afi91-203.pdf

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Chapter 7

WALKING SURFACES, GUARDING FLOOR AND WALL OPENINGS, FIXED

INDUSTRIAL STAIRS, AND PORTABLE AND FIXED LADDERS

7.1. Specific Hazards Associated with Walking and Working Surfaces. Many injuries and property damage mishaps occur on walking and working surfaces, with slips and falls the most common mishaps. Good design and maintenance, together with proper lighting, contribute to a safe walking or working surface. Workers are responsible for wearing proper footwear and using walking surfaces in a safe manner. The primary reasons for walking surface mishaps are:

7.1.1. Poor Housekeeping. Obstacles in walk areas, liquid spills, sawdust accumulations and the use of slippery surface cleaners can cause slipping hazards and shall be cleaned up immediately to prevent slips, falls and injuries.

7.1.2. Dangerous Surface Conditions. Cracks, holes, protruding nails, broken surface materials, slippery finishes, surfaces of different elevations and improper design for the intended use can cause worker injuries.

7.1.3. Inadequate Lighting. Incorrect or insufficient lighting may lead to slips, falls or injuries.

Building or facility managers shall ensure lighting is sufficient for walking surfaces in their work/facility area and that obstacles are visible.

7.2. Requirements.

7.2.1. Interior Walking and Working Surfaces.

7.2.1.1. Layout. Proper layout, spacing and arrangement of equipment, machinery, passageways and aisles are essential to orderly operations and to avoid congestion. Good layout can best be achieved in the design stage, with recommendations from the installation Occupational Safety office, Fire Emergency Services (FES) Flight, BE, CE and Public Health (PH). Whether a facility is in the design stage, being remodeled or when repositioning equipment and machinery, basic layout considerations are important factors in planning a facility for safe operations. All interior walking and working surfaces that are part of the means of egress shall comply with UFC 3-600-01, Fire Protection Engineering for Facilities, and NFPA 101, The Life Safety Code. (T-0)

7.2.1.1.1. Equipment and machinery shall be arranged to permit an even flow of materials. (T-1) Sufficient space shall be provided to handle the material with the least possible interference from or to workers or other work being performed. (T-1) Machines shall be placed so it will not be necessary for an operator to stand in a passageway, aisle or exit access. (T-0) Additionally, machine positioning shall allow for easy maintenance, cleaning and removal of scrap. (T-1) After the initial positioning of equipment and machines is decided, clear zones (workspaces) of sufficient dimensions to accommodate typical work shall be established. If material exceeds established clear zones, rope and stanchions may be used to temporarily extend the workspace. Marking of machine clear zones is optional. The installation Occupational Safety office and shop supervisor shall determine the need to mark clear zones based upon hazard potential. (T-1) Yellow or yellow-and-black hash-marked lines, two (2) to three (3) inches wide, shall be used when marking is necessary. (T-1)

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7.2.1.1.2. Passageways, aisles and exit accesses shall be provided to permit free movement of workers and material, and shall be independent of clear zones and storage spaces and shall be clearly recognizable. (T-0) Markings shall be used unless the number of workers and location of machines precludes this requirement. (T-1) In these cases the installation Occupational Safety office shall approve the exclusion. (T-1) Floor markings shall provide a contrast to the floor color, such as yellow lines 2 to 3 inches wide on a gray floor. (T-0)

7.2.1.1.3. Where powered materials handling equipment (lift truck, etc.) is used, facility layout shall provide enough clearance in aisles, loading docks and through doorways to permit safe turns. Obstructions that could create hazards shall not be permitted in aisles. Aisles shall be at least two (2) feet wider than the widest vehicle used or most common material being transported. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.176., Handling Materials—General, for additional information.

7.2.1.1.4. Aisles shall be at least 36 inches wide to permit free movement of workers, equipment and supplies. A minimum of 18 inches shall be provided for passageways formed by or between movable obstructions. Refer to NFPA 101 and UFC 3-600-01 for additional information.

7.2.1.1.5. Sufficient access and working space shall be provided and maintained around all electrical equipment. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.303., General Requirements- Electrical, for additional information.

7.2.1.1.6. Coefficient of Friction (COF) of Walking and Working Surfaces. The finished surface shall have a coefficient of friction (COF) of at least 0.5 for level surfaces and 0.8 for sloped surfaces, as measured using ANSI/ASSE A1264.2., Standard for Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surface, or other adopted nationally recognized standards. (T-1) Consult the installation CE facility design section when COF guidance for a specific work surface is required. Submit work request when a COF survey is required. If the safety or health of personnel is a factor, the work request shall be coordinated with the installation Occupational Safety office or BE, who may assign a risk assessment code (RAC) if warranted. (T-1) Note: This requirement applies to all types of floors and other walking/working surfaces, including vinyl, tile, wood, carpet, steel, concrete, etc., and any coatings used on them.

7.2.1.1.7. Coating (includes painting/de-painting) of Walking and Working Surfaces.

7.2.1.1.7.1. Walking and working surface coatings shall exhibit anti-skid properties to reduce the risk of worker slips and falls. While all surfaces do not require coating, if coating is needed, only coatings (i.e., paint) or repair materials having anti-skid properties shall be used. The user shall verify anti-skid properties with coating manufacturer or supplier before purchase. Note: Painting floors for cosmetic purposes is not permitted. However, urethane, latex or paints of similar composition may be used, if approved locally, for demarcation lines, safety zones and security warnings. Painting needed to brighten a dark work environment to make it easier to see work and avoid obstacles is not considered cosmetic.

