B08. Attachment 0021 TM5_630 Natural Resources Land Management.pdf

ARMY TM 5-630

NAVY NAVFAC MO-100.1

AIR FORCE AFM 126-2

NATURAL RESOURCES

LAND MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, THE NAVY, AND THE AIR FORCE

JULY 1982

FOREWORD

This manual, together with the following manuals, provides guidance, standards and technical information to personnel concerned with the protection and management of Natural Resources at Department of Defense installations:

Forest Management-TM 5-631, AFM 126-3, and NAVFAC MO-100.2 Fish and Wildlife Management-TM 5-633, AFM 126-4, and NAVFAC

MO-100.3

Outdoor Recreation and Cultural Values-TM 5-635, AFM 126-5, and NAVFAC MO-100.4 Advice concerning any procedure within this manual may be obtained from:

a. Department of the Army-Office of the Chief of Engineers (DAEN-MPO-B)

b. Department of the Air Force-Directorate of Engineering and Services AFILEEV

c. Department of the Navy-Naval Facilities Engineering Command (2042), or its

Geographic Engineering Field Division (243).

Recommendations or suggestions for modification, or additional information and instructions that will improve the publication and motivate its use, are invited and should be submitted through appropriate channels to the addresses listed above.

*TM 5-630

*AFM 126-2

*NAVFAC MO-100.1

TECHNICAL MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY,

No. 5-630 THE AIR FORCE, AND THE NAVY.

AIR FORCE MANUAL WASHINGTON, DC, 1July 1982

NO.126-2

NAVFAC MO-100-1

NATURAL RESOURCES

LAND MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents

PART I. GENERAL

Paragraph Page

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Purpose .................................................................................................................. 1-1 1-1 Scope ..................................................................................................................... 1-2 1-1 Environmental Considerations ............................................................................... 1-3 1-1 Proponent and User Comments............................................................................. 1-4 1-1

CHAPTER 2. NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Definition ................................................................................................................ 2-1 2-1 Objectives............................................................................................................... 2-2 2-1 Responsibilities ...................................................................................................... 2-3 2-1 Supervision and Staffing ........................................................................................ 2-4 2-1 Technical Assistance ............................................................................................. 2-5 2-1 Classification of Grounds ....................................................................................... 2-6 2-2 Multiple Use............................................................................................................ 2-7 2-3

CHAPTER 3. NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLANS

Long Range Planning............................................................................................. 3-1 3-1 Annual Increments/Work Plans.............................................................................. 3-2 3-1 Records and Reports ............................................................................................. 3-3 3-1

CHAFTER 4. CLIMATE

Factors Affecting Plants ......................................................................................... 4-1 4-1 Climatic Regions .................................................................................................... 4-2 4-2 Precipitation Effect on Land Management ............................................................. 4-3 4-5 Temperature Effect on Land Management ............................................................ 4-4 4-6

CHAPTER 5. SOILS

Evaluation of Soil.................................................................................................... 5-1 5-1 Soil Depth............................................................................................................... 5-2 5-1 Texture of Soil ........................................................................................................ 5-3 5-2 Fertility of Soil......................................................................................................... 5-4 5-2 Soil Surveys and Land Use Capabilities................................................................. 5-5 5-4

CHAPTER 6. DRAINAGE

Importance and Factors of Drainage...................................................................... 6-1 6-1 Watershed Improvement ........................................................................................ 6-2 6-1 Drainage Systems.................................................................................................. 6-3 6-1 Design and Construction........................................................................................ 6-4 6-2 Maintenance........................................................................................................... 6-5 6-2

*This Manual supersedes TM 5-630, Dec 1967/AFM 85-6, Aug 1963/NAVDOCKS MO-100 and MO-101, Sep and Dec 963.

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TM 5-630

AFM 126-2

NAVFAC M-100.1

Paragraph Page

CHAPTER 7. SOIL EROSION

Water Erosion Control ............................................................................................ 7-1 7-1 Wind Erosion and Dust Control .............................................................................. 7-2 7-1 Shoreline Stabilization............................................................................................ 7-3 7-10 Sand Dune Control................................................................................................. 7-4 7-11 Environmental Protection During Pre-Construction and Construction Actions ...... 7-5 7-12

CHAPTER 8. FERTILIZERS AN AMENDMENTS

Nutrient Requirements of Plants ............................................................................ 8-1 8-1 Fertilizers................................................................................................................ 8-2 8-1 Soil Amendments ................................................................................................... 8-3 8-5

