CRAS_Report_(1).pdf

CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY

FOR THE CITY OF DANIA BEACH

NORTHWEST 1ST STREET COMPLETE STREETS PROJECT,

BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT NO. 443949-1

OCTOBER 2025

THE ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW, CONSULTATION, AND OTHER ACTIONS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS FOR THIS PROJECT ARE BEING, OR HAVE BEEN, CARRIED OUT BY THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT

OF TRANSPORTATION (FDOT) PURSUANT TO 23 U.S.C. §327 AND A MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING DATED MAY 26, 2022, AND EXECUTED BY THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION (FHWA) AND FDOT.

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CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY

FOR THE CITY OF DANIA BEACH

NORTHWEST 1ST STREET COMPLETE STREETS PROJECT,

BROWARD COUNTY, FLORIDA

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT NO. 443949-1

SEARCH PROJECT NO. 250124

PREPARED FOR

CITY OF DANIA BEACH, FLORIDA

KIMLEY-HORN & ASSOCIATES, INC.

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT 4

PREPARED BY

SEARCH

MATT NOWAK, BRITTANEY LONDON, HAILEY KOCH, CHRISTIAN ROBOTTI, AND ALLEN KENT

MATT NOWAK, MA, RPA

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR, ARCHAEOLOGY

ALEXIS K. THOMAS, MPS, MS

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR, ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

SEARCHINC.COM

OCTOBER 2025

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025 iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report presents the findings of a cultural resource assessment survey conducted in support of the Northwest (NW) 1st Street Complete Streets project in Broward County, Florida. The City of Dania Beach is conducting the Local Agency Program project using federal funds administered by the Florida Department of Transportation District 4. The project proposes pedestrian and safety improvements to approximately 1.22 kilometers (0.76 miles) of NW 1st Street between South Bryan Road and State Road (SR) 5/US 1/South Federal Highway. The proposed improvements include milling and resurfacing the roadway; installing crosswalks and detectable warning surfaces; repairing and harmonizing sidewalks; marking pavement; and connecting new drainage inlets to the existing drainage features. Sidewalk harmonization would take place on both sides of NW 1st Street, between Bryan Road and Federal Highway. All work will be performed within the existing right-of-way (ROW).

The area of potential effects (APE) was developed to consider visual, audible, or atmospheric effects that the project may have on historic resources. To encompass the proposed improvements, the archaeological APE was defined to include the existing ROW along NW 1st Street for the full length of the project corridor. The architectural history APE was defined as the existing ROW, plus adjacent parcels up to a distance of no more than 100 meters (m; 330 feet [ft]) from the edge of the pavement in areas where new sidewalks will be constructed as part of the project’s sidewalk harmonization. Due to the absence of existing sidewalks along both sides of NW 1st Street between NW 4th Avenue and NW 1st Avenue, the architectural history APE was expanded beyond the existing right-of-way in this portion of the project corridor.

A review of the Florida Master Site File database indicated that no previously recorded archaeological sites were within or adjacent to the archaeological APE. The archaeological survey consisted of pedestrian survey within the APE because field conditions precluded the excavation of subsurface tests. No archaeological sites or occurrences were identified within the APE. No further archaeological survey is recommended.

The architectural history survey resulted in the identification and evaluation of five previously recorded linear resources and two previously recorded resources in the APE. These seven resources include three roads (8BD04227, 8BD04373, and 8BD04776), one railroad (8BD04987), one canal (8BD03221), and two buildings (8BD02742 and 8BD02743).

The segment of 8BD04087 (Florida East Coast [FEC] Railway) within the current APE is a newly recorded segment of a previously recorded resource. The State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) evaluated a segment south of the current segment as eligible for National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listing in 2024. Because the railroad within the APE shares similar characteristics with the previously evaluated eligible segment, SEARCH recommends 8BD04087 as eligible. The segment of 8BD04227 (Dixie Highway) within the current APE is a newly recorded segment of a previously recorded resource. SHPO evaluated a segment south of the current segment as eligible for NRHP listing in 2024. Because the road within the APE shares similar

October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida iv characteristics with the previously evaluated eligible segment, SEARCH recommends 8BD04227 as eligible. The segments of 8BD04373 (Federal Highway) and 8BD04776 (SR A1A) are both newly recorded segments of previously recorded linear resources. The previously recorded segments of 8BD04373 and 8BD04776 were evaluated as ineligible due to widening and modernization;

however, SEARCH finds there is insufficient information to provide a recommendation for these resources because only a small portion of the larger resources are within the current APE. The previously recorded segment for Resource 8BD03221 (Dania Cut Off Canal) is located approximately 1.1 kilometers (km; 0.7 miles [mi]) northwest of the segment within the current APE and was evaluated as ineligible due to lack of significance. Resource 8BD03221 (Dania Cut Off Canal) is recommended ineligible for the NRHP.

