16_USAF Integrated Cultural Resources Mgmt Plan 32-7065 ICRMP - 06 Nov 2019.pdf

INTEGRATED CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN

U. S. AIR FORCE

INTEGRATED CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN

Nellis Air Force Base, Creech Air Force Base, and the Nevada Test and Training

Range

06-Nov-19

(FINAL DRAFT)

ABOUT THIS PLAN

This installation-specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is based on the U.S. Air Force’s (USAF’s) standardized Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan (ICRMP) template. This Plan is not an exhaustive inventory of all cultural resource requirements and practices. External resources, including Air

Force Instructions (AFIs); Air Force Manuals (AFMANs); USAF Playbooks; federal, state, local and permit requirements, are referenced, where applicable.

Certain sections of this ICRMP begin with standardized, USAF-wide “common text” language that addresses

USAF and Department of Defense (DoD) policy and federal requirements. This common text language is restricted from editing to ensure that it remains standard throughout all plans. The designated Air Force Civil

Engineer Center (AFCEC) Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) with assistance from the AFCEC Office of

Collateral Responsibility (OCR) maintains and updates common text language as appropriate.

Installation Supplement sections follow each of the USAF-wide common text sections. Installation

Supplements sections contain installation-specific content to address state, local, and installation-specific requirements. Installation sections are unrestricted and are maintained and updated by AFCEC environmental

Sections and/or installation personnel. Updates should be made only when there are unique requirements at an installation. They should not be used to reiterate standard USAF requirements, such as those found in AFIs or

Department of Defense Instructions (DODINSTs).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS PLAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENT CONTROL

Archive

1.0 OVERVIEW AND SCOPE

1.1 Executive Summary

1.1.1 Summary of Major Points

1.1.2 Outline of Cultural Resources Management Goals and Objectives

1.1.3 Outline of Current and Priority CRM Requirements (5 Year Plan)

1.2 General Information

1.2.1 Mission Statement

1.2.2 Historical Perspective

1.2.3 Legal Requirements

2.0 INSTALLATION PROFILE

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

4.0 GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

5.0 TRAINING

6.0 RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING

7.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

7.1 Communication, Planning, and EIAP

7.2 Section 106 Process

7.3 Cultural Resources Contracting

7.4 Cultural Discoveries

7.5 Native American Access

7.6 Accidents and Emergencies Affecting Historic Properties

7.7 Suspected Vandalism

7.8 Mission Conflicts and Solutions

7.9 Curation of Collections and Records

7.10 Management and Coordination

7.11 Historic Buildings and Structures

8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORIES

8.1 Physical Setting

8.1.1 General Location

8.1.2 Topography

8.1.3 Climate

8.1.4 Geology

8.1.5 Soils

8.1.6 Hydrology

8.1.7 Vegetation

8.2 Prehistory and History

8.2.1 Prehistoric Context NAFB

8.2.2 Prehistoric Context NTTR and CAFB

8.2.3 Ethnological Studies NAFB, NTTR, and CAFB

8.2.4 Historic Context NAFB

8.2.5 Historic Context NTTR

8.2.6 Historic Context CAFB

8.2.7 Research Questions and Themes

8.2.7.1 Prehistoric Research Questions

8.2.7.2 Prehistoric and Ethnohistoric Interaction Networks

8.2.7.3 Historic Euro-American Themes

8.3 Resource Inventories

8.3.1 Archaeological Resources

8.4 Installation Areas of Concern

9.0 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

10.0 PROGRAMMING AND PLANNING

10.1 Installation Supplement – Programming and Planning

11.0 REFERENCES

11.1 Standard References (Applicable to all AF Installations)

11.2 Installation References

12.0 ACRONYMS

12.1 Standard Acronyms (Applicable to all AF Installations)

12.2 Installation Acronyms

13.0 DEFINITIONS

13.1 Standard Definitions (Applicable to all AF Installations)

13.2 Installation Definitions

14.0 INSTALLATION-SPECIFIC CONTENT

APPENDIX A. CULTURAL RESOURCES INVENTORY TABLES

Tab A: Survey Table

Tab B: Sites Table

Tab C: Eligible Sites Table

Tab D: Building Inventory Table

APPENDIX B. SECTION 106 MEMORANDA OF AGREEMENT

APPENDIX C. SECTION 106 PROGRAMMATIC AGREEMENTS

APPENDIX D. TRIBAL AGREEMENTS

APPENDIX E. WING INSTRUCTIONS OR POLICY DOCUMENTS

APPENDIX F. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND SITE FORM

15.0 Part A - Environmental Data

APPENDIX G. HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY AND SITE FORMS

APPENDIX H. HISTORIC BUILDING MAINTENANCE PLANS

APPENDIX I. PRIVATIZED HOUSING DOCUMENTS

APPENDIX J. ARPA PERMIT REQUEST FORM

APPENDIX K. NEVADA HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN REVIEW

APPENDIX L. NAFB CULTURAL RESOURCE REPORT FORMAT

APPENDIX M. INSTALLATION SITE LOCATION MAPS

APPENDIX N. USE OF NAFB, CAFB, AND NTTR ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA AND INFORMATION

FOR PUBLICATIONS OR PAPERS DELIVERED AT PROFESSIONAL ARCHAEOLOGY MEETINGS

APPENDIX O: AGENCY AND TRIBAL DIRECTORY CONTACT INFORMATION

DOCUMENT CONTROL

Record of Review – The ICRMP is updated as changes to cultural resource management and protection practices occur, including those driven by changes in applicable regulations. In accordance with (IAW) AFI 32-

7065, Cultural Resources Management, the ICRMP is required to be updated every five years. Annual reviews and updates will be performed by the base Cultural Resources Manager (CRM), or a Regional or Installation

Support Office Cultural Resource Specialist. ICRMP updates should consider the effects of base missions on cultural resources, as well as the maintenance and upkeep of those resources and compliance with National

Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Sections 106 and 110.

