Attachment B - To Walk the Earth in Safety_22 Edition.pdf

TO WALK THE

EARTH IN SAFETY

Fiscal Year 2022 | October 1, 2021 ‑September 30, 2022

DOCUMENTING THE UNITED STATES’

COMMITMENT TO CONVENTIONAL

WEAPONS DESTRUCTION

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATEU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE

BUREAU OF POLITICAL‑MILITARY AFFAIRSBUREAU OF POLITICAL‑MILITARY AFFAIRS

22nd Edition

COMMONLY USED TERMS AND SYMBOLS

Battle Area Clearance: The systematic and controlled clearance of hazardous areas where the hazards are known not to include mines.

Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System: A dual sensor, handheld mine detector that combines an electromagnetic induction sensor, ground penetrating radar, and sophisticated algorithms to detect land-mines while rejecting most clutter, also known as false positives.

Humanitarian Mine Action: Clearance, risk education, survivor assistance, advocacy, and stockpile destruction of mines and explosive remnants of war by humanitarian organizations to restore peace and security at the community level.

International Ammunition Technical Guidelines: An internationally recognized frame of reference developed by the United Nations to achieve and demonstrate effective levels of safety and security of ammunition stockpiles.

International Mine Action Standards: The framework by which the Anti-personnel Mine Ban Convention and Convention on Cluster Munitions can be practically implemented.

Unexploded Ordnance: Explosive ordnance that has been primed, fuzed, armed, or otherwise prepared for use or used. It may have been fired, dropped, launched, or projected, yet it remains unexploded either through malfunction or design or for any other reason. This does not include landmines or stockpiled am-munition and explosives.

Weapons and Ammunition Destruction: The process of final conversion of weapons, ammunition and explosives into an inert state that can no longer function as designed.

ON THE COVERS

A member of a weapons and ammunition destruction team conducts a weapons cutting demonstration in Luena, Angola.

Image courtesy of Mines Advisory Group.

Operators conduct battle area clearance in Yahidne, Chernihiv Province, Ukraine.

Image courtesy of the Swiss Foundation for Mine Action.

COMMONLY USED TERMS AND SYMBOLS

Co-written, edited, designed, and produced by PM/WRA and the Center for International Stabilization and Recovery

(CISR) at James Madison University.

http://www.jmu.edu/cisr

Printed by McClung Companies Waynesboro, VA using vegetable-based inks.

To Walk the Earth in Safety is a publication of the Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement in the U.S. Department of

State’s Bureau of Political-Military Affairs (PM/WRA). PM/WRA’s mission is to reduce the harmful worldwide effects of at-risk, illicitly-proliferated, and indiscriminately-used conventional weapons of war.

Cluster Munitions Remnant Survey: The application of all reasonable effort, through non-technical survey and technical survey procedures, to identify and define a confirmed hazard-ous area impacted by unexploded cluster munition remnants.

EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal: The detection, identification, evaluation, render safe, recovery and disposal of explosive ordnance.

Explosive Ordnance Disposal Callout: Investigation and disposal activity of suspected explo-sive ordnance(s).

Explosive Ordnance Risk Education: Activities which seek to reduce the risk of injury from mines or explosive remnants of war by raising awareness through public information dissemi-nation, education, and training.

Explosive Remnant of War: Abandoned explosive ordnance and unexploded ordnance.

IP Implementing Partner: Organizations selected to implement specific grant agreements ac-cording to an agreed upon work plan.

Improvised Explosive Device: A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incor-porating explosive material, destructive, lethal, noxious, incendiary, pyrotechnic materials or chemicals designed to destroy, disfigure, distract, or harass. They may incorporate military stores, but are normally devised from non-military components.

Landmine: An anti-personnel or anti-tank mine designed to be exploded by the presence, prox-imity or contact of a person and that will incapacitate, injure, or kill one or more persons or a mine designed to detonate by the presence, proximity or contact of a vehicle.

Land Cleared: A defined area cleared through the removal and/or destruction of all specified explosive ordnance hazards to a specified depth.

Land Released: The process of applying all reasonable effort to identify, define, and remove all presence and suspicion of explosive ordnance through non-technical survey and/or techni-cal survey.

Man-Portable Air Defense System (MANPADS) and Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM):

MANPADS are shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile consisting of a guided missile enclosed in a launch tube, a reusable trigger mechanism (“gripstock”), and a single-use battery or battery-cooling unit. ATGMs are guided missiles primarily designed to destroy armored military vehicles.

Physical Security and Stockpile Management: Standards for arms and ammunition main-tenance including monitoring of stockpiles, training of qualified experts, facility upgrades and maintenance, and long-term planning for infrastructure, resources, and procurement associ-ated with arms and ammunition.

Stockpile Management Training: The training of personnel in physical security and stockpile management

Small Arms Ammunition: Cartridges ranging in size from .22 caliber through 30 millimeter that are intended for various types of handheld or mounted weapons including rifles, pistols, revolvers, machine guns, and shotguns.

Small Arms and Light Weapons: Man-portable weapons systems designed either for indi-vidual use, or by two or three persons serving as a crew. For example: handguns, grenades launchers, machine guns, etc.

Survivor Assistance: Aid, relief, and support provided to explosive ordnance survivors to reduce the immediate and long-term medical and psychological implications of their trauma.

http://.jmu.edu/cisr

As the fiscal year closed at the end of September 2022, I took stock of some of the incredible accomplishments of our conventional weapons destruction program. After deadly landmines are removed and booby‑traps and improvised explosive devices are cleared, wheat fields are now ready for harvesting, children can run to school on a path, families can return to their partially destroyed homes, and elephants are able to migrate through grasslands. Elsewhere, man‑portable air defense systems (MANPADS) and small arms and light weapons were secured or destroyed to prevent ter‑ rorists from acquiring them and attacking civilians. These are just some of the successes the U.S.

