E - UFC 3-260-02 Pavement for Airfields.pdf

UFC 3-260-02

30 June 2001

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR AIRFIELDS

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR AIRFIELDS

Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use.

Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the copyright holder.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (Preparing Activity)

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND

AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER SUPPORT AGENCY

Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \1\ ... /1/)

Change No. Date Location

This UFC supersedes TM 5-818-2/AFM 88-6, Chap 4, dated January 1985; TM 5-822-2/AFM 88- 7, Chap 5, dated July 1987; TM 5-822-13/AFJMAN 32-1018, dated October 1994; TM 5-822-5/ AFM 88-7, Chap 1, dated June 1992; TM 5-5-824-1/AFM 88-6, Chap 1, dated June 1987; TM 5- 825-2/AFM 88-6, Chap 2/DM 21.3, dated August 1978; TM 5-825-2-1/AFM 88-6, Chap 2, Sec A, dated November 1989; TM 5-825-3/AFM 88-6, Chap 3, dated August 1988; and TM 5-825-3-1/ AFM 8-6, Chap 3, Sec A, dated September 1988.

FOREWORD

\1\ The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance with USD(AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and work for other customers where appropriate. All construction outside of the United States is also governed by Status of forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction Agreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.)

Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the more stringent of the UFC, the SOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable.

UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria for military construction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA) are responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies should contact the preparing service for document interpretation and improvements. Technical content of UFC is the responsibility of the cognizant DoD working group. Recommended changes with supporting rationale should be sent to the respective service proponent office by the following electronic form: Criteria Change Request (CCR). The form is also accessible from the Internet sites listed below.

UFC are effective upon issuance and are distributed only in electronic media from the following source:

• Whole Building Design Guide web site http://dod.wbdg.org/.

Hard copies of UFC printed from electronic media should be checked against the current electronic version prior to use to ensure that they are current.

AUTHORIZED BY:

DONALD L. BASHAM, P.E.

Chief, Engineering and Construction U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

DR. JAMES W WRIGHT, P.E.

Chief Engineer Naval Facilities Engineering Command

KATHLEEN I. FERGUSON, P.E.

The Deputy Civil Engineer DCS/Installations & Logistics Department of the Air Force

Dr. GET W. MOY, P.E.

Director, Installations Requirements and Management Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment)

CHAPTER 5. SITE INVESTIGATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

����������1. GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

2. SUBGRADE INVESTIGATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

3. SELECT M ATERIAL AND SUBBASE FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEM ENTS . . . . . . . 5-3

4. BASE COURSES, DRAINAGE LAYERS, SEPARATION LAYERS,

CONCRETE AND BITUMINOUS CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

5. OTHER CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

6. SOIL CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

7. SOIL COM PACTION TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

8. SOIL STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

9. IN-PLACE SOIL STRENGTH TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

CHAPTER 6. SUBGRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

Paragraph 1. SUITABILITY OF SUBGRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

2. GRADE LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

3. SUBGRADE CBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

4. SUBGRADE M ODULUS OF SOIL REACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3

5. SUBGRADE COMPACTION FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS - NORMAL

CASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4

6. SUBGRADE COMPACTION FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS - NORMAL

CASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11

7. TREATM ENT OF PROBLEM SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12

8. STABILIZED SUBGRADES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13

9. SUBGRADES IN FROST AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13

CHAPTER 7. SELECT MATERIALS AND SUBBASE COURSES FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS . . . . 7-1

Paragraph 1. GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

2. M ATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

3. COM PACTION REQUIREM ENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

4. SELECTION OF DESIGN CBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

5. SEPARATION LAYERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

6. STABILIZED SELECT MATERIALS AND SUBBASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

7. DESIGN FOR SEASONAL FROST CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

8. DRAINAGE LAYERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

CHAPTER 8. AGGREGATE BASE COURSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

Paragraph 1. USE OF AGGREGATE BASE COURSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

2. MATERIALS FOR AGGREGATE BASE COURSES IN FLEXIBLE

PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

3. AGGREGATE BASE COURSES FOR ARMY AND AIR FORCE

RIGID PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3

4. AGGREGATE BASE COURSES FOR NAVY AND MARINE CORPS

RIGID PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3

5. STRENGTH OF AGGREGATE BASE COURSES FOR RIGID

PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5

6. STRENGTH OF AGGREGATE BASE COURSES FOR FLEXIBLE

PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5

7. MINIMUM THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS . . 8-6

8. MINIMUM THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS . . . . . 8-8

9. COMPACTION AND PROOF ROLLING REQUIREMENTS FOR FLEXIBLE

PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

10. COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS FOR ARMY AND AIR FORCE RIGID

PAVEMENT AGGREGATE BASE COURSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

11. COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS FOR NAVY AND MARINE CORPS

RIGID PAVEMENT AGGREGATE BASE COURSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

CHAPTER 9. PAVEMENT MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

Paragraph 1. GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

2. STABILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

3. PORTLAND-CEMENT CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8

4. ASPHALTIC CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13

5. RECYCLED M ATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15

CHAPTER 10. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN - CBR METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

Paragraph 1. REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

2. BASIS FOR DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

3. THICKNESS DESIGN CURVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

4. THICKNESS DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

5. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THICKNESS DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

6. DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

7. STABILIZED PAVEMENT SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5

8. SPECIAL AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8

9. JUNCTURE BETWEEN RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . 10-11

CHAPTER 11. LAYER ELASTIC DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

Paragraph 1. DESIGN PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

2. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RESPONSE MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

3. DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

4. M ATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5

5. SUBGRADE EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

6. DESIGN CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

7. CONVENTIONAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9

8. FROST CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9

9. ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9

10. PAVEMENTS WITH A STABILIZED BASE COURSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10

11. PAVEMENTS WITH STABILIZED BASE AND STABILIZED SUBBASE . . 11-10

12. EXAMPLE DESIGN FOR CONVENTIONAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT . . . . 11-11

13. EXAMPLE DESIGN FOR ALL BITUMINOUS CONCRETE (ABC)

PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-18

CHAPTER 12. PLAIN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

Paragraph 1. BASIS OF DESIGN - ARMY AND AIR FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

2. BASIS OF DESIGN - NAVY AND MARINE CORPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

3. USES FOR PLAIN CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

4. THICKNESS DESIGN - ARMY AND AIR FORCE PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . 12-1

5. EXAMPLES OF PLAIN CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR

ARM Y AND AIR FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2

6. THICKNESS DESIGN - NAVY AND MARINE CORPS PAVEMENTS . . . . . 12-6

7. DESIGN EXAMPLES FOR NAVY AND MARINE CORPS PLAIN

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12

8. JOINT USES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14

9. SELECTION OF JOINT TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14

10. JOINTS FOR ARMY AND AIR FORCE PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19

11. JOINTS FOR NAVY AND MARINE CORPS PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24

12. JOINTING PATTERN FOR RIGID AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-27

CHAPTER 13. REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1

Paragraph 1. GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1

2. BASIS FOR DESIGN - NAVY AND MARINE CORPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1

3. BASIS FOR DESIGN - ARMY AND AIR FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1

4. USES FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1

5. REDUCED THICKNESS DESIGN - ARMY AND AIR FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2

6. REINFORCEMENT TO CONTROL PAVEMENT CRACKING . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3

7. REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN FROST AREAS . . . . . . . . . . 13-5

8. REINFORCING STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-5

9. JOINTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-6

10. EXAMPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN . . . . . . 13-6

CHAPTER 14. FIBROUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

Paragraph 1. BASIS OF DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

2. USES FOR FIBROUS CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

3. M IX PROPORTIONING CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

4. THICKNESS DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2

5. ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION FOR FIBROUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT . . . 14-2

6. JOINTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-2

7. EXAMPLE OF FIBROUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3

CHAPTER 15. CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1

Paragraph 1. BASIS OF DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1

2. USE FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS . . 15-1

3. FOUNDATION REQUIREMENTS AND EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1

4. THICKNESS DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1

5. REINFORCING STEEL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-2

6. TERM INAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3

7. JOINTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3

8. JOINT SEALING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4

9. EXAMPLE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT

DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4

CHAPTER 16. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1

Paragraph 1. BASIS OF DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1

2. UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1

3. USES FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1

4. FOUNDATION REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1

5. METHOD OF PRESTRESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1

6. DESIGN PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-2

7. PRESTRESSING TENDON DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-4

8. JOINTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-6

9. EXAMPLES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN . . . . . 16-7

CHAPTER 17 OVERLAY PAVEMENT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1

Paragraph 1. GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1

2. CONVENTIONAL OVERLAY DESIGN EQUATION BACKGROUND

AND LIM ITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1

3. SITE INVESTIGATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2

4. PREPARATION OF EXISTING PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2

5. CONDITION OF EXISTING CONCRETE PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-4

6. RIGID OVERLAY OF EXISTING RIGID PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-5

7. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE OVERLAY OF RIGID PAVEMENT . . . . . . . 17-11

