necessary to conduct snow plow operations during the main force stand down. Snow plow operators will be evaluated for fatigue levels that would make it unsafe for them to continue. A maximum of 2 and a minimum of one snow plow operators will continue to plow. After a predetermined time the operators who have had their sleep break will shift back to operations and allow their counterparts to bed down.

7.21 EMERGENCY CALL- IN/DES REQUESTED RESPONSE: When snow or ice accumulation is forecasted to be less than 2” during non duty hours, but road conditions have deteriorated to unsafe conditions, the following measures will apply.

a. THERMAL BARRIER: In anticipation of off hour accumulations under 2”, a thermal barrier may be applied in advance of the snowfall.

b. Activation: Ether the Program Manager or the Assistant DPW Branch Manager will receive a call from DES stating that road conditions are unsafe to drive. The Program Manager will contact the Project Manager/APM, advising him of the DES notification. The Program Manager will then contact the appropriate personnel to respond to the particular conditions.

c. Personnel: The Program Manager will contact a minimum of one truck driver and one Mechanic or a maximum of two truck drivers and one mechanic to remove the snow from roadways throughout the Garrison until the roadways are passable.

NOTE: Once the required crews are present, this signifies the end of phase 2 and the beginning of phase 3.

8.0 PHASE 3: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS:

8.1 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN: After coordination with the Fort Hamilton Directorate of Emergency Services (DES) and DPTMS, the Snow Emergency Streets will be designated based upon the severity of the storm emergency. It should be noted that the #1 priority of the Garrison Commander and DPW is to keep the 101st Street gate and the Restricted Access Control Point clear at all times; the #2 priority is the 7th Avenue gate.

8.2 PROBLEMATIC AREAS: The following streets are considered a major difficulty for snow plowing and snow removal:

a. The rear of building #114 (no curbside parking).

b. Sterling Drive building # 310 to Pershing Loop West (no curbside parking)

c. White Avenue side (no curbside parking)

d. The PX parking lot (no overnight parking)

e. The commissary parking lot (no overnight parking).

f. 1st Division Avenue (no curbside parking).

g. Battery Avenue (vehicles should park as close to the curb as possible).

h. Poly Place.

8.3 ROADWAY SAFETY ITEMS: Before roadway snow/ice removal begin, hand move speed bumps and pedestrian crossing signs from the street to a safe area.

8.4 HABITUAL RELATIONSHIPS: Habitual relationships will be established between personnel and equipment; personnel and teams; and specific areas of responsibilities; at the beginning of the snow season. Therefore, equipment will be signed for by the operator (at the beginning of each operation) and will be returned by the operator (cleaned and serviced) at the conclusion of the operation.

8.5 TIRE CHAINS: Tire chains will be installed on the dump trucks prior to beginning emergency operations (at the discretion of the On-Site Supervisor).

8.6 DURING ACCUMULATIONS: During the accumulation period of a snow/ice event, plow teams and sidewalk teams will be executing their planed routes of removal to try to keep accumulations to a minimum.

8.7 MELTING AGENTS: Throughout the buildup of frozen precipitation, melting agents will be utilized to improve pavement conditions, although their application will be suspended when accumulations are around the rate of 1 inch per hour. During these times, plowing will continue but the effectiveness of melting agents may be reduced. Once blizzard conditions have ceased, the application of melting agents will resume.

8.8 PASSABLE PAVEMENT AREAS: For the duration of the snow emergency phase the plow team and sidewalk teams will strive to remove accumulations as close to bare pavement as possible and establish passable pathways for vehicular and pedestrian traffic to flow.

8.9 SNOW DRIFTS: Snowdrifts that interfere with the normal operation of Fort Hamilton will be removed. Removal of snowdrifts will be performed during and at the conclusion of the snow removal operation.

NOTE: With the snowfall stopped and passable conditions established, this signifies the end of Phase 3 (emergency operations and the end of mass overtime) and the beginning of Phase 4.

9.0 PHASE 4: CLEAN UP OPERATIONS: Cleanup operations will be accomplished during normal duty hours with select overtime missions conducted to expedite cleanup operations.

9.1 CURB TO CURB CLEAN UP: After accumulations have ceased and the paved areas have been rendered passable, curb to curb operations will begin. The following actions will be accomplished during curb to curb operations.

9.2 STREETS: Accumulations will be plowed as close to the curb line as possible by the plow trucks without damaging the equipment or the curb and then will be removed by skid steers to the grass areas nearest the curb.

9.3 STORM DRAINS: At this time storm drains will also be cleared so that the runoff of melting snow does not pool in the streets.

9.4 SIDEWALKS: Sidewalks will be cleared of snow/ice from edge to edge so the entire width of the walkway is clear for pedestrian travel.

9.5 FIRE HYDRANTS: Fire hydrants will also be cleared enroute by the curb to curb teams.

9.6 REFUSE COLLECTION POINTS: While sidewalks are being cleared the refuse collection points will be cleaned as they are reached in the sidewalk team’s routes of removal.

9.7 ACCUMULATIONS IN INTERSECTIONS: Snow build up at intersections will be moved to snow depositories.

9.8 PARKING SPACES, AREAS & LOTS: Handicapped parking spaces and parking spaces in parking areas, the horse shoe in front of building # 302, rear of building # 301, will be cleared as they become available. A coordinated effort will be made with Building Managers to have their parking areas cleared. If the vehicles are not moved, will not attempt to plow that parking lot until such time as they are relocated. After vehicles have repositioned from unplowed parking spaces, those spaces will then be cleaned and any snow piles will be removed to the snow depository areas. The following locations are designated snow deposit areas to be used, in priority, for snow removed from parking lots:

· Priority 1: The Engeldrum Bluff parking lot.

· Priority 2: The most North West corner of Schum Avenue.

NOTE: Once streets are cleared curb to curb, sidewalks are cleared completely, catch basins are cleared, fire hydrants are cleared for access and refuse pick up points are cleared, this signifies the end of Phase 4 and triggers the final phase, Phase 5.

10.0 PHASE 5: AFTER EVENT:

NOTE: As the event winds down, we will experience thawing during the day, with a possibility of re-freezing during the evening hours. Because of the porosity of certain materials (i.e., cobble stone, brick, etc.) used for certain building entrances on this installation, and the potential for accumulated moisture to freeze on those surfaces, will have a “Recon Team” inspect those buildings @ 0530 as required during the winter months. If that Recon Team determines that slippery condition do exist, immediate corrective action will be taken by applying a mixture of sand and calcium chloride to the slippery surface.”

10.1 ELECTRONIC AAR: Within 3 workdays after the snow/ice operation is completed the Program Manager will forward his electronic AAR to the Project Manager for review who will then forward it to the DPW, DPW QAS and COR for their review and files.

10.2 RETURN RADIOS: All radios will be cleaned and accounted for, then the three borrowed radios will be brought back to DES with the hand receipt, for turn in.

10.3 EQUIPMENT CLEANING: Equipment will be cleaned, refueled and lubed to prepare it for the next event. Any equipment that is nonoperational will be brought to the Heavy Equipment Shop for diagnosis and repair.

10.4 RESUPPLY: After snow operations have concluded, an accounting of utilized supplies will be collected and the proper resupply will be made to prepare for the next event.

10.5 INTERNAL STORM AAR: An internal AAR will be conducted within 2 workdays after the snow or ice emergency. Strengths and recommendations for improvement will be noted and presented at the Garrison-Level AAR for that event. All team leaders will participate in this internal AAR The DPW-QAS will also be invited to participate in that internal AAR. This signifies the end of snow/ice emergency operations for the specific event.