Resources 8BD02742 (Dania Phoenix Corp) and 8BD02743 (Bruce Kodner House #2), both located at 105 NW 1st Avenue, were recommended ineligible; however, a 2014 survey noted 8BD02743 as destroyed and 8BD02742 as a duplicate entry. No action was taken because the 2014 survey issued the demolition and duplication notice to the Florida Master Site File (FMSF). No existing or potential historic districts were identified. No further architectural history survey is required.

SEARCH recommends that this project will result in No Adverse Effect to historic properties. No further cultural resources work is recommended.

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vi Introduction

Project Description Area of Potential Effects Applicable Laws and Guidelines

Project Location and Environment Location and Modern Conditions Paleoenvironment

Historic Overview Native American Culture History Broward County Historic Context

Background Research Florida Master Site File Review Historic Map and Aerial Photograph Review

Research Design Project Goals NRHP Criteria Cultural Resource Potential Survey Methods

Archaeological Field Methods Architectural Field Methods Laboratory Methods Curation Certified Local Government Consultation Procedures to Deal with Unexpected Discoveries

Results Archaeological Survey Results Architectural Resources NRHP Evaluations

Linear Resources Conclusion and Recommendations References Cited

Appendix A: FDHR Survey Log Sheet Appendix B: FMSF Resource Forms

October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Project location in Broward County, Florida Figure 2. The project APE in Broward County, Florida Figure 3. Soil characteristics within the project APE Figure 4. Previously conducted surveys and previously recorded cultural resources within the APE Figure 5. GLO maps of Townships 50 and 51 South, Range 42 East (GLO 1870a, 1870b) Figure 6.FSRD general highway map of Broward County, Florida (FSRD 1934) Figure 7. USGS topographic map of Fort Lauderdale South, Florida (USGS 1949) Figure 8. USDA aerial photograph of Broward County, Florida (USDA 1957) Figure 9. USGS topographic map of Fort Lauderdale South, Florida (USGS 1969) Figure 10. USGS topographic map of Fort Lauderdale South, Florida (USGS 1983) Figure 11. Archaeological survey results. Map 1 of 3 Figure 12. Archaeological survey results. Map 2 of 3 Figure 13. Archaeological survey results. Map 3 of 3 Figure 14. Representative photographs of the archaeological APE Figure 15. Architectural history survey results within the APE Figure 16. Resource 8BD03221, facing south Figure 17. Resource 8BD04087, facing north Figure 18. Resources 8BD04227, 8BD04373, and 8BD04776, facing north Figure 19. Resources 8BD04227, 8BD04373, and 8BD04776, facing south Figure 20. Resources 8BD04227, 8BD04373, and 8BD04776. facing north

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Archaeological Periods of Southeast Florida Table 2. Previous Cultural Resource Assessment Surveys Intersecting the APE Table 3. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within the APE Table 4. Summary of Previously Recorded Historic Resources Table 5. Historic Resources Recorded within the Architectural History APE

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025

INTRODUCTION

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This report presents the findings of a cultural resource assessment survey (CRAS) conducted in support of the Northwest (NW) 1st Street Complete Streets Project in Broward County, Florida (Figure 1). The City of Dania Beach is conducting the Local Agency Program (LAP) project using federal funds administered by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) District 4. The project proposes pedestrian and safety improvements to approximately 1.22 kilometers (km;

0.76 miles [mi]) of NW 1st Street between South Bryan Road and State Road (SR) 5/US 1/South Federal Highway. The proposed improvements include milling and resurfacing the roadway;

installing crosswalks and detectable warning surfaces; repairing and harmonizing sidewalks;

marking pavement; and connecting new drainage inlets to the existing drainage features. All work will be performed within the existing right-of-way (ROW).

AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS

The area of potential effects (APE) was developed to consider visual, audible, or atmospheric effects that the project may have on historic resources. To encompass the proposed improvements, the archaeological APE was defined to include the existing right-of-way along NW 1st Street for the full length of the project corridor (Figure 2). The architectural history APE was defined as the existing ROW, plus adjacent parcels up to a distance of no more than 100 meters (m; 330 feet [ft]) from the edge of the pavement in areas where new sidewalks will be constructed as part of the project’s sidewalk harmonization, along both sides of NW 1st Street between NW 4th Avenue and NW 1st Avenue.

APPLICABLE LAWS AND GUIDELINES

The work was conducted to comply with Public Law 113-287 (Title 54 USC), which incorporates the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended, including Section 106 (54 U.S.C. § 306108), and the Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974, as amended, 36 CFR Part 800 (Protection of Historic Properties), and all laws, regulations, and guidelines promulgated by the State of Florida governing cultural resources work, in particular Chapters 267.031(1) and 267.12, Florida Statutes and 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code. All work was performed in accordance with Part 2, Chapter 8 of the FDOT’s Project Development & Environment (PD&E) Manual (revised July 2024), as well as the Florida Division of Historical Resources’ (FDHR) recommendations for such projects, as stipulated in the FDHR’s Cultural Resource Management Standards & Operations Manual, Module Three: Guidelines for Use by Historic Preservation Professionals. The work was performed by professional archaeologists who meet the qualifications established in the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines (48

FR 44716-42).