8. RIGID OVERLAY OF EXISTING FLEXIBLE OR COMPOSITE

PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-11

9. NONRIGID OVERLAY OF EXISTING RIGID PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-11

10. NONRIGID OVERLAY ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-15

11. OVERLAYS IN FROST REGIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-17

CHAPTER 18. RIGID PAVEMENT INLAY DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1

Paragraph 1. GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1

2. RIGID INLAYS IN EXISTING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1

3. RIGID INLAYS IN EXISTING RIGID PAVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-2

CHAPTER 19. LAYER ELASTIC DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1

Paragraph 1. RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1

2. RIGID PAVEMENT RESPONSE MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1

3. DESIGN PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1

4. M ATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-2

5. DESIGN CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-7

6. FROST CONSIDERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-8

7. ALTERNATE OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-8

8. REINFORCED CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-10

9. DESIGN EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-11

10. DESIGN EXAMPLE 1, SINGLE AIRCRAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-12

11. DESIGN EXAMPLE 2, MIXED AIRCRAFT TRAFFIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-13

12. DESIGN EXAMPLE 3, OVERLAY DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-16

13. DESIGN EXAMPLE 4, ALTERNATE OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE . 19-17

CHAPTER 20. SEASONAL FROST CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1

Paragraph 1. GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1

2. FROST-SUSCEPTIBILITY CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1

3. METHODS OF THICKNESS DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1

4. SELECTION OF DESIGN M ETHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-3

5. REDUCED SUBGRADE STRENGTH METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-3

6. LIM ITED SUBGRADE FROST PENETRATION M ETHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-7

7. GRANULAR BASE- AND SUBBASE-COURSE REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . 20-10

8. DRAINAGE LAYER REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-11

9. SEPARATION LAYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-11

10. SUBGRADE REQUIREM ENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-11

11. CONTROL OF DIFFERENTIAL HEAVE AT DRAINS, CULVERTS, DUCTS,

INLETS, HYDRANTS, AND LIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-13

12. PAVEMENT THICKNESS TRANSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-14

13. OTHER MEASURES TO REDUCE FROST HEAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-14

14. REPLACEMENT OR RECONSTRUCTION OF EXISTING

PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-14

15. COM PACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-15

16. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN EXAMPLES FOR SEASONAL

FROST CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-15

17. RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN EXAMPLES FOR SEASONAL

FROST CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-17

CHAPTER 21. IMPROVING SKID RESISTANCE/REDUCING HYDROPLANING POTENTIAL

OF RUNWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1

Paragraph 1. GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1

2. IMPROVING RUNWAY FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1

APPENDIX A REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

APPENDIX B AIRFIELD/HELIPORT DESIGN ANALYSIS OUTLINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

APPENDIX C RECOMMENDED CONTRACT DRAWING OUTLINE FOR AIRFIELD/HELIPORT

PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

APPENDIX D WAIVER PROCESSING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

APPENDIX E DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

APPENDIX F CURVES FOR DETERMINING EFFECTIVE STRAIN REPETITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1

APPENDIX G PROCEDURE FOR PREPARATION OF BITUMINOUS CYLINDRICAL

SPECIMENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1

APPENDIX H PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE DYNAMIC MODULUS OF BITUMINOUS

CONCRETE MIXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1

APPENDIX I PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF

BITUMINOUS CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

APPENDIX J PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF

UNBOUND GRANULAR BASE AND SUBBASE COURSE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . J-1

APPENDIX K PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE FLEXURAL MODULUS AND FATIGUE

CHARACTERISTICS OF STABILIZED SOILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1

APPENDIX L PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING RESILIENT MODULUS OF SUBGRADE

M ATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1

APPENDIX M PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING THE FATIGUE LIFE OF BITUMINOUS

CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M -1

APPENDIX N PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE RESILIENT MODULUS OF GRANULAR

BASE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-1

FIGURES

Figure Title

1-1 Typical flexible pavement structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1-2 Typical all-bituminous concrete pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1-3 Typical flexible pavement with stabilized base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1-4 Typical rigid pavement structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 2-1 Typical layout of traffic areas for Army Class III and IV airfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 3-1 Typical layout of traffic areas for Air Force light-load and auxiliary airfield pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 3-2 Typical layout of traffic areas for Air Force medium- and modified-heavy-load airfield pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 3-3 Typical layout of traffic areas for Air Force heavy-load airfield pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15 3-4 Aggregate surfaced design curves for helicopters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 4-1 Primary, secondary, and supporting traffic areas for Navy and Marine Corps airfield pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