CHAPTER 9. INSECTS DISEASE AND ANIMAL PESTS OF VEGETATION

General................................................................................................................... 9-1 9-1 Insects .................................................................................................................... 9-2 9-1 Diseases................................................................................................................. 9-3 9-1 Animal Pests .......................................................................................................... 9-4 9-3

CHAPTER 10. FIRE PROTECTION ON MILITARY LANDS

Fire Prevention ..................................................................................................... 10-1 1-1 Preparedness or Presuppression Activities ......................................................... 10-2 10-1 Fire Suppression .................................................................................................. 10-3 10-21 Fire Reports.......................................................................................................... 10-4 10-29

CHAPTER 11. VEGETATION CONTROL

Weed Types and Situations ................................................................................. 11-1 11-1 Cultural Practices ................................................................................................. 11-2 11-2 Herbicides ............................................................................................................ 11-3 11-3 Plant Growth Retardants ...................................................................................... 11-4 11-6

CHAPTER 12. EQUIPMENT

Requirements ....................................................................................................... 12-1 12-1 Care of Equipment ............................................................................................... 12-2 12-9

CHAPTER 13. POLLUTANTS AFFECTING PLANTS

Definition .............................................................................................................. 13-1 13-1 Soil, Water and Foliar Pollutants.......................................................................... 13-2 13-1 Air Pollutants ........................................................................................................ 13-3 13-3

CHAPTER 14. SAFETY

Management and Administration ......................................................................... 14-1 14-1 Health and Environment....................................................................................... 14-2 14-1 Protective Clothing and Equipment...................................................................... 14-3 14-1 Pesticides ............................................................................................................. 14-4 14-1 Poisonous Plants.................................................................................................. 14-5 14-2 Equipment ............................................................................................................ 14-6 14-3

PART II. LAND MANAGEMENT AND GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER 15. ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF GROUNDS

General Provisions ............................................................................................... 15-1 15-1 Critical Plant and Animal Habitats........................................................................ 15-2 15-1 Special Interest Areas .......................................................................................... 15-3 15-1 Preventive Maintenance....................................................................................... 15-4 15-1 Grasses and Legumes ......................................................................................... 15-5 15-2 Trees, Shrubs, Ground Covers and Vines ........................................................... 15-6 15-26 Golf Course Maintenance..................................................................................... 15-7 15-45 Airfield Maintenance............................................................................................. 15-8 15-47 Roadside Vegetation............................................................................................ 15-9 15-47 Maintenance of Antenna Facilities ..................................................................... 15-10 15-48 Magazines (Earth Covered) Maintenance.......................................................... 15-11 15-50 Reclamation of Drastically Disturbed Areas....................................................... 15-12 15-51 Mowing ............................................................................................................... 15-13 15-56 ii

AFM 1262

NAVFAC MO-100.1

CHAPTER 16. IRRIGATION Paragraph Page Introduction .......................................................................................................... 16-1 16-1 Water Source Alternatives ................................................................................... 16-2 16-2 Determination of Irrigation Requirements ............................................................ 16-3 16-4 Distribution Selection Alternatives........................................................................ 16-4 16-5 Distribution Design for Piped Systems................................................................. 16-5 16-6 System Operations............................................................................................... 16-6 16-7

CHAPTER 17. OUTLEASES AND SERVICE CONTRACT AREAS

Agricultural Leases............................................................................................... 17-1 17-1 Maintenance Service Contracts ........................................................................... 17-2 17-1

APPENDIX A. References .................................................................................................................. A-1 APPENDIX B. Natural Resources Management Plan, Outline for Part I-General .............................. B-1 APPENDIX C. Natural Resources Management Plan, Outline for Part II-Land Management and

Grounds Maintenance .......................................................................................... C-1 Annex I-Landscape Planting Plan Annex II-Annual Work Plan

APPENDIX D. Technical Assistance .................................................................................................. D-1 APPENDIX E. Bibliography................................................................................................................. E-1 APPENDIX F. Sample Agreement for Fire Suppression Service and Equipment.............................. F-1 APPENDIX G. Example of Cooperative Agreement ........................................................................... G-1 APPENDIX H. Natural Resources Fire Protection Plan...................................................................... H-1 APPENDIX I. Woodland and Grass Fire Report, DA Form 3985 (Sample) ...................................... I-1 APPENDIX J. Hydro-Mulching ........................................................................................................... J-1 APPENDIX K. Specification Guidelines for Hydro-Mulching............................................................... K-1 INDEX ...... Index-1