ICRMP Annual Review and Coordination

Requirements

Update Data Tables (minimum will include: resources, evaluations, locations, reference), including

DEPARC/EMR Questionnaire.

Update Survey Locations Tables and Maps; Always include surveyed acreage and survey boundaries, note the date of the survey, and cite the survey report on the map or in the legends

Add new Memoranda of Agreements (MOAs), Programmatic Agreements (PAs), Native American

Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) Comprehensive Agreements (CAs) and Plans of

Action (POA), and other signed agreements or understandings that drive work requirements

Summarize MOAs, PAs, NAGPRA CAs/Plans of Action and other agreement or understanding documents in the Executive Summary and Work Plan

Add outline of new planning data, to include mission changes, construction, destruction, development, etc., that will drive NHPA Section 306108 and/or Environmental Impact Analysis

Process (EIAP) reviews and consultations

Develop Installation Tribal Relations Plan Annual Report

Timing

Update Period is October of each year; DEPARC/EMR data should capture as much of the FY as possible each October.

Installation ICRMP Dashboard goes from Green to Yellow 1 OCT and returns to Green when update is complete, NLT 31 OCT.

ICRMP Dashboard goes Red 10 NOV each year until update completed.

ICRMP may (and should) be updated continuously through the year.

Validation

Validate Annual Update with Memo to BCE briefly outlining annual changes and additions

Include BCE signed Memo in ICRMP.

Update is complete when CR Media Manager/Specialist sends Memo to BCE (ICRMP can go Green at that time).The AFCEC CRS writes an Annual Update Memo to the installation briefly outlining annual changes and additions

Annual Update Memo included in the ICRMP

Update is complete when the AFCEC CRS’s Annual Update Memo is sent to the installation CRM for appropriate installation-level distribution. The annual review cycle is complete (and the ICRMP will show as “green” on all relevant eDASH dashboards) after the Memo is sent and all required metrics are updated in the Plans and Permits tool on eDASH

1.0 OVERVIEW AND SCOPE

This ICRMP was developed to provide for effective management and protection of cultural resources. It summarizes the history and prehistory of the installation, and reviews past historical and archaeological survey efforts. It outlines and assigns responsibilities for the management of cultural resources, discusses related concerns, and provides standard operating procedures (SOPs) that will help to preserve the cultural resources of the installation within the context of the mission. The ICRMP is intended for use by all personnel involved in base planning. In lieu of federal, state or final governing standards requirements, AFI 32-7065, Cultural

Resources Management, acts as the main driver for the ICRMP. The Cultural Resources Management Playbook serves as supplemental guidance to this plan.

1.1 Executive Summary

This ICRMP covers several areas associated with Nellis Air Force Base that are geographically situated in southern and central Nevada and collectively referred to in this document as the installation. This plan pertains to the management of cultural resources on lands controlled by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), Creech Air

Force Base (CAFB), and the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) and to all NAFB, CAFB, and NTTR activities. Primary installation lands include NAFB, CAFB, and the NTTR, shown in the corresponding maps below. The primary mission of NAFB concerns advanced training for combat aircrews; CAFB is the home of the Air Force’s Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) fleet; the NTTR is the world’s premiere training range complex for the use of realistic combat tactics, weapons systems and ordnance.

For more than a century, United States citizens have shown concern for the preservation and scientific investigation of cultural resources. By 1966, all proposed Federal actions required an inventory and a consultation process prior to implementation. Section 106 and Section 110 of the NHPA of 1966 requires that

Federal entities take efforts to identify, evaluate, protect, and mitigate adverse effects to historic properties that might occur due to Federal actions. The law specifies funding for preservation offices in each state to establish, a process of independent review to ensure that efforts are adequate for each Federal action. The first Native

American rights law was passed in 1978, with subsequent legislation in 1990.

The highest priority of the installation cultural resources management (CRM) program is to support the NAFB, CAFB, and NTTR mission. Cultural resources management responsibilities are assigned according to AFI 32-

7065. The installation commander develops and uses the ICRMP to manage cultural resources. Inventories, project reviews, and general management actions are the principal actions in compliance. The CRM program is committed to continued execution of the compliance process in a timely manner without impacting the military missions of NAFB, CAFB, and NTTR.

In 1998, the inaugural NAFB, CAFB, and NTTR Cultural Resources Management Plan prescribed an atypical philosophy that emphasized similar investments in Native American involvement, scientific study, and compliance for the largest training range in the Air Force. Its five-year prioritization designated stratified random sampling to collect sufficient data to first reduce compliance inventories in zones with fewer archaeological resources but higher numbers of mission-related projects, such as targets. Its first objective was to identify historic properties for preservation and study that are not located in activity zones. This resulted in several of the largest inventories in the Great Basin region, scientific studies with an academic basis, an expansive Native American program, and creation of innovative models to increase compliance and mission efficiency.