Conventional Weapons Destruction Program achieves day after day, year after year, one step at a time. In fiscal year 2022, the United States again answered the call to confront the threats of landmines, unexploded ordnance, and unsecured small arms and light weapons, to make this world a better place. The dedication of all those involved in the removal of these hazards and securing weapons must be commended and applauded every time a life is saved due to their efforts. These successes are well documented in this year’s To Walk the Earth in Safety.

While conducting its unlawful war and full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Russia has intentionally polluted massive swaths of the country with land-mines, explosive remnants of war, and improvised explosive devices. The Government of Ukraine estimated that, as of September 2022, 160,000 square kilometers of its land may have been contaminated—this is roughly the size of the states of Virginia, Maryland, and Connecticut combined, or nearly twice the size of Austria. These explosive hazards impede reconstruc-tion, prevent displaced people from returning home, and continue to kill and maim Ukraine's innocent civilians. The United States is helping the Government of Ukraine address this urgent humanitarian challenge. U.S.

funding supports humanitarian demining teams and is enabling a large-scale train and equip project to strengthen the Government of Ukraine’s demining and explosive ordnance disposal capacity.

One glaring consequence of Russia’s aggression in Ukraine is that farmers have lost their livelihoods waiting for landmine-riddled fields to be cleared so that they can once more supply the world with much-needed wheat, corn, and barley. Global food security has become a keystone of U.S. conventional weapons destruction efforts, and not just in Ukraine. For example, in Iraq, where the United States supports massive demining and battle area clear-ance programs, farmers can return to their land for the first time since Is-lamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) occupation and harvest wheat, one of the most lucrative crops there. In Serbia and elsewhere in the Balkans, U.S. dem-ining efforts are enabling homeowners to tend once again to their backyard

A MESSAGE FROM ASSISTANT SECRETARY

Jessica Lewis vegetable gardens and forage for mushrooms in the woods, supplementing their diets and providing extra income too.

We continue to chronicle in this year’s edition of To Walk the Earth in Safety how the United States empowers women to work in the humanitarian demining sector, including by leading demining teams in Vietnam, Sri Lan-ka and elsewhere. Women who work in peace and security positions, as part of demining teams or by providing explosive ordnance risk education, are a critical part of the process of post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation.

These women bring valuable perspectives to every endeavor, including con-ventional weapons destruction, with solutions often rooted in strengthening communities through inclusion and empowerment of all.

Environmental resiliency and conservation are a high priority for this Ad-ministration, and we have highlighted this effort in several stories included in this edition of To Walk the Earth in Safety. For example, in Zimbabwe we have cleared land so that wildebeests and other wildlife may roam freely without the threat of stepping on a landmine. The result will be a thriving ecosystem, safe wildlife migration, and economic development resulting from increased eco-tourism.

It is with all these goals in mind that I come to work not only as a public servant, but as a mother who wants all children to enjoy the beauty and peace this world has to offer. Every child, adult, and animal should be able to walk the earth in safety!

Jessica Lewis Assistant Secretary Bureau of Political‑Military Affairs

Elephants and other wildlife are threatened by explosive hazards.Elephants and other wildlife are threatened by explosive hazards.

Image courtesy of Adobe Stock Photos.

3TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL INFORMATION

Commonly Used Terms and Symbols A Message from Assistant Secretary Jessica Lewis The United States’ Commitment to Conventional Weapons Destruction Global Overview of the U.S. Conventional Weapons Destruction Program Explosive Ordnance Disposal Qualifications and Expertise Implementing Partners U.S. Conventional Weapons Destruction Funding FY1993–FY2022

U.S. GOVERNMENT INTERAGENCY PARTNERS

U.S. Agency for International Development Leahy War Victims Fund U.S. Department of Defense:

Humanitarian Demining Research and Development Program Humanitarian Demining Training Center

IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS

U.S. Department of State Quick Reaction Force The Interagency MANPADS Task Force

IMPROVING LIVES THROUGH U.S. CONVENTIONAL

WEAPONS DESTRUCTION PROGRAMS

AFRICA Zimbabwe: U.S. Demining Support Contributes to Wildlife Conservation

EAST ASIA and PACIFIC Laos: Steps in a Greener Direction

EUROPE Bosnia and Herzegovina: Managing Wildfires with Humanitarian Mine Action

MIDDLE EAST and NORTH AFRICA Western Iraq: Combating Desertification Through Demining

SOUTH and CENTRAL ASIA Afghanistan and Tajikistan: Adapting Community Liaison Techniques in Mine Action for Climate Resilience

WESTERN HEMISPHERE Colombia: Humanitarian Mine Action, Reforestation and Sustainable Development

Angola Benin Burkina Faso Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 Guinea-Bissau Malawi Mauritania Niger Senegal Somalia South Sudan Sudan Zimbabwe Regional Programs Other U.S. Support

AFRICA

Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Sri Lanka Tajikistan Other U.S. Support

SOUTH and CENTRAL ASIA . . 46

Cambodia Laos Palau Vietnam Regional Programs Other U.S. Support

EAST ASIA and PACIFIC . . . 18

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Georgia Kosovo Montenegro Serbia Ukraine Regional Programs Other U.S. Support

EUROPE

WESTERN HEMISPHERE . . . 54

Caribbean Region Colombia Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Peru

REGIONAL PROFILES

MIDDLE EAST and NORTH

AFRICA

Iraq Jordan Lebanon Libya West Bank/Gaza Strip Yemen Other U.S. Support

Conventional Weapons Destruction

THE UNITED STATES’ COMMITMENT TO

Stockpiles of excess, poorly‑secured, or otherwise at‑risk conventional weapons continue to challenge peace and prosperity worldwide. In the wrong hands, small arms and light weapons, including more advanced types such as man‑portable air defense systems (MANPADS), fuel political instability and violence and threaten international se‑ curity. Aging ammunition stockpiles may also explode without warning, devastating nearby population centers and causing extensive contamination that can degrade soil and water sources. Meanwhile, landmines, improvised explosive devices, and explosive remnants of war, including cluster munition remnants, unexploded artillery shells and mortar shells, kill and maim people decades after conflicts end. Clearing land enables stabilization assistance, allowing displaced persons to return home, economic revitalization to begin, and political stability to take root. U.S. clearance and disposal efforts are returning land to productive use, while helping ensure air, soil, and water is clean and safe to use. These critical efforts help foster food security and climate resilience in communities affected by explosive hazards.