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page 4-1 Climatic Regions of Continental USA..................................................................................................... 4-4 4-2 Warm Season Precipitation ................................................................................................................... 4-6 4-3 Frost-Free Days ..................................................................................................................................... 4-7 5-1 Soil Auger and Soil Tube ....................................................................................................................... 5-1 5-2 Classification of Soil ............................................................................................................................... 5-2 5-3 The pH Scale ......................................................................................................................................... 5-4 7-1 Sediment Basin on a Construction Site.................................................................................................. 7-1 7-2 Method of Preserving Trees When Grade is Raised (with dry well) ...................................................... 7-18 7-3 Method of Preserving Trees When Grade is Raised (without dry well) ................................................. 7-18 7-4 Method of Preserving Trees When Grade is Lowered........................................................................... 7-18

10-1 Fir Lookout Tower .................................................................................................................................. 10-2 10-2 Firefinder ................................................................................................................................................ 10-3 10-3 Fire Protection Grid Map........................................................................................................................ 10-4 10-4 Fire Locator Grid .................................................................................................................................... 10-5 10-5 Locating a Fire at Intersection of Readings............................................................................................ 10-6 10-6 Prescribed Burning in Progress ............................................................................................................. 10-7 10-7 Backfire Technique ................................................................................................................................ 10-9 10-8 Strip-Head Fire Technique..................................................................................................................... 10-10 iii

NAVFAC MO-100.1

Figure Title Page 10-9 Ring Fire Technique............................................................................................................................... 10-11

10-10 Hardwood Kill Comparison (summer vs. winter fire).............................................................................. 10-12 10-11 Fire-Line Construction Using Heavy Fir-Line Plow................................................................................. 10-13 10-12 Vegetated Firebreak with Rock Surfaced Patrol Road .......................................................................... 10-14 10-13 Loading Light Tractor with Fire Plow Attached....................................................................................... 10-15 10-14 Fire-Fighting Equipment on Transport Tilt Bed Trailer........................................................................... 10-16 10-15 Hand Tools in General Use for Forest and Grass-Fire Suppression ..................................................... 10-18 10-16 Testing Water Bucket of Chinook Helicopter ......................................................................................... 10-20 10-17 The Fire Triangle.................................................................................................................................... 10-21 10-18 Breaking the Fire Triangle...................................................................................................................... 10-22 10-19 Hillside Fire-Line Construction Designed to Stop Rolling Embers ......................................................... 10-22 10-20 Small Fire Tactics .................................................................................................................................. 10-23 10-21 Tactics When Only One Tractor-Plow Unit is Available ......................................................................... 10-23 10-22 Tactics When Two Tractor Plow Units are Available ............................................................................. 10-24 10-23 Alternate Tactics for Use of Two Tractor-Plow Units ............................................................................. 10-24 10-24 Hand-Tool Tactics .................................................................................................................................. 10-26 10-25 Good and Bad Backfiring ....................................................................................................................... 10-28 15-1 Zones of Adaptation for Grasses (1-18)................................................................................................. 15-15 15-2 Planting Zones for Grasses ................................................................................................................... 15-26 15-3 Zones for Windbreak and Landscape Plantings .................................................................................... 15-28 15-4 Removing a Limb ................................................................................................................................... 15-44 15-5 Bark Tracing of Abrasion on Trunk of Tree............................................................................................ 15-44 15-6 Sanitary Landfill with Topsoil Replaced and Revegetated as Fill is Completed..................................... 15-51 16-1 A Permanent Irrigation System in Operation.......................................................................................... 16-2

List of Tables

Figure Title Page 7-1 Organic Mulches .................................................................................................................................... 7-3 7-2 Inorganic Mulches .................................................................................................................................. 7-8 9-1 Effective Fungicides for Disease Control in Landscape Planting........................................................... 9-3

10-1 Rates of Drill Sowing on Suitable Sites by Species and Climate........................................................... 10-8 10-2 List of Fire Tools/Supplies for Use with Tractor-Plow on Wildland Fires ............................................... 10-19 10-3 List of Fire Tools/Supplies for Use by Handline Crews on Wildland Fires ............................................. 10-19 11-1 Effective Herbicides for Landscape Planting ......................................................................................... 11-3 11-2 Effective Herbicides for Edging and Spot Sterilization........................................................................... 11-5 12-1 Suggested List of Grounds Maintenance Equipment............................................................................. 12-1 12-2 Payback Period ...................................................................................................................................... 12-9 12-3 Figuring Mowing Costs........................................................................................................................... 12-9 12-4 Oil Classifications................................................................................................................................... 12-12 13-1 Tolerance of Some Plants to Salt and Salt Spray.................................................................................. 13-1 14-1 Some Selected Poisonous Plants.......................................................................................................... 14-1 15-1 Seeding Rate Table ............................................................................................................................... 15-4 15-2 Spacing of Trees and Shrubs ................................................................................................................ 15-27 15-3 Ground Cover Plants.............................................................................................................................. 15-35 16-1 Water Holding Capabilities and Infiltration Rates of Various Soil Textures ........................................... 16-4 B-1 Inventory of Land Use............................................................................................................................ B-2 iv