An ICRMP was prepared for the Nellis Installation in 2012. The document received numerous comments from the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) and was not further updated in the intervening years.

http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a4/publication/afi32-7065/afi32-7065.pdf https://cs1.eis.af.mil/sites/ceportal/CEPlaybooks/CR/Pages/default.aspx https://cs1.eis.af.mil/sites/ceportal/CEPlaybooks/CR/Pages/default.aspx https://cs1.eis.af.mil/sites/ceportal/CEPlaybooks/CR/Pages/default.aspx

The NTTR manages maintenance and target construction. Research shows that the highest density of cultural resources sites is located in mountains and on alluvial fans, places not generally projected for Federal actions.

Targets and mission-related features are primarily in zones with fewer resources. The discovery of artifacts, features, structures, or human remains during mission activities must be reported to the Cultural Resource

Manager (CRM) immediately at (702) 652-5813 or the 99th Civil Engineering Squadron‘s (99 CES) CEA Flight

Chief at (702) 652-6828.

To date, a total of 230,042 acres have been inventoried. In 2001, NAFB completed inventory of 22,341 acres of its 24,786 acres in Las Vegas Valley. From 1997 to 2004, 91,660 acres were inventoried on the NTTR which, when combined with pre-1997 inventories, equals 167,882 acres, or 5.7 percent of NTTR land. From

1997 to 2004, a total of 2,579 resources were recorded, with a combined total of 4,607 resources on the NTTR.

No treatment efforts have occurred. In the period between 1997 and 2004, NAFB funded several major sampling inventories, ethnographic studies, and scientific method-based, original, and regional research projects. Public outreach emerged with the creation of annual archaeology themes calendars and posters, beginning in 2001. Between 2012 and 2015, a total of 14 historic built-environment and Class III cultural resources studies were performed. Between 2016 and 2019, 10 additional historic built-environment and Class

III cultural resources studies were performed increasing the total surveyed acreage to 230,042 and the total number of installation sites to 4,970.

The philosophy to invest in Native American involvement commensurate with efforts for compliance has been successful and is further developed in this plan. To increase Native American participation, a committee was created to develop the concept of tribal and Asset Management Flight co-management. Compliance efficiency is projected to increase through continued use of the Target Disturbance Zone (TDZ) model, which uses alternate methods, such as aerial photo examination, to reduce inventory in expanding target zones. Sampling objectives include characterizing the cultural nature of selected zones for compliance and preservation planning that address Section 110 of the NHPA to locate and protect historic properties.

1.1.1 Summary of Major Points

The installation has responsibilities to document and protect cultural resources under Section 106 and Section

110 of the NHPA. This ICRMP is presented in an updated format but builds on previous (1998 and 2012) efforts.

1.1.2 Outline of Cultural Resources Management Goals and Objectives

This plan’s goal is to meet the needs of the NAFB, CAFB, and NTTR missions while addressing legal requirements, incorporating Native American interests, and conducting archaeological and ethnographic research in a professional, ethical, and scientific manner. Implementation of a Programmatic Agreement (PA) with the SHPO would increase efficiencies in these efforts. NAFB CRM will encourage opportunities for increased co-stewardship of cultural resources by Native Americans, and continue its public outreach efforts through venues such as working with the Nevada SHPO on meeting historic preservation goals, base and range visits, calendars, posters, and interpretive document.

Cultural Resources Goals and Objectives

NOTE: Refer to the Cultural Resources Environmental Action Plan (EAP) when setting goals. Where possible, integrate installation objectives and supporting tasks into the EAP tool, rather than documenting in the ICRMP.

https://cs1.eis.af.mil/sites/edash/WebPartPagesEAP/ViewEAP.aspx?EAPID=58

Goal: Streamline Review Process

Objectives:

Develop template driven reporting to streamline the review process. A template-driven report would reduce costs, streamline review and outline clear objectives for potential contractors.

Goal: Update Historical Context to Account for Regional Differences

Objectives:

Develop a more regional historic and prehistoric context across Nellis, Creech and NTTR. The area covered is large and there are regional differences across the base, a more precise historical context would address this issue and help the CRM develop more accurate reporting

Goal: Evaluate Known Archaeological Sites

Objectives:

Address the number of unevaluated archaeological sites. Sites on NAFB, CAFB and NTTR that have been evaluated (eligible/not eligible for listing in the National Register for Historic Places

(NRHP) is far outnumbered by the sites that have not been evaluated. NRHP evaluations are critical to the successful management of cultural resources.

Goal: Complete Infill Survey at NAFB proper

Objectives:

A complete survey of all required locations at NAFB has not been completed; programmatic funding needs to be secured to achieve this goal.

1.1.3 Outline of Current and Priority CRM Requirements (5 Year Plan)

The cultural resources management program supports the mission by timely and accurate forecasting of priority compliance risks over the Future Years Defense Program+2 (FYDP+2), which for this ICRMP is the period

FY18 through FY24. However, under new Asset Management guidelines, this should be projected to a full 10-year cycle when feasible. As the ICRMP goes through internal annual updates, the ten-year cycle will be revised as appropriate. Objectives for this period are described below, in approximate order of priority, along with the relevant funding requirements, if any.

Programming and Planning Work Plan

FY Project Title and Description Timeline Status

2018 1000 acres cultural resources inventory 2018 Completed

2018 2017 Historic buildings inventory 2018 Completed

2019 1000 acres cultural resources inventory 2019 Completed

2019 2018 Historic buildings inventory 2019 Completed

2019 2019 Nellis, NTTR and Creech ICRMP Update 2019 to 2020 Funded, On-going

2020 1000 acres cultural resources inventory

2020 Cancelled

2020 Native American Consultation (meeting, group field trip, ethnographic field project, and two exploration trips).

2020 Programmed

2021 1000 acres cultural resources inventory 2021 Programmed

1.2 General Information

1.2.1 Mission Statement

This plan pertains to the management of cultural resources on lands controlled by NAFB, CAFB, and the

NTTR, and to all activities there (Map #1). Primary installation lands which include NAFB (Map #2), CAFB

(Map #3), and the NTTR (Map #4). The primary mission of NAFB concerns advanced training for combat aircrews; CAFB is the home of the Air Force’s UAV fleet; and the NTTR is the world’s premiere training range complex for the use of realistic combat tactics, weapons systems and ordnance.

