25R1319 Note19.pdf

RFP N62742-25-R-1319

Notice No. 19

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING SYSTEMS COMMAND PACIFIC

258 MAKALAPA DR STE 100

PEARL HARBOR HI 96860-3134

Notice No. 19 04 Feb 2025

PRE-PROPOSAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

RFP N62742-25-R-1319

WON 1614533, FY21 MCON PROJECT P-649 GUAM JOINT COMMUNICATIONS

UPGRADE MARINE CORPS BASE CAMP BLAZ, GUAM

NOTE: The following questions and answers are provided for INFORMATION ONLY. The RFP remains unchanged unless it is amended in writing on a Standard Form 30.

RESPONSES DEFERRED FROM NOTICE NO. 15 DATED JANUARY 24, 2025:

277. Reference Drawings CU123A and CU124A, per the latest Amendment 08 Waterline WL-G were revised. The waterline itself is 8” diameter PVC but some of its elbows or bends are called out to be 12”. Please verify.

ANSWER: Design intent for Water Line G is an 8-inch diameter water main, including elbows or bends.

278. Refer to Amendment 08 Detail C3/CU505 for Dry Swale. We are unable to find Dry Swales in Grading drawings.

a. We find Swale in CS104A and CS105A, are we going to assume this as Dry Swale?

b. North Warehouse CS101B has a Grass Swale, are we going to assume this as a Dry Swale?

ANSWER: Design intent is Swale and Grass Swale terminology refers to Dry Swale.

279. On Sheet A-541, FC-2 is called out to be an epoxy floor/wall coating and the Material Finish Schedule indicates this will be covered by Spec Section 09 96 56; however, there is no Section 09 96 56 provided with the Specs. FC-2 appears to be only used as a floor finish and Section 09 67 23.15 Fuel Resistive Resinous Flooring was included with the Specs. Please advise if Section 09 67 23 should cover FC-2 finish. If not, please provide Section 09 96 56.

ANSWER: Spec section reference was changed to Section 09 67 23.15 in Amendment 0009.

RESPONSES DEFERRED FROM NOTICE NO. 17 DATED JANUARY 27, 2025:

280. In line with the existing duct banks at OSP Route from Bldg. 3012 at Naval Base and South of Andersen Airbase.

a. Are there any existing Fiber Optic lines that run on these existing duct banks?

b. What type of conduit is installed on these existing duct banks.

ANSWER: a. For south end of route near B3012 coordinate with NCTS Guam for existing cables in the conduit to be used.

For north end of route at Andersen South if there are existing fiber optic cables in the ductbank they should be installed in separate innerduct cells provided by the J-755 project.

b. For south end of route near B3012 coordinate with NCTS Guam for type of conduit.

For north end of route at Andersen South the ductbank was provided by the J-755 project and the conduits in the ductbank should be PVC.

281. Reference Volume 3, Drawing A-521 Window Schedule and Specification Section 08 34 02-Bullet Resistant Components, Paragraphs 2.2.4 and 2.3 regarding Deal Trays and Bullet- Resistant Speaking Apertures and Window W102. This window type shows Deal Trays and Speaking areas, but the glazing for this window is called out as Laminated Safety Glazing.

Please clarify.

ANSWER: Will revise glazing in a forthcoming amendment.

282. Reference Volume 3, Drawing A-521 Window Schedule and Specification Section 08 34 02-Bullet Resistant Components. In Spec section 08 34 02 paragraphs 1.5, 1.6, 2.2, 2.2.4, 2.3 and 3.5 all mention windows. No bullet resistant windows can be located in the drawings.

Please clarify.

ANSWER: Will revise schedule in a forthcoming amendment.

283. Reference Volume 3, Drawing A-512 Door schedule, A-511 Door types and A-521 Window schedule in regards to Door numbers 100A and 100B. Both these Door types are listed as Type I (Interior Glass Door), but show the Glazing to be IGB (Insulated glazing, ballistic rated UL 742 Level III). Is the door type correct as listed, or should this be Type H? Please clarify.

ANSWER: Will revise to Door Type H in a forthcoming amendment.