7.2.1.1.7.2. All projects involving the coating/recoating/repair of walking and working surfaces shall be submitted through the installation CE, BE and

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Occupational Safety offices for evaluation of coating specifications and application processes IAW AFI 32-7086, Hazardous Material Management. (T-1)

7.2.1.1.7.3. Walking and working surfaces coated/painted without anti-skid materials shall be evaluated for removal by the owner/user using Risk Management (RM) processes to identify and categorize the surfaces as low to high risk to prioritize and budget replacement with anti-skid coatings. (T-1) Working surfaces that are high risk shall be identified to the installation Occupational Safety office and/or BE, who may assign a RAC, if warranted. (T-1) Application and removal of coatings can present health, safety and environmental risks. These activities, including self-help, CE operations and contract operations shall be coordinated with the installation Environmental Management, BE and Occupational Safety offices IAW AFI 32-7086 prior to starting the removal/application process. (T-1) The organization requesting coating removal must meet all health, safety and environmental requirements applicable to the coating materials and removal process. (T-1)

7.2.1.2. Condition. Floors, aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in good repair, with no obstructions, free of defects that can endanger workers or interfere with handling of materials, or hinder people leaving during emergencies. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.22., General Requirements-Walking Working Surfaces, for additional information.

7.2.1.2.1. Every floor, work area, aisle and passageway shall be maintained free from protruding nails, splinters, holes and loose boards, and kept in a dry condition.

7.2.1.2.2. Floors of all shop areas, service rooms, halls and storerooms shall be kept clean, free of oil, grease, gasoline, water and other slippery substances. Spills shall be immediately cleaned or covered with a noncombustible absorbent material. Drip or oil pans shall be used whenever the possibility of spilling or dripping exists.

7.2.1.2.3. Floors shall not be cleaned with flammable liquids. IAW AFI 32-7086, Hazardous Materials Management, floor cleaning chemicals not currently loaded in the standardized Air Force HAZMAT tracking system must be approved by the installation Hazardous Materials Management Program (HMMP) Team prior to use.

Adequate ventilation shall be provided and/or respiratory protection may be required.

Combustible or explosive dust shall be eliminated at the source. If this is not possible, it shall be minimized during sweeping by spreading a noncombustible sweeping compound over the floor.

7.2.1.2.4. After floors have been properly cleaned, nonskid finishing compounds may be used. In some locations, such as electroplating shops, finishing compounds shall not be applied if there is a possibility of a reaction with shop chemicals.

7.2.1.2.5. When floors are being cleaned or finishing compounds applied, signs shall be posted to warn workers of a slipping hazard and shall remain in place until floors have dried. The size and placement of these signs shall be at the discretion of the supervisor, but shall be visible to those entering the hazardous area. These caution signs shall be yellow with black lettering.

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7.2.1.2.6. Areas which are usually wet shall have nonslip surfaces where personnel normally walk or work. Signs shall be posted stating “Caution—Wet Floors” when no other controls are available.

7.2.1.2.7. Passageways, aisles and exit accesses shall be kept clear for easy access to emergency equipment and to enable firefighters to reach a fire. Additionally, areas adjacent to sprinkler control valves, fuse boxes and electrical switch panels shall not be obstructed. Refer to NFPA Standard 70, The National Electrical Code (NEC), and other NFPA standards for additional information on clearance distances.

7.2.1.3. Loading Capacity. Supervisors shall ensure equipment weight and distribution comply with maximum floor loading capacity for all above grade storage areas (including areas above basements). The weights of equipment, such as hoists suspended under a floor, shall also be considered when determining floor loading capacity. The supervisor shall have signs that identify the floor load capacity determined by the installation CE permanently installed in plain view of all workers. CE shall approve the installation of all equipment weighing more than 500 pounds in any multi-story building. Supervisors shall ensure heavy loads are evenly distributed according to the floor’s safe load limit. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.22. for additional information.

7.2.1.4. Walking-working Surfaces. All work floors shall be maintained in a clean and so far as possible, a dry condition. (T-0) Where wet processes are used, drainage shall be maintained and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places should be provided where practicable. (T-0) If floor drains and sloping are present, floors shall be sloped to allow liquids to naturally flow to the drains. Drains shall be kept clear to prevent clogging, especially when hazardous or contaminated materials are present. (T-0) In locations where wet processes do not normally occur, and drains are not available, wet areas shall be immediately roped off, cleaned up and dried before permitting other personnel to enter the area. (T-0) Protective footwear for wet slippery surfaces shall be provided where appropriate. (T-1)

7.2.1.5. Illumination. Consult the local CE facility design section whenever specific guidance on lighting is required. Submit a work request when a lighting survey is required.

If the safety of personnel is a factor, the work request shall be coordinated with the installation Occupational Safety office, who may assign a RAC, if warranted. (T-1) All fluorescent light bulbs contain toxic materials and shall be managed IAW local disposal criteria for hazardous waste. (T-0) Consult with the installation Environmental Management Office on disposal guidance for hazardous waste materials. When fluorescent lighting fixtures are used, supervisors shall ensure that any stroboscopic effect with moving machinery is avoided. (T-1) Control of light is important to prevent glare and harsh shadows. Soft shadows are usually acceptable, but harsh shadows should be avoided since they may obscure hazards or interfere with visibility. Supplementary lighting or additional lighting shall be provided where general lighting is not sufficient. (T-0)

7.2.1.6. Guards for Floor and Wall Openings. Every floor opening, such as a hatchway, chute, pit, trap door, manhole and ladderway, shall be guarded. The type of guard used depends on the location, reason for the opening and frequency of use. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.23., Guarding Floor and Wall Openings and Holes, for additional guidance. One of the following guards shall be installed:

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7.2.1.6.1. Standard Railings and Toeboards.