NAVFAC MO-100.1

PART I. GENERAL

CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION

1-1. Purpose. This manual provides technical information for personnel engaged in land management and grounds maintenance on Department of Defense installations. It consolidates and modernizes criteria which were in each of the military service natural resources management and maintenance manuals.

Properly applied, the principles and practices prescribed in this manual will supplement ongoing management efforts, conserve the natural resources on Department of Defense lands, maintain and improve the appearance of grounds and promote operational safety and efficiency.

1-2. Scope. This manual deals with frequent problems regarding the conservation and management of natural resources under Department of Defense jurisdiction, world wide. Installations and facilities outside United States and its possessions will coordinate management and maintenance activities with the host country. The manual also provides soil, climate and cultural information relating to land management and grounds maintenance. It provides plant adaptability lists for the major plant growth regions of continental US. It discusses techniques for natural resources management under a wide range of conditions, including measures for wind and water erosion control, vegetative insect and disease control, weed control and drainage improvement. Included are: bibliography; relevant references, common and scientific names of plants adaptable to Department of Defense lands; and pertinent tables and figures.

1-3. Environmental Considerations. Applicable portions of environmental statutes, implementing regulations and Executive Orders as set forth in AR 200- 1; AFR 19-2; MCO P11000.8 and OPNAV INST 6240.3E (app. A, No. 1) will be compiled with.

1-4. Proponent and User Comments. The proponent agency of this manual is the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army. Users are invited to send comments and suggested improvements on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to HQDA (DAEN-MPO-B) WASH DC 20314.

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NAVFAC MO-100.1

CHAPTER 2.

NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

2-1. Definition. Natural resources management is the program for development, improvement, maintenance and conservation of the real property of DOD installations. Application includes control measures for:

wind and water erosion and sedimentation; insects and diseases harmful to vegetation; excessive and undesirable vegetation; fire hazards and pollution.

Maintenance and improvement practices include: care and development of turf and landscape trees and shrubs;

agricultural outlease areas; soil stabilization; irrigation;

land drainage; and natural resources management plans.

2-2. Objectives.

2-2.1. Conserve, develop, manage and maintain all land (includes soil, ground cover, and water areas) under DOD jurisdiction in accordance with proven scientific methods, procedures and techniques to facilitate military missions and operations.

2-2.2. Protect land investments from depreciation by adopting land use practices based upon soil capabilities.

2-2.3. Remove or screen unsightly debris or landscape blemishes.

2-2.4. Prevent installations from contributing to pollution through waste disposal or erosional debris.

2-2.5. Improve the appearance of installations and facilities through the preservation of the natural terrain and vegetation and by appropriate new plantings.

2-2.6. Prevent damage or destruction of valuable natural resources through fire or misuse.

2-3. Responsibilities.

2-3.1. Commanders at all levels are responsible for the conservation, improvement and management of all natural resources under their jurisdiction.

2-3.2 Major responsibilities of the military services, major commands and installation commanders are included in applicable directives of each of the military services.

2-4. Supervision and Staffing.

Many problems in the management of natural resources require special knowledge and technical skills. Technical guidance necessary to implement DOD policies for the management of nature resources is provided by staffing with professional personnel to supervise the various program elements. The number and discipline of installation personnel will be dependent upon the scope of programs. Criteria for supervision and staffing are included in applicable directives of each of the military services.

2-5. Technical Assistance.

2-5.1. A valuable source of assistance is provided by specialists from major command headquarters and support commands. Such guidance involves policies, standards, procedures and periodic on-site advice in resolving technical problems and in establishing goals to implement management plans.

2-5.2. Periodic consultation with specialists in related disciplines is essential to resolve specific problems. The following specialists are most frequently needed:

2-5.2.1. Agronomists (grounds maintenance and management).

2-5.2.2. Agricultural engineers and hydrologists (topography, drainage and flood control).