October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida

Matt Nowak MA, RPA, served as the principal investigator for archaeology for this project, and Alexis K. Thomas, MPS, MS, served as the principal investigator for architectural history. Mr.

Nowak, Ms. Thomas, Brittaney London, MA, Hailey Koch, BA, Allen Kent, PhD, and Christian Robotti, BFA, authored the report. The fieldwork was conducted by Mary Bonatakis, BA, and Shelby Foy Ira, BA. Angelica Costa, MA, produced field maps and report figures. Timothy Parsons, PhD, RPA, conducted the quality control review, and Tanner Lovelace, BA, edited and produced the document.

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025

Figure 1. Project location in Broward County, Florida.

October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida

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CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025

PROJECT LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENT

LOCATION AND MODERN CONDITIONS

The APE is along a 1.22 km (0.76 mi) segment of NW 1st Street in Broward County, Florida, within Sections 33 and 34 of Township 51 South, 42 East of the Public Land Survey System. The area surrounding the APE is characterized by dense urbanization with residential neighborhoods and commercial development throughout the APE.

Geologically, the APE falls within the Pompano-Fort Lauderdale Gap of the Southern Atlantic Coastal Strip (Brooks 1981). The Pompano-Fort Lauderdale Gap is characterized by a lack of a coastal ridge and flatter terrain than the surrounding broad ridge of the coastal strip. Much of the natural hydrology in this section of Broward County has been altered or channelized to facilitate drainage, including man-made canals to the west and north of the APE. The terrain within the APE is flat, with elevations ranging approximately 3–4 meters (m; 9.8–13.1 feet [ft]) above mean sea level. Soils within the archaeological APE are categorized as Urban land or Urban land complex, which is defined as heavily disturbed and modified due to urban development (Figure 3). Soils within the APE alternate between well drained and somewhat poorly drained.

PALEOENVIRONMENT

An understanding of regional paleoenvironmental data is critical to determining how archaeological deposits were affected by post-depositional processes such as water and wind erosion, aggradation, and inundation—forces that impact or destroy archaeological sites or that create palimpsests at surface sites (Rees 2010:36–37). Conversely, sites near rivers or streams may have been buried by alluvium, sometimes deeply, and therefore may have been preserved.

In addition, environmental change may have prompted technological, subsistence, social, and settlement strategy changes (Mandel and Holliday 2017).

Approximately 24,000 to 18,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum, global ice volumes were at their greatest, and temperatures were about 11˚F colder than they are today (Ehlers and Gibbard 2004). However, this period was also characterized by a slow warming trend that melted massive ice sheets and resulted in global sea level rise (Rohling et al. 1998). Around 22,000 years ago, Gulf of Mexico sea levels were at a low stand of 125.0 to 130.0 m (410.1 to 426.5 ft) below modern levels (Joy 2019:109), and Pleistocene shorelines extended at least 200 km (124 mi) further south than do present shorelines (Balsillie and Donoghue 2004; Gagliano et al. 1982;

Saucier 1994:49–50). Under these conditions, most of Florida’s lakes and ponds were dry basins, and water in river channels was variable because water tables are tied to sea-level base levels (Thulman 2009).

After about 17,000 years ago, global melting of the ice sheets (deglaciation) led to sea level rise and transgression of the continental shelves, particularly Florida’s western margins that drain the Floridan aquifer-fed rivers. Even during the Younger Dryas, the last return to glacial conditions

October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida re

. S oi l c ha ra ct er is tic s w ith in th e pr oj ec t A

PE

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025 about 13,800 years ago, meltwaters slowed, but sea levels continued to rise, by at least 60.0 m (196.9 ft) over the next 2,400 years (Joy 2019). Sea levels, though higher, were still much lower than at present; along the Gulf Coast, extensive grasslands likely existed, possibly attracting mammoth, bison, and other large grazing mammals.

The rate of sea-level rise was generally slow for 13,000 years, to about 4,500 years ago; however, the rate and magnitude of ice melt was punctuated by three “melt-water pulses” that occurred in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene at approximately 14,200, 11,400, and 8,000 years ago (Blanchon 2011). Florida’s wetlands, lakes, and ponds formed mostly after 9,000 years ago (Watts and Hansen 1988). By 6,000 years ago, Florida’s climate included increased precipitation and surface water flow, as indicated by increased pine and wetland pollens, including abundant cypress, which indicates broad new areas of wetland habitat in the later pollen records (Watts and Hansen 1988; Watts et al. 1992). Higher sea levels and elevated water tables created essentially modern conditions by the late Holocene, approximately 4,500 years ago. The climate, water levels, and plant communities of Florida have been relatively stable during the past 4,000 years.

October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025

HISTORIC OVERVIEW

NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE HISTORY

The Native American period of southeast Florida consists of a five-part chronology; each period is based on distinct cultural and technological characteristics recognized by archaeologists. From oldest to most recent, the five temporal periods are Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian, and Protohistoric. Milanich (1994) provides a comprehensive description of Florida’s precontact history.