284. Reference Spec section 08 11 13, Paragraphs 2.1.1.1, 2.2 and 2.6 regarding Levels of door/frames. Para 2.2 states “At the option of the Contractor, insulated steel doors and frames may be provided in lieu of Level 1…”, whereas Paragraphs 2.1.1.1 and 2.6 state to provide Level 4 doors and frames. Please clarify.

ANSWER: Confirmed that all steel doors and frames should be Level 4 door and frame type.

285. Reference Spec section 08 35 13, Paragraphs 2.3.5.1 and 3.1.1 regarding Folding Door finish. Para 2.3.5.1 calls for Powder-Coat finish, whereas Para 3.1.1 calls for Field painted finish. Please clarify which is correct.

ANSWER: Will revise specs to delete para 3.1.1 in a forthcoming amendment.

286. Reference Volume 3 Drawings A-512 and A-513 in regards to doors 160, 161 and door 205.

Door schedule calls for Door 160 to be STC rated 47, Door 161 to be STC rated 54 and Door 205 to be STC rated 50. Aluminum doors are not available with STC rating. Please advise if alternate door materials, such as wood or steel are acceptable.

ANSWER: Will revise schedules in a forthcoming amendment.

287. Reference Volume 3 Drawings A-512, A-513, A-515, Door Note 3. WP and Spec Section 08 14 00, Paragraphs 2.3.5 and 2.3.6.1 in regards to the Finish for the wood doors. The paragraphs listed above indicate that the wood doors are to be factory finished, whereas the notation on the Door Schedule for Door finish calls for all WSC doors to be WP-Wood, Painted. Please clarify which is correct.

ANSWER: Will revise specs to be field painted in a forthcoming amendment.

288. Reference Volume 3 Drawings A-512, A-513, A-515 and Door Note 3. WP. The notation on the Door Schedule for Door finish calls for doors 101,106,107,109,110,111A,111B,112,113,115,116,117,118,119,126A,130,133,136A,137,15 7,158,159,201A,201B,203,206,208,209,211,212,219,230,233,240A,240B,241,242,243,244,2 45,246,301,302B,304,305,306,307 AND 309 to be WP-Wood, painted although they are steel. Please clarify which is correct.

ANSWER: See response to RFI Q18. See response to RFI Q17 for Doors 211 and 212.

289. Reference Spec section 08 34 73, Para 3.3 and Para 3.3.1 in regards to providing third party testing for the Sound Control Door Assemblies. Please confirm if the assemblies that are identical to those tested at an independent laboratory as stated in Para 3.3.1 is sufficient for testing purposes and that third-party field testing, as stated in para 3.3 –Field Quality Control is not required. If third party field testing is required, the bid documents do not indicate which assemblies will require this testing. Please provide clarification of the location of the assemblies to be field tested if this is a requirement.

ANSWER: All STC rated spaces will require third party field testing as specified.

290. Reference Spec section 09 30 10 Ceramic, Quarry and Glass Tiling, Paragraph 2.4.2 Furan Mortar and Paragraph 3.5.3 in regards to Furan Mortar and grout. Furan mortar and grout is costly and is typically only used in food processing plants, meat packing plants, bottling plants, etc. In addition, Para 3.5.3 states in the first sentence “…grout quarry tile with either furan grout… or epoxy resin grout. Please clarify if paragraph 2.4.2 can be omitted from the specifications and that no quarry tile is included as a finish in this project.

ANSWER: Will revise specs to delete furan mortar and grout in a forthcoming amendment.

291. Reference Spec section 09 30 10 Ceramic, Quarry and Glass Tiling, Paragraph 2.4.5 regarding the use of sealants. Para 2.4.5 states “Provide sealant that does not change or alter the appearance of the grout.” Paragraphs 2.4.4 and 3.5.3 state to provide epoxy resin grout, as does GRT-1 thru GRT-3 grout selections on Material Schedule. Due to the low absorption rate, epoxy grouts do not require a grout sealer. Please clarify if the “sealer” referred to in Para 2.4.5 is referring to perimeter sealant joints, and not an actual topical grout sealer.

ANSWER: Confirmed para 2.4.5 is referring to sealants and not sealers. Per para 3.5.4, provide and apply manufacturer’s standard product for sealing grout joints in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.