A key component of the NAFB mission is to train professionals for the combat Air Forces, operational testing, and tactics development. This training includes composite strike forces from all aircraft types in the Air Force inventory. Training includes schools at NAFB and on and over the NTTR, a landscape which includes seven mountain ranges and valleys from 4,000 to 9,000 feet elevation. The north portion of the NTTR, consisting of ranges numbered in the 70-series and electronic combat ranges, is referred to as the North NTTR. The portion of the NTTR with 60-series ranges is the South NTTR. The NTTR landscape contributes to the realistic combat conditions necessary for military testing and aircrew training on the use of new concepts, equipment, and technology.

Base Organizations

United States Air Force Warfare Center. The U. S. Air Force Warfare Center (USAFWC), located at NAFB, reports directly to the ACC Center was founded Sept. 1, 1966, as the U.S. Air Force Tactical Fighter Weapons

Center, it was later renamed AFWC.

Purpose

The USAFWC exists to ensure deployed forces are well trained and well equipped to conduct integrated combat operations. From testing and tactics development programs to training schools and venues, USAFWC provides airmen with proven and tested technology, the most current tactics, superb academic training and a unique opportunity to practice integrated force employment. The USAFWC vision, mission and priorities are central to supporting the ACC’s mission to provide dominant combat airpower for America with warrior

Airmen committed to excellence, trained to fly, fight, and win...anytime, anyplace.

Commander's Vision and Mission

The mission of the USAFWC is to develop innovative leaders and full spectrum capabilities through responsive, realistic, and relevant testing, tactics development, and advanced training across the full spectrum of warfare. The USAFWC’s vision is a team of proud, professional, and highly skilled airmen who through innovation influence and support the USAF and Joint partners with responsive, realistic, and relevant testing, tactics development, and training across air, space, and cyberspace domains.

Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB). NAFB, a part of the USAF's ACC, is located approximately eight miles northeast of Las Vegas. The base itself covers more than 14,000 acres, while the total land area occupied by

NAFB and its restricted ranges is about 5,000 square miles. An additional 7,700 square miles of airspace north and east of the restricted ranges are also available for military flight operations.

NAFB is a major focal point for advanced combat aviation training. Its mission is accomplished through an array of aircraft, including fighters, bombers, refueling aircraft, and aircraft used for transport, close-air-support, command and control and combat search and rescue. The NAFB work force of about 9,500 military and civilians makes it one of the largest single employers in southern Nevada. The total military population numbers more than 40,000, including family members and military retirees in the area.

99th Air Base Wing (99 ABW). Activated in October 1995, 99 ABW is the host wing for NAFB and CAFB.

The wing provides installation support for more than 10,000 personnel assigned to NAFB, CAFB, and the

NTTR. Three groups are assigned to the wing: 99th Mission Support Group, 99th Medical Group and the 432nd

MSG.

99th Civil Engineering Squadron (99 CES). The 99 CES, via the 99th Civil Engineering Squadron, Installation

Management, Flight, Environment Element, NEPA analyses (99 CES/CEIEA) section oversees the NNRP.

53rd Wing (53 WG). Located at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, the 53 WG serves as the focal point for the combat air forces in electronic combat, armament and avionics, chemical defense, reconnaissance, command and control, and aircrew training devices. The 53 WG is also responsible for operational testing and evaluation of new equipment and systems proposed for use by the forces. On NAFB, CAFB, and the NTTR the 53rd supports six different flights of fighter and helicopter aircraft: A-10, F-15C, F-15E, F-16C, F-22A Raptor, and

HH-60G. The 53 WG conducts operational tests for ACC on new hardware and upgrades to each of the five aircraft in a simulated combat environment.

505th Command & Control Wing. The 505th Command and Control Wing, represented by the 505th Test and

Evaluation Group at NAFB, oversees the operations of the 505th Test Squadron (505 TS). The 505 TS’s mission is to integrate air, space and cyber capabilities by conducting operational test and evaluation, developing advanced tactics, techniques, and procedures supporting data exchange and architectures to ensure all source information is available to the warfighter. In addition, the 505 TS supports Combined Air and Space Operations

Center training to produce fully trained joint and multinational warfighters at the operational level of war.

Air Force Joint Test Program Office (AFJO). The mission of the Air Force Joint Test Program Office (AFJO) is to generate, develop, and support Joint Test activities that enhance USAF capabilities and mission effectiveness in Joint operations. The Joint Test & Evaluation Program (JT&E) is an Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) effort designed to help the services solve interservice operational problems in a joint environment and alleviate test and evaluation difficulties through work on testing methodologies. AFJO provides continuous, proactive management of USAF participation in the OSD JT&E Program.

57th Wing (57 WG). The 57th Wing provides advanced aerospace training to world-wide combat air forces and showcases aerospace power to the world while overseeing the dynamic and challenging flying operations at

NAFB. It manages all flying operations at NAFB and conducts advanced aircrew, space, logistics and command and control training through the USAF Weapons School, Red Flag and Green Flag exercises.