7.2.1.6.1.1. Railings and toeboards shall be permanently attached leaving only one exposed side, which shall have a removable railing. When the exposed side is not in use, the railing shall be left in place. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.23. for specific detail on construction and installation.

7.2.1.6.1.2. Toeboards are required wherever falling objects may present a hazard.

Toeboards can be constructed of any 4-inch high rigid material, either solid or with openings not greater than 1 inch. They shall be securely fastened in place with not more than one-fourth inch clearance from the floor except at the entrance of the opening. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.23. for additional information.

7.2.1.6.2. Floor Opening Cover. A cover shall be used for less frequently used openings where traffic across the opening prevents the use of fixed railings, such as openings located in aisle spaces. In addition, covers or guards shall be used to protect people from the hazards of open pits, tanks, vats, ditches, etc.

7.2.1.6.2.1. Covers shall have at least the same rated load capacity as the floor.

7.2.1.6.2.2. Cover design, installation and related hardware shall not pose a tripping hazard.

7.2.1.6.2.3. The cover shall be in place when the opening is not in use. The opening shall be protected by removable railings leaving only one exposed side when the cover is open or removed. Someone shall be present at the exposed side whenever the worker is not present.

7.2.1.7. Guards.

7.2.1.7.1. Every stairway and ladderway opening shall be guarded by standard railings and toeboards on all open sides, except at the entrance of the opening. If there is danger of a person walking straight into the opening, a swinging gate or offset passage shall be used.

7.2.1.7.2. Every covered opening in a surface, such as a skylight floor opening, shall be guarded by a skylight screen or standard railing with toeboards on all exposed sides.

Skylight screen grillwork or slatwork shall be capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied at any area of the screen. Refer to 29 CFR1910.23. for additional information.

7.2.1.7.3. All open-sided floors, platforms and runways four (4) feet or more above the ground or floor shall be guarded by a standard railing on all open sides, except at ramp entrance to a ramp, stairway or fixed ladder. Collapsible or removable railings may be installed on a runway, but shall only be removed when a special task (such as oiling, shafting or filling tank cars) is being performed and other protective measures, approved by the installation Ground Safety office, are used. Railings shall be reinstalled when the task is complete.

7.2.1.7.4. Every permanent or temporary wall opening (to include windows) less than three (3) feet above the floor (where there is a four [4] foot or more drop) shall be guarded. Guards include railings, doors, slats, grillwork, half-doors or equivalent protection. The guard may be removable, but shall be installed when the opening is not

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in use. A toeboard shall be installed when falling materials may present a hazard. Grab handles shall be installed on each side of the opening when the operation requires reaching through or around the unprotected opening. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.23. for additional information.

7.2.1.7.5. Guard railings shall consist of securely mounted top rails, intermediate rails and posts. The minimum vertical height shall be 36 to 44 inches from the upper surface of the top rail to the floor, platform, runway or ramp level. Heights greater than 44 inches are permissible, but may require midrails if the opening beneath the top rail is 19 inches or greater. Screens, mesh, vertical posts or panels may be used in place of midrails, provided the material used can withstand a force of at least 200 pounds. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.23(e)(1) for additional information.

7.2.1.7.6. Newly constructed guard railings shall consist of securely mounted top rails, intermediate rails and posts. (T-0) The top rail vertical height shall be 42 inches, nominal, from the upper surface of the top rail to the floor, platform, runway or ramp level. The intermediate rail shall be approximately halfway (minimum of 21 inches high) between the top rail and the floor, platform, runway or ramp. (T-0)

7.2.2. Exterior Walking and Working Surfaces. The proper layout and condition of exterior surfaces is important to the safe and efficient movement of people and equipment. The placement of walkways and parking areas is controlled by the installation CE. However, changes in workplace requirements, weather conditions and an increase in assigned personnel could require the supervisor to reroute pedestrian or equipment traffic. Note: Paragraph 7.2.1.1.6., Coefficient of Friction (COF) of Walking and Working Surfaces, also applies to exterior walking and working surfaces.

7.2.2.1. Loading Docks. Frequently used loading docks shall be located away from principal streets and intersections. Vehicles parked at docks shall not block general vehicular traffic unless control devices, such as cones, barricades or warning signs are used to redirect traffic. Loading docks shall adhere to fall protection requirements in paragraph 7.2.1.7.4.

7.2.2.1.1. Dock surfaces shall be smooth and even. Where necessary, aisleways shall be marked. Edges of docks shall be marked with four-inch wide yellow lines when there is a chance of workers falling. Where the potential for serious injury exists, removable railings shall be used.

7.2.2.1.2. The dock shall be at least two (2) feet wider than the widest vehicle or more common material being transported. Additional clearance shall be provided to permit safe turns.

7.2.2.2. Parking Lots. The parking lots shall be smooth, have good drainage and be free of pedestrian tripping hazards. (T-1) Stony or rough ground shall be avoided. Walkways shall be provided. (T-1) Entrances and exits shall not have obstructions that block a driver‘s or pedestrian‘s view of traffic. (T-1) Supervisors shall contact the installation Occupational Safety office and CE for more detailed information. (T-1) Specifications for signs are contained in UFC 3-120-01, Air Force Sign Standard.

7.2.2.3. Walkways. Exterior walkways shall be kept clear of obstacles that block the right-of-way or present slipping and tripping hazards. Facility managers shall ensure removal of

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accumulated snow or ice. Abrasive materials, salt or other snow melting material shall be used on walking surfaces when it is impractical or impossible to remove snow and/or ice.

Night lighting shall be used to highlight hazards. When loose gravel or crushed rock is used for surfacing, the largest dimensions of material used shall not exceed one-half of an inch.

Motorized vehicles shall not be operated over elevated walkways unless the load bearing capacity of the walkway will support the vehicle’s weight. Broken, uneven or cracked surfaces shall be repaired.

7.2.2.4. Grounds. All grounds adjacent to work areas shall be kept free of hazardous materials, trash, weeds and unguarded pits, openings or obstacles.

7.2.2.4.1. Materials shall not be stored, left under or piled against buildings, doors, exits or stairways.

7.2.2.4.2. During the growing season, frequent lawn mowing and edging is necessary to keep installation grounds in good condition. Poisonous or toxic plants shall not be used for landscaping without prior approval of the installation medical services. Weeds shall not be permitted to grow excessively or to accumulate. Trees and bushes adjacent to walkways shall be trimmed to permit a clear path for pedestrians.

7.2.2.4.3. All open drainage ditches that present a hazard shall be clearly identified in the daytime, guarded by fences or barriers and illuminated or marked with warning flashers at night.

7.2.2.5. Construction. All construction work shall be clearly identified by signs that can be read from at least 50 feet, in addition to barriers marked with night reflective materials.

Illumination or warning flashers shall also be used after dark.

7.3. Fixed Industrial Stairs and Ramps. Note: Egress components, such as stairs, ramps, guard rails or hand rails, constructed to any 1970 or newer edition of NFPA 101, The Life Safety Code, are acceptable.

7.3.1. Human Factors Associated with Fixed Industrial Stairs and Ramps. Many injuries are the result of falls when people move from one level to another on stairs or ramps. Proper design and construction of stairs and ramps will help prevent these falls. Other aids, such as handrails, reduce the threat of slips. Poor lighting or housekeeping, faulty treads and slippery surfaces are unsafe conditions which often lead to injuries. Others result when people run up or down stairs, fail to use handrails, wear shoes with slippery soles and/or heels or are careless.

7.3.2. Requirements. The selection of a particular type of fixed industrial stairway or ramp is dependent upon the location, intended use and existing environmental conditions, and is normally performed by the installation CE with recommendations from the installation Occupational Safety office and FES Flight.

7.3.2.1. Design Consideration. Stairway and ramp designs may have been based on prior use of a facility, whereas current use may dictate modifications or replacement of components. This could include changing the width, angle of rise, length and vertical clearance, as well as increasing load bearing capacity, inclusion of railings or enclosing open risers. The following minimum specifications and requirements shall be used for inspection criteria, supplemented as necessary with specific design criteria from the installation CE and Occupational Safety offices. (T-1)

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7.3.2.2. Strength. Fixed stairs and ramps shall be designed and built to carry a load of 5 times the normal live load anticipated but not less than a moving concentrated load of 1,000 pounds. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.24. for additional information.

7.3.2.3. Width. Fixed stairs, if part of the exit access, shall have a minimum width of 36 inches if the occupant load of the building or structure is less than 50 persons. If the occupant load is greater than 50, the minimum stair width is 44 inches. Fixed ramps, if part of the exit access, shall have a minimum width of 44 inches. The authority having jurisdiction may reduce this requirement to 30 inches in certain cases. For ramps or stairs not part of the exit access, a minimum width of 22 inches shall be provided. Refer to NFPA 101 and UFC 3-600-01 and 29 CFR 1910.24. for additional information.

7.3.2.4. Angle of Rise. Stairs shall meet the requirements of NFPA 101 and UFC 3-600-

01. Fixed stairs not part of the exit access shall be installed at angles to the horizontal of 30 to 50 degrees. For existing stairs that are part of the exit access, a maximum riser height of eight (8) inches and minimum tread depth of nine (9) inches is allowed. Tread depth and riser height must be consistent throughout a new facility with a riser height of 4 to 7 inches and a minimum tread depth of 11 inches. Tread depth and riser heights must also be consistent throughout a staircase. Where the slope is less than 30 degrees, a ramp with a non-slip surface shall be installed. Table 7.1. contains recommended dimensions.

However, the rise and/or tread combinations are not limited to those given. Any uniform combination of rise and/or tread dimensions may be used. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.24 for additional information.

7.3.2.5. Ramps. Ramps not part of the exit access shall follow guidance in Table 7.2. For ramps that are part of the exit access, a maximum slope of 1 to 8 inches is allowed and shall meet the requirements of NFPA 101.

7.3.2.6. Width of Landings. Landings and platforms not part of the exit access shall not be less than the width of the stairs and a minimum of 30 inches in length, measured in the direction of travel. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.24 for additional guidance. When doors or gates open directly onto a stairway, they shall not reduce the available width of the landing to less than 20 inches. Landings in stairs or ramps that are part of the exit access shall meet the requirements of NFPA 101.