Broward County is within the Glades Region (Milanich 1994). Given the limited potential for the identification of intact precontact archaeological deposits within the APE, the lack of previously identified archaeological sites in the vicinity of the APE, and the present-day conditions of the archaeological APE (discussed below), a full discussion of Broward County’s precontact history is beyond the scope of this report. Table 1 provides a summary of the precontact and protohistoric chronology of southeast Florida, as well as additional references.

Table 1. Archaeological Periods of Southeast Florida.

Calendrical Dates Archaeological Stage Periods or Cultures References AD 1500–1750 Protohistoric East Okeechobee IV Carr et al. 1995; Kennedy et al. 1991

AD 1000–1500 Mississippian East Okeechobee III Carr et al. 1995; Kennedy et al. 1991; Wheeler

AD 800–1000

Woodland

East Okeechobee II Carr et al. 1995; Kennedy et al. 1991

500 BC–AD 800 East Okeechobee I Carr et al. 1995; Kennedy et al. 1991

2000–500 BC Late Archaic Glades Carr et al. 1995; Schwadron 2006

5000–2000 BC Middle Archaic Florida Archaic Stemmed Complex Milanich 1994; Carr 2006; Schwadron 2006

8000–5000 BC Early Archaic Kirk/Bolen Milanich 1994; Carr 1986

11,000–8000 BC Paleoindian Clovis Anderson 1990; Dunbar 2006

Due to the presence of historic resources within the project APE, a brief historic context for Broward County is provided below. Additional details regarding historic development within the project area is provided in the Historic Map and Aerial Review section.

BROWARD COUNTY HISTORIC CONTEXT

Early Exploration and Settlement to Late Nineteenth Century

Florida served as an important stage for early European exploration of North America. Juan Ponce de Léon left Puerto Rico on March 3, 1513, and landed in present-day Florida on April 2, 1513 (Milanich 1995:107–108; Gannon 1996:17–20; Eriksen 1994). After French attempts to explore and settle the area, the Spanish king Philip II sent Admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to reclaim the land for Spain. Menéndez established a base near present-day St. Augustine and began

October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida establishing garrisons along the coast (Gannon 1993:7; Tebeau 1980). At the time of European contact, Tequesta native groups lived in present-day Broward County. The Tequesta hunted deer, fish, alligator, and turtles and gathered shellfish, plants, and roots. They used canoes to travel along the waterways and coastal regions. However, during the early eighteenth century, many Tequesta had succumbed to European diseases leaving behind abandoned villages (Historical Society of Palm Beach County 2009).

As Florida became depopulated of its original inhabitants, Creek from Georgia and the Carolinas migrated south. Initially, the Spanish referred to these migrating populations as cimarrónes, meaning wild or runaway. Over time, the term cimarrónes became Seminole (Covington 1993:13).

Seminole often offered help to Black people who self-emancipated and fled enslavement on southern plantations, providing refuge and assisting with the formation of their own settlements (Fairbanks 1973). As tension increased between the Seminole and white settlers, several conflicts occurred which drew US military forces into the area, beginning with Andrew Jackson’s entry into the Florida Panhandle in 1818 that pressured Spain to transfer Florida to the US government in 1821 with the Adams- Onís Treaty (Tebeau 1980).

Charles Lewis and family became Broward’s first known Euro-American settlers when the Spanish authorized a land grant along New River in 1793 (McGoun 1972). Other pioneers joined the Lewis family beginning shortly after the US took possession of Florida in 1821. William Cooley and family joined in 1825, settling on the north bank of the New River at Tarpon Bend (League of Women Voters 1960:43; McGoun 1972). Little additional settlement occurred during the Second Seminole War (1835–1842) and the Third Seminole War (1855–1858). The US military increased its presence in the region as they fought with the Seminole, particularly through constructing forts at various locations across southern Florida. In March 1838, a contingent of the Second Tennessee Regiment of Mounted Militia, led by Col. William Lauderdale, built a fort near the forks of the New River, which was abandoned following the Second Seminole War (Roberts 1988).

Settlement in present-day Broward County remained minimal in the mid-nineteenth century.

Transportation advances in the late nineteenth century made south Florida more appealing to prospective settlers. In 1890, construction of the Intracoastal Waterway to Biscayne Bay finished, providing sheltered passage for ships traveling along Florida’s Atlantic coast (McCarthy 1990). Two years later, Dade County built a road connecting the two main settlements of the region, Lake Worth and Miami (Kersey 1975). In 1893, Guy Metcalf hired Frank Stranahan to operate a New River camp station and ferry service; Stranahan became the founding father of Fort Lauderdale along with his brother, Will (Kersey 1975; Patterson 1979). Shortly thereafter, Henry Flagler extended his Florida East Coast (FEC) Railway to Miami via Fort Lauderdale. The first train on the FEC Railway arrived in present-day Broward County on February 22, 1896 (McGoun 1972).