2-5.2.3. Soil conservationists (soil interpretation and conservation measures for wind and water erosion control).

2-5.2.4. State and country extension specialists (pasture and agricultural crop recommendations). Note: Several of the following specialists are employed by the agricultural extension service.

2-5.25. Land appraisers (agricultural outleases).

2-5.2.6. Turf specialists (lawns, athletic fields and golf course maintenance).

2-5.2.7 Golf course architects (design and installation).

2-5.2.8. Landscape architects (design and planting plans).

2-5.2.9. Horticulturists (selection, culture and manage-ment of ornamental plants).

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NAVFAC MO-100.1

2-52.10. Foresters (forest management).

2-5.2.11. Tree surgeons (pruning and repair of injuries).

2-5.2.12. Biologists (plant, fish and wildlife manage-ment).

2-5.2.13. Entomologists (insect identification and control).

2-5.2.14. Plant pathologists (identification and control of diseases).

2-5.2.15. Herbicide specialists (control of weeds).

2-5.2.16. Equipment specialists (selection and operation).

2-5.2.17. Community planners and site planners (overall planning) 2-5.3. Supplementary assistance is generally available from appropriate natural resources management agencies (Federal, State, or County). This assistance is commonly available through memoranda of understanding at the DOD level and cooperative agreements at the installation level. Criteria for memoranda of understanding and cooperative agreements are included in applicable directives of each of the military services. Specific areas of major assistance available are as follows:

2-5.3.1. Federal Agencies 2-5.3.1.1 US Department of Agriculture. The 27 March, 1963 Memorandum of Understanding between DOD and USDA provides for the development of cooperative agreements between military installations and the Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service, or Agricultural Research Service of the USDA. The objective is to promote effective planning and application of a practical soil, water, forest and plant conservation program on DOD lands. Cooperative agreements can be developed with the Soil Conservation Service through the State Soil Conservationist for; soil surveys, land use capability classifications, range surveys, and on-site assistance in developing soil and water conservation plans.

Agreements developed with the Forest Service through their regional foresters can provide assistance in forest management and windbreak plantings. The Agricultural Research Service can be called on to inaugurate research studies on unsolved problems and may assist in testing the research findings at the military installation involved.

2-5.3.1.2. US Department of the Interior. Assistance can be obtained from specific divisions of this department:

2-5.3.1.2.1. Fish and Wildlife Service-guidance in management of fish and wildlife, including animal damage control, bird strike hazards and protection of critical habitat for threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna.

2-5.3.1.2.2. National Park Service-park and recreational planning and scenic enhancement.

2-5.3.1.2.3. Bureau of Land Management-irrigation criteria, land economics, grazing land data, alkaline-saline soils management.

2-5.3.1.2.4. Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service--management and maintenance of outdoor recreation resources and historic and other unique sites.

2-5.3.1.3. The National Weather Service and US Geologic Survey have pertinent data for each military installation.

2-5.3.2. State Agencies. Technical assistance is available from a number of state agencies. The principle ones involving land management considerations are Agricultural Experiment Stations, Extension Service, Land Grant Colleges, and Departments of Conservation and Natural Resources. The technical specialists employed by these agencies include: plant disease and insect specialists, authorities on crop varieties and culture, seed analysts, soil scientists, fertilizer technologists, and drainage and irrigation engineers.

Many bulletins and other published material are obtainable through these agencies. On-site technical assistance can often be obtained from them too.

2-5.3.3. Private Industry. Private industry has developed valuable information on the products they produce and sell. Their publications describe their products and prescribe their best use and limitations. Some companies provide free consultation to their users.

Commercial consulting firms can be hired to do specific jobs such as golf course design, irrigation design, soil stabilization and drainage, forest timber cruising and stand improvement, reforestation, aerial fertilization, seeding and weed control.

2-6. Classification of Grounds. Grounds consist of all land and water acreage for which an installation commander has responsibility (including outlying and satellite areas). Grounds are grouped into the following categories. (See AR 420-74, AFR 91-26 and NAVFAC P- 73, (app A, no. 2).) 2-6.1. Improved Grounds. This category includes acreage on which intensive maintenance activities must be planned and performed

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NAVFAC MO-100.1

annually as fixed requirements. Included are areas within the built up section of an installation which contain lawns and landscape plants; parade grounds; drill fields;

athletic facilities; cemeteries; golf courses (excluding roughs); and similar areas. Maintenance operations include mowing, irrigating, fertilizing, cultivating, aerifying, seeding, sodding, spraying, pruning, trimming, weed control, vegetative insect and disease control, planting for landscape effect, wind and sound abatement and other intensive practices.