Important components of the training include adversary tactics replication (provided by the wing's aggressor squadrons) and graduate level instruction and tactics development (accomplished through each of its schools).

The wing also supports the USAFWC’s test and evaluation activities and showcases U.S. air power through the USAF Flight Demonstration Squadron the "Thunderbirds."

Creech Air Force Base (CAFB). The growth of the global remotely piloted aviation mission, to include aircrew training, and supporting, directing, and coordinating of combat sorties halfway across the globe, continues to the present. On March 13, 2007, the arrival of the first MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft at CAFB marked another milestone in the base's growing fleet of remotely piloted aircraft. The USAF activated the 432nd Wing on

May 1, 2007, and with the activation of the 432nd Air Expeditionary Wing on May 15, 2008 formally recognized the full spectrum of these operations. CAFB also continues to serve as the aerial demonstration training site of the USAF's Thunderbirds, and to engage in daily overseas Contingency Operations as the home base of remotely piloted aircraft systems which fly missions across the globe.

Major Units

The 432nd Wing and 432nd Air Expeditionary Wing "Hunters" consist of combat ready Airmen who fly MQ-

9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) in direct support to the joint forces warfighter. The RPA systems provide realtime intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, as well as precision attack against fixed and time-critical targets. The “Hunters” also conduct RPA initial qualification training for aircrew, intelligence, weather, and maintenance personnel. The wing oversees operations of the 432nd Operations Group (OG), 432nd

Maintenance Group, 732nd OG, 11th Attack Squadron, 15th ATKS, 17th ATKS, 18th ATKS, 20th ATKS, 22nd ATKS, 30th RS, 42nd ATKS, 44th RS, 89th ATKS, 867th ATKS, 432nd Operations Support Squadron, 432nd Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 432nd Maintenance Squadron, and 432nd Aircraft Communications

Maintenance Squadron. Various Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve units also support the wing’s missions.

The base also houses the operations of the 556th Test and Evaluation Squadron and 99th Ground Combat

Training Squadron, along with those of the Air Force Reserve's 78th and 91st Attack Squadrons, Nevada Air

National Guard's 232nd Operations Squadron, and various other Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units around the country. The missions of these and other tenant units are supported by the 432nd MSG, a geographically separated unit of the host 99 ABW at NAFB.

The 432nd MSG "Diamondbacks," consists of the 432nd MSG and the 432nd MSG Security Forces Squadron.

These squadrons provide critical support functions including base security, civil engineering capabilities, force support, logistics readiness, communications, and medical support.

432D Operations Group. The 432nd OG employs remotely piloted aircraft in 24/7/365 Combat Air Patrols in support of combatant commander needs and deploys combat support forces worldwide. This includes combat command and control, tactics development, intelligence support, weather support, and standardization and evaluation oversight for the USAF ACC, Air Forces Central Command, Air Force Material Command, Air

National Guard, Air Force Reserve Command, and Royal Air Force remotely piloted aircraft units. The group is also responsible for all air traffic control, airfield management, and weather services for operations at CAFB.

The 432nd OG currently oversees global operations of six squadrons: 11th Attack Squadron, 15th ATKS, 20th

ATKS, 42 ATKS, 89th ATKS, 489th ATKS and the 432nd Operations Support Squadron.

432D Maintenance Group. The 432nd Maintenance Group ensures that Airmen, MQ-9 aircraft, ground control stations, Predator Primary Satellite Links, and a global integrated communications network are fully mission capable to support aircrew training, combat operations, operational test and evaluation, and natural disaster support. The 432nd MXG currently oversees three squadrons: 432nd Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 432nd

Maintenance Squadron and the 432nd Aircraft Communications Maintenance Squadron.

732D Operations Group. The 732nd OG employs remotely piloted aircraft in theaters across the globe year-round. The group also trains and equips forces to provide special capabilities and develops techniques and procedures with new technology to provide cutting-edge, combat support for worldwide operations requiring remotely piloted aircraft. The group is a total force unit comprised of members from both the Nevada Air

National Guard and the Air Force Reserves. The 732nd OG oversees global operations of four squadrons: 17th

Attack Squadron, 22nd ATKS, 30th RS, 44th RS and the 867th ATKS.

432nd MSG. The 432nd MSG is comprised of two squadrons that enable success through innovative base support and training. The 432nd MSG provides mission ready Airmen, infrastructure, services and communications support to enable the CAFB mission and community success through innovative base support. The 432nd MSG

Security Forces Squadron also provides integrated defense for CAFB. Below in Figure 2.4 is a chart showing organizational structure.

Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR). The Nevada Test and Training Range, formerly the 98th Range

Wing (98 RANW), provides the warfighter a flexible, realistic and multidimensional battlespace to test tactics development, and advanced training in support of U.S. national interests (Figure 2.3). The NTTR also provides instrumentation and target maintenance support for Green Flag-West at the National Training Center and Leach

Lake Tactics Range (LLTR).

As a major range test facility base (MRTFB) activity, the NTTR supports the DoD advanced composite force training, tactics development, and electronic combat testing as well as DoD and DoE testing, research, and development. The NTTR hosts numerous Red Flag and USAF Weapons School exercises each year, as well as various test and tactics development missions.

The NTTR coordinates operational and support matters with major commands (MAJCOMs), other services, DoE and DoI as well as other federal, state, and local government agencies. The NTTR acts as the single point of contact for range customers.