292. Reference Sheet A-551 Sign Schedule. There is a column between the columns for the Sign Numbers and Sign Types and for some of the signs, there are letters in this column. Please advise what information this column is for.

ANSWER: That column correlates to the Sign Symbol location, refer to Sign Tag symbol in floor plans where there is a letter designation outside of the symbol.

293. Reference Sheet A-551 and A-555. Sheet A-555 includes various sign types, however the sign types on this sheet are not used in the Sign Schedule on Sheet A-551. Please advise if these signs are needed and if they are, please revise the Sign Schedule to include these signs and revise the Floor Plans to show where these signs are to be installed.

ANSWER: Will revise Sheet A-555 in a forthcoming amendment.

294. Please provide details and spec requirements for the chair rails.

ANSWER: See response to RFI Q231. Detail is shown on Sheet A-606.

295. S402B, Please provide FFE and Pile Tip Elevations for the Electrical Enclosure at the North Warehouse.

ANSWER: FFE = 425.05 feet per Civil.

Estimated pile tip is +398.00 feet, and should be predrilled to an elevation of at least +401.00 feet. Please note that these estimated elevations may be modified depending on the results of the test pile program as specified.

296. 01 45 35, Special inspections specification paragraph 1.2 indicates that the Government will provide “Structural” observations. Is the definition of observations that the Government will be providing all items listed as “Observe or Continuous” in the Table for Special inspections?

Will the Government be providing the report for these inspections to the SIOR? If not, please provide listing of “Structural Observations” that the Government will be providing for the project.

The structural observations indicated in Specification Section 01 45 35 paragraph 1.2 are performed by the Government’s Structural Engineer of Record, or their designated representative, and include visual observation of representative locations of the structural system for general conformance with the approved construction documents. These structural observations are separate from the required Special Inspections to be performed by an independent third party. Structural observations do not include or waive the responsibility for special inspections. Structural observations will be required for the Comm Building and Generator Building for the following items:

a) Typical concrete wall footings

b) Typical load-bearing concrete shear walls

c) Cast-in-place concrete beams and slabs

d) Cast-in-place concrete columns

297. A-405B, Please provide details for Aluminum cabinets.

ANSWER: Will provide details in a forthcoming amendment.

298. A-405B, Please provide specification for butcherblock top and pegboard backsplash in N/S warehouses.

ANSWER: Will provide details in a forthcoming amendment.

299. A-457A, Many interior elevations indicate “Chair Rail as scheduled”. The rail itself is not shown and not scheduled. Is this rail required? As an example, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 Etc.

ANSWER: See response to RFI Q222.

300. B2/A-606, Please provide specification for wood chair rail.

ANSWER: See response to RFI Q231.

301. Please provide sections/details for wood base and wall cabinets.

ANSWER: Details are shown on Sheet A-602 in the Fixed Facility Drawings.

302. D4/A-462A, Please provide sections/details for solid surface work counters.

ANSWER: Detail is shown on A1/A-602.

303. C1/A-441A, Elevation indicates a “Transaction Pass Through (A4/A531)” and a “Transaction Counter”. The drawer is detailed but the counter is not please provide details of cabinets.

ANSWER: Detail will be added in a forthcoming amendment.

304. Specs 01 91 19, Could the Technical Specialist specified working for the testing agency in Section 01 91 19 Building Envelope Commissioning serve as the Building Enclosure Commissioning Specialist (BECxP)? Then could the CxC Commissioning Specialist be utilized to manage the administrative aspects of envelope commissioning associated with Building Envelope systems to be commissioned?

ANSWER: The air barrier testing agency can serve as the Building Envelope Commissioner, provided they meet all the requirements in 01 91 00.15 and 07 05 23.

CxC Commissioning Specialist can be utilized to manage the administrative aspects of envelope commissioning associated with Building Envelope systems to be commissioned, provided they meet all the requirements in 01 91 00.15 and 07 05 23.

RESPONSES FOR NOTICE 19:

323. Communication Building Spec Section 12 24 13, Roller Window Shades, Material Schedule (A-541); Material Schedule (A-541); In Material Schedule (A-541) it indicates “Shade Cloth -1% Openness w/ Basket Weave Design. Blackout Opaque w/ 50% Base Polyester Cloth and 50% Foam Backing”.