4-2 Landing gear assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 5-1 Typical boring log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 5-2 Typical soil profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 5-3 Approximate relationships of soil classification and soil strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 6-1 Procedure for determining laboratory CBR of subgrade soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 6-2 Selection of design subgrade CBR using in-place tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15 8-1 Effect of base-course thickness on modulus of soil reaction for nonfrost conditions . . . . . . . 8-10 10-1 Flexible pavement design curves for Army Class I heliports and helipads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 10-2 Flexible pavement design curves for Army Class II and V heliports and helipads . . . . . . . 10-13 10-3 Flexible pavement design curves for Army Class III airfields as defined in paragraph 4.c of Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14 10-4 Flexible pavement design curves for Army Class IV airfields (C-130 aircraft) with runway # 1,525 meters (# 5,000 feet), type A traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15 10-5 Flexible pavement design curves for Army Class IV airfields (C-130 aircraft) with runway # 1,525 meters (# 5,000 feet), types B and C traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 10-6 Flexible pavement design curves for Army Class IV airfields (C-17 aircraft) with runway > 1,525 meters (> 5,000 feet), type A traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 10-7 Flexible pavement design curves for Army Class IV airfields (C-17 aircraft) with runway > 1,525 meters (> 5,000 feet), types B and C traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18 10-8 Flexible pavement design curves for Navy and Marine Corps single-wheel aircraft, primary and secondary traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19 10-9 Flexible pavement design curve for Navy and Marine Corps dual-wheel aircraft, primary traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20 10-10 Flexible pavement design curve for Navy and Marine Corps dual-wheel aircraft, secondary traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21 10-11 Flexible pavement design curve for Navy and Marine Corps C-130, primary traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22 10-12 Flexible pavement design curve for Navy and Marine Corps C-130, secondary traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23 10-13 Flexible pavement design curve for Navy and Marine Corps C-141, primary traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-24 10-14 Flexible pavement design curve for Navy and Marine Corps C-141, secondary traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-25 10-15 Flexible pavement design curve for Navy and Marine Corps C-5A, primary traffic areas . . 10-26 10-16 Flexible pavement design curve for Navy and Marine Corps C-5A, secondary traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-27 10-17 Flexible pavement design curve for Air Force light-load airfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-28 10-18 Flexible pavement design curve for Air Force medium-load pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29 10-19 Flexible pavement design curve for Air Force heavy-load airfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-30 10-20 Flexible pavement design curve for Air Force modified heavy-load pavement . . . . . . . . . . 10-31 10-21a Flexible pavement design curve for Air Force C-130 assault landing zone airfield . . . . . . . 10-32 10-21b Flexible pavement design curve for Air Force C-17 assault landing zone airfield . . . . . . . . 10-33 10-22 Flexible pavement design curve for Air Force auxiliary airfield, type A traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-34 10-23 Flexible pavement design curve for Air Force auxiliary airfield, types B and C traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35 10-24 Flexible pavement design curve for shoulders on Army and Air Force pavements . . . . . . . 10-36 10-25 Air Force flexible pavement design curve for F-15, type A traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37 10-26 Air Force flexible pavement design curve for F-15, types B and C traffic areas . . . . . . . . . 10-38 10-27 Air Force flexible pavement design curve for C-141, type A traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-39

10-28 Air Force flexible pavement design curve for C-141, types B, C, and D traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40