Map 1: Locations of NAFB, CAFB, and the NTTR

Map 2: NAFB Detail Map

Map 3: Detailed Map of NTTR

Map 4: Detailed Map of CAFB

1.2.2 Historical Perspective

In 1940, a U.S. Army official landed at Western Air Express (WAE) Airfield, the Las Vegas airport, to discuss the creation of a gunnery school on future NAFB land. Between 1940 and 1948, the Army operated a school for gunnery, parachute, and pilot training. The Air Force was created as a separate military department in 1947 and the Army post was renamed Nellis Air Force Base in 1950.

In January 1941, Las Vegas purchased the WAE Field with Federal funds and renamed it McCarran Field. A new terminal was constructed and runways lengthened and paved. The U.S. Army, having chosen Las Vegas for a major new air base and training facility, leased the airfield from the city, agreeing to share it with commercial fliers. The Las Vegas Army Gunnery School was established in June 1941. On October 29, 1940, the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range, currently the NTTR, was established on 3,000,000 acres of land in southern Nevada, north of Las Vegas, for combat training. Its mission was to train machine gunners for B-17

Flying Fortress bombers. For air-to-air machine gun training, one-fifth of the course occurred at a new support post at Indian Springs, 50 miles northwest of NAFB (Wright 1993:16, 18).

Following the end of the war, in 1945 the Las Vegas Army Air Field ceased its mission and became a separation center and overseas replacement depot. Las Vegas businesses feared a major revenue loss at a closure of the facility, as it had employed 13,000 military and civilian personnel. Nevada’s U.S. Senator Patrick McCarran petitioned to re-open the base due to early stages of Cold War tension (Wright 1993:16, 18). Although the air

Map 5: Land Status Adjacent to NAFB, CAFB, and NTTR field was temporarily inactivated in January 1947, it was a stand-by base for Williams Army Air Base, Arizona, and a sub-field to Mather Army Air Field, California. It was officially created September 17, 1947, as an Air

Force military department separate from the Army. In March 1948, the facility became a sub-base to Mather

Air Force Base. Cadet and officer pilots received advanced single engine flight training at Las Vegas Air Force

Base (Wilman and Reinhardt 1997: 22–24).

In December 1948, the USAF Aircraft Gunnery School was activated at the Las Vegas Air Force Base and the commercial airline business was moved to the new McCarran Field in south Las Vegas Valley. In March 1949, the first fighter gunnery training class began. In May 1950, it was renamed Nellis Air Force Base in honor of

First Lieutenant William H. Nellis of Searchlight, Nevada, who was killed on December 27, 1944, when his P-

47 Thunderbolt was downed over Luxembourg (Wilman and Reinhardt 1997:24; Wright 1993:20). NAFB expanded through the final half of the twentieth century. Area II was commissioned in September 1954 as Lake

Mead Base, a highly-secured weapons storage facility commanded by the U.S. Navy with a U.S. Marine Corps barracks. In 1969, the USAF assumed control of Area II and received final transfer in 1982. During World War

II, Area III was used for aerial gunnery training. In 1953, Area III became an ammunition storage area and safety zone.

In 1950, Indian Springs Air Force Base was reactivated to provide support for the Atomic Energy

Commission’s nuclear testing program. From 1951 to 1955, 45 experimental atomic devices were tested in the

Frenchman Flat area of the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range. In 1957, the Nevada Test Site (NTS) began detonating atomic bombs in underground tunnels to mitigate nuclear fallout (Hulse [1965] 1972:280–

283). In 1963, the base was returned to the Nellis Sub-Post status until the 1970s, when it became Indian Springs

Air Force Auxiliary Field, with a primary mission to provide NTTR its support and maintenance. In 2005, the facility became Creech Air Force Base. The NTS was renamed the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in

2010. See the NNSS official web site at http://nnss.gov/pages/about.html for details.

The 2000 Census notes the population of consolidated Las Vegas as 1.6 million, the 61st largest in the United

States. In 1950, the base was 10 miles from the town. In 1985, NAFB retained a five-mile buffer from urban sprawl. By 1990, houses and businesses were within one mile. Since 1984, Las Vegas has been the fastest-growing city in the nation.

1.2.3 Legal Requirements

The Cultural resource management must be performed in accordance with (IAW) federal laws and regulations and DoD and USAF policies and requirements. Specific legal requirements are identified in applicable sections of this Plan, in the Cultural Resources Management Playbook, the eDASH Cultural Resources Home Page, the eDASH Air Force Legal Operations Agency (AFLOA) Legal and Other Requirements List, and in referenced documents.

Installation Supplement – Legal Requirements

The following Federal Statutes, Regulations, Executive Orders (EO), Instructions (Laws and Policies) regarding Cultural Resources guide the preparation of the ICRMP, the implementation of ICRMP, and the implementation of all undertakings as it relates to cultural resources as taken with reference to Advisory

Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP). Installation personnel comply with these laws and policies when carrying out any undertakings. Related and supporting laws and policies are listed in the table below. The

National Park Service (NPS) provides a link to cultural resource policies http://www.nps.gov/history/laws.htm

(2019). In this ICRMP, direct quotes from cultural resources laws and policies are italicized rather than presented inside quotation marks.