Numerous Broward County communities trace their roots to the 1890s when the railroad entered the region Present-day Dania Beach was founded in direct response to the construction of the railroad line (Covington 1957).

Citrus became one of southern Florida’s principal economic boosters in the late nineteenth century. Orange cultivation began in northern Florida in the Spanish Periods and became quite

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025 common across the state by the 1870s and 1880s (Dovell 1952). During the winter of 1894 and 1895, the citrus industry suffered from an uncommon wave of freezing temperatures. These freezes wiped out much of north Florida’s citrus industry but spared south Florida growers (Chapin 1914; Dovell 1952). Following the arrival of the railroad, trains provided rapid transportation of the area’s fruit and winter vegetables to northern markets while bringing in northern tourists and prospective settlers (Hope 1989).

Turn of the Century to Present, 1900–Present

At the dawn of the new century, a mere 100 people resided in present-day Broward County’s few settlements, with 52 living in Fort Lauderdale (McGoun 1972). Just south of Fort Lauderdale, developer W.C. Valentine planned the community presently known as Dania Beach and recruited Danish families from Chicago and Wisconsin to move to the area soon after the FEC Railway made its way down the Atlantic Coast, between 1898 and 1902. Valentine named the settlement Modello. Pioneer settler A.C. Frost built many of the town’s first buildings, including his own home, a general store, and two schools. The town was incorporated in 1904 and given the name Dania in honor of its large Danish population. The first count of 35 residents in 1904 quickly grew to nearly 1,200 by 1912. Early residents practiced agriculture, with tomatoes playing an outsized role in area farming, earning the town the designation of “Tomato Capital of the World.” The climate of South Florida allowed for prosperous tomato crops in the winter months, with the FEC’s trains taking the product to northern markets (City of Dania Beach n.d.a, n.d.b).

The state legislature carved Broward County from Dade and Palm Beach counties on April 30, 1915, and established Fort Lauderdale as the county seat (Dunn 1998; Writers Program 1930s).

Napoleon Broward, the governor who championed the draining of the Everglades, became the new county’s namesake (Morris 1995). Though Broward County grew during the 1920s, events of the mid- to late 1920s also caused significant issues, including the 1926 hurricane that caused major devastation and the stock market crash in 1929 that brought on the Great Depression.

Additionally, the Dania Hotel burned in 1925. During this period, Dania was briefly annexed by neighboring Hollywood, though it returned to its own town in 1927 (City of Dania Beach n.d.a, n.d.b). The development of a more reliable road system in the 1920s, including the construction of the Federal Aid Highway (US 1) in Broward County beginning in 1927, further opened the area to visitors and settlers (Cobb and Gillis 2015; George 1991:3; Writers Program 1930s:4). The year 1927 also marked the first Tomato Day Celebration in Dania, which brought a crowd of more than 5,000 and became an annual event featuring tomato fights and a pageant to crown Miss Tomato Festival (City of Dania Beach n.d.a, n.d.b).

During World War II, the Navy and Army Air Corps established airfields in Broward and neighboring counties. The Navy converted present-day Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, originally a small private airport, into a major training facility named Fort Lauderdale Naval Air Station (McGoun 1972:15 New River News 1982:14). Smaller bases operated at Pompano Airfield (Pompano Beach Airpark), and W. Prospect Airfield (Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport). Area hotels played host to new recruits including the Lauderdale Beach Hotel and the Tradewinds Hotel, both of which served as Naval Training Schools. Civilians joined committees, October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida boards, and groups formed by the military to help in civil defense. The US Army and the Fighter Command established lookout posts along Florida’s coast, staffed with civilian volunteers searching for enemy subs, ships, and planes (Garner 1996:42–44). Along the beaches of Florida, every home and structure maintained a blackout at night, and Coast Guardsmen patrolled the waterfront. During the war, approximately 400,000 crates of vegetables, mainly tomatoes, were shipped from the Hallandale and Dania area, and prices for the produce skyrocketed to the highest levels known in the nation's history. However, the tomato crop’s boom years went bust by the late 1940s, largely due to saltwater intrusion, ending both the large-scale tomato production and the tomato festival (Adams et al 1999; City of Dania Beach n.d.a.; Dearborn and Shiver 2013).

Between 1960 and 1970 Broward County’s population increased by 86 percent, adding 286,000 people, making it one of the nation’s fastest-growing counties (Vogel 1992:27). As Dade County grew, people moved to Broward looking for affordable housing. Tourism emerged as Broward’s biggest industry. Consequently, these two trends spawned a substantial service sector industry, although agriculture still constituted an important economic sector for the county bringing in an estimated 33.5 million dollars in 1966 (Greater Fort Lauderdale Chamber of Commerce 1968:3).

Growth continued with over one million people residing in the county in 1980 (Forstall 1996).

Agriculture still constituted an important economic engine within the county; however, the number of operating farms decreased (USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 1987, 1999).

Much of this farmland decrease resulted from the development of large, contiguous tracts of farmland for large-scale housing developments (Vogel 1992:27).