The United States is committed to reducing these threats worldwide and is the leading financial supporter of conventional weapons de-struction, providing more than $4.6 billion in assistance to more than 120 countries and areas since 1993. The Department of State, Depart-ment of Defense, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) work together with foreign governments, private companies, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations to reduce excess small arms and light weapons and conventional muni-tions stockpiles (including MANPADS), implement best practices for physical security and stockpile management at conventional weapons storage sites, and carry out humanitarian mine action programs.

In fiscal year 2022, Department of State invested over $319 million* in conventional weapons destruction programs globally. It also led the

U.S. interagency MANPADS Task Force, which coordinates counter- MANPADS efforts by the Departments of State, Defense, Homeland Security, and other relevant stakeholders, and helps partner nations eliminate or better secure the MANPADS they retain. In addition to these Department of State-led efforts, the Department of Defense Hu-manitarian Demining Training Center trains deminers, ammunition handlers, and stockpile managers from partner countries. The Depart-ment of Defense Humanitarian Demining Research and Development Program improves conventional weapons destruction technologies, enhancing the efficiency and safety of humanitarian demining around the world. USAID also assists survivors of landmine and explosive remnants of war, providing medical and rehabilitative care through the Leahy War Victims Fund.

The Department of State has managed more than 75 percent (more than $3.4 billion) of the United States’ contribution to conventional weapons destruction since 1993, with a three-fold objective:

• Enhance U.S. and international security by destroying and secur-ing small arms and light weapons, including MANPADS, at risk of proliferation to terrorists, insurgents, and other violent non-state actors

• Improve stability and prosperity by clearing landmines and explo-sive remnants of war and returning land to productive use

• Build trust and deepen relationships with key partners to acceler-ate achievement of broader U.S. foreign policy objectives

Robust project performance standards, enhanced monitoring and evaluation strategies, and a comprehensive program planning process guide the State Department’s Office of Weapons Removal and Abate-ment’s decisions and hold implementing partners accountable.

The measurable, tangible results that flow from the U.S. Government’s commitment to CWD strongly support U.S. foreign policy priorities. In addition, these programs help protect the lives and livelihoods of civilians so they can more safely remain in their own countries.

*Initial planned allocations

THE U.S. GOVERNMENT’S COLLABORATIVE APPROACH

DEPARTMENT OF STATE SUPPORT FOR CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION

U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia, Patrick U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia, Patrick Murphy, visits a clearance site.Murphy, visits a clearance site.

Image courtesy of The HALO Trust.

TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 5

1993–2022 GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF THE

U.S. Conventional Weapons Destruction Program

GLOBAL OVERVIEW

TOP 10 COUNTRIES FUNDED

FY1993–FY2022 (AGGREGATE)

(Dollars in thousands)

LAOS

VIETNAM

COLOMBIA

AFGHANISTAN

IRAQ

ANGOLA

CAMBODIA

BOSNIA AND

HERZEGOVINA

$0 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 $300,000 $350,000 $450,000$400,000 $500,000 $550,000 $600,000 $650,000 $700,000

LEBANON

$675,678

$573,797

$355,392

$206,187

$191,899

$206,099

$174,353

$158,548

$133,395

$96,626

UKRAINE

TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 7

PERCENT OF TOTAL U.S. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS

DESTRUCTION FUNDING BY REGION FY1993–FY2022

MAP LEGEND

U.S. supported activity in FY22

Received U.S. support in the past

Mine-impact free & U.S. supported activity in FY22 Mine-impact free with past U.S. support

IN FY2022:

174,670,025 SQUARE METERS (43,161 ACRES) LAND CLEARED

69,306,346 SQUARE METERS (17,126 ACRES) LAND RELEASED

16,561 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL CALLOUTS

37,564 LANDMINES DESTROYED

200,112 EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR DESTROYED

9,099 IED OR COMPONENTS CLEARED OR DESTROYED

3,436,0371 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE RISK EDUCATION RECIPIENTS

53,714 SURVIVOR ASSISTANCE RECIPIENTS

3,938 METRIC TONS OF UNSERVICEABLE AMMUNITION DESTROYED

XXXXXXX 730 SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS MARKED

14,165 SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS DESTROYED

223 MANPADS, ATGMs OR COMPONENTS DESTROYED

775 PERSONNEL TRAINED IN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT

EOD 428 PERSONNEL TRAINED IN EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL

103 ARMORIES BUILT OR REHABILITATED

IP 50 IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS (See page 62 for complete list)

AFRICA

EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC

EUROPE

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA

WESTERN HEMISPHERE

GLOBAL

21.89%

15.63%

6.22%

20% 25%15%10%5%0%

12.08%

17.57%

13.61%

13.00%

1. This total reflects the number of recipients reached through in-person risk education. More than 18 million additional recipients were reached through social media in Ukraine.

The United States invests in conven‑ tional weapons destruction in Africa to foster lasting peace, secu‑ rity, and prosperity. Explosive hazards, or even their suspected presence of them, hinder travel to and from schools and water sources, and limit local agricultural growth and economic development. Additionally, state‑controlled stockpiles of obsolete or excess small arms and light weapons may threaten civilians and fuel violence if acquired by terrorists, transnational crimi‑ nal organizations, and other destabilizing actors. Aging and unstable ammunition stockpiles pose the threat of accidental explosions like the March 2021 catastro‑ phe in Bata, Equatorial Guinea.