Please specify which window to consider for Blackout Opaque and Shade Cloth with - 1% Openness.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

324. Communication Building Spec Section 12 24 13 Roller Window Shades, Material Schedule (A-541); Conflict between Spec Section 12 24 13 and Material Schedule (A-541); There is a conflict between Specification Section 12 24 13, paragraph 2.1.2.6, and Material Schedule for (WT-1).

Paragraph 2.1.2.6 states that "Shade Material: Light Filtering: Openness 3%," while in Material Schedule (A-541) it indicates “Shade Cloth - 1% Openness”. Please revisit and clarify.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

325. Reference Communication Building Material Schedule Drawing A-541; Material Key not Shown on the plan;

The finishes listed below are not indicated/shown in the plan. Please provide the location.

1. EFS-1

2. EFS-2

3. GLZ-1

4. GLZ-2

5. PLAM-1

6. PLAM-2

7. PLAM-3

8. PLAM-4

9. SS-1

10. SS-2

11. TP-1

12. TP-2

ANSWER: Response deferred.

326. Communication Building Signage Schedule (A-551); Signage Schedule (A-551); There are various types of signs listed in the Signage Schedule (in Alpha-numeric);

please indicate which sign types will apply.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

327. Communication Building Spec Section 12 48 13; Entrance Floor Mats and Frames; Spec Section 12 48 13 Entrance Floor Mats and Frames; Specification paragraph 2.1.1.3 states “Provide tread insert consisting of Poured Abrasive” Since our suppliers do not provide Poured Abrasive Inserts, please confirm if we can consider their alternative, which is the Abrasive Tape Insert.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

328. Material Schedule drawing A-541; Floor/Wall Coating, Epoxy; Please provide missing spec section 09 96 56 for floor/wall coating, epoxy as shown on Material Schedule (drawing A- 541)

ANSWER: Response deferred.

329. Material Schedule and Room Finish Schedule drawing A-541, A-532, A-602B, A-602C;

Floor Coating, Polyurethane; Material Schedule (drawing A-541) listed FC-1; Floor Coating Polyurethane to be applied in interior shop and storage. However, Room Finish Schedule (drawings A-532, A-602B, A-602C) does not show any rooms with FC-1 floor finish. Please revisit and clarify.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

330. Material Schedule drawing A-541; PT-6 Paint; Material Schedule (drawing A-541) listed PT-6, Exterior Paint. Please provide the exact location in drawings indicating where PT-6 should be applied.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

331. Communication Building Drawings A-449A; R-Value of Semi-Rigid Insulation; Please provide R-Value of 3 ½” Semi-Rigid Acoustical Insulation as shown on Interior Elevations (drawing A-449A).

ANSWER: Response deferred.

332. Communication Building Drawings A-677; Spec Sections; Reference: Interior Acoustical Details (drawing A-677)

1. Details D1 show “SST fastened per spec section 09511”. Please clarify the given spec section, as no section 09511 is provided.

2. Please provide the spec section for the SST “J” channel, SST horizontal “Z” channel, SST sheet metal strips, SST exp meth lath, SST tube sleeve as shown on details A1, B1 and C1.

3. Please provide the spec section for 4” thick perforated 3 pcf insulation w/ polyethylene wrap as shown on details A3 and B5.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

333. Comm Warehouse Spec. Section 01 45 35; Schedule of Special Inspections; Comm Warehouse Spec. Section 01 45 35 Schedule of Special Inspections attachment, in its current format, includes special inspection sections that make no distinction as to if applicable to the Base Bid or Bid Options, i.e. the schedule reads as if all are to be included under the Base Bid.

We request that the Schedule of Special Inspections be separated into Base Bid, Bid Option 1, and Bid Option 2, in the case bid options 1 or 2 are not awarded.