After a campaign by the Dania Improvement Committee, the residents of Dania voted to change their name to Dania Beach in 1998, hoping the new moniker would bring additional development and growth (McGee 1998; Sun Sentinel 4 November 1998). The city expanded to 20,061 in 2000 from 13,183 in 1990, with an even larger increase to just under 30,000 in 2010 (US Census Bureau 2003). In 2020, Dania Beach counted 31,723 residents (US Census Bureau 2024a). The population of Broward County reached 1,623,018 in 2000, 1,748,066 in 2010, and 1,944,375 in 2020 (US Census Bureau 2003, 2024b). The largest employment sectors in Broward County today are healthcare and social assistance, retail trade, and accommodation and food services (Broward County Government 2022).

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025

BACKGROUND RESEARCH

FLORIDA MASTER SITE FILE REVIEW

SEARCH reviewed Florida Master Site File (FMSF) data from July 2025 to identify previously conducted cultural resource surveys and previously recorded cultural resources within the APE.

The FMSF review indicates nine previously conducted cultural resource surveys overlap the current APE (Table 2; Figure 4). Of these, the most relevant to the current project is FMSF Survey No. 25352, which overlaps the majority of the current APE along NW 1st Street. FMSF Surveys No. 3532, 4075, and 1400 were large-scale county or regional surveys that overlap the entirety of the APE and feature a lack of focus on the current APE. These surveys are not depicted in Figure 4. FMSF Survey Nos. 714, 1146, 13154, 19480, and 21449 overlap small portions of the current APE at the western terminus.

Table 2. Previous Cultural Resource Assessment Surveys Intersecting the APE.

FMSF No. Title Year Consultant/Author

714 Broward County Historical and Architectural Windshield Survey 1979 Shepard Associates, Inc.

Broward County Comprehensive Survey Phase III: Dania in Perspective: A Comprehensive Documented History of the City of Dania.

1983 Kemper, Marlyn

3532 City of Dania Historical Survey 1993

Bueno, Juan A., Karen E.

Cheney, Paula Crouthamel, Betty A. Hassett, and Camilo Rosales

4075 An Archaeological Survey of Southeast Broward County, Florida: Phase 3 1995 Carr, Robert S., Willard S.

Steele, and Jorge Zamanillo

13154 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey State Road 5/US 1 (North Federal Highway) from South Sheridan St (SR 822) to NE 3rd Avenue, Broward County, Florida

2006 Nodine, Bruce

14000 Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Study South Florida East Coast Corridor Transit Analysis Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties

2006 Janus Research

19480

Cultural Resource Assessment Report for the All-Aboard Florida Passenger Rail Project from West Palm Beach to Miami, West Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade Counties

2012 Janus Research

21449 A Cultural Resource Assessment of the City Wilton Manors North Dixie Highway Lighting Project, Broward County, Florida

Berault, John G., Robert S.

Carr, and Timothy A.

Harrington

25352 Cultural Resources Desktop Analysis and Field Review for the City of Dania Beach Citywide Pedestrian Safety Project, Broward County, Florida

2018 Janus Research

FMSF Survey No. 25352 is a Cultural Resource Desktop Analysis conducted by Janus Research for FDOT District 4 in 2018 to assist the City of Dania Beach in the avoidance of resources listed in, determined eligible for, or considered eligible for listing in the NRHP. The proposed improvements included milling and resurfacing, improving sidewalks, and installing crosswalks, October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida re

. P re vi ou sl y co nd uc te d su rv ey s a nd p re vi ou sl y re co rd ed c ul tu ra l r es ou rc es w ith in th e

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CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025

ADA ramps, raised intersections, pavement markings, and signage. Three shovel tests were excavated along the current APE, all of which were negative for cultural material. All excavated shovel tests exhibited evidence of disturbance with mottled soils and gravel inclusions. No cultural resources were documented as a result of the survey.

The FMSF review also indicates that four historic linear resources (8BD04087, 8BD04227, 8BD04373, and 8BD04776) and two historic buildings (8BD02742 and 8BD02743) have been previously recorded within the APE. Resource 8BD02743 is documented within the FMSF database as destroyed.

Table 3. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within the APE.

Resource Groups FMSF No. Name Period of Significance NRHP Eligibility Status

8BD04087 East Coast Line Railroad/FEC Railroad ca. 1890 Eligible 8BD04227 Dixie Highway 1915–1947 Eligible 8BD04373 Federal Highway ca. 1927 Ineligible 8BD04776 SR A1A 1921–1929 Ineligible Historic Buildings FMSF No. Address Year Built NRHP Eligibility Status

8BD02742 105 NW 1st Avenue (Building 1) ca. 1915 Duplicate Entry 8BD02743 105 NW 1st Avenue (Building 2) N/A Demolished

Resource 8BD04087, the FEC Railway, is a historic linear resource that bisects the eastern half of the APE along NW 4th Street. The resource was most recently documented as part of FMSF Survey No. 29330 and was evaluated by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) as eligible for listing in the NRHP in February 2024 under Criterion A for its significance in transportation and community planning and development (Fitzpatrick et al. 2023).

Resource 8BD04227, Dixie Highway, is a historic linear resource that bisects the eastern terminus of the APE. Two different segments of the resource were most recently recorded south of the current APE by Janus Research in 2023 (FMSF Survey No. 29868; Janus Research 2023) and 2024 (FMSF Survey No. 29779; Janus Research 2024a). The segment recorded during FMSF Survey No.

29868 was evaluated as eligible for the NRHP by the SHPO while the segment recorded during FMSF Survey No. 29779 was evaluated as ineligible by the SHPO due to a lack of integrity. The segment of Dixie Highway (8BD04227) within the APE has been documented in the FMSF but not evaluated for listing in the NRHP.

Resource 8BD04373, Federal Highway, is a historic linear resource that bisects the eastern terminus of the APE and overlaps with Dixie Highway (Resource 8BD04227). As with Resource 8BD04227, a segment of Resource 8BD04373 was last recorded south of the current APE by Janus Research in 2023 (FMSF Survey No 29898; Janus Research 2023). That recorded segment of Resource 8BD04373 was evaluated as ineligible for the NRHP by the SHPO due to its lack of integrity because the road had been widened since its original construction. Another segment of Federal Highway to the north of the current APE was also evaluated as ineligible for the NRHP by the SHPO due to widening, modification, and loss of historic setting (FMSF Survey No. 29497;

Janus Research 2024b).

October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida

Resource 8BD04776, SR A1A, is a historic linear resource that bisects the eastern terminus of the APE and overlaps with Dixie Highway (Resource 8BD04227) and Federal Highway (8BD04373). A nearby segment of Resource 8BD04776 was recorded by Janus Research as part of FMSF Survey No. 29868. The recorded segment of SR A1A was described as significant for its association with the early development of Broward County and in transportation but was recommended ineligible due to its lack of integrity based on alteration and modernization (Janus Research 2023). SHPO concurred with this recommendation.

Resource 8BD02742, Dania Phoenix Corp, is recorded in the FMSF as a ca. 1915 Frame Vernacular house at 105 NW 1st Avenue. During its initial documentation, the building was recommended ineligible individually or as a contributing resource to a historic district (Bueno et al. 1993).

According to the FMSF, the building is currently unevaluated for the NRHP by the SHPO.

Resource 8BD02743, Bruce Kodner House #2, is recorded in the FMSF as destroyed. The building shared an address with Resource 8BD02743 at 105 NW 1st Avenue and was originally recorded in 1993 (Bueno et al. 1993). FMSF Survey No. 21077, conducted in 2014, documented Resource 8BD02743 as destroyed and listed Resource 8BD02742 (discussed above), which shares the same lot and address, as a duplicate entry in the FMSF.

HISTORIC MAP AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH REVIEW

Historic maps and aerial photographs were examined to identify past land use in the vicinity of the APE. The earliest detailed maps consulted were General Land Office (GLO) survey maps, created by government land surveyors during the nineteenth century as part of the surveying, platting, and sale of public lands. An 1870 GLO map of Florida Township 50 South, Range 42 East shows no clear signs of settlement within the APE. Farther north forts, private land claims, and coconut groves are noted, indicating that some development had occurred in the vicinity;

however, these features are distant from the APE, and no transportation lines extend from these developments to the southern portions of the township section (Figure 5) (GLO 1870a, 1870b).

An 1897 map illustrates the FEC Railway traveling down the Atlantic Coast of Florida, and an 1898 map includes a marker for the community of Dania (The Century Co. 1897; Rand, McNally and Company 1898).

Early twentieth century highway maps indicate substantial development in this portion of Florida by the 1910s and 1920s. In addition to the railroad line, drainage canals and a network of roads are illustrated south of Fort Lauderdale on a 1917 highway map of the state, though no marker is included for Dania (Florida State Road Department [FSRD] 1917). Dania is marked on the 1926 state highway map, and a road travels west from the town, connecting it with Davie. The main north–south highway route through this area, labeled SR 4, follows a similar path as the railroad line and passes through Dania. The New South River Canal is illustrated and labeled, traveling east–west to the north of Dania (FSRD 1926). A 1934 highway map of Broward County includes a second-class, lower-type pavement road traveling east–west through the APE. SR 4, also labeled US 1 on this map, and the FEC line both cross north–south through the eastern end of the APE (Figure 6) (FSRD 1934).

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025

A 1949 topographic map illustrates the east–west road through the APE as a secondary highway route, though no name or numbered designation is included on this map. In addition to the FEC Railway and US 1 crossing though the eastern portion of the APE, seven improved and eight unimproved roads intersect or connect with the east–west road within the APE. This map also labels US 1 as SR 5 and as part of SR A1A. In the eastern end of the APE, there is no east–west road illustrated between US 1 and an unnamed north–south road to the west. A church is also illustrated in this gap in the east–west road and crosses partially into the APE. The eastern half of the APE is shaded red to indicate a density of structures, with the church being the only building depicted in this area. A north–south, unlabeled canal crosses through the western portion of the APE (Figure 7) (US Geological Survey [USGS] 1949).