7.3.2.7. Vertical Clearance. Where there is less than seven (7) feet of headroom over stairs, obstructions shall be padded. When they cannot be padded, obstructions shall be color coded yellow or yellow-and-black stripes to highlight the hazards. In all cases, caution signs shall be used to warn people of low clearances. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.24. for additional information.

7.3.2.8. Risers. Stairs having tread depth of less than nine (9) inches shall have open risers.

Stairs of nine (9) inches or more may also have open risers. Risers shall be 6-1/2 to 9-1/2 inches high. Rise height and tread width shall be uniform throughout any flight of stairs, including any foundation structure used as one or more treads of the stairs. Risers in stairs that are part of the exit access shall meet requirements of NFPA 101. Refer to 29 CFR

1910.24. and NFPA 101 for additional information.

7.3.2.9. Treads. All treads shall be slip-resistant and free of projections or lips that could cause a tripping hazard.

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7.3.2.10. Grating. Open grating type treads are desirable for stairs which are not enclosed.

The use of open treads prevents the buildup of rainwater and snow on the tread surface.

7.3.2.11. Sidewalk Ramps. Sidewalk ramps shall be installed where equipment, such as housekeeping carts or hand trucks, are used.

7.3.2.12. Stair Railings and Guards. Note: Refer to 29 CFR 1910.23. and 1910.24. for additional information on stair railings and guards.

7.3.2.12.1. Every flight of fixed industrial stairs with four (4) or more risers shall have standard guardrails or standard handrails as called for below. The width of the stair shall be measured clear of all obstructions except handrails.

7.3.2.12.1.1. Stairs less than 44 inches wide with both sides enclosed shall have at least one handrail, preferably on the right side going down.

7.3.2.12.1.2. Stairs less than 44 inches wide with one side open shall have at least one guardrail on the open side.

7.3.2.12.1.3. Stairs less than 44 inches wide with both sides open shall have one guardrail on each side.

7.3.2.12.1.4. Stairs more than 44 inches wide but less than 88 inches wide shall have a handrail on each enclosed side and a guardrail on each open side.

7.3.2.12.1.5. Stairs 88 or more inches wide shall have one handrail on each enclosed side, one guardrail on each open side and one intermediate guardrail built midway of the width.

7.3.2.12.2. Spiraling and winding stairs shall have a handrail offset to stop people from walking on the parts of the treads that are less than six (6) inches wide.

7.3.2.13. Illumination. Stairs and ramps shall be lighted so all treads and landings are visible. Consult the local CE facility design section whenever specific guidance on lighting is required.

7.3.2.14. Inclined Ladders. Some Air Force facilities have permanent stairways installed which exceed a 50-degree angle. These stairways are commonly referred to as inclined ladders. Where an inclined ladder has been installed, it shall have handrails on both sides and open risers. New construction shall have stairs installed within the preferred range of 30-50 degrees.

7.3.2.15. Maintenance. Stairs and ramps shall be kept clean, free of obstructions or slippery substances, and in good repair at all times. Supervisors will ensure:

7.3.2.15.1. Loose boards, insecure treads, protruding nails and torn or worn stair treads are repaired or replaced immediately.

7.3.2.15.2. Posters, bulletin boards and other objects that could distract a person's attention are not placed in stairwells or rampways.

7.3.2.15.3. Slippery surfaces are replaced or made safe by coating them with nonslip surface materials.

7.3.2.15.4. Treads and risers are of uniform size.

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7.3.2.15.5. Stair nosings are securely fastened and rounded or beveled to prevent personnel from catching their heels on the treads.

7.3.2.15.6. Guardrails and handrails are smooth, free of splinters or burrs and securely mounted.

7.3.2.15.7. Outside stairways, entrances, sidewalks, loading docks and ramps are cleared of snow and ice, and that abrasive materials, such as sand, ash or ice melting chemicals, are readily available and used during inclement weather. This also includes all emergency exits and walks leading from them.

7.4. Fixed Ladders.

7.4.1. Hazards and Human Factors Associated with Fixed ladders. Most falls are caused by using ladders that are in poor condition and/or unsafe acts such as running up and down, jumping, reaching too far out to the sides and workers being physically unfit for this activity.

These hazardous acts and conditions can be prevented by proper selection and training of workers; supervisory enforcement of safe ladder use; and proper design, installation and maintenance of fixed ladders and climbing devices.

7.4.2. Requirements.

7.4.2.1. Acquisition. Fixed ladders, and their parts and accessories, and safety devices shall meet requirements of 29 CFR 1910.27., Fixed Ladders. Procurement specifications shall include permanent treatment for corrosion control so future treatment shall not be needed. Refer to Military Specifications (Mil Specs) for protective coating criteria.

7.4.2.2. Design and Installation. Fixed ladders provide a means of access to roofs, pits, silos, towers, tanks and other limited-access areas. Fixed industrial stairs shall be provided where access is daily or during each shift for gauging, inspection, regular maintenance or when carrying tools or equipment is normally required and sufficient space is available.

Fixed ladders may be used when a stairway cannot be used. The following paragraphs provide general design and installation criteria for fixed ladders.

7.4.2.2.1. Length. Ladders 20 feet or less shall be of a continuous length. When they are more than 20 feet and of continuous length, the following requirements apply:

7.4.2.2.1.1. Landing Platforms. A landing platform is provided for a person to rest or gain access to another section of the ladder. Platforms shall be provided every 30 feet or fraction thereof. Where no cage, well or ladder safety device is provided, landing platforms shall be provided for each 20 feet of height or fraction thereof.