http://nnss.gov/pages/about.html https://cs1.eis.af.mil/sites/ceportal/CEPlaybooks/CR/Pages/default.aspx https://cs1.eis.af.mil/sites/edash/Web%20Part%20Pages%20%20Program%20Pages/Environmental/Cultural%20Resources.aspx https://cs1.eis.af.mil/sites/edash/Lists/AFLOA%20Legal%20and%20Other%20Requirements/AllItems.aspx?View=%7b5B4DE9A5-F96C-46E3-8540-00FA5C26D797%7d&FilterField1=Program%5Fx0020%5FArea&FilterValue1=Cultural%20Resources https://cs1.eis.af.mil/sites/edash/Lists/AFLOA%20Legal%20and%20Other%20Requirements/AllItems.aspx?View=%7b5B4DE9A5-F96C-46E3-8540-00FA5C26D797%7d&FilterField1=Program%5Fx0020%5FArea&FilterValue1=Cultural%20Resources http://www.nps.gov/history/laws.htm http://www.nps.gov/history/laws.htm

While the NHPA was previously codified at Title 16 of the United States Code USC), effective December 19, 2014, it was moved to title 54. Please find the law codifying the NHPA in title 54 here. The regulations implementing Section 106 of the NHPA, at 36 CFR part 800, are not affected by this recodification.

Federal Statutes, Regulations, Executive Orders and Instructions

Statute, Regulation, Executive Orders, and Instructions Reference Number

Cooperative Agreements for Management of Cultural

Resources

10 USC 2684

American Antiquities Act of 1906 16 USC 431-433

Historic Sites Act of 1935 16 USC 461-467

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended (includes sections 106 and 110)

(Public Law 102-575)

Former: 16 USC. 470-470x New: 54 U.S.C.

300101 et seq.

54 U.S.C. 306108, 54 U.S.C. 306107

54 U.S.C. 306113, 54 U.S.C. 306114

Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974 16 USC 469-469cc

Archaeological Resources Protection Act 1979, as amended (ARPA)

Former: 16 USC 470aa-mm New: 54 U.S.C. 306101(a) and 306102

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation

Act of 1990 (NAGPRA)

25 USC 3001-3013

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 42 USC 4321

American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978

(AIRFA)

42 USC 1996 and 1996a

Federal Records Act (FRA) of 1950 PL 90-620, 44 USC 3101

Public Buildings Cooperative Use Act of 1976 PL 94-541, 40 USC 601a

Federal Land Management and Policy Act of 1976 PL 94-579, 43 U.S.C 1701-30 USC 611

Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 PL 103-141, 42 USC 21b

Omnibus Public Lands Act of 2009, Paleontological Resources Preservation (OPLA-PRP)

PL. 111-11, Titled VI, subtitled D, sections 6301-

6312, 123 Stat, 1172, 16 U.S.C.

470aaa

Protection of Archeological Resources: Uniform

Regulations, DoD

32 CFR 229

Environmental Protection and Enhancement - Army 32 CFR 650

National Register for Historic Places (NRHP) 36 CFR 60

Determinations of Eligibility for inclusion in NRHP 36 CFR 63

National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) Program 36 CFR 65

Recovery of Scientific, prehistoric, historic and archaeological data

36 CFR 66

The Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation 36 CFR 67

The Secretary of Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties

36 CFR 68

Waiver of Federal Agency Responsibilities, under

Section 110 of the NHPA

36 CFR 78

Curation of Federally Owned and Administered

Archaeological Collections

36 CFR 79

Protection of Historic Properties 36 CFR 800

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) Regulations Implementing the Procedural Provisions NEPA

40 CFR 1500-1508

Preservation of American Antiquities 43 CFR 3 http://www.achp.gov/docs/hr-1068.pdf

Statute, Regulation, Executive Orders, and Instructions Reference Number

Protection of Archeological Resources 43 CFR 7

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)

43 CFR 10

Property and Resources 43 CFR 8365.1-5

Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards

48 Federal Register (FR) 22716

Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for

Archaeology and Historic Preservation

48 FR 44716

Guidelines for Federal Agency Responsibilities, under section 110 of the NHPA

53 FR 4742

Secretary of Interior’s Proposed Preservation

Professional Qualification Standards

62 FR 33707

Secretary of Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for

Federal Agency Historic Preservation Program

Pursuant to the NHPA

63 FR 20496

Protection and Enhancement of Cultural Environment EO 11593

Indian Sacred Sites EO 13007

Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments

EO 13175

Preserve America EO 13287

Federal Real Property Asset Management EO 13327

Real Property, Change 1 DOD Directive (DODD) 4165.06 C1

Real Property Management, Change 1 DOD Instruction (DODI) 4165.70 C1

DoD American Indian and Alaskan Native Policy DODI 4170.02

Cultural Resources Management, Change 2 DODI 4715.16

Government to Government Relations with Native American Tribal Governments

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies of 29 April 1994

Cultural Resources Management, Change 1 AFI 32-7065 C1, 06 October 2016

Air Force Interactions with Federally Recognized Tribes

AFI 90-2002, 19 November 2014

AFI 32 -7065 Defines Cultural Resources as:

Historic properties as defined by 36 CFR 800 (see below)

Cultural items as defined in NAGPRA (see below)

American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, or Native Hawaiian sacred sites as defined in EO 13007 (see below)

Archaeological resources as defined by 16 USC 470 aa-mm/ARPA

Archaeological Artifact Collections and Associated Records as defined in 36 CFR 79, Curation of

Federally owned and Administered Archaeological Collections

A historic property is a prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), whether or not such eligibility has been formally determined (ACHP 2004; DoD 2008:27). This term includes artifacts, records, and remains that are related to and located within such properties as well as properties of traditional religious and cultural importance to an Indian Tribe or Native Hawaiian organization and that meet the National Register criteria

(U.S. Congress 1966a). A traditional cultural property (TCP) is considered a historic property if it is eligible for the NHRP because it is associated with cultural practices and beliefs rooted in the history of a community. It is eligible if it is considered important to the maintenance of a community’s traditional beliefs and practices.

