Attach B - DoD 1999 OWS SERVICE Guidance Document.pdf

Developed by the DoD Clean Water Act Services

Steering Committee

Multiservice Oil/Water Separator Guidance Document

“Providing guidance to optimize oil/water separator operations and investments.”

FA706024R0003 - SOW Attach B

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188

1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)

June 11, 1999

2. REPORT TYPE

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

MULTISERVICE OIL/WATER SEPARATOR GUIDANCE MANUAL

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

DACA31-97-D-0051

6. AUTHOR(S)

Mr. Joe Fromal

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Horne Engineering Services, Inc.

2750 Prosperity Avenue, Suite 450 Fairfax, Virginia 22031

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

U.S. Army Environmental Center

ATTN: SFIM-AEC-EQ

E5179 Hoadley Road Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5401

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)

USAEC

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

The Multiservice OWS guidance document was developed by the Clean Water Act Services Steering Committee

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

DISTRIBUTION LIMITED TO DOD ACTIVITIES AND DOD CONTRACTORS

14. ABSTRACT

In accomplishing its primary mission, the Department of Defense (DoD) generates oily wastewaters. Historically, oil/water separators have treated these wastewaters. In recent years, it has become obvious that many of the DoD separators are either, not required, or are not adequately treating the wastewater. Both of these situations utilize much-needed funds without significant environmental improvement.

The expenditure of funds without comparable benefits mandates that a change in philosophy be implemented. The revised DoD philosophy is to close all unnecessary separators, upgrade existing or install new systems as necessary to ensure regulatory compliance, and adequately operate and maintain existing systems.

This guidance document will provide the installation with the necessary tools to evaluate the regulatory compliance of the discharges; determine if a separator is necessary; and make appropriate decisions concerning the need to install, upgrade or replace a separator.

15. SUBJECT TERMS

OWS, Oil/Water Separators, wastewater, oily water, upgrades, replacement, industrial process, compliance, pollution prevention, sludge, inventory, Best Management Practices, washracks, motor pool.

18. NUMBER

OF

PAGES

19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Mr. Billy Ray Scotta. REPORT

UU

b. ABSTRACT

UU

c. THIS PAGE

UU

17. LIMITATION OF

ABSTRACT

UU

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.

3. DATES COVERED (From - To)

5b. GRANT NUMBER

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

5d. PROJECT NUMBER

5e. TASK NUMBER Delivery Order 0001

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT

NUMBER(S)

SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-200010

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:

19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) 410-436-7073

Final

June 11, 1999

Prepared for:

U.S. Army Environmental Center

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5401 Contract Number DACA31-97-D-0051

Delivery Order 0001

Prepared by:

Horne Engineering Services, Inc.

2750 Prosperity Avenue, Suite 450 Fairfax, Virginia 22031

The work contained in this document was conducted under Contract Number DACA31-97-D-0051, Delivery Order 0001 for the U.S. Army Environmental Center (AEC) The publication of this document does not indicate endorsement by the AEC, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official position of the AEC.

DISTRIBUTION LIMITED TO DOD ACTIVITIES AND DOD CONTRACTORS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Oil/Water Separator Guidance Manual June 11, 1999 Final

TOC - 1

Page List of Tables………………………………………………………………………. TOC-13 List of Figures……………………………………………………………………… TOC-14 List of Worksheets…………………………………………………………………. TOC-15 List of Appendices………………………………………………………………….. TOC-15 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………. TOC-16

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2 REGULATIONS GOVERNING OIL/WATER SEPARATORS

2.1 FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL REGULATIONS………………………………………. 2 - 2

2.1.1 Clean Water Act…………………………………………………………………… 2 - 3

2.1.2 Oil Pollution Act of 1990…………………………………………………………. 2 - 6

2.1.3 Safe Drinking Water Act………………………………………………………….. 2 - 6

2.1.3.1 Underground Injection Control…………………………………………. 2 - 6

2.1.3.2 Wellhead Protection Program………………………………………….. 2 - 7

2.1.4 Federal Facility Compliance Act…………………………………………………. 2 - 8

2.1.5 Solid Waste Disposal Act…………………………………………………………. 2 - 9

2.1.6 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act……………………………………….. 2 - 9

2.1.6.1 Underground Storage Tanks……………………………………………. 2 -10

2.1.6.2 Solid Waste Management Unit…………………………………………. 2 -10

2.1.6.3 “Used Oil” ……………………………………………………………… 2 -11

2.1.6.4 Solids…………………………………………………………………… 2 -11

2.1.7 Air Pollution Requirements………………………………………………………. 2 -12

2.1.8 Pollution Prevention Act…………………………………………………………. 2 -12

2.1.9 Occupational Safety and Health Administration…………………………………. 2 -13

2.1.10 State and Local Requirements…………………………………………………... 2 -13

2.1.10.1 Publicly and Federally Owned Treatment Works…………………….. 2 -13

2.1.10.2 Landfills………………………………………………………………. 2 -13

2.1.10.3 Land Application of Wastewater or Solids…………………………… 2 -13

2.1.10.4 Wellhead Protection Program………………………………………… 2 -13

2.1.10.5 Oil/Water Separator Closure………………………………………….. 2 -13

2.1.10.6 Air Pollution Controls………………………………………………… 2 -14

2.1.11 Installation Plans………………………………………………………………… 2 -14

2.2 DOD DIRECTIVES AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS……………………………………….. 2 -14

2.3 MILITARY GUIDANCE, POLICY, INSTRUCTIONS AND DIRECTIVES………………….. 2 -15

2.4 MILITARY ENVIRONMENTAL HOTLINES……………………………………………. 2 -16

Oil/Water Separator Guidance Manual June 11, 1999

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Page Chapter 3 CONDUCTING AN OIL/WATER SEPARATOR INVENTORY