The United States works closely with its African partners to address these threats through a wide range of activities. Demining and explosive ordnance risk education programs funded by the United States protect local communities, strengthen food security, and facilitate economic development, while also advancing critical climate and conservation priorities. Of note, U.S. demining pro‑ grams play an important role protecting animals and facili‑ tating wildlife conservation efforts in Angola’s Okavango watershed and Zimbabwe’s Gonarezhou National Park. The United States also partners with countries across Africa to reduce the availability of small arms and light weapons, ammunition, and improvised explosive device components used by violent extremist groups, while increasing the operational effectiveness and accountability of security forces. U.S. programs help strengthen African partners’

AFRICA

ANGOLA | BENIN | BURKINA FASO | CHAD | CÔTE D'IVOIRE

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | ETHIOPIA | GUINEA‑BISSAU | KENYA

MALAWI | MAURITANIA | NIGER | RWANDA | SENEGAL | SIERRA LEONE | SOMALIA

SOUTH SUDAN | SUDAN | TANZANIA | TOGO | UGANDA | ZAMBIA | ZIMBABWE

capacity to secure and effectively manage their arms and ammunition inventories by marking weapons, building or refurbishing armories and depots, destroying excess and unstable arms and ammunition, and training security forces to safely handle, manage, and store weapons and ammunition. For example, in Somalia, the United States funded small arms and light weapons storehouse manage‑ ment courses in a train‑the‑trainer format. This specific format has a multiplier effect, extending the lifetime of the tangible skill sets of the curriculum as participants of the initial course become qualified trainers for other military units. These initiatives help partner governments improve security sector governance, enhance accountabil‑ ity, and prevent munitions from being lost or stolen.

5,327,460

SQ M LAND RETURNED

TO COMMUNITIES

54,466

RISK EDUCATION

RECIPIENTS

METRIC TONS OF

AMMUNITION DESTROYED

5,217

EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS

OF WAR DESTROYED

1,141

SMALL ARMS/LIGHT

WEAPONS DESTROYED

11,522

LANDMINES

DESTROYED

Explosive Explosive ordnance risk ordnance risk education is education is taught in taught in South Sudan.South Sudan.

Image courtesy of Mines Advisory Group.

8 AFRICA

9TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY

SOMALIA

RWANDA

ANGOLA

SOUTH

SUDAN

ZIMBABWE

MOZAMBIQUE

BURUNDI

SENEGAL

KENYA

NAMIBIA

REPUBLIC OF

THE CONGO

NIGERIA

MAURITANIA

SUDAN

ERITREA

ETHIOPIA

ESWATINI

LESOTHO

ZAMBIA

DJIBOUTI

CENTRAL

AFRICAN

REPUBLIC

BENIN

*EQUATORIAL

GUINEA

TOGO

GUINEA

GUINEA-

BISSAU

*THE

GAMBIA

SIERRA

LEONE

LIBERIA

SAO TOME

and PRINCIPE

NIGER

CHAD

UGANDA

TANZANIA

MALI

BURKINA

FASO

DEMOCRATIC

REPUBLIC OF

THE CONGO

MALAWI

*CÔTE

D’IVOIRE

1. Countries with activities in FY22 that were solely funded through Global/Multi-Country funding, but received direct funding in the past.

2. The “Sudan and South Sudan” budget line reflects the total funding for Sudan until 2011, when the country split into Sudan and South Sudan. The separate funding lines for “Sudan” and "South Sudan” reflect their respective separate funding totals since 2011.

*Countries that received current or past support solely through Global/Multi-country funding.

TOTAL U.S. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION

FUNDING IN AFRICA FY1993–FY2022

AFRICA FY93-19 FY20 FY21 FY22 TOTAL

REGIONAL FUNDING 18,649 500 1,950 2,000 23,099

ANGOLA 138,683 7,048 4,172 8,645 158,548

BENIN 14 562 500 0 1,076

BURKINA FASO 3,441 500 1,500 1,500 6,941

BURUNDI 3,371 0 0 0 3,371

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 1,009 0 0 0 1,009

CHAD 17,746 1,000 1,000 1,000 20,746

CONGO, DRC 33,014 3,000 3,000 2,000 41,014

CONGO, REPUBLIC OF THE 2,839 0 0 0 2,839

DJIBOUTI 3,072 0 0 0 3,072

ERITREA 18,118 0 0 0 18,118

ESWATINI 1,275 0 0 0 1,275

ETHIOPIA 15,757 0 0 0 15,757

GUINEA 1,103 0 0 0 1,103

GUINEA-BISSAU 9,481 500 300 0 10,281

KENYA1 3,037 0 0 0 3,037

LESOTHO 15 0 0 0 15

LIBERIA 4,939 0 0 0 4,939

MALAWI 130 1,500 1,300 0 2,930

MALI 5,412 0 0 1,000 6,412

MAURITANIA 7,605 1,000 500 500 9,605

MOZAMBIQUE 56,391 0 1,000 0 57,391

NAMIBIA 9,515 0 0 0 9,515

NIGER 5,021 1,000 1,000 1,000 8,021

NIGERIA 2,140 0 0 0 2,140

RWANDA 14,193 0 1,000 505 15,698

SAO TOME and PRINCIPE 50 0 0 0 50

SENEGAL 6,493 1,129 1,488 56 9,166

SIERRA LEONE 1,740 0 0 39 1,779

SOMALIA 31,050 2,000 4,000 4,000 41,050

SOUTH SUDAN2 14,961 2,000 2,000 2,000 20,961

SUDAN2 2,800 650 1,000 0 4,450

SUDAN and SOUTH SUDAN2 24,427 0 0 0 24,427

TANZANIA1 2,636 0 0 0 2,636

TOGO1 32 0 0 0 32

UGANDA1 1,263 0 0 0 1,263

ZAMBIA1 2,487 0 0 0 2,487

ZIMBABWE 21,433 2,588 1,685 3,253 28,959

TOTAL 485,342 24,977 27,395 27,498 565,212

MAP LEGEND

U.S. supported activity in FY22

Received U.S. support in the past

Mine-impact free & U.S. supported activity in FY22 Mine-impact free with past U.S. support