36 CFR 800 refers to Indian Tribe to represent any band, nation, or other organized group or community, including a native village, regional corporation or village corporation as those terms are defined in section 3 of the Alaska Native Claims Act (43 USC 1602), which is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians. In this document the term

Native American is used in place of Indian unless reference is made in a specific document or when a tribal name is used which contains the term American Indian.

NAGPRA defines Indian Tribe as any tribe, band, nation or other organized group of community of

Indians…recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by United States to Indians because of their status as Indians.

This ICRMP uses the term Indian Tribe in the manner intended by 36 CFR 800 and NAGPRA.

The term cultural resources also refer to cultural items such as human remains, associated funerary objects, unassociated funerary objects, sacred items and items of cultural patrimony as defined by NAGPRA (DoD 208;

USC 1990). According DODINST 4716.15, cultural resources, include sacred sites, defined by EO 13007 as any specific, discrete, narrowly delineated location on federal land, that is identified by an Indian tribe or Indian individual determined to be an appropriately authoritative representative of an Indian religion, as scared by virtue of its established religious significant to, or ceremonial use by, an Indian religion; provided that the tribe or appropriately authoritative representative of an Indian religion has informed the agency of the existence of such a site (Clinton 1996). The term cultural resources include archaeological resources defined in the ARPA as any material remains of past human life for activities which are of archaeological interest, as determined under Uniform Regulations promulgated pursuant to this act. Such regulations containing such determinations shall include, but not be limited to: Pottery, basketry, bottles, weapons, projectiles, tools, structures or portions of structures, pit houses, rock carvings, rock paintings, intaglios, graves, human skeletal materials or any portion or piece of any of the foregoing items. No item shall be treated as an archaeological resource under regulations under this paragraph unless such item is at least 50 years old.

According to DODINST 4715.16, cultural resources include federally owned archaeological artifact collections and associated records, defined in 36 CFR 79 as material remains that are excavated or removed during a survey, excavation or other study of a prehistoric or historic resource and associated records that are prepared or assembled in connection with the survey, excavation or the other study.

STATUTES

Statutes are acts passed by legislatures that become law with or without the approval of the President. Federal statutes may be public laws (PLs), private laws, or USCs (Library of Congress 2008). The statutes discussed in this section were passed by the U.S. Congress (1906, 1935, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1974, 1990). The primary statutes that drive DoD cultural resources policy and thus ICRMP guidelines are described below. Others are listed in Table 2.1 and in DoD 4715.16 (DoD 2008: E1-4). PLs are codified by number, and USCs are codified by title number, the acronym USC, and part number (e.g. 16 USC 431-433).

Antiquities Act of 1906 as amended: PL 59-209; 34 Statute 225; 16 USC 431-433

The Antiquities Act (U.S. Congress 1906) was the first federal law to provide protection of historic and prehistoric resources located on federal land. This act prohibited destruction of antiquities on public land. It prohibited any excavation located on public land without permission of the appropriate Department Secretary.

The term objects of antiquity has been interpreted to also include paleontological resources. The Antiquities

Act authorized the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and Army to grant permission to reputable institutions to conduct research (including excavation) to increase knowledge and the permanent preservation of antiquities in public museums. This act authorized the President to declare areas of federal lands as national monuments. Preservation of American Antiquities (43 CFR 3) implements the Antiquities Act. ARPA clarified some of the mandates of the Antiquities Act and supersedes some portions of it.

Historic Sites Act of 1935: PL 74-292, 16 USC 461-467

The Historic Sites Act (U.S. Congress 1935) established the national policy of preserving historic sites, buildings, and objects for public use. The implementation of this act established the Historic American

Building Survey. This act gave the Secretary of the Interior the authority to preserve data on historic sites and to acquire and preserve archaeological and historic resources on federal land. The act provides for the preservation of historic American sites, buildings, objects, and antiquities of national significance. It refers to sites of national significance but was established as a PL and a code before the NHPA and NRHP defined national significance further.

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966/PL 89-665, as amended in 1980 (PL 96-515)40 and in

1992 (PL 102-575): 16 USC 470-470x and 80 Stat. 915

The NHPA (U.S. Congress 1966) established the NRHP to include districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects significant in national history, architecture, archaeology, and culture. The NHPA also protects TCPs.

It authorizes a program of matching preservation grants-in-aid to individual states. It established the President-appointed ACHP to advise the President and Congress on historic preservation matters. The ACHP is authorized to secure information from federal agencies in order to carry out its responsibilities. The NHPA established the SHPO and the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (THPO) programs.

Section 106 (54 U.S.C. 306108) of the NHPA states that the head of any Federal agency having direct or indirect jurisdiction over a proposed Federal or federally assisted undertaking in any State and the head of any

Federal department or independent agency having authority to license any undertaking shall, prior to the approval of the expenditure of any Federal funds on the undertaking or prior to the issuance of any license, as the case may be, take into account the effect of the undertaking on any district, site, building, structure, or object that is included in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register. The head of any such Federal agency shall afford the ACHP established under Title II of this Act a reasonable opportunity to comment with regard to such undertaking.

In order to do this, agencies must determine whether any properties under their control are listed in or are eligible for listing in the NRHP. Protection of Historic Properties (36 CFR Part 800) contains the regulations that implement Section 106 and is presented later in this section. However, 36 CFR 800 will be discussed here, since it describes Section 106 procedures in detail.