7.4.2.2.1.2. The platform shall not be less than 24 inches wide by 30 inches long and shall be equipped with standard railings. Toeboards are required where the hazard of objects falling is present. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.27. for additional information.

7.4.2.2.1.3. Ladder Safety Devices, Cages and Wells. Cages and wells merely contain a falling climber rather than preventing or restricting the distance of fall.

Therefore, as of effective date of this document’s IC publication, newly installed fixed ladders (where fall protection is required) shall include a safety climb device rather than a cage or well. (T-1) Note: Existing ladders that do not have a safety climbing device (where fall protection is required) shall incorporate one when

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modification/replacement occurs. (T-1) All ladder safety devices such as those that incorporate positioning belts, friction brakes and sliding attachments shall meet the design requirements of the ladders which they serve. (T-1) Where a cage is installed, it shall extend a minimum of 42 inches above the top of landing, unless other acceptable protection is provided. (T-0) Cages shall extend down the ladder to a point not less than seven (7) feet nor more than eight (8) feet above the base of the ladder. (T-0) Refer to 29 CFR 1910.27., Fixed Ladders, for specific design and construction information. Ladder safety devices, cages or wells are required on all existing fixed ladders more than 20 feet. (T-0)

7.4.2.3. Ladder Pitch. The preferred pitch of fixed ladders shall be 75 to 90 degrees from the horizontal. Any pitch below 75 degrees is substandard and shall be avoided. Ladders with a pitch in excess of 90 degrees are prohibited. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.27. for additional information.

7.4.2.4. Load Capacity. All ladders, platforms, appurtenances and fastenings shall meet the load requirements of 29 CFR 1910.27.

7.4.2.5. Lighting. Adequate illumination shall be available when using ladders. Lamps shall be installed so the light does not reflect in a climber’s eyes. Consult the installation CE facility design section when specific guidance on lighting is required.

7.4.2.6. Access. Where unauthorized use of a fixed ladder is a problem, the facility manager or security department shall ensure the ladders are secured from unauthorized access. Ladders available to public access require guarding to prevent unauthorized access.

Typically, the bottom seven (7) feet shall be guarded. Examples of guarding include the use of a fence with locked gates and making the bottom portion portable or spring loaded and available only as needed. Additionally, there must be a warning sign prohibiting access by unauthorized persons.

7.4.2.7. Slipping. When the potential for climbers to get mud, oil or grease on their footwear creates a slipping hazard, a mat of crushed rock, a raised platform or a boot scraper shall be provided.

7.4.2.8. Electric Lines. Electrical conductors shall not be installed on or adjacent to fixed metal ladders, unless they are beyond reach and cannot be used as a handrail or grabbed in an emergency. This distance shall be at least five (5) feet from the ladder. If there is any potential for contact with parts of electric equipment or circuits, these parts shall be de-energized and locked out IAW Chapter 21, Hazardous Energy Control (Lockout and Tagout).

7.4.2.9. Iron Rung Ladders. Iron rung ladders shall be built into the walls of each manhole over 12 feet deep. (T-1) The distance between rungs is the same as other fixed ladders.

More detailed design criteria can be found in 29 CFR 1910.27.

7.4.2.10. Grounding and Bonding. Ladders and related equipment shall be grounded and/or bonded, to drain off accumulated static electricity when static electricity is hazardous to the work operation, such as fuel cell repair or refueling vehicle maintenance.

Static discharge plates shall also be provided.

7.4.3. Inspections.

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7.4.3.1. A formal, fully documented inspection of all fixed ladders shall be accomplished upon installation and at least every three (3) years thereafter. These inspections shall be performed by the installation CE for ladders installed on real property facilities or real property installed equipment (RPIE). The using organization is responsible for ensuring inspections are done for facilities and equipment which are not real property. When qualified personnel are not available in using organizations, the installation CE shall provide assistance. Inspection documentation shall include the type ladder and safety climb device installed, location, a detailed list of all discrepancies and corrective action status.

7.4.3.2. Climbers shall be alert to potential hazards and perform informal inspections of fixed ladders prior to every use. No attempt to climb shall be made until all hazardous conditions are corrected. Specific hazards to look for during inspections are: loose, worn and damaged rungs or side rails; damaged or corroded bolts and rivet heads; damaged or corroded handrails and brackets on platforms; and deteriorated masonry where fixed ladder anchorages are secured to a structure, including loose or damaged carrier rails or cables.

7.4.4. Maintenance. Repairs made to fixed ladders and related equipment shall meet the following requirements:

7.4.4.1. Materials used shall meet or exceed original construction.

7.4.4.2. Any modification to ladder components, safety climb device or related equipment shall be approved by the installation CE, property manager and Occupational Safety office.

(T-1)

7.4.4.3. All welding shall be performed by a welder experienced in the materials of the fixed ladder.

7.4.5. Selection of Personnel. Some individuals become spatially disoriented when working on elevated ladders or platforms. This condition is known as height vertigo. Common reactions to this condition are to “freeze” and hang on to any permanent support or to experience dizziness, nausea, trembling and/or loss of consciousness. Supervisors shall be vigilant in screening and observing workers required to work at heights. If the supervisor suspects an employee may be subject to vertigo, the employee shall be referred to the local medical facility for evaluation prior to resuming any height work. Workers descending into pits or shafts may also experience vertigo. Individuals known to experience vertigo shall be disqualified as ladder users.