A 1957 aerial photograph shows that the east–west road traveled through the entirety of the APE, including the portion of the road not illustrated on the 1940 topographic map. Additionally, four structures are evident within the eastern portion of the APE when not confined to the roadway. No other notable changes are readily apparent (Figure 8) (US Department of Agriculture [USDA] 1957).

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A 1969 topographic map confirms the east–west road traveled through the entirety of the APE;

the church formerly shown partially within the APE is here illustrated on the north side of the east–west road. Because the eastern portion of the APE is within a red shaded area, no details about buildings within the APE are included. US 1 appears to be widened compared with the 1949 topographic map and includes a label noting four lanes (Figure 9) (USGS 1969). No changes are apparent on a 1983 topographic map (Figure 10) (USGS 1983).

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RESEARCH DESIGN

PROJECT GOALS

A research design is a plan to coordinate the cultural resource investigation from inception to the completion of the project. This plan should, at minimum: (1) make explicit the goals and intentions of the research, (2) define the sequence of events to be undertaken in pursuit of the research goals, and (3) provide a basis for evaluating the findings and conclusions drawn from the investigation.

The goal of this cultural resource survey was to locate and document evidence of historic or Native American occupation or use within the APE and to evaluate these findings’ potential eligibility for NRHP listing. Such evidence includes archaeological or historic sites, historic resources, or archaeological occurrences (isolated artifact finds). The research strategy is composed of background investigation, a historical document search, and field survey. The background investigation involved a perusal of relevant archaeological literature, producing a summary of previous archaeological work undertaken near the project area. The FMSF was checked for previously recorded sites within the project corridor, which provided an indication of Native American settlement and land-use patterns for the region. Current soil surveys, vegetation maps, and relevant literature were consulted to provide a description of the physiographic and geological region of which the project area is a part. These data were used in combination to develop expectations regarding the types of archaeological sites that may be present and their likely locations (site probability areas).

The historical document search involved a review of primary and secondary historic sources and a review of the FMSF for previously recorded historic resources. The original township plat maps, early aerial photographs, and other relevant sources were checked for information pertaining to the existence of historic structures or buildings, sites of historic events, and historically occupied or noted Native American settlements within the project limits.

NRHP CRITERIA

Cultural resources identified within the APE were evaluated according to the criteria for listing in the NRHP. As defined by the National Park Service (NPS), the quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and:

A. that are associated with events or activities that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or

B. that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or

October 2025 CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida

C. that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or

D. that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

NRHP-eligible districts must possess a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development (NPS 1997 [1990]). NRHP-eligible districts and buildings must also possess historic significance, historic integrity, and historical context.

CULTURAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL

Based on an examination of environmental variables (soil drainage, access to wetlands and marine resources, relative elevation), the results of previously conducted surveys, and the level of urbanization along the project corridor, the potential for Native American cultural material to be present in the archaeological APE was considered low. The existing right-of-way within which the proposed improvements will be implemented has undergone extensive subsurface disturbance due to road construction, maintenance, and the installation of underground utilities.

Limited previously conducted shovel testing along NW 1st Street (discussed above) revealed disturbed deposits mottled with gravel. Further, soils within the archaeological APE are mapped exclusively as Urban land and Urban land complex, which is indicative of heavy disturbance and urban development. Based on these conditions, the archaeological APE was assessed as having a low potential for historic archaeological sites as well.

SURVEY METHODS

Archaeological Field Methods

Due to the presence of commercial and residential development, impervious surfaces, limited ground surface, and buried utilities throughout the archaeological APE, the archaeological survey was limited to pedestrian inspection of the existing ROW where improvements are proposed.

The exposed ground surface was inspected for evidence of archaeological deposits and documented via digital photography.

Architectural Field Methods

The architectural survey for the project utilized standard procedures for locating, investigating, and recording historic properties. In addition to a search of the FMSF for previously recorded historic resources within the project area, USGS quadrangle maps were reviewed for structures built prior to 1980. The field survey inventoried existing buildings, structures, and other aspects

CRAS for the City of Dania Beach NW 1st Street Complete Streets Project, Broward County, Florida October 2025 of the built environment within the project APE. The location of each historic resource was plotted on US Geological Survey quadrangle maps and on project aerials. All identified historic resources were photographed with a digital camera, and all pertinent information regarding the architectural style, distinguishing characteristics, and present condition was recorded on FMSF resource forms. Upon fieldwork completion, forms and photographs were returned to the SEARCH offices for analysis. Construction dates, designs, architectural features, conditions, and integrities of the resources, as well as their relationships to the surrounding landscape, were carefully considered. The resources were evaluated regarding their eligibility for listing in the NRHP, then recommended eligible, not eligible, or as having insufficient information for SEARCH to make a recommendation.

Laboratory Methods

SEARCH did not recover any artifacts as a result of this survey;…