3.1 OIL/WATER SEPARATOR INVENTORY SHEET………………………………………… 3 - 3

3.1.1 Oil/Water Separator ID………………………………………………………….. 3 - 3

3.1.2 Status……………………………………………………………………………. 3 - 3

3.1.3 Physical Description and Location……………………………………………… 3 - 3

3.1.4 Oil/Water Separator Type……………………………………………………….. 3 - 3

3.1.5 Elevation of Separator…………………………………………………………… 3 - 4

3.1.6 Configuration……………………………………………………………………. 3 - 5

3.1.7 Construction Material…………………………………………………………… 3 - 5

3.1.8 Accessibility…………………………………………………………………….. 3 - 5

3.1.8.1 Maintenance Accessibility……………………………………………… 3 - 5

3.1.8.2 Personnel Accessibility…………………………………………………. 3 - 6

3.1.9 “Used Oil” Holding……………………………………………………………... 3 - 6

3.1.10 High Water Bypasses and Overflows…………………………………………… 3 - 6

3.1.11 Influent Wastewater Handling/Treatment………………………………………. 3 - 7

3.1.12 Effluent Discharge……………………………………………………………… 3 - 7

3.1.13 Permits Controlling the Discharge……………………………………………… 3 - 8

3.1.14 Discharge Limitations…………………………………………………………… 3 - 8

3.1.15 Flow Information……………………………………………………………….. 3 - 9

3.1.15.1 Storm Water Contribution…………………………………………….. 3 - 9

3.1.15.2 Industrial Discharges to the Separator………………………………… 3 - 9

3.1.15.3 Controlling Flow………………………………………………………. 3 -10

3.1.16 Separator Dimensions…………………………………………………………… 3 -10

3.2 EVALUATING THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAVITY SEPARATOR……… 3 -11

3.3 EVALUATING THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEPARATOR………………. 3 -12

3.3.1 Calculate Maximum Operational Flow Based on Current Use……………………. 3 -12

3.3.1.1 Maximum Operational Flow - Industrial………………………………… 3 -12

3.3.1.2 Storm Water Runoff Contribution……………………………………….. 3 -12

3.3.1.3 Controlling Flow - Industrial Wastewater and/or Storm Water…………. 3 -13

3.3.2 Calculate Hydraulic Conditions of the Separator………………………………….. 3 -13

3.3.3 Excess Wastewater Hydraulic Capacity…………………………………………… 3 -13

3.4 POTENTIAL GRAVITY OIL/WATER SEPARATOR DEFICIENCIES……………………….. 3 -14

3.5 ELECTRONICALLY EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL SEPARATOR DEFICIENCIES………… 3 -14

3.6 SUMMARIZING INVENTORY DATA……………………………………………………. 3 -15

3.7 SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES TO CONDUCT AN OIL/WATER SEPARATOR INVENTORY… 3 -15

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Page Chapter 4 OIL/WATER SEPARATOR COMPLIANCE EVALUATION

4.1 WASTEWATER OR OIL/WATER SEPARATOR COMPLIANCE EVALUATION……………... 4 - 2

4.2 PARAMETERS TO BE MONITORED……………………………………………………... 4 - 2

4.2.1 Oil Concentration…………………………………………………………………... 4 - 2

4.2.1.1 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons…………………………………………... 4 - 3

4.2.1.2 Oil & Grease……………………………………………………………... 4 - 3

4.2.2 Solids………………………………………………………………………………. 4 - 4

4.2.3 pH………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 - 4

4.2.4 Other Discharge Limitations………………………………………………………. 4 - 5

4.3 SAMPLING INFORMATION…………………………………………………………….. 4 - 5

4.4 COMPLIANCE EVALUATION…………………………………………………………... 4 - 6

4.5 COMPLIANCE EVALUATION SUMMARY ……………………………………………… 4 - 7

Chapter 5 OIL/WATER SEPARATOR MANAGEMENT PLAN GUIDANCE

5.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………….. 5 - 2

5.2 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….. 5 - 2

5.3 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS……………………………………………………….. 5 - 2

5.4 OIL/WATER SEPARATOR OVERVIEW…………………………………………………. 5 - 2

5.5 OIL/WATER SEPARATOR INVENTORY………………………………………………… 5 - 2

5.6 OIL/WATER SEPARATOR - OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION………………… 5 - 3

5.7 MONITORING PROGRAM………………………………………………………………. 5 - 3

5.8 POLLUTION PREVENTION……………………………………………………………… 5 - 3

5.9 TRACKING SYSTEM…………………………………………………………………… 5 - 3

5.10 OIL/WATER SEPARATOR EVALUATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………………. 5 - 3

Oil/Water Separator Guidance Manual June 11, 1999 Final

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Page Chapter 6 OILY WASTEWATER SOURCES AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

OPPORTUNITIES AND BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AT THE

SHOP LEVEL

6.1 SOURCE OF WASTE STREAMS………………………………………………………… 6 - 2

6.1.1 Interior Waste Streams……………………………………………………………. 6 - 2

6.1.2 Exterior Waste Streams…………………………………………………………… 6 - 3

6.2 EQUIPMENT WASHRACKS…………………………………………………………….. 6 - 3

6.2.1 Administrative Vehicles…………………………………………………………… 6 - 3

6.2.2 Tactical Vehicles………………………………………………………………….. 6 - 3

6.2.3 Aircraft - Rotary-wing…………………………………………………………….. 6 - 4

6.2.4 Aircraft - Fixed-wing……………………………………………………………… 6 - 4

6.2.5 Aircraft Engine and Compressor Cleaning………………………………………... 6 - 4

6.3 VEHICLE MAINTENANCE……………………………………………………………… 6 - 4

6.4 FUELING AND POL……………………………………………………………………. 6 - 5

6.4.1 Fueling Areas and Tank/Drum Cleaning………………………………………….. 6 - 5

6.4.2 POL Storage………………………………………………………………………. 6 - 6

6.4.3 Tank Farm Operations…………………………………………………………….. 6 - 6

6.5 METAL PRODUCTS AND MACHINERY…………………………………………………. 6 - 6

6.6 FLOOR DRAINS……………………………………………………………………….. 6 - 6

6.7 SHIPBOARD OILY WASTEWATER……………………………………………………... 6 - 7

6.8 STORM WATER RUNOFF……………………………………………………………… 6 - 8

6.9 POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES AND BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES…….. 6 - 8

CHAPTER 7 WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE INSTALLING, UPGRADING,

OR REPLACING AN OIL/WATER SEPARATOR

7.1 IS AN OIL/WATER SEPARATOR NECESSARY?………………………………………… 7 - 3

7.2 IDENTIFY OILY WASTEWATER SOURCES…………………………………………….. 7 - 6

7.3 CONDUCT POLLUTION PREVENTION…………………………………………………. 7 - 6

7.3.1 Source Elimination/Reduction……………………………………………………. 7 - 6

7.3.2 Source Diversion/Consolidation………………………………………………….. 7 - 7

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7.4 WASTEWATER COMPLIANCE EVALUATION………………………………………….. 7 - 7

7.5 WHY DOESN’T MY CURRENT SEPARATOR WORK?………………………………….. 7 - 8

7.6 WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION FOR OIL/WATER SEPARATOR DESIGN…………. 7 - 8

7.6.1 Flow……………………………………………………………………………….. 7 - 9

7.6.1.1 Production-based Flows………………………………………………… 7 - 9

7.6.1.2 Time-based Flows………………………………………………………. 7 - 9

7.6.1.3 Runoff Contribution…………………………………………………….. 7 -10

7.6.2 Oil Concentration…………………………………………………………………. 7 -10

7.6.3 Oil Category………………………………………………………………………. 7 -10

7.6.4 Solids……………………………………………………………………………… 7 -10

7.6.4.1 Total Suspended Solids…………………………………………………. 7 -11

7.6.4.2 Settleable Solids………………………………………………………… 7 -11

7.6.5 Temperature (minimum)………………………………………………………….. 7 -11

7.6.6 pH…………………………………………………………………………………. 7 -11

7.6.7 Wastewater Oil-fraction Specific Gravity………………………………………… 7 -11

7.6.8 Salinity……………………………………………………………………………. 7 -12

7.6.9 Potential Septicity Measurements………………………………………………… 7 -12

7.6.10 Emulsifying Agents……………………………………………………………... 7 -12

7.6.11 Discharge Limitations…………………………………………………………… 7 -13

7.6.12 Other Characteristics…………………………………………………………….. 7 -13

7.7 PRELIMINARY DESIGN………………………………………………………………. 7 -13

7.7.1 What type of Oil/Water Separator is Necessary?……………………………….. 7 -13

7.7.2 Will Upgrading the Influent Systems or Existing Separator or Address the Non-Compliance?…………………………………………………………… 7 -15