U.S. FUNDING

IN FY2022

$27.5

MILLION

U.S. FUNDING

FY1993–FY2022

$565

MILLION

ANGOLA 31.44%

BURKINA FASO 5.45%

CHAD

3.64%

CONGO, DR

7.27%

MALI

3.64%

MAURITANIA

1.82%

NIGER 3.64%

SENEGAL 0.20%

RWANDA 1.84%

SOMALIA 14.55%

SIERRA LEONE 0.14%

SOUTH SUDAN 7.27%

ZIMBABWE 11.83%

REGIONAL 7.27%

PERCENTAGE OF THE $27.5 MILLION

ALLOCATED TO AFRICA IN FY2022

BY COUNTRY

ZIMBABWE:

U.S. Demining Support Contributes to Wildlife Conservation Gonarezhou means “The Place of Elephants,” a suitable name to describe one of Africa’s last great, mostly untouched, wildernesses, inhabited by herds of lions, zebras, and over 150 other species of mammals. The Sengwe Wildlife Corridor connects Gonarezhou and Kruger National Parks, which are part of the larger Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park spanning multiple countries in southern Africa. These nature preserves ensure vulnerable wildlife like elephants can breed and main‑ tain healthy populations.

During the Zimbabwe Liberation War from 1964 to 1979, Rhodesian Security Forces placed millions of landmines along Zimbabwe’s border with Mozambique. Today these landmines, along with explosive remnants of war from the conflict, litter the border and affect the Sengwe Wildlife Corridor, which runs between the Kruger National wildlife park in South Africa and the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe’s Southeast Lowveld. Known as the CORSAN minefield, it is one of the most densely laid minefields in the world, with an estimated 5,500 mines per square ki-lometer that continue to threaten human security, kill and injure wildlife, block economic development, and impede conservation efforts.

APOPO, established in 1995, is a registered Belgian nongovernmental organization and U.S. non-profit humanitarian demining organization that has supported the United States in landmine clearance in Zimbabwe since 2020. Their task: clearing approximately 7.23 million square meters (1,787 acres) of the CORSAN minefield to make the land safe for cross-border communities to engage in agricultural development, promote eco-tourism, and protect wildlife and animal migration.

A Sengwe Wildlife Corridor free of explosive hazards will make the Gonarezhou National Park accessible to the millions of wildlife tourists who come to southern Africa. It will also reduce the widespread harm to the vulnerable wildlife in the Gonarezhou and Kruger National Parks caused by landmines and explosive remnants of war. The clearance of minefields not only increases Zimbabwe’s ability to protect its national parks and local wildlife but also contributes to regional stability and eco-nomic growth.

Through 2022, APOPO released more than 2.2 million square me-ters of land (over 543 acres) back to communities for safe use and de-stroyed more than 8,700 landmines. In conjunction with this clearance, APOPO has delivered explosive ordnance risk education to more than 9,000 members of local at-risk communities, saving lives and increasing economic opportunity for families living in the area.

The additional landmines APOPO expects to find and clear in the CORSAN minefield in the coming years will not only enable the cleared land to safely connect nature preserves for safe wildlife migration, but also grant access to agricultural lands and enable safe passage for human populations in the area. Additionally, eco-tourists on safari in Kruger National Park will be able to safely cross into Gonarezhou National Park, potentially generating additional revenue and providing employ-ment opportunities to the local population.

By clearing the deadly legacies of former wars, Zimbabweans are em-powered to pursue economic development opportunities, advance con-servation goals, and live their lives free from the threat of mines.

Landmines endanger the migration Landmines endanger the migration of elephants between South Africa's of elephants between South Africa's Kruger National Park and Zimbabwe's Kruger National Park and Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou National Park.Gonarezhou National Park.

Image courtesy of U.S. Department of State.

Chilotlela resident Elvis Chauke has been herding his cattle alongside the APOPO tasked minefield for over two decades. Mr. Chauke has per-sonally lost cattle to landmines but claims the biggest impact it has on him is the fear his children are playing within meters of the minefield ev-ery day. “Although they have been educated to stay out of the minefield, and we have not had a human accident in years, with children you never know, they are naturally curious to go into new areas. It is a huge relief knowing some of the threat posed by mines near Chilotlela has already been alleviated! It will also give me more land to graze my cattle and keep them safe too.”

Elvis Chauke with his herd of cattle.Elvis Chauke with his herd of cattle.

Image courtesy of APOPO.

Article courtesy of APOPO.

10 AFRICA

ANGOLA

Angola made great strides in 2022 to recover from over 40 years of conflict that ended in 2002. According to Mine Ac-tion Review’s Clearing the Mines 2022 Report, Angola ex-ceeded its land release targets and more than doubled its clearance out-puts compared to the prior year. In 2022, U.S. funded demining operations contributed significantly to this achievement, returning more than 2 million square meters (515 acres) of land to local communities.

While much land has been cleared of landmines and unexploded ord-nance, Angola still has more than 76.18 million square meters (18,827 acres) of contaminated land remaining as of 2022 according to Angola’s National Mine Action Agency.

From FY1994 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $158.5 million for conventional weapons destruction in Angola. This assistance has released a total of more than 469 million square meters (116,064 acres) to productive use and destroyed 106,969 landmines and explosive rem-nants of war. Conventional weapons destruction assistance also destroyed 112,445 excess small arms and light weapons and 615 metric tons of un-serviceable ammunition from government stockpiles, reducing the risk of explosions and illicit diversions.