7.4.6. Ladder Use. Continued safe use of ladders requires proper climbing practices at all times. Supervisors shall ensure climbers are trained to:

7.4.6.1. Check ladder for defects and slippery substances.

7.4.6.2. Ensure ladder and climber’s feet are free of slippery substances.

7.4.6.3. Raise or lower needed tools and materials by handlines after reaching the work position—never carry.

7.4.6.4. Face the ladder and use both hands to grip the rungs or side rails firmly.

7.4.6.5. Wear slip-resistant shoes with heels.

7.4.6.6. Climb carefully, without haste. Never run up or down, nor slide down the ladder.

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7.4.6.7. Never jump from the ladder.

7.4.6.8. Remove hand jewelry (rings) prior to climbing.

7.5. Portable Ladders.

7.5.1. Hazards and Human Factors Associated with Portable Ladders. Falls are the primary hazard associated with portable ladders. Falls result from a number of unsafe acts and conditions such as ladder hazards, which are minimized if workers adhere to proper ladder discipline and if supervisors ensure equipment is inspected, maintained in good condition and properly used. The following practices are prohibited:

7.5.1.1. Ladders set on unstable surfaces.

7.5.1.2. Ladders placed in front of doors which open towards the ladder without proper guarding.

7.5.1.3. Ladders used as scaffolds.

7.5.1.4. Personnel reaching too far out to the sides.

7.5.1.5. Personnel standing too high to maintain their balance.

7.5.1.6. Use of a defective ladder, i.e., broken rail or rung.

7.5.1.7. Improvising and using a make-shift ladder.

7.5.1.8. Personnel carrying materials in their hands while ascending or descending a ladder, or descending with their back to the ladder.

7.5.1.9. Using a ladder with conductive side rails while working on electrical circuits.

7.5.2. Requirements.

7.5.2.1. Acquisition and Selection Considerations.

7.5.2.1.1. Portable ladders shall meet ANSI design and construction specifications in Table 7.3. (T-0) Personnel needing access to ANSI standards shall contact the installation Occupational Safety office for guidance and assistance. (T-1) Exception:

Fire department ladders shall be maintained and inspected IAW NFPA 1931, Standard for Manufacturer’s Design of Fire Department Ground Ladders, and NFPA1932, Standard on Use, Maintenance, and Service Testing of In-Service Fire Department Ground Ladders. (T-0)

7.5.2.1.2. There are a variety of ladder styles; selection, to include construction material and proper size, shall be based on where and how the ladder may be used. (T-

1) This chapter addresses step and extension ladders. These ladders are most commonly constructed from wood, metal and fiberglass. However, the general guidance presented is applicable to most portable ladders used in the Air Force. MAJCOM, DRU and FOA occupational safety staffs shall determine its applicability to special purpose ladders not adequately covered by ANSI standards.

7.5.2.1.2.1. Ladders come in four workload ratings. Table 7.4. gives the basic differences in these ladders. Supervisors shall order Type IA or I ladders whenever possible. Type II ladders shall only be considered when local purchase is required and local manufacturers cannot provide Type IA or I. Type III ladders shall not be

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procured for industrial use.

7.5.2.1.2.2. The supervisor shall consider the location as well as durability when selecting the ladder. Aluminum ladders are normally lighter than wood while steel ladders are as heavy or heavier. Metal ladders and wood ladders with metal reinforced side rails or metal rungs shall not be used in areas where a worker or the ladder could contact exposed energized electrical circuits. Carrying steel and wood ladders is fatiguing if the worker has to carry them for a considerable distance.

7.5.2.2. Inspections. Thorough visual inspections of ladders shall be made by the supervisor when the ladder is initially received and prior to being placed in service.

Workers shall perform a visual inspection prior to each use. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.25., Portable Wood Ladders, for additional information. Defects or damage to look for include:

7.5.2.2.1. Evidence the ladder was exposed to excessive heat (such as in a fire) or corrosive substances. When ladders are so exposed, their ability to support the designed working load shall be questioned. (T-0) The ladder shall be retested IAW manufacturer’s requirements. (T-1)

7.5.2.2.2. Side rails, steps, rungs or related hardware that are cracked, split or deformed.

7.5.2.2.3. Pulleys, cables and ropes which bind or are frayed.

7.5.2.2.4. Rivets, connections and spreaders for looseness or shearing.

7.5.2.2.5. Nonskid base material that is loose or missing. Metal and metal-reinforced single and extension ladders, except aircraft boarding ladders, shall be equipped with safety shoes, spurs, spikes or combinations thereof to prevent slipping.

7.5.2.2.6. Ladders with conductive side rails that are not marked for electrical hazards.

Ladders not already marked with safety use instructions by the manufacturer shall be stenciled, “DANGER — DO NOT USE AROUND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT,” in two-inch high red letters or the largest letters the surface will allow (minimum letter size is one inch).

7.5.2.2.7. Ladders in which rungs and steps designed for use in ascending or descending on metal or plastic ladders are not corrugated, knurled, dimpled or coated with skid-resistant materials.

7.5.2.2.8. Ladders with broken or missing steps, rungs or cleats, broken side rails, or other defects. Ladders with these defects shall not be used.

7.5.2.3. Maintenance. Proper maintenance ensures the safe condition of the ladder.

Hardware, fittings and related equipment shall be checked frequently and kept in proper working condition. All bolts and rivets shall be in place and secured. Joints between steps or rungs and the side rails shall be tight. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.26., Portable Metal Ladders, for additional information.