7.7.3 Is the Existing Separator Required to “Pretreat” Wastewater before the New Separator?……………………………………………………………… 7 -16

7.8 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS……………………………………………………………. 7 -16

7.8.1 Pretreatment of the Influent Wastewater…………………………………………... 7 -16

7.8.1.1 Wastewater Conveyance System………………………………………… 7 -16

7.8.1.2 Pumping Influent Wastewater…………………………………………… 7 -16

7.8.1.3 Wastewater Equalization………………………………………………… 7 -17

7.8.1.4 External Solids Removal (grit chamber, sedimentation basin, etc.)……... 7 -17

7.8.1.5 Screening Devices and Trash Racks……………………………………... 7 -17

7.8.1.6 Bulk (free oil) Removal………………………………………………….. 7 -17

7.8.1.7 Storm Water……………………………………………………………… 7 -18

7.8.1.8 Flow Diversion Devices…………………………………………………. 7 -18

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Page

7.8.2 Accessibility……………………………………………………………………….. 7 -18

7.8.3 Parallel Treatment Trains and Redundancy………………………………………... 7 -19

7.8.4 Aboveground Separators…………………………………………………………… 7 -19

7.8.5 Underground or In-Ground Separators…………………………………………….. 7 -20

7.8.6 Water Supply………………………………………………………………………. 7 -20

7.8.7 Vapor Loss Control………………………………………………………………… 7 -21

7.8.8 Performance Guarantees…………………………………………………………… 7 -21

7.8.9 Operation and Maintenance Manual………………………………………………. 7 -21

Chapter 8 PRINCIPLES OF OIL/WATER SEPARATION

8.1 CATEGORIES OF PETROLEUM, OIL, AND LUBRICANTS IN WASTEWATER……………... 8 - 2

8.1.1 Free Oil…………………………………………………………………………….. 8 - 2

8.1.2 Emulsified Oil……………………………………………………………………… 8 - 3

8.1.2.1 Mechanical Emulsions (Dispersions)……………………………………. 8 - 3

8.1.2.2 Chemically Stabilized Emulsions………………………………………… 8 - 3

8.1.3 Dissolved Oil……………………………………………………………………….. 8 - 4

8.2 BASIS OF SEPARATION AND REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WASTEWATER………………….. 8 - 4

8.2.1 Free and Dispersed Oil Separation/Removal……………………………………….. 8 - 4

8.2.1.1 Stokes Law……………………………………………………………….. 8 - 4

8.2.1.2 Surface Loading Rate (Hazen Formula)………………………………….. 8 - 5

8.2.1.3 Determination of Susceptibility of Separation…………………………… 8 - 6

8.2.1.4 Parameters That Affect Separator Design and Free Oil Removal……….. 8 - 6

8.2.2 Emulsified Oil Separation/Removal……………………………………………….. 8 - 7

8.2.3 Dissolved Oil Removal…………………………………………………………….. 8 - 7

Chapter 9 TYPES OF OIL/WATER SEPARATOR SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

9.1 WHAT A GRAVITY OR PARALLEL PLATE OIL/WATER SEPARATOR WILL

NOT REMOVE………………………………………………………………………… 9 - 4

9.2 DEVICES COMMON TO GRAVITY AND PARALLEL PLATE SEPARATORS……………….. 9 - 4

9.2.1 Influent Chamber…………………………………………………………………... 9 - 4

9.2.2 Oil-Skimming Devices…………………………………………………………….. 9 - 5

9.2.3 “Used Oil” Holding Configurations……………………………………………….. 9 - 8

9.2.3.1 No Holding………………………………………………………….. 9 - 8

9.2.3.2 Integral Holding……………………………………………………... 9 - 8

9.2.3.3 Separate Holding…………………………………………………….. 9 - 8

9.2.4 Solids Holding……………………………………………………………………… 9 - 9

9.2.5 Effluent Chamber…………………………………………………………………... 9 - 9

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9.3 STANDARD GRAVITY OIL/WATER SEPARATORS……………………………………... 9 - 9

9.3.1 Structures and Processes Involved in Gravity Oil/Water Separators……………… 9 -10

9.3.1.1 Separation Chamber…………………………………………………. 9 -10

9.3.1.2 Sedimentation………………………………………………………... 9 -11

9.3.1.3 Oil Separation………………………………………………………... 9 -11

9.3.2 General Design Considerations……………………………………………………. 9 -11

9.3.2.1 Oil Droplet Size……………………………………………………… 9 -12

9.3.2.2 Overflow Rate……………………………………………………….. 9 -12

9.3.3 Other Gravity Type Oil/Water Separators………………………………………… 9 -13

9.3.3.1 Load Equalization Tank……………………………………………... 9 -13

9.3.3.2 Oil Interceptor……………………………………………………….. 9 -15

9.4 GRAVITY OIL/WATER SEPARATORS WITH COALESCING PLATES…………………….. 9 -15

9.4.1 Parallel Plate Separators…………………………………………………………… 9 -16

9.4.1.1 General Design Considerations for Parallel Plate Separators………. 9 -16

9.4.1.2 Parallel Plate Design………………………………………………… 9 -17

9.4.1.3 Solids………………………………………………………………... 9 -18

9.4.2 Corrugated Plate Interceptors……………………………………………………… 9 -19

9.5 OTHER COALESCING SEPARATORS…………………………………………………… 9 -20

9.5.1 Fixed-media Coalescers…………………………………………………………… 9 -20

9.5.1.1 Coalescing Media…………………………………………………… 9 -21

9.5.1.2 Coalescing Element Configuration…………………………………. 9 -21

9.5.2 Loose-media Coalescing Filters…………………………………………………… 9 -21

9.6 FLOTATION (DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION)…………………………………………… 9 -22

9.6.1 Bubble Formation…………………………………………………………………. 9 -23

9.6.2 Coalescing DAF…………………………………………………………………… 9 -24

9.7 FILTRATION………………………………………………………………………….. 9 -25

9.7.1 Multi-media Filtration…………………………………………………………….. 9 -25

9.7.2 Pressure Filters……………………………………………………………………. 9 -26

9.8 CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS…………………………………………………………. 9 -26

9.9 EMULSION BREAKING………………………………………………………………... 9 -27

9.10 BIOTECHNOLOGY…………………………………………………………………… 9 -29

9.11 CARBON ADSORPTION………………………………………………………………. 9 -29

9.12 MEMBRANE SYSTEMS………………………………………………………………... 9 -29

9.12.1 Micro-Filtration and Ultra-Filtration……………………………………………... 9 -30

9.12.2 Reverse Osmosis…………………………………………………………………. 9 -30

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9.13 CLOSED-LOOP, RECYCLE SYSTEMS…………………………………………………. 9 -31

9.13.1 Lessons Learned………………………………………………………………….. 9 -31

9.13.2 General Recycling Systems………………………………………………………. 9 -32

9.13.3 Washrack Recycling Systems……………………………………………………. 9 -32

9.14 BILGE AND OILY WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM……………………………... 9 -33

9.15 STORM WATER SYSTEMS…………………………………………………………… 9 -34

9.15.1 General Design Considerations………………………………………………….. 9 -34

9.15.2 Water Quality Inlets……………………………………………………………… 9 -35

9.15.3 Skimming Dam and Diversion Pond…………………………………………….. 9 -36

9.15.4 Storm Water Drainage Pits………………………………………………………. 9 -36

Chapter 10 SHOP LEVEL CLEANING ACTIVITIES - DETERGENTS/CLEANERS

AND SOLVENTS

10.1 CLEANING METHODS USED BY THE SERVICES………………………………………. 10 - 2

10.1.1 Cleaning Dry……………………………………………………………………… 10 - 2

10.1.2 Pre-Cleaning……………………………………………………………………… 10 - 2

10.1.3 Low Pressure, Cold Water……………………………………………………….. 10 - 3

10.1.4 High Pressure, Hot Water………………………………………………………... 10 - 3

10.1.5 Steam Cleaning…………………………………………………………………… 10 - 3

10.1.6 Dip Tanks/Parts Cleaning Stations………………………………………………. 10 - 3

10.2 CHEMICALS AND CLEANING AGENTS - DEFINITIONS………………………………... 10 - 3

10.3 CLEANING AGENTS APPROVED BY THE MILITARY FOR USE WITH

OIL/WATER SEPARATOR SYSTEMS…………………………………………………... 10 - 4

10.4 QUICK RELEASE CLEANING AGENTS AND WEAK EMULSIFIERS……………………… 10 - 5

10.5 “ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY” CLEANERS/DETERGENTS………………………… 10 - 5

10.6 REQUIRED CLEANING COMPOUNDS…………………………………………………. 10 - 6

10.7 SUGGESTED CLEANING EVALUATION……………………………………………….. 10 - 6

10.7.1 Is the Cleaning Practice Required?……………………………………………….. 10 - 7

10.7.2 Is Cleaning Necessary?…………………………………………………………… 10 - 7

10.7.3 Can Cleaning be Accomplished without Using Cleaners?……………………….. 10 - 7

10.7.4 A Cleaner is Required…………………………………………………………….. 10 - 7

10.7.5 Completion of Cleaning Process Evaluation……………………………………… 10 - 9

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Page Chapter 11 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND INSPECTION GUIDANCE

11.1 GENERAL…………………………………………………………………………… 11 - 3

11.1.1 Determine the Existing Conditions……………………………………………… 11 - 4

11.1.2 Delineation of Responsibility…………………………………………………… 11 - 4

11.1.3 Location…………………………………………………………………………. 11 - 5

11.1.4 Type of Separator……………………………………………………………….. 11 - 5

11.1.5 Elevation of Separator…………………………………………………………... 11 - 5

11.1.6 Accessibility…………………………………………………………………….. 11 - 6

11.2 INFLUENT WASTEWATER SYSTEMS………………………………………………… 11 - 6

11.2.1 Preliminary Solids Removal……………………………………………………... 11 - 6

11.2.2 Equalization……………………………………………………………………… 11 - 6

11.2.3 Screens or Trash Racks………………………………………………………….. 11 - 7

11.2.4 Influent Weir…………………………………………………………………….. 11 - 7

11.3 GENERAL SEPARATOR MAINTENANCE/INSPECTION GUIDANCE……………………. 11 - 7

11.3.1 Grounds Maintenance/Debris Control…………………………………………... 11 - 7

11.3.2 Leaks and Spills…………………………………………………………………. 11 - 8

11.3.3 Construction Material…………………………………………………………… 11 - 8

11.3.4 Mechanical Parts………………………………………………………………… 11 - 8

11.3.5 High Water Bypasses and Overflows…………………………………………… 11 - 8

11.3.6 Pumps - Wastewater/Solids……………………………………………………… 11 - 9

11.3.7 Separator Vents………………………………………………………………….. 11 - 9

11.4 “USED OIL” SYSTEMS……………………………………………………………… 11 -10

11.4.1 No “Used Oil” Holding…………………………………………………………... 11 -10

11.4.1.1 Allowable Oil Accumulation within a Separation Chamber…………… 11 -10

11.4.1.2 Oil Layer Measurement Methods……………………………………… 11 -11

11.4.1.3 Oil Removal Frequency………………………………………………... 11 -11

11.4.1.4 Removing Oil from a Separator with No “Used Oil” Holding………… 11 -11

11.4.2 Separate or Integral “Used Oil” Holding………………………………………… 11 -12

11.4.2.1 Oil Skimming…………………………………………………………... 11 -12

11.4.2.2 Oil Removal Frequency………………………………………………... 11 -13

11.4.2.3 Removing Oil from a Separator with a Separate

“Used Oil” Holding Tank……………………………………………… 11 -14

11.4.3 “Used Oil” Analysis and Disposal/Reuse Options………………………………. 11 -14

11.4.3.1 Hazardous Waste Fuel…………………………………………………. 11 -15

11.4.3.2 “Used Oil” (Non-Hazardous) - Used for Energy Recovery…………… 11 -15

11.4.3.3 “Used Oil” (Non-Hazardous) - Not Used for Energy Recovery………. 11 -16

11.4.4 “Used Oil” System - O&M and Inspection Frequency………………………….. 11 -18

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11.5 SOLIDS SYSTEMS…………………………………………………………………… 11 -18

11.5.1 Solids Collection/Accumulation Systems……………………………………….. 11 -19

11.5.2 Allowable Solids Accumulation within a Gravity Separator……………………. 11 -19

11.5.3 Solids Measurement Methods…………………………………………………… 11 -19

11.5.4 Solids Removal Frequency……………………………………………………… 11 -20

11.5.4.1 Volumetric Method …………………………………………………… 11 -20

11.5.4.2 Scheduled Method ……………………………………………………. 11 -20

11.5.5 Separator Solids - Hazardous Waste Considerations……………………………. 11 -21

11.5.5.1 Hazardous Waste Characterization of Separator Solids………………. 11 -21

11.5.5.2 Treatment of Separator Solids that are a

Characteristic Hazardous Waste……………………………………… 11 -22

11.5.5.3 Frequency of Separator Solids Hazardous Waste Characterization…… 11 -22

11.5.5.4 Hazardous Waste - Sample Collection (Oil/Water Separator)………. 11 -22

11.5.6 Separator Solids - Non-Hazardous Waste Considerations…………………….. 11 -23

11.5.6.1 Non-Hazardous - (Disposal/Reuse) Solids Characterization………….. 11 -23

11.5.6.2 Disposal/Reuse Options for Non-Hazardous Solids…………………... 11 -24

11.5.6.3 Non-Hazardous - (Disposal/Reuse) Characterization Frequency……. 11 -25

11.5.6.4 Non-Hazardous - (Disposal/Reuse) Sample Collection……………… 11 -26

11.5.7 Removing Solids from the Separator……………………………………………. 11 -26

11.5.8 Separator Solids - O&M and Inspection Frequency……………………………... 11 -27

11.6 CLEANING THE SEPARATOR OR ITS COMPONENT PARTS…………………………… 11 -27

11.6.1 Maintenance Cleaning of Separators with Coalescing Systems………………… 11 -28

11.6.2 Cleaning of Water Quality Interceptors and Other Storm Water Systems……… 11 -28

11.6.3 Total Cleaning and Internal Inspection of In-ground and Underground Separators 11 -28

11.7 EFFLUENT MONITORING…………………………………………………………… 11 -29

11.8 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS INDICATIVE OF POTENTIAL

PROBLEMS WITHIN A SEPARATOR…………………………………………………. 11 -29

11.9 DEVELOPING AN OPERATION/MAINTENANCE PROGRAM………………………….. 11 -29

Chapter 12 CLOSURE OF OIL/WATER SEPARATORS

12.1 WHEN SHOULD AN OIL/WATER SEPARATOR BE CLOSED……………………….… 12 - 2

12.2 WAS HAZARDOUS WASTE DISCHARGED TO THE SYSTEM………………………… 12 - 2

12.3 DEFINE THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM TO BE CLOSED……………………….. 12 - 2

12.4 CLOSURE OPTIONS………………………………………………………………… 12 - 3

12.5 WHAT ARE THE STATE AND LOCAL CLOSURE REQUIREMENTS………………….… 12 - 3

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12.6 PREPARATION FOR CLOSURE…………………………………………………….… 12 - 4

12.6.1 Separator Location…………………………………………………………….… 12 - 4

12.6.2 Establish Safety Procedures……………………………………………………… 12 - 4

12.6.3 Material Disposal /Reuse Options……………………………………………..… 12 - 4

12.6.4 Utility Information……………………………………………………………..… 12 - 5

12.6.5 Permits Information…………………………………………………………….... 12 - 5

12.7 CLOSURE PROCEDURES…………………………………………………………….. 12 - 5

12.7.1 Remove Residual Materials……………………………………………………… 12 - 5

12.7.2 Isolate Piping…………………………………………………………………….. 12 - 5

12.7.3 Preparing the Separator for Closure……………………………………………... 12 - 6

12.7.4 Closure in-Place………………………………………………………………….. 12 - 6

12.7.5 Total Removal of System………………………………………………………… 12 - 7

12.7.6 Photographic Documentation……………………………………………………. 12 - 8

12.8 CLOSURE REPORTS………………………………………………………………… 12 - 9

Chapter 13 GREASE TRAPS

13.1 INTRODUCTION TO GREASE TRAPS……………………………………………….. 13 - 4

13.1.1 Blockage of Sewer Lines………………………………………………………… 13 - 4

13.1.2 Effects on Wastewater Treatment Systems……………………………………… 13 - 4

13.2 OPERATIONS THAT GENERATE WASTEWATER CONTAINING FATS,

OILS, AND GREASE……………………………………………………….……….. 13 - 4

13.2.1 Fast Food Restaurants……………………………………………………………. 13 - 5

13.2.2 Full Service Restaurants………………………………………………………….. 13 - 6

13.2.3 Institutional and Large Commercial Kitchens……………………………………. 13 - 6

13.3 REGULATIONS AND CODES GOVERNING GREASE TRAPS………………………….. 13 - 6

13.3.1 Federal, State, and Local Regulations……………………………………………. 13 - 7

13.3.2 Plumbing Codes………………………………………………………………….. 13 - 7

13.4 PRINCIPLES OF GREASE SEPARATION…………………………………….……….. 13 - 7

13.5 COMPONENTS OF GREASE TRAPS…………………………………………………. 13 - 8

13.5.1 Solids Trap/Separator……………………………………………………………. 13 - 8

13.5.2 Flow Control Device…………………………………………………………….. 13 - 8

13.5.3 Baffles or “T” Connections……………………………………………………… 13 - 9

13.5.4 Air Source and Air Relief Bypass……………………………………….………. 13 - 9

13.5.5 Internal Grease Removal Systems……………………………………….……… 13 - 9

13.5.6 Ports……………………………………………………………………………… 13 - 9

13.5.7 Heating Systems…………………………………………………………………. 13 - 9

13.5.8 Water Cooled Systems…………………………………………………………… 13 - 9

13.5.9 Sensors and Timers……………………………………………………………… 13 - 9

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13.5.10 Grease Holding Reservoirs…………………………………………….………... 13 -10

13.6 GENERAL GREASE TRAP DESIGN INFORMATION………………………………….. 13 -10

13.7 SIZING THE GREASE TRAP………………………………………………………… 13 -12

13.7.1 Uniform Plumbing Code…………………………………………………………. 13 -12

13.7.2 Plumbing and Drainage Institute…………………………………………………. 13 -12

13.7.3 Municipal Regulation…………………………………………………………….. 13 -14

13.7.4 Number of Fixtures Connected to a Grease Trap………………………………… 13 -14

13.7.5 Example of Manufacturer’s Guidelines………………………………….………. 13 -15

13.8 CATEGORIES OF GREASE TRAPS…………………………………………………… 13 -15

13.8.1 Grease Removal Method…………………………………………………………. 13 -15

13.8.1.1 Manual………………………………………………………………….. 13 -15

13.8.1.2 Semi-automatic…………………………………………………………. 13 -15

13.8.1.3 Automatic………………………………………………………………. 13 -15

13.8.2 Grease Trap Location…………………………………………………………….. 13 -16

13.8.2.1 Underground Systems………………………………………….………. 13 -16

13.8.2.2 Above-the-Floor Systems……………………………………………… 13 -17

13.9 SOURCES THAT SHOULD NOT BE DISCHARGED TO GREASE TRAPS………………… 13 -18

13.9.1 Garbage Disposal/Grinders, Produce Preparation Sinks, or

Other High Solids Wastewaters………………………………………….………. 13 -19

13.9.2 Dishwashers……………………………………………………………………… 13 -19

13.9.3 Sanitary Waste/Sewage………………………………………………………….. 13 -19

13.9.4 Hot Water………………………………………………………………………… 13 -20

13.9.5 Cooling Water/Clean Condensate………………………………………………… 13 -20

13.10 POLLUTION PREVENTION………………………………………………………….. 13 -20

13.10.1 Collect Free Grease……………………………………………………………… 13 -20

13.10.2 Pre-clean Equipment…………………………………………………………….. 13 -20

13.10.3 Dry Clean-up…………………………………………………………………….. 13 -20

13.11 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND INSPECTION……………………………………. 13 -20

13.11.1 Properly Maintained Grease Trap……………………………………………….. 13 -21

13.11.2 Improperly Maintained Grease Trap…………………………………………….. 13 -21

13.11.3 Types of Waste Grease………………………………………………………….. 13 -21

13.11.4 Inspection and Cleaning Frequency……………………………………………... 13 -21

13.11.5 Manual Grease Removal……………………………………………….………... 13 -22

13.11.5.1 Mechanical Cleaning…………………………………………………... 13 -22

13.11.5.2 Chemical Cleaning…………………………………………………….. 13 -23

13.11.5.3 Bioaugmentation………………………………………………………. 13 -23

13.11.6 Semi-automatic and Automatic Grease Removal……………………………….. 13 -23

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Page

13.12 DISPOSAL/REUSE OF GREASE………………………………………………………. 13 -24

13.12.1 Rendering/Recycling…………………………………………………………….. 13 -24

13.12.2 Landfill/Land Application……………………………………………………….. 13 -24

13.12.3 Biological Treatment…………………………………………………………….. 13 -24

13.13 CLOSURE OF A GREASE TRAP………………………………………………………. 13 -24

List of Tables 2-1 Oil/Water Separators and Associated Regulations……………………………….. 2 - 2 2-2 Oil/Water Separators and the Clean Water Act…………………………………… 2 - 5 2-3 Classification of Injection Wells………………………………………………….. 2 - 7 2-4 Oil/Water Separators and the Safe Drinking Water Act………………………….. 2 - 8 2-5 Oil/Water Separators and the Solid Waste Disposal Act……………………….… 2 -12 2-6 Oil/Water Separators and DoD Directives and Executive Orders………………... 2 -14 2-7 Oil/Water Separators and Service Guidance/Policy/Instructions………………… 2 -15 2-8 Military Environmental Hotlines and Information Services……………………… 2 -17

3-1 Suggested Abbreviations to be Used for Table 3-2………………………………. 3 -17 3-2 Summary of Existing Separators…………………………………………………. 3 -18

4-1 Analytical Methods and Descriptions……………………………………………. 4 - 4 4-2 Available Treatment Requirements Based on Compliance Evaluation………….. 4 - 6

6-1 Examples of Sources Associated with Vehicle and Aircraft Maintenance………. 6 - 5 6-2 Potential Bilge Contaminants……………………………………………………. 6 - 7 6-3 Type of Ballast Water……………………………………………………………. 6 - 7 6-4 Examples of Activities or Areas Associated with Oily Runoff………………….. 6 - 8 6-5 Pollution Prevention Opportunities and Best Management Practices for

Various Sources, Activities, and Conveyances Contributing to an Oil/Water Separator……………………………………………………………… 6 -10

7-1 General Pollution Prevention Guidance………………………………………….. 7 - 6 7-2 Summary Information on Design Wastewater Characteristics…………………... 7 -13

9-1 Skimmer Descriptions……………………………………………………………. 9 - 6 9-2 Gravity Oil/Water Separators - General Design Information……………………. 9 -13 9-3 Load Equalization Tank - General Design Information…………………………. 9 -14 9-4 Parallel Plate Oil/Water Separators - General Design Information……………… 9 -18 9-5 Dissolved Air Flotation System - General Design Information…………………. 9 -24 9-6 Multi-media Filter System - General Design Information………………………. 9 -25 9-7 Methods of Breaking Oil-in-Water Emulsions…………………………………... 9 -28 9-8 Summary of Oil/Water Separator Systems………………………………………. 9 -37

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Page 10-1 Definitions………………………………………………………………………… 10 - 4 10-2 Air Force Aircraft Cleaning Compounds…………………………………………. 10 - 6 10-3 Warnings and Disadvantages of Various Cleaning Methods and Compounds…… 10 - 8

11-1 Delineation of Oil/Water Separator O&M Responsibility………………………… 11 -44

13-1 Percent of Total Grease & Oil Loading from Various Restaurant Types………… 13 - 6 13-2 Examples of Grease Trap Guidelines and Requirements……………………….… 13 -11 13-3 Procedure for Sizing a Grease Trap - PDI………………………………………... 13 -13 13-4 Sizing a Grease Trap - PDI………………………………………………………. 13 -13 13-5 Examples of Fixtures and Estimated Flow Rates………………………………… 13 -14 13-6 Grease Trap Information - Uniform Plumbing Code…………………………….. 13 -14 13-7 Grease Trap Sizing - Manufacturer’s Guidelines………………………………… 13 -15 13-8 Advantages/Disadvantages of Grease Trap Locations…………………………… 13 -18 13-9 Type and Cost of Grease Traps………………………………………………….... 13 -18 13-10 Examples of Suggested Inspection and Cleaning Frequencies………………….... 13 -22

List of Figures 3-1 Aboveground Oil/Water Separator……………………………………………….. 3 - 4 3-2 Underground Oil/Water Separator……………………………………………….. 3 - 5 3-3 Field Measurement Locations……………………………………………………. 3 -21

7-1 Oil/Water Separator Decision - Flow Diagram…………………………………... 7 - 4 7-2 Oil/Water Separator Design - Flow Diagram…………………………………….. 7 - 5 7-3 Oil Category and Appropriate Oil Separation/Removal Systems………………… 7 -14

9-1 Skimmer Diagrams……………………………………………………………….. 9 - 7 9-2 Gravity Oil/Water Separator……………………………………………………... 9 -10 9-3 Slant Rib Coalescing Separator…………………………………………………... 9 -16 9-4 Parallel Plates……………………………………………………………………... 9 -17 9-5 Corrugated Plate Separator……………………………………………………….. 9 -19 9-6 Vertical Coalescing Tube Pack…………………………………………………... 9 -21 9-7 Circular and Rectangular DAF Units…………………………………………….. 9 -22 9-8 HydroFloat - Dissolved Air Flotation……………………………………………. 9 -23 9-9 HydroCell - Pressure Sand Filters……………………………………………….. 9 -26 9-10 Tubular Membrane Module………………………………………………………. 9 -29 9-11 Ultra-Filtration System…………………………………………………………… 9 -30

10-1 Cleaning Process Evaluation Flow Diagram……………………………………… 10 -10

11-1 Monitoring Requirements for "Used Oil" Recycling………………….………….. 11 -17

13-1 Grease Trap……………………………………………………………………….. 13 - 8 13-2 Underground Grease Trap……………………………………………………….... 13 -17

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Page List of Worksheets 3-1 Oil/Water Separator Inventory Sheet…………………………………………….. 3 -19 3-2 Evaluating Physical Characteristics of Gravity Separator……………………….. 3 -22 3-3 Calculate Maximum Flow Rate Based on Current Use………………………….. 3 -23 3-4 Evaluating Current Capacity of Gravity Oil/Water Separator…………………… 3 -27 3-5 Summary of Gravity Oil/Water Separator Conditions …………………………... 3 -30 3-6 Oil/Water Separator Capacity, Solids Capacity Based on Detention Time……… 3 -33

4-1 Gravity Oil/Water Separator Compliance Evaluation……………………………. 4 - 8

7-1 Review Worksheet for New Systems…………………………………………….. 7 -22

11-1 Oil/Water Separator Summary Sheet - For Maintenance/Inspection Program…… 11 -31 11-2 Suggested Inspection Activities…………………………………………………... 11 -33 11-3 Suggested Maintenance Activities………………………………………………… 11 -39

List of Appendices A Abbreviations and Acronyms B Reference Documents C Example Table of Contents

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In accomplishing its primary mission, the Department of Defense (DoD) generates oily wastewaters. Historically, oil/water separators have treated these wastewaters. In recent years, it has become obvious that many of the DoD separators are either, not required, or are not adequately treating the wastewater. Both of these situations utilize much-needed funds without significant environmental improvement. This approach has continued to the point that the military funding level for oil/water separator related actions has exceeded several hundred million dollars.

The expenditure of funds without comparable benefits mandates that a change in philosophy be implemented. The revised DoD philosophy is to close all unnecessary separators, upgrade existing or install new systems as necessary to ensure regulatory compliance, and adequately operate and maintain existing systems.

The primary causes for unnecessary or inadequate separators are:

• failure to institute aggressive pollution prevention at the oily wastewater source;

• a general misunderstanding of wastewater characteristics, permit/regulatory requirements, and the appropriate type of separator to treat a specific wastewater;

• inadequate operation and maintenance; and

• failure to reevaluate the source following a change in mission.

This guidance document will provide the installation with the necessary tools to evaluate the regulatory compliance of the discharges; determine if a separator is necessary; and make appropriate decisions concerning the need to install, upgrade or replace a separator.

The document chapters are described below:

Chapter 2 - Regulations Governing Oil/Water Separators This chapter focuses on federal, state and local environmental statutes and regulations that have the potential to impact the construction, operation, maintenance, or discharge of an oil/water separator.

Chapter 3 - Conducting an Oil/Water Separator Inventory Procedures to develop an oil/water separator inventory are discussed. If the procedures are followed, the installation should have adequate information to begin making decisions concerning the existing separators, including potential problem areas, excess treatment capacity, maintenance requirements, and their upgrade/replacement/removal needs.

This document is designed so that the user can go directly to appropriate chapters for relevant information without having to read the entire document.

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Chapter 4 - Oil/Water Separator Compliance Evaluation A method is provided to determine the oil/water separator effectiveness. The quality of the raw and treated wastewater is discussed. Upon completion of the compliance evaluation, adequate information will be available to determine if the existing discharge requires treatment.

Chapter 5 - Oil/Water Separator Management Plan Guidance The intent of the oil/water separator management plan is to provide the installation a guide to control and manage the oil/water separator systems. A format by which the installation may compile the generated information is provided.

Chapter 6 - Oily Wastewater Sources and Pollution Prevention Opportunities and Best Management Practices at the Shop Level Chapter 6 describes the most common military sources of oily wastewater and runoff.

The descriptions include the industrial operation, particular contaminants associated with the operation, and relevant pollution prevention activities.

Chapter 7 - What You Should Know Before Installing, Upgrading, or Replacing an Oil/Water Separator This chapter discusses the methodology to evaluate existing or proposed oil/water separator needs. Emphasis is placed on the elimination of unnecessary systems and the consolidation of those wastewater sources that require separator treatment. Oil/water separator decision and design flow diagrams are provided.

Chapter 8 - Principles of Oil/Water Separation Oil contained in wastewater may take multiple forms, which will affect separator design considerations. This chapter defines the various categories of oil that can be found in the wastewaters generated by the military and the design basis utilized to separate/remove the respective oil categories.

Chapter 9 - Types of Oil/water Separator Systems and Applications Selection of the appropriate treatment process for oily wastewater is dependent on the oil category. Chapter 9 describes the various types of separators and the categories of oil removed by the respective systems. Relative costs and advantages/disadvantages of each system are provided.

Chapter 10 - Shop Level Cleaning Activities - Detergents/Cleaners and Solvents The activities at military installations require that materials and equipment be cleaned periodically in concert with scheduled maintenance. The types of cleaning compounds and cleaning methods are described along with their impacts on separator operations. A cleaning process evaluation flow diagram is provided.

Chapter 11 - Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection Guidance Information is provided to help the installation establish and conduct an operation and maintenance program. Details are provided for gravity oil/water separators concerning

Oil/Water Separator Guidance Manual June 11, 1999 Final 1 - 3 grounds maintenance; oil and solids monitoring, removal and disposal/reuse; and major component maintenance/inspection guidance.

Chapter 12 - Closure of Oil/Water Separators This chapter provides general guidance on the closure of oil/water separators. Only “clean closure” is addressed. Information on closure procedures, permitting, and documentation is provided.

Chapter 13 - Grease Traps General information is provided on sources of grease; pollution prevention; and grease trap design, operation, maintenance, and closure.

The use of images or information in this document from specific vendors is for illustrative purposes only and not to be construed as a vendor endorsement.

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CHAPTER 2

REGULATIONS GOVERNING OIL/WATER SEPARATORS

Page

2.1 FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL REGULATIONS………………………………………. 2 - 2

2.1.1 Clean Water Act…………………………………………………………………… 2 - 3

2.1.2 Oil Pollution Act of 1990…………………………………………………………. 2 - 6

2.1.3 Safe Drinking Water Act………………………………………………………….. 2 - 6

2.1.3.1 Underground Injection Control…………………………………………. 2 - 6

2.1.3.2 Wellhead Protection Program………………………………………….. 2 - 7

2.1.4 Federal Facility Compliance Act…………………………………………………. 2 - 8

2.1.5 Solid Waste Disposal Act…………………………………………………………. 2 - 9

2.1.6 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act……………………………………….. 2 - 9

2.1.6.1 Underground Storage Tanks……………………………………………. 2 -10

2.1.6.2 Solid Waste Management Unit…………………………………………. 2 -10

2.1.6.3 “Used Oil” ……………………………………………………………… 2 -11

2.1.6.4 Solids…………………………………………………………………… 2 -11

2.1.7 Air Pollution Requirements………………………………………………………. 2 -12

2.1.8 Pollution Prevention Act…………………………………………………………. 2 -12

2.1.9 Occupational Safety and Health Administration…………………………………. 2 -13

2.1.10 State and Local Requirements…………………………………………………... 2 -13

2.1.10.1 Publicly and Federally Owned Treatment Works…………………….. 2 -13

2.1.10.2 Landfills………………………………………………………………. 2 -13

2.1.10.3 Land Application of Wastewater or Solids…………………………… 2 -13

2.1.10.4 Wellhead Protection Program………………………………………… 2 -13

2.1.10.5 Oil/Water Separator Closure………………………………………….. 2 -13

2.1.10.6 Air Pollution Controls………………………………………………… 2 -14

2.1.11 Installation Plans………………………………………………………………… 2 -14

2.2 DOD DIRECTIVES AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS……………………………………….. 2 -14

2.3 MILITARY GUIDANCE, POLICY, INSTRUCTIONS AND DIRECTIVES………………….. 2 -15

2.4 MILITARY ENVIRONMENTAL HOTLINES……………………………………………. 2 -16

List of Tables 2-1 Oil/Water Separators and Associated Regulations……………………………… 2 - 2 2-2 Oil/Water Separators and the Clean Water Act………………………………… 2 - 5 2-3 Classification of Injection Wells………………………………………………… 2 - 7 2-4 Oil/Water Separators and the Safe Drinking Water Act………………………… 2 - 8 2-5 Oil/Water Separators and the Solid Waste Disposal Act………………………... 2 -12 2-6 Oil/Water Separators and DoD Directives and Executive Orders………………. 2 -14 2-7 Oil/Water Separators and Service Guidance/Policy/Instructions……………….. 2 -15 2-8 Military Environmental Hotlines and Information Services……………………. 2 -17

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CHAPTER 2

REGULATIONS GOVERNING OIL/WATER SEPARATORS

2.1 FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL REGULATIONS

This section focuses on federal, state and local environmental statutes and regulations that have the potential to impact the construction, operation, maintenance, or discharge of an oil/water separator. Federal legislation that are of primary interest include the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Oil Pollution Act (OPA), the Federal Facility Compliance Act (FFCA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and the Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA).

Table 2-1 lists various activities or conditions associated with oil/water separators and potentially relevant rules/regulations. Permits are addressed in Section 3.1.13.

Table 2-1 - Oil/Water Separators and Associated Regulations

ACTIVITY OR CONDITION DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE RULES/REGULATIONS

Underground Oil/Water Separator State - RCRA - UST requirements (potential, based on State interpretation).

Treated Wastewater Discharge to:

• POTW Federal - CWA - Pretreatment requirements;

Local - Sewer Use Ordinance/permits.

• FOTW Federal - CWA - Pretreatment or effluent requirements, and FFCA (SWDA) - Sewer use exclusion;

Local - FOTW requirements.

• Waters of the U.S. Federal - CWA - NPDES or storm water (if runoff, only) permit; or State - CWA - SPDES permit; or State and Federal permits for non-delegated states.

• Drainfield, leachfield, dry well Federal/State - SDWA - UIC permit and wellhead protection; and State/Local - Other applicable permits.

NOTE: Any discharges to the groundwater by separators should be eliminated.

• Land application or unlined, non-discharging pond

State/local permit(s).

"Used Oil" Holding Tanks

• Underground Federal/State - RCRA - UST requirements (potential, based on State UST regulation interpretation).

• Aboveground Federal/State - CWA - Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan modification (potential).

"Used Oil"

It is imperative that the installation contact state and local governments concerning their approach to the laws and regulations discussed below, before any actions are undertaken.

NOTE: Contact with state or local regulators should be coordinated through the installation environmental office.

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• Hazardous Fuel (> 1,000 ppm, total halogens)

Federal - RCRA and some "Used Oil" requirements.

• Energy Recovery -"Used oil" “on-specification” “off-specification”

Federal - "Used Oil" - exempted from most regulations;

Federal - "Used Oil" regulations.

• Not used for energy recovery Federal - "Used Oil" regulations.

• Dust suppressant Federal - "Used Oil" - prohibited, except when the activity takes place in a state listed in 40 CFR 279.82.

NOTE: "Used oil" as a dust suppressant is prohibited.

Solids (Hazardous) Federal - RCRA.

Solids (Non-hazardous) Disposal to:

• Landfill Federal - SWDA - Non-hazardous, non-PCB, and non-liquid;

State/Local - Additional restrictions (potential) including total petroleum hydrocarbon limitations.

• Land Application Federal - SWDA - Solids quality and site operational controls;

State/Local - permits and other requirements.

Leaking Oil/Water Separator Federal - SDWA - (potential UIC, Class V well);

State/Local - Handled by State programs dealing with oil management and/or groundwater quality protection.

• Installation does not have a RCRA part B permit

Federal - The leaking separator is not considered a Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU).

• Installation has a RCRA part B permit Federal - The leaking separator may be considered a SWMU, following evaluation by EPA or delegated State.

Each of the major acts that may impact an oil/water separator system are discussed below:

2.1.1 Clean Water Act

The CWA may regulate an oil/water separator system under the following conditions:

• the discharge of treated industrial wastewater to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW), federally owned treatment works (FOTW), or waters of the United States (including storm sewers);

• the discharge of treated runoff to waters of the United States; or

• an aboveground "used oil" holding tank.

The main focus of the CWA related to oil/water separators deals with the discharge of treated industrial wastewater. If the separator discharges to waters of the U.S., the discharge will be issued an individual National/State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES/SPDES) permit or a specific outfall number under a broader NPDES/SPDES permit. The discharge could be regulated by a permit issued by EPA, the State, or both (if the state has not been delegated the NPDES program). The discharge of treated runoff may be controlled by a storm water permit.

If the separator discharges to a POTW, EPA’s general pretreatment regulations, categorical industry pretreatment regulations, and/or a local sewer use ordinance (developed by the POTW) may govern the discharge. The CWA contains specific provisions (General Pretreatment Regulations - Section 403.5(b)) that may be applicable to oily discharges to domestic wastewater systems. These provisions prohibit the discharge of pollutants that:

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• cause interference or pass through a treatment works; (This includes petroleum oil, non-biodegradable cutting oil, or products of mineral oil origin, in concentrations that will cause interference or pass through; or that will cause the receiving treatment works to exceed effluent limitations.)

• create a fire or explosive hazard in the sewerage system; or

• result in the presence of toxic gases, vapors, or fumes within the sewerage system that may cause acute worker health and safety problems.

Discharges to an FOTW may be regulated by EPA’s categorical industry effluent limitations or under conditions listed within the FOTW’s NPDES permit. FOTW pretreatment programs could be affected by the Federal Facility Compliance Act (Section 2.1.4).

Federal, state, and some local regulations have established standards for the discharge of wastewaters containing oily residues. These standards vary from finite quantities stated in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or pounds per day to qualitative standards requiring that the wastewater have no visible sheen. Although these standards, and the analytical methodology on which they are based, differ, their intent is clear: to control the discharge of oil residues into the environment. The effluent parameters that may be regulated for an oil/water separator include, but are not limited to: oil and grease (or total petroleum hydrocarbons), total suspended solids, and pH.

The effluent quality requirements for discharge to waters of the U.S. are listed in the NPDES/SPDES permit.