In FY2022, the Department of State supported:

• Expanded demining in Bié, Cuando Cubango, and Moxico Prov-inces that released land through survey and demining and destroyed cleared landmines and other explosive hazards. Many of the clear-ance sites were high priority due to their proximity to populated ar-eas, most of which are experiencing significant population growth and require more land for housing, agriculture, grazing, and other activities. Survey and clearance operations in southern Moxico and Cuando Cubango Provinces directly support the Government of Angola’s environmental conservation efforts and eco-tourism devel-opment in the Okavango River basin.

• Further physical security and stockpile management programs in Moxico, Lunda Sul, and Lunda Norte Provinces that strengthened security forces’ management of weapons, through training and de-stroying surplus, unstable, or abandoned weapons and ammunition.

The Department of Defense Humanitarian Demining Research and Development Program supported deployment of a versatile, lightweight armored excavator modified by the integration of demining attachments and deployed the GPZ-7000 handheld detector.

ANGOLA FY20 FY21 FY22 FY94–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 7,000 4,000 8,500 137,104

DOS OTHER 0 0 0 3,170

CDC 0 0 0 150

DOD 48 172 145 9,773

USAID 0 0 0 8,351

COUNTRY TOTAL 7,048 4,172 8,645 158,548

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

2,083,988 SQUARE METERS (515 ACRES) LAND CLEARED

611,525 SQUARE METERS (151 ACRES) LAND RELEASED

430 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL CALLOUTS

885 LANDMINES DESTROYED

2,409 EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR DESTROYED

22,243 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE RISK EDUCATION RECIPIENTS

4.9 METRIC TONS OF UNSERVICEABLE AMMUNITION DESTROYED

154 SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS DESTROYED

26 PERSONNEL TRAINED IN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT

IP The HALO Trust, Mines Advisory Group

A deminer in his lane in Angola.A deminer in his lane in Angola.

TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 11

Image courtesy of Mines Advisory Group.

Weapons marking helps Chad secure Weapons marking helps Chad secure its government‑held weapons.its government‑held weapons.

BURKINA FASO

Since 2018, violent extremist organizations in Burkina Faso have become more aggressive in their efforts to utilize di-verted and illicitly trafficked weapons and ammunition for their attacks against the state and civilians. From FY2015 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $6.9 million in Burkina Faso to improve its physical security and stockpile management to help Burkinabe security forces better stand up to the threat of terrorism and prevent arms leakage to the wider Sahel region.

In FY2022, the Department of State supported:

• Improved accountability by marking weapons for the gendarmerie, police, and military with unique serial numbers.

CHAD

Chad is a key transit point for illicit weapons flowing to and from Libya and a destination point for weapons trafficked illicitly from Sudan. With U.S. support, conventional weap-ons destruction programs help ensure Chadian Government arms and ammunition stockpiles remain secure and serviceable as the Chadian military continues to make substantial efforts to counter threats from violent extremists.

From FY1998 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $20.7 million in Chad to clear landmines, destroy excess small arms and light weapons and ammunition, and improve physical security and stockpile management.

In FY2022, the Department of State supported:

• Marking weapons with unique serial numbers to improve stockpile accountability.

• Destruction of excess ammunition, small arms, and light weapons

• Training in stockpile management.

• Building and refurbishing of storage facilities for the military, gen-darmerie, and national guard.

CHAD FY20 FY21 FY22 FY98–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 1,000 1,000 1,000 15,556

DOD 0 0 0 5,190

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,000 1,000 1,000 20,746

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

2.5 METRIC TONS OF UNSERVICEABLE AMMUNITION DESTROYED

984 SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS DESTROYED

XXXXXXX 730 SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS MARKED

27 PERSONNEL TRAINED IN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT

16 ARMORIES BUILT OR REHABILITATED

IP Mines Advisory Group

• Physical security and stockpile management training to the Burki-nabe security forces.

BURKINA FASO FY20 FY21 FY22 FY15–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 500 1,500 1,500 6,941

COUNTRY TOTAL 500 1,500 1,500 6,941

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

34 PERSONNEL TRAINED IN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT

IP Mines Advisory Group

As part of a multi-regional program, USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund supported the International Committee of the Red Cross to strengthen the rehabilitation sector.

BENIN FY20 FY21 FY22 FY07–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 562 500 0 1,062

DOD 0 0 0 14

COUNTRY TOTAL 562 500 0 1,076

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

78.2 METRIC TONS OF UNSERVICEABLE AMMUNITION DESTROYED

19 PERSONNEL TRAINED IN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT

1 ARMORY BUILT OR REHABILITATED

IP International Committee of the Red Cross, Mines Advisory Group

BENIN

U.S. conventional weapons destruction assistance to Benin strengthens its national defense forces’ capacity to manage stockpiles of small arms, light weapons, ammunition, and explosives and keep them from falling into the hands of violent extremist organizations. From FY2007 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $1 million to destroy old stockpiles, build secure storage facilities for weapons and ammunition, and train Beninese forces on weapons and am-munition management. This assistance helps Benin stand up to violent extremism and staunch the flow of weapons that can lead to destabiliza-tion across the Coastal West Africa region.

In FY2022 (with prior year funds), the Department of State sup-ported:

• Destruction of obsolete and surplus ammunition to reduce the like-lihood of diversion and unplanned explosions at storage sites, and trained members of the Benin Armed Forces to properly conduct their own ammunition destruction programs.

12 AFRICA

GUINEA‑BISSAU

U.S. conventional weapons destruction program assistance has enabled Guinea-Bissau to secure its weapons and am-munition management and supply chains, destroy large stockpiles of outdated and degraded explosive munitions, and declare it-self free from known antipersonnel landmine contamination in 2012.

From FY2000 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $10.2 million with a primary focus on physical security and stockpile manage-ment needs in recent years.

In FY2022 (with prior year funds), the Department of State supported:

• Destruction of excess stockpiled ammunition.

• Construction of secure armories and ammunition storage facilities.

• Physical security and stockpile management training to security forces so they could effectively manage their new facilities. This pro-gram complements an earlier African Union-sponsored assessment of Guinea-Bissau stockpiles under its Ammunition Management Safety Initiative.

MALAWI

The African Union sponsored an assessment of Malawi’s stockpiles of small arms, light weapons, and ammunition in 2018 under its Ammunition Management Safety Initiative to identify gaps in security measures and degraded ammunition that pose a high risk of accidental explosion. Based on that initial assessment and the findings of subsequent assessments, between 2019 and 2022 the United States upgraded physical infrastructure, destroyed excess ammu-nition, and trained Malawian security forces to international standards for physical security and stockpile management to prevent diversions and depot explosions.

From FY2018 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $2.9 mil-lion in conventional weapons destruction efforts in Malawi.

In FY2022 (with prior year funds), the Department of State supported:

• Extensive program of armory and ammunition storehouse construction.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s eastern provinces continue to suffer from intense fighting between non-state actors and government forces, fueled by the illicit prolifera-tion of small arms and light weapons and ammunition, resulting in further population displacement, contamination with explosive remnants of war, and a lack of economic development. The conflict also exacerbates public health crises when health workers and humanitarian assistance personnel lack safe and reliable access to conflict areas.

From FY2002 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $41 million in funding for conventional weapons destruction in the Demo-cratic Republic of the Congo, destroying a total of 180,739 small arms and light weapons and 1,807 metric tons of ammunition, as well as upgrad-ing armories and training security force personnel in physical security and stockpile management. Support for landmine survey and clearance released 645,223 square meters (159 acres) of land to productive use and prevented injuries through explosive ordnance risk education provided to 141,219 individuals.

In FY2022, the Department of State supported

• Explosive ordnance risk education and demining operations in eight priority areas including South Kivu, North Kivu, Ituri, Nord Ubangi, Kasai, Tshuapa, Maniema, and Tanganyika Provinces.

CONGO, DR FY20 FY21 FY22 FY02–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 3,000 3,000 2,000 32,334

DOD 0 0 0 1,083

USAID 0 0 0 7,597

COUNTRY TOTAL 3,000 3,000 2,000 41,014

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

33,770 SQUARE METERS (8.3 ACRES) LAND CLEARED

4,170 SQUARE METERS (1 ACRE) LAND RELEASED

111 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL CALLOUTS

15 LANDMINES DESTROYED

117 EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR DESTROYED

17,194 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE RISK EDUCATION RECIPIENTS

IP The HALO Trust, Mines Advisory Group, Polus Center for Social and Economic Development

GUINEA-BISSAU FY20 FY21 FY22 FY00–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 500 300 0 8,837

DOD 0 0 0 1,444

COUNTRY TOTAL 500 300 0 10,281

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

3 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL CALLOUTS

7.9 METRIC TONS OF UNSERVICEABLE AMMUNITION DESTROYED

40 PERSONNEL TRAINED IN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT

6 ARMORIES BUILT OR REHABILITATED

IP The HALO Trust

• Training of security forces in physical security and stockpile man-agement standards.

MALAWI FY20 FY21 FY22 FY18–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 1,500 1,300 0 2,930

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,500 1,300 0 2,930

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

8 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL CALLOUTS

49 EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR DESTROYED

49.6 METRIC TONS OF UNSERVICEABLE AMMUNITION

DESTROYED

96 PERSONNEL TRAINED IN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT

1 ARMORY BUILT OR REHABILITATED

IP The HALO Trust

TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY 13

Technicians from the Mauritanian Technicians from the Mauritanian Army stack ammunition in a Army stack ammunition in a destruction pit for disposal.destruction pit for disposal.

Image courtesy of Mines Advisory Group.

MAURITANIA

Most of Mauritania is in the Sahara Desert, with remote ar-eas that provide a haven for terrorists who illicitly traffic small arms and light weapons into the Sahel and beyond.

U.S. investments in conventional weapons destruction have helped Mau-ritanian security forces to secure their weapons and ammunition in fa-cilities that meet international standards and effectively manage weapons to prevent diversion to violent extremists and arms traffickers.

From FY1999 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $9.6 million in Mauritania. This funding supported the building and refur-bishing of 13 storage facilities, destroyed 3,149 metric tons of ammu-nition and 375 MANPADS, and trained 54 personnel in stockpile management.

NIGER

Niger is a key partner in regional and international counter-terrorism efforts, including the G5 Sahel, Multi-National Joint Task Force-Niger, and United Nations Multidimension-al Integrated Stabilization Mission in neighboring Mali.

From FY2015 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $8 mil-lion in conventional weapons destruction funding to build or rehabilitate 30 storage facilities, train personnel in physical security and stockpile management, destroy 15 metric tons of excess ordnance, and mark 6,000 small arms and light weapons belonging to Nigerien security forces.

In FY2022, the Department of State supported:

• Construction of secure armories to store small arms and light weap-ons, and ammunition.

• Training of Nigerien security forces to prevent the illicit trafficking and diversion of small arms and light weapons.

NIGER FY20 FY21 FY22 FY15–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 1,000 1,000 1,000 7,693

DOD 0 0 0 328

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,000 1,000 1,000 8,021

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

IP Mines Advisory Group

In FY2022, the Department of State supported:

• A new physical security and stockpile management project to greatly increase explosive storage capacity for serviceable ammu-nition and procure equipment for destruction of obsolete muni-tions.

MAURITANIA FY20 FY21 FY22 FY99–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 1.000 500 500 5,195

DOD 0 0 0 4,410

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,000 500 500 9,605

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

41.7 METRIC TONS OF AMMUNITION

75 MANPADS, ATGMs OR COMPONENTS DESTROYED

IP Mines Advisory Group

14 AFRICA

15TO WALK THE EARTH IN SAFETY

SOMALIA

In Somalia, United States efforts focus on capacity building within the Fed-eral Government of Somalia security forces to properly manage their conven-tional weapons stockpiles, particularly in south-central Somalia, where the risk of illicit diversion to non-state actors is greatest. Since 2016, the United States has also supported mobile weapons and ammunition disposal teams to destroy 8,452 unsecured mu-nitions.

Al-Shabaab remains a significant threat to Somalia’s security, stability, and prosperity, and it controls territory across south and central Somalia. Many weapons in al-Shabaab’s arsenal have been taken from government stockpiles, underscoring the need for im-proved security and accountability. Al-Shabaab also harvests explosives from poorly secured and abandoned munitions storage facilities to create improvised explosive de-vices. The widespread trafficking of small arms and light weapons and ammunition, in-cluding from Yemen, enables al-Shabaab and other non-state actors to carry out attacks that continue to destabilize the Horn of Africa region.

From FY1998 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $41 million in con-ventional weapons destruction programs in Somalia for physical security and stockpile management, MANPADS stockpile reduction, humanitarian mine action, and other programs to promote stability.

In FY2022, the Department of State supported :

• Construction and refurbishment of weapons storage facilities.

• Stockpile management training for Federal Government of Somalia security forces.

• Deployment of weapons and ammunition disposal teams to south-central Somalia.

SOMALIA FY20 FY21 FY22 FY98–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 2,000 4,000 4,000 41,050

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,000 4,000 4,000 41,050

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

546 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL CALLOUTS

2,083 EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR DESTROYED

42 PERSONNEL TRAINED IN STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT

8 ARMORIES BUILT OR REHABILITATED

IP The HALO Trust

SENEGAL

More than 30 years of internal conflict between the Gov-ernment of Senegal and the separatist Movement of Dem-ocratic Forces of Casamance left parts of Senegal's Casa-mance region impacted by landmines and explosive remnants of war.

From 2008 through 2018, the United States provided demining assis-tance in Casamance. These clearance efforts facilitated the Casamance peace process and the return of internally displaced persons. In more recent years, U.S. efforts have shifted to support emerging priorities for physical security and stockpile management to help build Senegal’s na-tional capacity to safeguard its stockpiles.

From FY2002 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $9.1 mil-lion in conventional weapons destruction funding to reduce the risk of unplanned explosions at munitions sites, provide armory storage manage-ment training, and clear landmines and unexploded ordnance.

In FY2022 (with prior year funds), the Department of State supported:

• A physical security and stockpile management project to reduce the risk of unplanned explosions at munitions storage sites in Dakar by collaborating with Senegal’s armed forces to safely destroy confis-cated explosive material and relocate ammunition to secure facilities away from population centers.

With funding from the Department of Defense, the U.S. Africa Com-mand invested in building the Senegalese Armed Forces’ physical security and stockpile management capacity to reduce the risk of an unplanned explosion at munitions sites. Through the State Partnership Program, the Vermont National Guard provided train-the-trainer sessions to build a cadre of Senegalese instructors who will be able to conduct future physical security and stockpile management training. The Vermont National Guard and the Senegalese Armed Forces also evaluated ammunition storage fa-cilities to ensure previously received training is being applied effectively.

Also, a temporary ammunition storage facility in Thies was constructed to store munitions that were relocated from the densely populated Dakar region to mitigate the risk of a catastrophic event similar to the massive explosion in Beirut, Lebanon in August 2020.

SENEGAL FY20 FY21 FY22 FY02–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 1,000 500 0 5,255

DOS OTHER 0 0 0 260

DOD 129 988 56 3,151

USAID 0 0 0 500

COUNTRY TOTAL 1,129 1,488 56 9,166

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

IP Mines Advisory Group

A deminer in Somalia A deminer in Somalia stands beside stands beside her equipment.her equipment.

SOUTH SUDAN

The majority of landmine and explosive remnants of war contamination in the Republic of South Sudan is found in Central, Eastern, and Western Equatoria, Jonglei, Unity, Upper Nile, and Western Bahr el Ghazal States. This inhibits delivery of humanitarian assistance, impedes development, and poses a physical threat to civilians.

From FY2003 to FY2010, the United States invested more than $24.4 million in conventional weapons destruction funding in Sudan prior to the creation of South Sudan, directing much of it to what is now South Sudan.

Following South Sudan’s independence, from FY2011 to FY2022, the United States invested more than $20.9 million in South Sudan for mine and unexploded ordnance removal, and survivor assistance.

Between FY2019 and FY2022, the United States expanded its con-ventional weapons destruction programs to provide full survey and clearance activities, explosive ordnance disposal callouts, and explosive ordnance risk education in Central and Eastern Equatoria States. This restart of systematic clearance efforts reflects a more permissive oper-ating environment, despite continued violent unrest and access issues elsewhere in the country.

In FY2022, the Department of State supported:

• Survey, clearance, explosive ordnance disposal callouts, and explo-sive ordnance risk education in Central and Eastern Equatoria States.

SOUTH SUDAN FY20 FY21 FY22 FY11–22 TOTAL

DOS NADR - CWD 2,000 2,000 2,000 20,135

DOD 0 0 0 826

COUNTRY TOTAL 2,000 2,000 2,000 20,961

Dollars in thousands

IN FY2022:

380,980 SQUARE METERS (94 ACRES) LAND CLEARED

57 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL CALLOUTS

450 EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR DESTROYED

5,578 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE RISK EDUCATION RECIPIENTS

IP Mines Advisory Group

SUDAN

Sudan has been in conflict for the past several decades, in-cluding two civil wars and the armed conflict in Darfur that have contaminated large swathes of land with landmines and unexploded ordnance. While the 2020 Juba peace agreement provides a pathway to decrease violence over time, interethnic conflict has contin-ued, and the Sudanese people, especially those displaced by conflict, still require humanitarian assistance. However, widespread landmine and ex-plosive remnants of war contamination makes humanitarian access dan-gerous and difficult.

From FY2003 to FY2010, the United States invested more than $24.4 million in…