10-29 Air Force flexible pavement design curves for B-1, type A traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41 10-30 Air Force flexible pavement design curve for B-1, types B, C, and D traffic areas . . . . . . . 10-42 10-31 Air Force flexible pavement design curve for B-52, type A traffic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-43 10-32 Air Force flexible pavement design curve for B-52, types B, C, and D traffic areas . . . . . . 10-44 11-1 Temperature relationships for selected bituminous concrete thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26 11-2 Computation of effective gear print for single gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-27 11-3 Computation of effective gear print for twin gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-28 11-4 Computation of repetition factor for tandem gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-29 11-5 Design criteria based on subgrade strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30 11-6 Fatigue life of flexural specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30 11-7 Flow diagram of important steps in design of bituminous concrete pavement . . . . . . . . . . 11-31 11-8 Relationship between cracked section modulus and unconfined compressive strength . . . 11-32 11-9 Flow diagram of important steps in design of pavements having chemically stabilized base course and unstabilized subbase course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-33 11-10 Flow diagram of important steps in design of pavements having stabilized base and chemically stabilized subbase courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-34 11-11 Estimation of resilient modulus MR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-35 11-12 Results of laboratory tests for dynamic modulus of bituminous concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-36 11-13 Section for pavement thickness of 760 millimeters (30 inches) for initial taxiway design . . 11-37 11-14 Section for pavement thickness of 610 millimeters (24 inches) for initial runway design . . 11-38 11-15 Pavement design for taxiways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-39 11-16 Design for runways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-40 11-17 Design for asphalt concrete surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-41 11-18 Computed strain at the top of the subgrade for taxiway design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-42 11-19 Damage factor versus pavement thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-43 11-20 Computed strain at the bottom of the asphalt for taxiway design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-44 11-21 Computed strain at the top of the subgrade for runway design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-45 11-22 Computed strain at the bottom of the asphalt for runway design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-46 12-1 Plain concrete design curves for Army Helipads, Class I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-33 12-2 Plain concrete design curves for Army Class II airfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-34 12-3 Plain concrete design curves for Army Class III airfields as defined in paragraph 4.c of

Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-35 12-4 Plain concrete design curves for Army Class IV airfields (C-130 aircraft) with runway

# 1,525 meters (5,000 feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-36 12-5 Plain concrete design curves for Army Class IV airfields (C-17 aircraft) with runway

> 2,745 meters (9,000 feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-37 12-6 Plain concrete design curves for Air Force light-load pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-38 12-7 Plain concrete design curves for Air Force medium-load pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-39 12-8 Plain concrete design curves for Air Force heavy-load pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-40 12-9 Plain concrete design curves for Air Force modified heavy-load pavements . . . . . . . . . . . 12-41 12-10 Plain concrete design curves for Air Force C-130 assault landing zone pavements . . . . . . 12-42 12-11 Plain concrete design curves for Air Force C-17 assault landing zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-43 12-12 Plain concrete design curves for Air Force auxiliary pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-44 12-13 Plain concrete design curves for F-15 aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-45 12-14 Plain concrete design curves for C-141 aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-46 12-15 Plain concrete design curves for B-52 aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-46 12-16 Plain concrete design curves for B-1 aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-47 12-17 Plain concrete design curves for shoulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-48

12-18 Example of allowable passes determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-49 12-19 Rigid pavement thickness design chart for single-wheel load (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-49 12-20 Rigid pavement thickness design chart for P-3 aircraft (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-50 12-21 Rigid pavement thickness design chart for C-130 aircraft (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-51 12-22 Rigid pavement thickness design chart for C-141 aircraft (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-52 12-23 Rigid pavement thickness design chart for C-5A aircraft (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-53 12-24 Chart for determining flexural stress for single-wheel gear (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-54 12-25 Chart for determining flexural stress for P-3 aircraft (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-55 12-26 Chart for determining flexural stress for C-130 aircraft (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-56 12-27 Chart for determining flexural stress for C-141 aircraft (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-57 12-28 Chart for determining flexural stress for C-5A aircraft (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-58 12-29 Typical jointing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-59 12-30 Contraction joints for plain concrete pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-60 12-31 Joint sealant details for plain concrete pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-61 12-32 Construction joints for plain concrete pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-64 12-33 Expansion joints for plain concrete pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-67 12-34 Slip joints for plain concrete pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-68 12-35 Rigid-flexible pavement junction (Army or Air Force) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-69 12-36 Rigid-flexible pavement junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-70 12-37 PCC to AC joint detail (removal and construction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-71 12-38 PCC to AC joint detail (very little traffic expected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-72 12-39 Sample jointing pattern (SI units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-73 12-40 Sample jointing pattern (metric units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-74 12-41 Sample jointing pattern for 180-ft.-wide lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-75 12-42 Sample jointing pattern at an intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-76 12-43 Effects of confusion in sawing joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-77 13-1 Reinforced concrete pavement design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-10 13-2 Typical layouts showing reinforcement of odd-shaped slabs and mismatched joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-11 13-3 Reinforcing steel details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-13 13-4 Contraction joints for reinforced concrete pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-15 13-5 Construction joints for reinforced concrete pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-16 13-6 Expansion joints for reinforced concrete pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-20 14-1 Fibrous concrete pavement design curves for UH-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4 14-2 Fibrous concrete pavement design curves for CH-47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-5 14-3 Fibrous concrete pavement design curves for C-130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-6 14-4 Fibrous concrete pavement design curves for Air Force light-load airfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-7 14-5 Fibrous concrete pavement design curves for Air Force medium-load airfields . . . . . . . . . . 14-8 14-6 Fibrous concrete pavement design curves for Air Force heavy-load airfields . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-9 14-7 Fibrous concrete pavement design curves for Air Force modified heavy-load airfields . . . 14-10 14-8 Fibrous concrete pavement design curves for Air Force shortfield airfields . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-11 14-9 Fibrous concrete pavement design curves for shoulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-12 14-10 Deflection curves for UH-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-13 14-11 Deflection curves for CH-47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-14 14-12 Deflection curves for C-130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15 14-13 Deflection curves for Air Force light-load pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-16 14-14 Deflection curves for Air Force medium-load pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-17 14-15 Deflection curves for Air Force heavy-load pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-18 14-16 Deflection curves for Air Force modified heavy-load pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-19 14-17 Deflection curves for Air Force shortfield pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-20