334. Secure Laydown Area – General Work Restrictions; In view of the inclusion of a special use space within the footprint of the P-649 Comms facility is the creation of a fully operational access control facility and functioning secure storage area a prerequisite to the start of full-on construction work. If so, please identify the work restrictions that will be imposed on the KTR and the period such work restrictions will remain in force before the Governments construction security monitoring contractor is able to achieve a program for the prevention & detection of security breaches.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

335. Carpeting Spec. Section 09 68 00; Carpet Tile; Carpet must be antimicrobial as specified on Spec. Section 09 68 00, para 2.2.9. Please confirm if a non-antimicrobial carpet is acceptable, as some vendors no longer offer antimicrobial carpet products.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

336. Communication Building Furniture Legend (I-601A); Provide Location; In Drawing No. I- 601A, under Contractor Furnished Contractor Installed, the following items are not reflected in the plan; please provide their locations.

1. CF01 – Storage Unit

2. CF02 – Tool Room Outfilling

ANSWER: Response deferred.

337. Notice No. 13 Q&A #188; Preference for JCI Metasys; Based on experience, there is a high level of expectation that the governments preferred source for building automation system, JCI will exceed the competitive range. Are the offerors compelled to carry JCI or at liberty to apply the Technical Acceptable, Low Price (TALP) test to determine the successful vendor?

ANSWER: Response deferred.

338. Reference Notice 15 Question 143; We are asking for the riser diagram of the domestic cold and hot waterline for the communications building and the government answered that these

RFP N62742-25-R-1319

are provided on sheets PP-601A thru PP-603A, but we cannot locate these drawings on the original and amendment drawings. Kindly please confirm.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

339. Reference Notice 15 Question 145; Can we get a clear copy of the plumbing drawings sheets as follows: 1. PP101A to PP407A (Communication Building)

ANSWER: Response deferred.

340. Section 33 09 52 Fuel Pump Control and Annunciation System Non-Hydrant Part 2 Para 2.1 Materials and System Components 2.1.1 Generator Mater Control Panel (GMCP) and Components. Please confirm the intent of this item because it was mentioned under Section 33 09 52 as we believed that this should be part of Section 26 32 15 Engine Generator specs.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

341. Reference Drawings: Volume 4 - Communications Building (Continued), Volume 8 - North Warehouse - Option Item No. 1, Drawing Sheet -FX404A (Comm Water Tank - Piping Plan), FX402B NWHS Water Tank - Piping Plan) Specification Section 33 16 15 Water Storage Tanks 3.6 Painting and Coating of Tank

Kindly please confirm if the fire water tank at the comm and north warehouse needs to be painted both exterior and interior. Please provide more information on the painting specifications for the tank.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

342. Reference Drawing A-605B & A-605C (Door Schedule & Types); Doors B07B & C07B are designated as aluminum doors with a 45-minute fire rating. However, our suppliers confirm aluminum doors cannot be fire-rated. Could you consider alternative materials, such as Hollow Metal (HM) or Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP), to meet the requirements?

ANSWER: Response deferred.

343. Reference Drawing Sheet A-515 (Door Schedule); Doors 426A & 453 are designated as aluminum doors with a 1HR Fire rating. However, our suppliers confirm aluminum doors cannot be fire-rated. Could you consider alternative materials, such as Hollow Metal (HM) or Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP), to meet the requirements?

345. Section 33 56 10 Factory Fabricated Fuel Storage Tank Paragraph 2.5.2, Exterior Surfaces, Aboveground Tanks state to protect the exterior surfaces as specified on Section 09 90 00 Paints and Coatings but the latter section did not specify the type of painting or coating to be applied. Kindly please advise or confirm.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

346. Door Schedule, Communication Building (A-515), North Warehouse (A-605B), South Warehouse (A-605C), Fire Rated Aluminum Doors, Doors # 426A, 453, B07B, and C07B are scheduled as Fire-Rated Aluminum Doors.

Historically, aluminum door vendors are not able to meet the 45 mins to 1 HR Fire Rating and will not be compliant with the drawings. Please revisit and clarify.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

347. Section 32 11 23 (OSP Specs), Sieve Analysis Frequency, The spec section 32 11 23 par.

3.12.1b states” Perform sieve analysis on every lift of material placed and at a frequency of one sieve analysis for every 500 2500 linear feet, or portion thereof, of material placed.”

Please clarify if 500 LF or 2,500 LF will be used.

ANSWER: Design intent to match para 3.12.1.a with 2,500 LF.

348. Spec section 10 22 39 calls for “Concealed Door Closer” for the folding partition panel passage door hardware. Can you confirm if spring hinges will be acceptable for this item?

ANSWER: Response deferred.

349. Walk off entrance mats are shown at the Comm Building A-401A, the North Warehouse A- 101B, and the South Warehouse A-101C. Please see the following requested clarifications:

a. The entrance mats appear to just show the concrete underneath to slope to a floor drain.

Will a pan system be used at the entrance mats?

b. The structural details for the North and South warehouses, S-502B and S-502C respectively, show a depressed slab for the entrance mats. The Comm Building does not show a depressed slab detail. Please confirm that a depressed slab is required at entrance mat locations.

350. A decorative panel is shown on detail B3/A-435A in room CO STE 205. This decorative panel was not found on the finish schedule or on the wall type#14 detail. Please clarify if this panel will be used in this project and provide a spec for the panel. See below:

ANSWER: Response deferred.

351. Specification Section 01 45 00 Quality Control, paragraph 1.6.5, prohibits the dedicated QC specialists from being “employed by a supplier or subcontractor on this project.” Yet the Experience Matrix Qualification requirements for the TAB services states that the “2.1 TAB Team Field Leader must be a member of AABC or an experienced technician of the firm certified by the NEBB.” Please confirm that the TAB Field Team Leader may serve as the TAB QC Specialist, and directly employed by the TAB services provider.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

352. Reference Drawing3_COMM_VOL4, sheet number PL601A. Plumbing fixture schedule identifies SH-1 as “Four Piece White Fiberglass Stalls.” Specification Section 22 00 00, paragraph 2.4.10 calls for “Plastic Shower Stalls”, and paragraph 2.4.11 specifies “Precast Terrazzo Shower Floors”. However, Specification section 09 30 10, revised in Amendment 0008, paragraph 3.5 calls for floor tile the showers, and shower receptors, and the Room Finish Schedule on sheet A-532 of Drawings_COMM_VOL3 indicates CT for the Men’s and Women’s restrooms, which would include the shower areas. Please clarify the type of wall, pan and floor finishes required for the showers.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

353. Reference Room Finish Schedule on sheet A-532 of Drawings_COMM_VOL3. In rooms with Raised Access Flooring (RAF), please clarify whether or not a specific sealer will be required on the concrete slab below the RAF areas.

354. Reference Specification Section 31 21 13 RADON MITIGATION. There are several references to “approved design” in this section. Since the bidding/construction documents are fully designed, please confirm that the Contractor will not be required to perform any Radon Mitigation design services.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

355. Reference Specification Section 31 21 13 RADON MITIGATION. Paragraph 2.1c.

includes, “Should initial radon tests identify radon levels of 4.0 pCi/L or more, provide radon mitigation fan assembly (including fan, controller, disconnect switch, performance monitor) and activate. Once fans are provided and activated, perform a post-mitigation radon test to ensure that radon levels are less than 4.0 pCi/L. Should post-mitigation radon test identify radon levels above 4.0 pCi/L, contact the Contracting Officer for course of action and further direction.” Since it is not possible to know prior to bidding whether or not the mitigation fans and subsequent post-mitigation testing will be required, please confirm that the fans, controllers, etc., and post-mitigation testing work would be added to the Contract via contract modification.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

356. Please reference Government response to RFI number 159, Notice 18. Please clarify to what level the Government will establish the eMASS package. Will the Contractor be required to complete 100% of the eMASS package and management requirements, or will the Government complete the package and hand over to the Cybersecurity Contractor to manage.

Also, will the Government provide the Technical Response for all CCI Security Controls, or will the ISSE do that as well.

ANSWER: Response deferred.

357. Bid Submission Time Extension; On the occasion of 12 amendments & 18 notices issued thus far coupled with still pending unanswered requests for information, we respectfully request a 3-week extension to the current posted closing of Feb. 18 & 19, 2025. This will help lessen the increasing logjam of NAVFAC proposals demanding attention due to close between Feb. 13 thru Feb. 25.

ANSWER: See Amendment 0009 proposal due date remains unchanged.