2-6.2. Semi-improved Grounds. This category includes areas on which periodic recurring maintenance is performed but to a lesser degree than on improved grounds. Included are small arms ranges, antenna facilities, picnic areas, mowed road shoulders, golf course roughs, ammunition storage areas, airfield shoulders and clear zones, drop zones, firebreaks, and similar areas. Practices normally include such cyclic variables as soil sterilization, weed and brush control, erosion and dust control, drainage maintenance, and mowing for fire protection.

2-6.3. Unimproved Grounds. This category includes all other acreage not classified as improved or semi-improved. Included are bombing and gunnery areas;

impact areas, training and maneuver areas; forest areas;

agricultural and grazing lands, lakes, ponds and swamps; beach and similar areas requiring limited or no maintenance. Practices and intervals of attention are generally unpredictable such as might evolve from the military mission; soil, water and wildlife conservation, floods, fires, and insect or disease epidemics. There are often the most extensive land areas under military control and generally afford the greatest potential for the development of a natural resources management program.

2-7. Multiple Use. Department of Defense has an obligation to the American people to act responsibly and effectively in the use of natural resources under military control. Multiple land use will be applied to the extent compatible with the military mission; to that end, the implementation of a natural resources program and the military mission need not and shall not be mutually exclusive. Use requirements for military land will be established in coordination with the installation master plan and as supported by the approved installation natural resources management. plan. The designated use of the installation land dictates the intensity of management and the applicable principles and practices for environmental protection, natural resource conserva-tion, pollution abatement and waste disposal, controlled public access for recreational uses, and for visual enhancement. The military mission determines the primary land use. Examples of multiple land use are:

2-7.1. Grazing ammunition storage areas which provides fire protection while reducing maintenance costs.

2-7.2. Erosion control plantings on slopes exposed to military personnel, or the public, utilizing plants which improve the appearance of the installation.

2-7.3. Impoundments for water supply, or flood control, and stocked with fish to provide recreational benefits.

2-7.4. Forest lands which provide maneuver areas and wildlife food and cover while producing timber products.

2-7.5. Agricultural outlease of buffer areas which provide income and benefits to the Government while providing safety zones.

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NAVFAC MO-100.1

CHAPTER 3.

NATURAL RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT PLANS

3-1. Long Range Planning 3-1.1. A prerequisite to the management and mainte-nance program is the development and implementation of a natural resources management plan.

3-1.2. The natural resources management plan will include the following parts, as applicable: Part I-General, and Part II-Land Management and Grounds Maintenance, including an annex for the Landscape Planting Plan; Part III, Forest Management; Part IV, Fish and Wildlife Management; and Part V, Outdoor Recreation and Cultural Values. See appendixes B and C for outlines for Parts I and II. Outlines for Parts III, IV, and V are contained in publications at appendix A, no. 3,

no. 4, and no. 5, respectively. The plan is organized around the military mission requirements for land and an inventory classification of the installation land area (Improved, semi-improved and unimproved grounds*).

Grounds classification may be refined to address management alternatives and objectives for implementing a natural resources program. The resources include intensively used grounds; areas available for agricultural or grazing purposes;

economically productive forest land; fish and wildlife management areas; and outdoor recreation and cultural resources. The plan will include an environmental assessment.

3-2. Annual Increments/Work Plans. Segments of the natural resources management plan are to be scheduled for implementation each year. Projects to be undertaken are set forth in annual work plans. This work involves special projects and high priority items outlined in the long range plan, all major recurring work and revisions necessitated by operational changes of the installation, required repairs caused by unpredictable weather, fire or other factors. The annual work plans must be prepared in advance of the fiscal year in which the work. is scheduled to assure adequate supplies, materials, equipment, manpower and funds. The annual work plans will be coordinated with the installation master plan for land utilization; with the installation conservation and beautification committee; and with cooperative agreements formalized with Federal, State and local natural resources conservation agencies. The annual work plans will be prepared utilizing guidelines contained in applicable directives of each of the military services.

(See annex II to app. C for annual work plan format).

3-3. Records and Reports. Specific requirements for record keeping will be governed by directives issued by each of the military services. Annual plans and accomplishments (ref para 3-2 above) are prime sources of records and data for essential reports.

Accomplishments include projects completed, supplies and materials used, costs, monetary benefits from forest product sales and from outleased lands, and personnel training and safety programs specific to natural resources management.

* Forest land areas are included with unimproved grounds.

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NAVFAC MO-100.1

CHAPTER 4.

CLIMATE

4-1. Factors Affecting Plants. Climate is a major factor in determining the species of plants that can be grown.

The plant kingdom has become adapted to a wide range of temperatures, precipitation, light exposure, day length and wind. Each of these climatic factors is extremely important in selecting plants to tolerate particular local situations.

4-1.1. Temperature. Temperature influences every chemical and physical process connected with plants and limits to a considerable extent the distribution of plants. Many plants can survive great extremes of temperature by entering resting stages. The temperature range within which growth takes place is much more limited.

4-1.1.1. Temperatures that cause the highest growth rate are not necessarily the most favorable for the general welfare of the plant. Too rapid growth may cause plants to be structurally weak, irregularly shaped, susceptible to disease or insect attack and subject to damage by wind, hail or other adverse climatic influences.

4-1.1.2. Low temperature not only slows growth but when the temperature drops below freezing, plants are in danger of frost injury. Plants survive in cold regions in a number of ways. Annuals survive by completing their life cycle and producing seed during the frost free period.

Herbaceous perennials die back to the ground but maintain life in underground organs such as bulbs, tubers, fleshy roots and underground stems called rhizomes. New shoots arise each spring to form new tops. Cold susceptible plants can be benefited by mulching with poruous material.

4-1.1.3. Hardy plants tolerate cold by going dormant. The degree of cold tolerance varies with different species and varieties.

4-1.1.4. High temperatures may adversely affect plant growth. High temperatures are usually accompanied by high light intensity and rapid transpiration. When temperatures are above optimum for a species, growth slows and the plant becomes dwarfed. Excessively high temperatures may cause injury and death to areas on leaves, and cause discoloration and imperfections in flowers of ornamentals. General effects of excessive heat are leaf loss, premature dropping of fruits, and in extreme cases, death of the plant.

4-1.2. Water. Water is a necessity for growth of any plant. Plants fall into three groups on the basis of the moisture condition to which they are adapted. These groups are: Hydrophytes-water dependent plants;

Mesophytes-plants adapted to medium moisture conditions; and Xerophytes-plants which survive only under conditions of extreme moisture shortage.

4-1.2.1. Hydrophytes may grow in or under water. They can survive with the minimum of oxygen, but require an abundance of water at all times. Examples are cattails and water lilies.

4-1.2.2. The mesophytes require moderate soil moisture and a good supply of oxygen in the soil for normal development. They have moderately large root systems in proportion to the tops. Structurally they are fairly well protected against water loss through the tissues, therefore are able to make good use of the water which is available to them. Examples are oak trees, roses and bluegrass.

4-1.2.3. Xerophytes are plants highly resistant to drought conditions, having structures which reduce water loss to a minimum. Their leaves are small, with surface coverings which are thick and covered with waxy material. Such plants usually have large root systems in relation to the tops. Slow growing, they survive long periods of drought. Such plants are commonly found in the arid regions (deserts) where there is very limited rainfall at infrequent intervals. Plants in this group produce some feed for livestock and wildlife and are important in reducing soil erosion. Examples are cacti and sagebrush.

4-1.3. Light. Light has a significant effect on plant growth through most of a plants life cycle. The presence of light decreases and the absence of light increases the rate of stem elongation. If the light intensity is high the stems are short and sturdy, if low, the stems are often long and thin. Shade tolerant species respond less to low light intensities so retain their compactness far better than sun-loving species. Light is required in the manufacture of food by the plant for growth, flowering, and fruiting.

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NAVFAC MO-100.1

Insufficient light limits food production and storage.

4-1.3.1. Plants vary in their response to day length as well as to the light intensity. Plants which grow vegetatively during the long days of summer, and flower or go dormant in the short days, are called short-day plants. Others, just the opposite, are called long-day plants. Some are not sensitive to the lengths of day and night. Sensitivity to the relative length of day often varies among several varieties of the same kind of plant. An example is the chrysanthemum in which different varieties have different day length requirements.

4-1.3.2. Plants are sensitive to the quality and intensity of the light received while they are growing. Most plants grow best when in sunlight or partial sunlight where they may have the complete solar spectrum rather than a portion of it. Thus light intensity under natural conditions affects principally the type of growth and the amount of food the plant is able to produce for its use or for storage. Light intensity can be regulated to some degree by the location of the plant, such as the north or south exposure, or under partial shade. Select plants best suited for the amount and intensity of light to which they will be exposed.