14-18 Deflection curves for shoulder pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-21 14-19 Allowable deflection curves for fibrous concrete pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-22 15-1 Details of a wide-flange beam joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7 15-2 Relationship between flexural strength and tensile strength of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7 16-1 Stress repetitions versus load repetition factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-10 16-2 A/R2 versus load-moment factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-11 16-3 Ratio of multiple wheel gear to single-wheel gear load versus A/R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-12 16-4 Typical section of transverse joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-13 16-5 Typical transverse joint seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-14 16-6 Thickness versus design prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17 17-1 Structural condition index versus condition factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-18 17-2 Factor for projecting cracking in a flexible pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-19 17-3 Location guide for the use of geotextiles in retarding reflective cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-20 18-1 Typical rigid pavement inlay in existing flexible pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-3 18-2 Typical rigid pavement inlay in existing rigid pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-4 19-1 Diagram for design of airfield rigid pavements by layered elastic theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-22 19-2 Correlation between resilient modulus of elasticity and static modulus of soil reaction . . . 19-23 19-3 Relationship between SCI and coverages at initial cracking and complete failure . . . . . . . 19-24 19-4 Base slab performance curve (SCI versus logarithm of time) subdivided into five time periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-25 19-5 Composite overlay performance curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-25 19-6 Overlay thickness versus logarithm of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-26 19-7 Effect of steel reinforcement on rigid pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-26 19-8 Relationship between cumulative damage and concrete slab thickness for granular and stabilized bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-27 19-9 Relationship between cumulative damage and pavement thickness, mixed aircraft traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-28 19-10 Base slab performance curve for the 356-millimeter (14-inch) overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-29 19-11 Actual performance curve with the 356-millimeter (14-inch) overlay in place . . . . . . . . . . . 19-30 19-12 Cumulative damage plot for the 356-millimeter (14-inch) overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-30 19-13 Results of the analysis performed on the 305-, 356-, and 406-millimeter (12-, 14-, and

16-inch) overlay trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-31 19-14 Plot showing the overlay thickness versus the overlay life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-31 20-1 Frost area index of reaction (FAIR) for design of rigid pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-27 20-2 Determination of freezing index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-28 20-3 Distribution of design freezing indexes in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-29 20-4 Distribution of mean freezing indexes in Northern Eurasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-30 20-5 Frost penetration beneath pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-31 20-6 Design of combined base thickness for limited subgrade frost penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-32 20-7 Placement of drainage layer in frost areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-33 20-8 Tapered transition used where embankment material differs from natural subgrade in cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-34 20-9 Subgrade details for cold regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-35 20-10 Transitions for culverts beneath pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-36 20-11 Relationship between base course thickness and PCC thickness for example 1 . . . . . . . . 20-37 20-12 Relationship between base course thickness and PCC thickness for example 2 . . . . . . . . 20-39 21-1 Groove configuration for airfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3

TABLES

Table Title

3-1 Design Gross Weights and Pass Levels for Airfield Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 3-2 Gradation for Aggregate Surface Courses (Percent Passing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 3-3 Maximum Permissible Values for CBR and Gradation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 3-4 Frost Design Soil Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 3-5 Frost Area Soil Support Indices (FASSI) of Subgrade Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 3-6 Gradation for Aggregate Surfaced Courses (Percent Passing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 3-7 Compaction Requirements for Helicopter Pads and Slide Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .