NASA-STD 8719.12 Safety Standard for Explosives, Propellants, and Pyrotechnics.pdf

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE – DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED

Approved: 2018-05-23

Measurement System Identification:

Hybrid—Inch—Pound and Metric

NASA TECHNICAL STANDARD

NASA-STD-8719.12A

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Approved: 2018-05-23 Superseding NASA-STD-8719.12

SAFETY STANDARD FOR EXPLOSIVES, PROPELLANTS, AND

PYROTECHNICS

NASA-STD-8719.12A—2018-05-23

DOCUMENT HISTORY LOG

Status

Docume nt

Revision

Approval Date Description

Baseline 2010-01-29 Initial Release (Supersedes NASA-Safety Standard

1740.12).

Change 1 2011-11-17

Changes to sections 3.1, 4.25.9.1.12.5.1, 4.25.9.1.12.10, 5.53.4.4 and note #5 to Table

XXXII.

Change 2 2011-12-12 Administrative change to add Requirement

Hyperlinks to the SMARTS application.

Revision A 2018-05-23

The Safety Standard for Explosives, Propellants, and Pyrotechnics, NASA-STD-8719.12, was revised to:

a. Reflect current NASA standards formatting

b. Update language for seeking relief from the stated requirements

c. Add training requirements for ESOs and

Ordnance Handlers

d. Implement other clarifications and corrections

Change 1 2019-09-26

Updated section 4.19.4.11.1 for the exception of small arms ammunition and section 5.39.1 for the exception of Model Rockets.

Changes made to correct typos and formatting.

Changes made to reference NFPA 50 (receded) to

NFPA 55.

Change 2 2021-03-18

Replaced references to NPR 8715.3 with NPR

8715.1 for section 4.12.1 and 1.3.2, which is now the directive that describes the process for requesting relief from Agency Institutional Safety

Requirements.

Updated the ordnance handler’s medical requirement to reflect the change from annual to biennial which was approved Oct 2018.

Status

Docume nt

Revision

Approval Date Description

Changes made to correct typos and formatting for section 4.3.1, 4.3.4, 4.9, 4.13.1(c), 4.14.1.(g), and

4.15.9.

This document is subject to reviews per Office of Management and Budget Circular A-119, Federal Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Standards (02/10/1998) and

NPR 7120.10, Technical Standards for NASA Programs and Projects.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENT HISTORY LOG

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF APPENDICES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

1. SCOPE

1.1 Purpose

1.2 Applicability

1.3 Request for Relief

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 Government Documents

2.2 Non-Government Documents

2.3 Order of Precedence

3. ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS

3.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations

3.2 Definitions

4. GENERAL REQUIREMENT

4.1 Equivalency

4.2 Process Safety Management

4.3 Audits

4.4 Minimum Use of Explosives

4.5 Maximum Permitted Quantity of Explosives

4.6 Operational Limits

4.7 Personnel Limits

4.8 Explosive Area Placarding

4.9 Limit Review and Approvals

4.10 Access Controls

4.11 Item Labeling

4.12 ESO Responsibility

4.13 Supervisory Responsibility

4.14 Explosives Handler Responsibility

4.15 ESO and Explosives Handlers Training and Qualifications

4.16 Preparing and Controlling Procedures for Explosives Operations

4.17 Explosives Operating Procedures

4.18 Facility Construction

4.19 Explosives Site Plans and Explosives Facility Licenses

4.20 Explosives Waste Requirements

4.21 Law Enforcement

5. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS

5.1 General

5.2 Fire Protection Criteria

5.3 Display of Fire, Chemical and/or Apply No Water Symbols

5.4 Vegetation Control

5.5 Motor Vehicle Safety Requirements

5.6 Grounding and Bonding

5.7 Lightning Protection

5.8 Explosives in Process during Electrical Storms

5.9 Static Electricity and Control of ESD

5.10 Laboratory Testing of Explosives Safety

5.11 Concurrent Explosives Operations

5.12 Physical Security Requirements

5.13 Housekeeping

5.14 Sweeping Compounds

5.15 Explosives Recovery

5.16 RF Transmissions

5.17 Smoking

5.18 Personal Protective Equipment

5.19 Clothing

5.20 Conductive Footwear

5.21 Hand Tool Safety

5.22 Hot Work Permits

5.23 Maintenance and Repairs to Equipment and Buildings

5.24 Electrical Testing of Explosives Components

5.25 Heat Conditioning of Explosives Equipment

5.26 Classification System

5.27 Condition Codes

5.28 Segregation and Storage Principles

5.29 Mixed Storage

5.30 QD Principles

5.31 Quantity of Explosives and Distances

5.32 Hazard Divisions and QD Tables

5.33 Motor Vehicle Transportation Requirements

5.34 Surface, Air, and Water Transportation and Shipment Requirements

5.35 Explosives Handling Equipment

5.36 Refueling Procedures

5.37 Storage of Gasoline Powered Equipment

5.38 Storage of Battery Powered Equipment

5.39 5.39 Exceptions for Model Rocket Motors

LIST OF APPENDICES

SITE PLANNING GUIDANCE

HAZARDS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) TO EEDS

TRAINING

REFERENCES

K-FACTORS

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 5-1. Sample Label Figure 5-2. Orientation Effects on Intermagazine Distance Figure 5-3. Orientation Effects on Interline Distance Figure B-1. Recommended Safe Separation Distances for EEDs in Exposed Condition

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5-1. Safety Shields for Explosives Laboratory Operations Table 5-2. Moieties That Can Form Organic Peroxides Table 5-3. Chemicals That Form Potentially Explosives Peroxides Without Concentrationa Table 5-4. Chemicals That Form Potentially Explosive Peroxides on Concentration a, b

Table 5-5. Chemicals That Autopolymerize a Table 5-6. DOT Hazard Classification System Table 5-7. Classification Codes Table 5-8. Storage Compatibility Mixing Chart a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j Table 5-9. Hazard Division 1.1 Inhabited Building and Public Traffic Route Distances

Table 5-10. Hazard Division 1.1, Intraline Distances Table 5-11. Hazard Division 1.1, Intraline Distances from ECMs Table 5-12. Hazard Division 1.1 Intermagazine Hazard Factors

Table 5-13. Intermagazine Hazard Factors and Distances for Hazard Division 1.1 for K = 1.1, 1.25, 2, 2.75, 4.5, and 5 Table 5-14. Intermagazine Hazard Factors and Distances for Hazard Division 1.1 for K = 6, 8, 9, 11, 18 and 40 Table 5-15. Hazard Division 1.1 Hazardous Fragment Distancesa,b

Table 5-16. Hazard Subdivision 1.2.1 Quantity-Distances (IBD, PTRD, ILD) for Explosives with NEWQD > 1.60 Pounds [0.73 kg]a,b Table 5-17. Hazardous Debris Distances for HD 1.2.1 Items Stored in Structures Which Can

Contribute to the Debris Hazarda,b Table 5-18. Hazard Subdivision 1.2.2 Quantity-Distances (IBD, PTRD, ILD) for Explosives with NEWQD < 1.60 Pounds [0.73 kg]a,b,c Table 5-19. Summary of Hazard Subdivisions 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.3 Quantity-Distancea,b,c

Table 5-20. Hazard Subdivisions 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.3 Mixing Rule Table 5-21. Hazard Division 1.3 Quantity-Distancesa, b Table 5-22. Hazard Division 1.4 Quantity Distancesa

Table 5-23. Quantity-Distance Criteria for Hazard Division 1.6 Explosives Table 5-24. Hazard Division 1.1 - Quantity-Distance for Explosives Loaded Aircraft Parking

Areas Table 5-25. Application of Explosives Safety Distances (Airfields and Heliports) Table 5-26. Quantity-Distance Separation for Protection of Underground Service Installations

Table 5-27. Hazard Classifications and Minimum QD for Energetic Liquids Table 5-28. Factors to Use When Converting Energetic Liquids Densitiesa Table 5-29. Energetic Liquid Equivalent Explosives Weightsa, b, c, d, e

Table 5-30. QD Criteria for OSHA/NFPA Class I – III Flammable and Combustible Energetic

Liquids Storage in Detached Buildings or Tanksa, b Table 5-31. QD Criteria for Energetic Liquid Oxidizer (excluding LO2) Storage in Detached

Buildings or Tanksa,b Table 5-32. QD Criteria for LO2

Storage in Detached Buildings or Tanksa,b

Table 5-33. QD Criteria for LH2 and Bulk Quantities of Hydrazinesa Table 5-34. Recommended Distances between Bulk Gaseous Oxygen Storage and Flammable

Gases Stored Above Ground Table B-1. Recommended EED Safe Separation Distances and Power Densities Table E-1. K-Factors and Associated pressures/QD distances Table E-2. Expected Peak Incident Pressures from HD 1.1 Events

SAFETY STANDARD FOR EXPLOSIVES, PROPELLANTS,

AND PYROTECHNICS

1. SCOPE

1.1 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to prescribe the NASA safety standards and procedures for operations involving explosives handling and processing. This document provides a uniform set of standards for all NASA Centers involved in explosives storage, handling, and processing, and complies with the cardinal principle for explosives safety: Expose the minimum number of people to the minimum quantity of explosives for the minimum amount of time consistent with the operation being conducted.

This standard has been reviewed and approved for NASA use in accordance with 29

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1960.18 as a supplemental standard to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulation 29 CFR 1910.109. For those areas not covered by 29 CFR 1910.109, this standard takes the place of OSHA regulations shall apply.

1.2 Applicability

This standard is approved for use by NASA Headquarters and NASA Centers, including Component Facilities and Technical and Service Support Centers and may be cited in contract, program, and other Agency documents as a technical requirement. This standard may also apply to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and to other contractors, grant recipients, or parties to agreements to the extent specified or referenced in their contracts, grants, or agreements.

This standard is applicable to facilities engaged in the development, manufacturing, handling, storage, transportation (on/offsite), processing, testing, or use of explosives, or assemblies containing explosives. The standard further provides requirements for operations involving explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics and energetic liquids used for and in space launch vehicles, aeronautic applications, rockets, missiles, associated static test apparatus, and ammunition items, and the safe management of such operations.

This standard does not govern bulk storage of hazardous gases used for standard industrial purposes (e.g., medical, welding) and non-propellant uses and systems involving liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.

The design of new explosives facilities shall conform to the requirements of NPR

8820.2 and the requirements in this document.

In this standard, document citations are assumed to be the latest version, unless otherwise noted.

1.3 Request for Relief

The primary objective of the NASA request for relief policy is to assure that NASA

Headquarters maintains oversight of the Agency requirements while providing the Centers and project managers with the authority and flexibility to accept reasonable risks necessary to accomplish their tasks.

Requests for relief shall adhere to the NASA request for relief policy in accordance with NPR 8715.1. In the assessment of the hazard analysis associated with a given situation, the principal effects of the explosive output to be considered are blast pressure, primary and secondary fragments, thermal hazards, and toxicity hazards.

All requests for relief, approved at the Center level, shall be submitted to the Chief, SMA.

The NASA request for relief process does not apply to federal, state, and local regulations (e.g., OSHA, Cal OSHA). Any variance of a federal or state/local regulation must be approved by the appropriate federal/state/local agency. The Chief, SMA shall review all proposed requests for relief of federal regulations before submittal for approval.

Explosives safety criteria in this standard specify minimum acceptable standards for explosives safety. Departure from this explosives safety standard shall only result from operational necessity and all risks associated with the departure must be completely understood and accepted by the appropriate approval authority.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

The documents listed in this section contain provisions that constitute requirements of this standard as cited in the text. Use of more recent issues of cited documents may be authorized by the responsible Explosive Safety Officer. The applicable documents are accessible via the

NASA Technical Standards System at https://standards.nasa.gov or may be obtained directly from the Standards Developing Organizations or other document distributors.

2.1 Government Documents

29 CFR 1910.104 Oxygen

29 CFR 1910.106 Flammable Liquids

29 CFR 1910.109 Explosives and Blasting Agents

29 CFR 1910.119 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous

Chemicals

29 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment

40 CFR 261 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste

40 CFR 262 Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste

40 CFR 264 Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste

Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities

49 CFR 171-179 Hazardous Materials Regulations

NPR 1600.1 NASA Security Program Procedural Requirements

NPR 8715.1 NASA Safety and Health Programs

NASA-STD-8719.11 NASA Safety Standard for Fire Protection

AA-F-358J Filing Cabinet, Legal and Letter, Size, Uninsulated, Security (including all amendments), General Services

Administration, Revision J, 14 November 2012

AFMAN 91-201 Explosives Safety Standards, 21 March 2017

DDESB TP 15 Approved Protective Construction, Version 2.0, June 2004

DoD 6055.09 DoD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards, 2017

DOE-STD-1212-2012 DoE Standard Explosives Safety, June 2012

DOT-SP 7887 Special Permit Authorization, November 2011

MIL-C-43122G Cloth, Sateen, Cotton, Flame Retardant Treated, Revision

G, 16 September 1988

MIL-STD-398A Shields, Operational for Ammunition Operations, Criteria for Design of and Tests for Acceptance, Revision A, 29

January 2014

NF 1791 Explosives Facility License, April 2010

2.2 Non-Government Documents

ASTM F2412-18 Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection, February 2018

A-A-59502 Commercial Item Description Plastic Sheet, Polycarbonate, 9 June 2000

IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR), 59th Edition, 1 January 2018

ICAO 9284 Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of

Dangerous Goods by Air, 2017 – 2018 Edition

Management Procedures for Organic Peroxide Forming Chemicals and other

Explosive Chemicals, NMSU, Sept 2014

NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of

Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 2017 Edition

NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2018 Edition

NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, 2020

Edition

NFPA 221 Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls, and

Fire Barrier Walls, 2018 Edition

NFPA 495 Explosive Materials Code, 2018 Edition

NFPA 780 Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection

Systems, 2017 Edition

NFPA 1125 Code for the Manufacture of Model Rocket and High-

Power Rocket Motors, 2017 Edition

2.3 Order of Precedence

This NASA Technical Standard establishes requirements for operations involving explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics and energetic liquids used for and in space launch vehicles, aeronautic applications, rockets, missiles, associated static test apparatus, and ammunition items and the safe management of such operations but does not supersede nor waive established Agency requirements found in other documentation.

For conflicts between this NASA Technical Standard and other requirements document, this document takes precedence, except in the case of Federal and applicable

State/local regulations. Clarification and further resolution shall be resolved by the responsible

Institutional Safety Authority and Institutional Safety Discipline Lead (i.e., ESO) in accordance with NPR 8715.1.

3. ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS

3.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations

AGS Aboveground Sites

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

DDESB Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board

DoD Department of Defense

DOT Department of Transportation

ECM Earth-Covered Magazine

EED Electro-Explosive Device

EELP Explosives, Energetic Liquids, and Pyrotechnics

EID Electrically Initiated Device

ELCG Energetic Liquid Compatibility Group

EME Electromagnetic Energy

EMR Electromagnetic Radiation

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ERP Effective Radiated Power

ES Exposed Site

ESD Electrostatic Discharge

ESO Explosives Safety Officer

ESQD Explosive Safety Quantity Distance

GOV Government Owned Vehicle

GSA General Services Administration

GSE Ground Support Equipment

HD Hazard Division

HAN Hydroxylammonium Nitrate

HE High Explosive

HFD Hazardous Fragment Distance

HPM High Performance Magazine

IATA International Air Transport Association

IBD Inhabited Building Distance

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ILD Intraline Distance

IMD Intermagazine Distance

IRFNA Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ISDL Institutional Safety Discipline Lead

JP-10 Hydrocarbon Turbine/Ramjet Fuel

JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory kPa Kilopascal

LPS Lightning Protection System

MCE Maximum Credible Event

MILVAN Military Van

MMH Monomethylhydrazine

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NEC National Electrical Code

NEW Net Explosive Weight

NEWQD Net Explosive Weight for Quantity Distance

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

NPR NASA Procedural Requirements

NSI NASA Standard Initiator

OSHA Occupational Safety And Health Administration

PBAN Polybutadiene Acrylonitrile

PES Potential Explosive Site

POV Privately Owned Vehicle

PSI Pounds Per Square Inch

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PTR Public Traffic Route

PTRD Public Traffic Route Distance

QD Quantity Distance

RF Radio Frequency

RH Relative Humidity

SMA Safety and Mission Assurance

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

TNT Trinitrotoluene

TP Technical Paper

UDMH Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine

UN United Nations

3.2 Definitions

Aboveground Magazine. Any building or structure, except for an operating building, used for the storage of explosives. Aboveground magazines are all types of above grade (not earth-covered) magazines or storage pads. This includes storage in trucks, trailers, railcars, or cargo aircraft.

Ammunition. Projectiles, such as bullets and shot, together with their fuses and primers that can be fired from guns or otherwise propelled.

Barricade. An intervening approved barrier, natural or artificial, of such type, size, and construction as to limit, in a prescribed manner, the effect of an explosion on nearby buildings or exposures.

Bay. A location (examples: room, cubicle, cell, work area) that affords the level of safety and protection appropriate to the material and activity involved.

Blast Overpressure. The pressure, exceeding the ambient pressure, manifested in the shock wave of an explosion.

Bonding. The process of controlling static electric hazards by connectiong two or more conductive objects together by means of a conductor so they are at the same electrical potential, but not necessarily at the same potential as the earth.

Cell (High Performance Magazine). A reinforced concrete storage area in an HPM, separated from other cells by a specially designed non-propagation interior wall, with a removable reinforced concrete lid forming the roof. The entire HPM is earth-bermed.

Change House. A building provided with facilities for employees to change to and from work clothes. Such buildings may be provided with sanitary facilities, drinking fountains, lockers, and eating facilities.

Classification Yard. A group of railroad tracks used for receiving, shipping, and switching railway cars.

Combustible Material. Any material which, when ignited, will sustain burning.

Compatibility. Chemical property of materials to coexist without adverse reaction for an acceptable period of time. Compatibility in storage exists when storing materials together does not increase the probability of an accident or, for a given quantity, the magnitude of the effects of such an accident. Storage compatibility groups are assigned to provide for segregated storage.

Component. Any part of a complete item whether loaded with explosives (commonly called “live”), inert (not containing explosives), or empty.

Concurrent Operations. Operations performed simultaneously and in close enough proximity that an incident with one operation could adversely influence the other.

Counterpoise. A type of earth electrode system consisting of conductor cables buried around the structure to be protected. Generally, a counterpoise will have more surface area contacting the earth than ground rod systems.

Debris Hazard. A hazard resulting from any solid particle thrown by an explosion or other strong energetic reaction. For aboveground explosions, debris refers to secondary fragments.

Deflagration. A rapid chemical reaction in which the output of heat is sufficient to enable the reaction to proceed and be accelerated without input of heat from another source; a surface phenomenon with the reaction proceeding towards the unreacted material along the surface at subsonic velocity.

Demolition/Demilitarization (Demil). Disarm, burn, explode, neutralize or any other action that will render the explosive/explosive device free of hazardous materials.

Detonation. A violent chemical reaction within a chemical compound or mechanical mixture evolving heat and pressure that proceeds through the reacted material toward the unreacted material at a supersonic velocity.

Dielectric Breakdown. The failure of the insulating property of a material when the dielectric strength of the material has been exceeded and current flows through the material.

Dividing Wall. A wall designed to prevent, control or delay propagation of a reaction involving explosives on opposite sides of the wall.

Dry Run. Rehearsal of a process without the presence of the associated hazard. The level of dry run activities is dependent upon effect of change to the hazard level of process.

Dunnage. Inert (though possibly flammable) material associated with the packaging, containerization, blocking and bracing, ventilation, stability of shipping, stacking and storage configuration.

Earth-Covered Magazine. An aboveground, earth-covered structure intended for the storage of explosives, pyrotechnics, propellant, or United Nations (UN) Class 1 hazardous materials that meets soil cover depth and slope requirements of this standard.

Electro-Explosive Device. An electrically-initiated device containing an explosive or pyrotechnic mixture. The output of the initiation is heat, shock, or mechanical action.

Electrostatic Discharge. The rapid and spontaneous transfer of electrical charge between two bodies at different electrical potentials.

Energetic Liquid. A liquid, slurry, or gel, consisting of, or containing, an explosive, oxidizer, fuel, or combination of the above, that may undergo, contribute to, or cause rapid exothermic decomposition, deflagration, or detonation.

Energetic Material. A material consisting of, or containing, an explosive, oxidizer, fuel, or combination of the above, that may undergo, contribute to, or cause rapid exothermic decomposition, deflagration, or detonation.

Explosive Donor. An explosion from a small device or explosive mass that may cause an adjacent explosive item or larger mass to react to yield measurable blast overpressure.

Explosive(s). Any chemical compound or mechanical mixture that, when subjected to heat, impact, friction, detonation, or other suitable initiation, undergoes a very rapid chemical change with the evolution of large volumes of highly heated gases that exert pressures in the surrounding medium. The term applies to materials that either detonate or deflagrate.

Explosives Area. A restricted area specifically designated and set aside from other portions of a Center for the manufacturing, processing, storing, and handling of explosives.

Explosives Handler. Certified personnel authorized to physically handle explosives or pyrotechnic devices (outside of transportation or packing configuration) during storage, installation, inspection, or other use identified in an approved procedure.

Explosive Equivalent (TNT Equivalent). Amount of a standard explosive that, when detonated, will produce a blast effect comparable to that which results at the same distances from the detonation or explosion of a given amount of the material for which performance is being evaluated. It usually is expressed as a percentage of the total net weight of all reactive materials contained in the item or system. For the purpose of these standards, TNT is used for comparison.

Exposed Explosives. Explosives that are open to the atmosphere (such as unpackaged bulk explosives or disassembled or open components) and susceptible to initiation directly by static or mechanical spark, or create (or accidentally create) explosive dust, or give off vapors, fumes, or gases in explosive concentrations. This also includes exudation and explosives exposed from damaged items such as gun powder or rocket motors.

Exposed Site. A location exposed to the potential hazardous effects (blast, fragments, debris, and heat flux) from an explosion at a potential explosion site (PES). The distance to a PES and the level of protection required for an ES determine the quantity of explosives permitted in a PES.

Faraday Cap. A conductive metal cap that can be placed over the connector of an

Electro-explosive Device (EED), e.g., an NASA Standard Initiator (NSI), to prevent inadvertent firing from exposure to an external electric field, i.e., radio frequency (RF) sources. Some, but not all, Faraday caps also short the bridgewire.

Firebrand. A projected burning or hot fragment whose thermal energy has the potential for transfer to a receptor.

Flammable Liquid. Any liquid having a flash point below 100 °F (38 °C) and a vapor pressure not exceeding 280 kPa (41 psia) at 100 °F (37.8 °C). This is the definition as applied in this manual; it includes some materials defined as combustible liquids by the Department of Transportation (DOT).

Flash Point. The lowest temperature of the test specimen, adjusted to account for variations in atmospheric pressure from 101.3 kPa, at which application of an ignition source causes the vapors of the test sample to ignite under specified conditions of test.

Fragmentation. Breaking up of the confining material of a chemical compound or mechanical mixture when an explosion takes place. Fragments may be complete items, subassemblies, pieces thereof, or pieces of equipment or buildings containing the items.

Grounding. Electrical. In the context of this document, electrical grounding refers to connections between conductive materials and structure to the earth for protection from transients caused by ESD or lightning.

Hazard. Any condition that may result in the occurrence or contribute to the severity of an accident.

Hazard Analysis. Logical, systematic examination of an item, process, condition, facility, or system to identify and analyze the probability, causes, and consequences of potential or real hazards.

Hazardous Fragment. A hazardous fragment is one having an impact energy of 58 ft-lb or greater.

Hazardous Fragment Distance. The distance at which the density of hazardous fragments becomes 1 per 600 ft2 (56 m2)

Hazardous Material. Any material, item, or agent (biological, chemical, radiological, and/or physical), which has the potential to cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other elements or factors.

Hazardous Waste. Any hazardous material that is discarded; disposed of; burned or incinerated; accumulated; stored; or used in a manner constituting disposal.

High Density Traffic. Traffic routes having 10,000 or more car and/or rail passengers per day, or 2,000 or more ship passengers per day.

High Explosive. An explosive (as denoted by its Class and Division; e.g., 1.1 through

1.6) in which the transformation from its original composition and form, once initiated, proceeds with virtually instantaneous and continuous speed through the total mass, accompanied by rapid evolution of a large volume of gas and heat, causing very high pressure and widespread shattering effect.

High Performance Magazine. An earth-berm, 2-story magazine with internal non-propagation walls designed to reduce the maximum credible event (MCE).

Holding Yard. A holding area for rail cars, trucks, or trailers used for temporary storage of vehicles containing explosives and other dangerous materials prior to shipment or transfer to a more permanent storage area.

Hot Work. Any operation requiring the use of a flame-producing device, an electrically heated tool, or a mechanical tool that can produce sparks or heat thereby providing an initiation stimulus.

Hypergolic. Self-igniting upon contact of fuel and oxidizer, without a spark or external aid.

Inert. Containing no explosive or chemical agents. Inert material shall show no incompatibility with energetic material with which it may be combined when tested by recognized compatibility tests.

Inhabited Building Distance (IBD). Minimum allowable distance between an inhabited building and an explosive facility. IBDs are used between explosives facilities and administrative areas, operating lines with dissimilar hazards, explosive locations and other exposures, and explosive facilities and Center boundaries, and define the restricted zone into which non-essential personnel may not enter.

Inhabited Buildings. A building or structure occupied in whole or in part by human beings, or where people are accustomed to assemble, both within and outside of

Government establishments. Land outside the boundaries or local restrictive easement estate of NASA establishments is considered as inhabited buildings.

Institutional Safety Discipline Lead. Subject-matter-expert for the safety discipline they oversee who provide determination of compliance with requirements, equivalent levels of safety, and if a requirement is non-applicable.

Interchange Yard. A location set aside for exchange of rail cars or trailers between a common carrier and NASA.

Intraline Distance. The minimum distance allowed between any two operating locations or other designated exposures. This distance is expected to prevent propagation.

Intermagazine Distance. Distance to be maintained between two explosives storage locations.

K-Factor. K is a constant that is used to determine separation distance by the formula d = KW1/3, where W is the weight in pounds. The formula can be used to determine required distances between potential explosive sites (PESs) and exposed sites (ESs).

This will normally appear as the letter “K” followed by a number, for example “K8,” or “K30.”

Laboratory Operations. Experimental study, testing, and analysis of small quantities of energetic materials. Manufacturing processes with small quantities of materials are not included. Includes operations in a laboratory where the total quantity of 1.1

Class/Division explosive materials in the room does not exceed 200 grams. For maximum quantities of other Class 1 Divisions, use TNT equivalencies where the comparable quantity for the Class 1 Divisions is determined by the TNT equivalency.

License. Formal documented permission from the ESO to operate a Licensed

Explosive Location.

Licensed Explosive Locations. Locally licensed locations within NASA’s control where explosives are used or stored for use.

Liquid Propellant. Liquid and gaseous substances (fuels, oxidizers, or monopropellants) used for propulsion or operation of rockets and other related devices.

Low Explosives. Propellants, which have a controlled rate of gas pressure, i.e.

deflagration (subsonic).

Low Traffic Density. Traffic routes having less than 400 cars and/or rail passengers per day or less than 80 ship passengers per day.

Magazine. A structure designed or specifically designated for the storage of explosives.

Magazine Distance. Minimum distance permitted between any two storage magazines. The distance required is determined by the type(s) of magazine and also the type and quantity of explosives stored therein.

Mass Detonation/Explosion. Virtually instantaneous explosion of a mass of explosives when only a small portion is subjected to fire, severe concussion or impact, the impulse of an initiating agent, or to the effect of a considerable discharge of energy from an outside stimulus. Also refers to the instantaneous propagation of an explosion between multiple explosives items such that blast overpressure effects are combined into a single enhanced blast wave.

Maximum Credible Event (MCE). In hazards evaluation, the MCE from a hypothesized accidental explosion, fire, or agent release is the worst single event that is likely to occur from a given quantity and disposition of explosives, chemical agents, or reactive material. The event must be realistic with a reasonable probability of occurrence considering the explosion propagation, burning rate characteristics, and physical protection given to the items involved. The MCE evaluation on this basis may then be used as a basis for effects calculations and casualty prediction.

Medium Traffic Density. Traffic routes having 400 or more, but less than 10,000, car and/or rail passengers per day or 80 or more, but less than 2,000, ship passengers per day.

Net Explosive Weight. The total quantity, expressed in pounds, of explosive material or pyrotechnics in a container or device. The NEW may include the mass of the TNT-equivalent of all contained energetic substances based on Center policies.

Net Explosive Weight for Quantity Distance. The total quantity, expressed in pounds, of high explosive (HE) equivalency in each item to be used when applying quantity-distance criteria. The NEWQD is equal to the NEW unless hazard classification testing has shown that a lower weight is appropriate for Quantity

Distance (QD) purposes.

Non-essential Personnel. Personnel not essential to, or involved with, the immediate operation presenting the energetic materials hazard.

Non-mass Explosion. Partial explosion of a mass of explosives when only a small portion is subjected to fire, severe concussion or impact, the impulse of an initiating agent, or to the effect of a considerable discharge of energy from an outside stimulus.

Also refers to sequential propagation of explosions of multiple items with time delays such that blast overpressure effects do not combine from each individual explosion.

Operating Building. Any structure, except a magazine, in which operations pertaining to manufacturing, processing, or handling explosives are performed.

Operating Line. Group of buildings used to perform the consecutive steps in the loading, assembling, modification, or salvaging of an item or in the manufacture of an explosive or explosive device.

Operational Shield. A barrier constructed to protect personnel, material, or equipment from the effects of a possible fire or explosion occurring at a particular operation.

Operator. A person assigned to perform a specific, generally continuing function on a production, maintenance, or disposal line or operation. Typically, the functions are performed at workstations or areas defined in a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP).

Ordnance. Explosives, chemicals, pyrotechnics, and similar stores (e.g., bombs, guns and ammunition, flares, smoke, or napalm). The term is sometimes used interchangeably with “explosives”.

Oxidizer. A chemical (other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in 29 CFR

1910.109(a) that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases.

Potential Explosive Site. Location of a quantity of explosives that will create a blast fragment, thermal, or debris hazard in the event of an accidental explosion of its contents. The distance to an ES determines quantity limits for ammunition and explosives at a PES.

Propagation. Communication of an explosion (detonation or deflagration) from one potential explosion site to another by fire, fragment, or blast (shock wave) where the interval between explosions is long enough to limit the total overpressure at any given time to that which each explosion produces independently.

Propellant. A solid, liquid, or hybrid chemical substance used in the production of energy or pressurized gas that is subsequently used to create movement of a fluid or to generate propulsion of a vehicle, projectile, or other object.

Public Highway. Any street, road, or highway not under NASA custody used by the general public for any type of vehicular travel.

Public Traffic Route. Any public street, road, highway, navigable stream, or passenger railroad. This includes roads on NASA Centers that are open to non-essential personnel or the public for thoroughfare.

Pyrotechnic Device. All devices and assemblies containing or actuated by propellants or explosives, with the exception of large rocket motors. Pyrotechnic devices include items such as initiators, ignitors, detonators, safe-and-arm devices, booster cartridges, pressure cartridges, separation bolts and nuts, pin pullers, linear separation systems, shaped charges, explosive guillotines, pyrovalves, detonation transfer assemblies (mild detonating fuse, confined detonating cord, confined detonating fuse, shielded mild detonating cord, etc.), thru-bulkhead initiators, mortars, thrusters, explosive circuit interrupters, and other similar items. These may be electrically (Electro-Explosive

Device, EED) or mechanically initiated. (Note: OSHA defines pyrotechnics as any combustible or explosive compositions or manufactured articles designed and prepared for the purpose of producing audible or visible effects which are commonly referred to as fireworks.)

Quantity Distance. Quantity of explosives material and distance separation relationships which provide defined types of protection.

Restricted Area. Any area, usually fenced, at an establishment where the entrance and egress of personnel and vehicular traffic are controlled for reasons of safety.

Service Magazine. A building used for the intermediate storage of explosives materials not exceeding the minimum amount necessary for safe efficient production.

Small Arms Ammunition. Ammunition comprising a complete round, cartridge or its components, including bullets or projectiles, cartridge cases, primers/caps and propellants that are used in small arms not exceeding 12.7 mm (50 caliber or 0.5 inch) for rifle or pistol cartridges or 8 gauge for shotguns.

Solid Propellant. Solid compositions used for propelling projectiles and rockets and to generate gases for powering auxiliary devices. Contains both fuels and oxidizers, and various other chemicals used as burning rate controllers and binders.

Static Electricity. An accumulation of electrical charge on a conductive or dielectric material. Unbounded accumulation of electrical charge can result in high levels of potential difference leading to ESD events.

Static Test Stand. Locations on which liquid propellant engines or solid propellant motors are tested in place.

Storage Compatibility. A relationship between different items of explosives and other dangerous materials whose characteristics are such that a quantity of two or more of the items stored or transported together is no more hazardous than a comparable quantity of any one of the items stored alone.

Storage Magazine. A structure designed or specifically designated for the long-term storage of explosives or ammunition.

Surveillance Inspection. Periodic visual inspection of explosive stock to determine serviceability and/or storage conditions.

Temporary Holding Area. Designated areas for temporarily parking explosive laden transport trucks/railcars. QD and compatibility requirements apply.

Transient. A person with official business on a production line or operation but who is not routinely assigned to a specific limited location. Typically, transients are roving supervisors, quality assurance, safety personnel, or maintenance personnel. Official visitors are considered transients.

Unserviceable Explosive. An explosive material or device which is not currently qualified for its original intended purpose, but may be inspected and returned to service for its original intended purpose or may with proper analysis be used for another purpose, such as for demonstrations, research, testing, training, etc.

Unserviceable materials and devices are not considered or managed as hazardous waste until the material(s) or device(s) are declared to be waste and are earmarked for disposal.

Utilities. Those services such as water, air, steam, sewage, telephone, and electricity necessary to the operation of an establishment.

Waiver. A documented authorization releasing a program or project from meeting a requirement after the requirement is put under configuration control at the level the requirement will be implemented.

4. GENERAL REQUIREMENT

4.1 Equivalency

Programs or projects may request to use systems, methods, devices, or measures of equivalent or superior quality, effectiveness, or safety in lieu of those prescribed by this standard. The ESO shall review for equivalency based on hazard analysis, technical documentation and may approve if there is no increased risk.

4.2 Process Safety Management

The program or project shall comply with 29 CFR 1910.119 for NASA explosive operations and energetic liquids which fall under the OSHA Process Safety Management requirements.

The ESO shall concur on the hazard assessment and controls to ensure compliance with 29 CFR 1910.119.

4.3 Audits

The ESO or knowledgeable designee shall conduct compliance audits to verify compliance with the requirements of this document and any Center document(s) specific to explosives storage, handling, transportation and operations.

Compliance audits shall be performed at least every two years but may be performed more often if deemed appropriate by the ESO.

The ESO shall produce a report of the audit findings. The Audit report should contain, as a minimum:

a. A list of the participants

b. The date(s) audit was conducted

c. The location of the audit

d. Scope of the audit

e. A description of the findings

Organizations being audited shall determine and document responses and corrections to the findings in accordance with NPD 8730.5. The ESO shall verify that the corrective actions resolving the findings have been implemented and the effectiveness of the actions have been verified .

Audit reports shall be retained by the ESO for a minimum of four years.

4.4 Minimum Use of Explosives

The quantity of explosives shall be the minimum required to carry out an operation in a safe and efficient manner.

4.5 Maximum Permitted Quantity of Explosives

The quantity of explosives shall not exceed the maximum permitted by the Quantity-Distance

(QD) criteria or explosive facility license.

4.6 Operational Limits

Operational explosive materials limits shall be determined by the operating organization, but shall not exceed permitted quantities.

4.7 Personnel Limits

The number of personnel shall be the minimum consistent with safe and efficient operation.

In establishing personnel limits, the following principles apply:

a. Unrelated tasks shall not be performed concurrently during explosive operations.

b. Nonessential personnel shall not be allowed in the hazardous area during explosive operations.

c. Personnel limits shall allow for necessary supervision and transients.

d. Personnel shall use the buddy system (two persons) for all explosive operations.

4.8 Explosive Area Placarding

Maximum explosives and personnel limits for each explosives area (i.e. buildings, bays, rooms, test cells, and magazines) shall be documented.

A placard stating the maximum amount of explosives and the maximum number of personnel permitted in the explosive area at any one time shall be posted.

The placard shall be kept current and maintained for legibility.

4.9 Limit Review and Approvals

Changes (temporary or permanent) in explosives and personnel limits shall be reviewed and approved in the same manner as operating procedures by the ESO.

4.10 Access Controls

Access control shall be established to manage the presence of personnel in explosive areas.

4.11 Item Labeling

All inert explosives shall be marked, labeled, stenciled, or tagged as to their status.

Explosives not identified as inert shall be treated as live.

Various color coding schemes are utilized for identifying explosives (live or inert) throughout the explosives community. Center SOPs, operating procedures, drawings, or other pertinent records shall contain information pertaining to color-coding or other pertinent identifying labeling. A typical color scheme is blue for inert and red for live.

When components are transferred from one program to another, necessary changes in color coding shall be coordinated prior to the transfer.

4.12 ESO Responsibility

Explosives Safety Officer (ESO). A trained and experienced person shall be designated as the ESO at each NASA Center to manage the Center explosives safety program as specified in NPR 8715.1.

The ESO shall approve a training program for all explosive handlers. The training program serves to assist in conducting work safely and developing safety awareness.

The ESO shall be responsible for ensuring the certification process of explosive handlers. Certification may be performed by the ESO, certifying board or other means deemed appropriate by the ESO.

The ESO shall have the authority to revoke an individual’s explosive handler’s certification.

The ESO shall verify and document that off-site personnel coming on site to perform temporary explosives work have met an equivalent explosives training program prior to work being performed on site. Documentation should include, at a minimum a list of training classes and on-the-job training completed.

4.13 Supervisory Responsibility

The supervisor shall be responsible for the following:

a. Providing classroom and on-the-job training for the explosives handlers.

b. Verifying that the explosives handlers are qualified and able to safely perform the work and have met all the class training and on-the-job training requirements.

c. Ensuring that the explosives handlers meet the medical examination requirements of

NPR 1800.1 with an initial and then biennial medical examinations.

The supervisor shall have the authority to revoke an individual’s explosive handler’s certification.

The supervisor shall maintain records for each explosives handler that includes:

a. Description and date of training (retraining, when required) received

b. Description and date of certification (recertification, when required) received

c. Date of medical examination completion

The supervisor shall not permit an explosives handler to continue working with explosives if the supervisor, with counsel from medical personnel as necessary, determines that the person is unable to perform the task safely. Possible reasons include but are not limited to the following:

a. Physical injury, illness, drug test results or disease

b. Mental or emotional disturbances

c. Loss of driving privileges (state or center)

4.14 Explosives Handler Responsibility

The explosive handler shall:

a. Work with explosive systems on which they are certified.

b. Complete training requirements.

c. Self-report any issues that may affect health or driving privileges.

d. Report any operational or training issues that may affect safe operations.

e. Use personal protective equipment (PPE).

f. Maintain certifications including periodic recertification training.

g. Complete and pass an initial and then biennial medical examinations in accordance with

NPR 1800.1.

4.15 ESO and Explosives Handlers Training and Qualifications

Explosives handlers shall be properly trained before assignment to any explosives operation or operating any explosives-carrying vehicle.

Each organization shall designate a certifying official and have a training certification program approved by the ESO.

The training shall include instructor-led, hands-on training on how to safely handle explosives, followed by satisfactory on-the-job performance as a trainee.

The training program shall include the following:

a. The importance of a safe attitude toward work with explosives.

b. The potential hazards and risks involved.

c. The correct skills and procedures for safe performance of the task.

d. Unexpected hazardous conditions and emergency situations to include electrical storms.

e. The appropriate operating procedures.

f. Information on physical and health hazards.

g. The purpose and proper use of engineering controls, work practice controls, and PPE.

h. Labeling systems and Safety Data Sheet terms.

i. Detection methods for the presence or release of a hazardous material in work areas.

j. Hazard Classification.

k. Storage Compatibility, placards and symbols.

The training shall include a recurring training process to ensure explosives handlers retain their qualifications.

All explosives handlers shall complete a basic explosives safety certification program.

The certification shall be valid for a specific period of time not to exceed three years.

Explosives handlers shall be recertified at the end of the three-year period.

Explosives handlers who do not demonstrate job proficiency or who violate safe practices shall be retrained in the specific area of weakness or have their certifications terminated.

The ESO shall have a minimum of 40 hours of continuing education (every 2 years) which will consist of a minimum of 16 hours required in the explosives discipline.

Note: A maximum of 24 hours teaching an explosives realated class or attendance at a explosives related conference/Working Group count towards this requirement.

The ESO and the explosives handlers shall at a minimum, meet the training expectations found in Appendix C.

Note: It is expected that Centers will develop unique individual training plans which utilize a number of different training sources to include those found within and outside

NASA in support of their unique requirements.

4.16 Preparing and Controlling Procedures for Explosives Operations

This section establishes requirements for preparing and controlling all procedures involving explosives operations.

Before initiation of any explosives operations, operating procedures shall be written by the responsible organization and approved/concurred by the ESO.

Supervisory personnel shall be responsible for enforcing provisions of all procedures.

Procedures and technical changes to procedures shall be prepared by responsible personnel with knowledge of the explosives operations involved.

Operational steps presented in the procedure shall be checked for compliance with the standards of this document and other relevant documents.

Each employee involved in an explosives operation…