4-1.4. Wind. Wind increases the water requirement of plants and reduces the effectiveness of rainfall. High winds can ruin crops, uproot trees, cause severe breakage, and may carry salt spray far inland causing defoliation and often death. High winds can expose root systems and redeposit the soil onto other plants. Winds are important in pollination, however, and carry fresh air to and through dense vegetation and reduce the amount of disease.

4-2. Climatic Regions. Discussion of management and maintenance practices in this manual will relate to 10 of the climatic regions in the Northern Hemisphere: Cool humid; warm humid; cool subhumid; warm subhumid;

cool arid and semiarid; warm arid and semiarid; dry summer; rain forest; arctic and subartic; and savanna.

Distribution of the first seven regions in the continental United States is shown in figure 4-1. Relation of the regions to climatic adaptations of plants is not always definite, for some plants can be grown far beyond the normal regional limit adaptation because of a tolerance to variations in temperature, moisture, and soil.

Temperature and moisture are the major climatic factors in soil and plant relationships in all regions. Since in many instances natural rainfall can be supplemented by irrigation, temperature may be considered of greater importance in connection with improved grounds treatment. The following characteri-zations of climatic regions are limited to temperature, precipitation, and a few general remarks on vegetation.

4-2.1. Regions within Continental United States.

4-2.1.1. Cool humid. The northeast region of Continental United States has frequent rains during the warm season, sufficient for vigorous growth of grasses and grains. Annual precipitation for most of the area is in excess of 30 inches, with 15 to 25 inches falling from April to September, inclusive. The region in the Pacific Northwest is also cool and humid but precipitation occurs principally during the winter. The summer is relatively dry. Winter temperatures are mild so grass grows during the humid portions of the year. The frost-free period varies from less than 120 days on the northern border to about 200 days in the southern sector.

4-2.1.2. Warm humid. This region occupies the southeastern portion of Continental United States and has an annual rainfall of 35 to 60 inches. The moisture supply is generally adequate for growth of plants in all seasons and growth is controlled primarily by the length of the warm season suitable for southern plants. The frost-free period ranges form 180 days on the northern side of the region to more than 300 days on the Gulf Coast.

4-2.1.3. Cool subhumid This region includes the northern plains region from Kansas and Colorado to Canada, and the Palouse areas of eastern Washington, Oregon, and adjoining section of Idaho. Annual rainfall of the region ranges from 15 to 25 inches. More than half of this rainfall occurs during the growing season. The frost-free period varies from 100 to 180 days. In the Palouse area rains usually occur in winter and early spring and perennial grasses grow during the warm season on moisture accumulated in the soil during the rainy season.

Since the dependability of average rainfall is much lower than in the humid regions, plants must be chosen that are capable of surving extended periods of dry weather.

Under irrigation all of the grasses suited to the cool humid region flourish in the subhumid areas since temperature ranges are similar in both areas.

4-2.1.4. Warm subhumid. This region covers the southern extension of the Great Plains from Colorado and Kansas, across Oklahoma and Texas to the Gulf of Mexico. Total annual precipitation and the rainfall in the warm season are the same as in most of the northern Great PlIins, but the moisture is less effective because of

4-2

NAVFAC MO-100.1

higher average temperatures and greater losses of moisture by evaporation. Annual rainfall varies from 15 to 30 inches and 50 percent or more of this occurs from April to September, inclusive. The length of the growing season varies from 180 to 200 days. Periodic droughts occur more frequently than in other areas to the north and east; hence, more careful planning and accurate timing of operations are required in establishing perennial plantings.

4-2.1.5. Cool arid and semiarid. The cooler section of the arid and semi-arid region of Continental United States averages 5 to 20 inches of precipitation yearly. In much of this area, at least half of this moisture falls during the cool months of the year and on permeable soils it may be absorbed and retained for utilization by growing plants. Although the atmosphere is prevailing dry, evaporation rates are much lower than in southern regions with similar rainfall.

4-2.1.6. Warm arid and semiarid. Annual precipitation in this region ranges from 5 to 20 inches, but high evaporation rates reduce the effectiveness of that portion of the rainfall occurring during the warm months. Thus, winter precipitation is the principal source of moisture for growth of native species, and vegatation becomes dormant after soil moisture is exhausted in spring and summer.

4-2.1.7. Dry summer. This climate occurs in the coastal area of southern California. It is distinguished from the climate of the warm arid and semiarid region by the concentration of all rainfall in winter and early spring and by the comparatively high humidity of the air at all seasons, particularly the warm…