7.5.2.3.1. Lubricate metal bearings of locks, wheels, pulleys, etc., as required to keep them working.

7.5.2.3.2. Replace frayed or worn rope.

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7.5.2.3.3. Keep safety feet and other parts in good working condition.

7.5.2.3.4. Coat wood, metal and fiberglass ladders with a suitable protective material, when required. Do not paint wood ladders with an opaque coating, since possible defects may be covered up. If protective coatings are considered desirable for wooden ladders, use only transparent coatings or wood preservatives. Protect metal ladders that may come in contact with acids or alkali solutions with a locally approved coating.

When location demands, protect metal ladders against corrosion caused by moisture or salt spray. When plastic ladder rails/surfaces have the appearance of exposed fibers or an apparent color change from weather exposure, they shall be washed with a mild liquid detergent solution and allowed to air dry. (T-1) Spray or brush the ladder rails with acrylic lacquer, epoxy or other locally approved coating sufficient to cover the exposed fibers. Following the first coat, lightly sand the fiberglass surface with “00” sandpaper, or equivalent, to smooth the glass bristles.

7.5.2.4. Remove from service ladders with defects which cannot be immediately repaired and ensure they are scheduled for repair or destruction. Use an AF Form 979, Danger Tag, to warn workers that the ladder cannot be used. If a ladder is to be discarded, remove it from the maintenance area and cut it in half to prevent further use. Do not attempt to straighten or use a bent ladder made of fiberglass.

7.5.2.5. Requirements Applicable to All Ladders.

7.5.2.5.1. Inspect ladders before climbing to ensure all parts are in good condition. To permit inspection, procure and maintain wood ladders with transparent finish only.

7.5.2.5.2. Handle ladders with care. Do not drop, jar or misuse them.

7.5.2.5.3. Store ladders in a way that provides easy access for inspection and permits safe withdrawal for use. When possible, store ladders on racks. Ensure the racks have enough supporting points to keep the ladders from sagging. Do not place material on stored ladders. Store wood ladders in a location free from exposure to the elements and excessive heat or dampness.

7.5.2.5.4. Properly support ladders being transported (horizontally or vertically) on vehicles. Make sure supporting points are of a soft material, such as hardwood or rubber- covered iron pipe, to minimize chafing and effects of road shock. Tying the ladder to each support point could reduce damage due to road shock.

7.5.2.5.5. Place portable ladders so the side rails have a secure footing. Ensure the top rest for portable rung and cleat ladders is reasonably rigid and has adequate strength to support the applied load. Never place a ladder on a slippery, icy, slanting or vibrating footing unless it is securely lashed in position.

7.5.2.5.6. Fasten the ladder securely when the ladder can be knocked over by others working in the area. As an alternative, assign someone to steady the bottom or protect the area around the ladder against personnel or vehicular traffic.

7.5.2.5.7. Do not place ladders:

7.5.2.5.7.1. Over machines with exposed moving parts.

7.5.2.5.7.2. In front of doors which open toward the ladder unless the door is

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blocked open, locked or a person is stationed at the foot of the ladder to direct pedestrian traffic.

7.5.2.5.7.3. On boxes, barrels or other unstable bases to obtain additional height.

7.5.2.5.8. If a ladder is used on a walkway, in an aisle or adjacent to a road, position cones or barricades to warn and direct pedestrians away from the ladder.

7.5.2.5.9. On jobs requiring the use of a ladder, place the ladder directly in front of or under the work. When work cannot be done without overreaching, move the ladder to the proper location or use another approved method (scaffold or work platform).

7.5.2.5.10. Allow only one person on a portable ladder at any time, unless designed for use by two people.

7.5.2.5.11. Always maintain three-point contact (two feet and a hand or two hands and a foot) when ascending or descending a ladder, face the ladder and maintain a firm hold on the ladder. (T-0)

7.5.2.5.12. Perform work requiring the use of both hands only on stepladders or platform ladders.

7.5.2.5.13. Place straight and extension-type ladders in a position to have at least one

(1) foot of slope for each four (4) feet of ladder length. For example, a 12-foot extension ladder must be 3 feet from the supporting structure.

7.5.2.5.14. Use ladders of sufficient length to permit workers to reach their work when standing no higher than the third rung from the top of a straight ladder, or the second step from the top of a stepladder. Note: The top of a stepladder is not a step and is not counted as a step when the ladder is greater than five (5) feet in length.

7.5.2.5.15. Ensure ladders are equipped with rubber safety feet to prevent slipping.

7.5.2.5.16. Do not:

7.5.2.5.16.1. Carry anything that will interfere with the free use of both hands when climbing a ladder. Raise material and equipment to the working position using a rope and canvas bucket or another approved method.

7.5.2.5.16.2. Use ladders as guys, braces, skids, horizontal platforms or scaffolds, or for other than their intended purposes.

7.5.2.5.16.3. Consider nonslip bases (safety feet) as a substitute for care in safely placing, lashing or holding a ladder on oily, metal, concrete or slippery surfaces.

7.5.2.5.16.4. Stand on the top cap of trestle or combination ladders, nor the top step of stepladders (three-step aircraft ladders exempted). MAJCOM, DRU and FOA occupational safety staffs shall evaluate and provide guidance for military-unique operations. (T-1)

7.5.2.