The file's text, extracted by GovTribe without its formatting.
UFC 3-260-01
4 February 2019
APPENDIX B
SECTION 11
TIEDOWNS, MOORING, AND GROUNDING POINTS
B11-1 TYPES OF EQUIPMENT.
B11-1.1 Mooring and Grounding Point.
A mooring and grounding point is a mooring casting with a grounding rod attached.
Aircraft mooring and grounding points are used to secure parked aircraft and also serve as electrodes for grounding connectors for aircraft. Combined mooring and grounding points have previously been used by the Army but are not currently used as they do not meet mooring and grounding design loads required by TM 1-1500-250-23.
B11-1.2 Mooring Point.
A mooring point is a mooring casting without a grounding rod attached, used to secure parked aircraft. Mooring points are used by the Army.
B11-1.3 Static Grounding Point.
A static grounding point is a ground rod attached to a casting. The casting protects the ground rod but does not provide mooring capability. Static grounding points are used by the Army in aprons and hangars.
B11-1.4 Static Ground.
A static ground is a 3-meter (10-foot) rod with a closed-eye bend. The static ground is not intended to secure parked aircraft but may serve as an electrode connection for static grounding of aircraft. Static ground are installed at many Air Force installations.
B11-1.5 Tiedown Mooring Eye.
A tiedown mooring eye is a mooring casting with a grounding rod attached. They are similar to the mooring and grounding point discussed above. Tiedown mooring eyes are used by the Navy and Marine Corps.
B11-2 MOORING POINTS FOR ARMY FIXED- AND ROTARY-WING
AIRCRAFT.
B11-2.1 Type.
A mooring point consists of a ductile iron casting, as shown in Figure B11-1. The mooring casting is an oval-shaped casting with a cross-rod to which mooring hooks are attached.
Figure B11-1. Army Mooring Point
B11-2.2 Design Load.
Unless specifically waived in writing by the facility commander, all new construction of Army aircraft parking aprons will include aircraft mooring points designed for a 67,800- Newton (15,250-pound) load, as specified in TM 1-1500-250-23 and applied at 19.15 degrees (19.15°) from the pavement surface, as illustrated in Figure B11-2. Testing of new mooring point installations is not required; however, follow Figure B11-2 if testing is performed.
Figure B11-2. Army Load Testing of Mooring Points
B11-2.3 Layout.
B11-2.3.1 Fixed-Wing Aprons.
Mooring points should be located as recommended by the aircraft manufacturer or as required by the base.
B11-2.3.2 Rotary-Wing Aprons.
B11-2.3.2.1 Number of Moored Parking Spaces.
All exterior aircraft parking spaces will be provided with mooring points.
B11-2.3.2.2 Number of Mooring Points at Each Parking Space.
Each rotary-wing aircraft parking space location will have six mooring points. Although some rotary-wing aircraft only require four mooring points, six will be installed to provide greater flexibility for the types of rotary-wing aircraft that can be moored at each parking space. The largest diameter rotor blade of the facilities’ assigned aircraft will be used for locating the mooring points within the parking space. The allowable spacing and layout of the six mooring points is illustrated in Figure B11-3. Parking space width and length dimensions are presented in Table 6-2 of Chapter 6.
B11-2.3.2.3 Mooring Points on a Grid Pattern.
A 6-meter by 6-meter [20-foot by 20-foot] mooring point grid pattern throughout the apron for mass aircraft parking aprons will not be authorized unless economically and operationally justified in writing by the installation commander. Figure B11-4 provides the recommended pavement joint and mooring point spacing should grid pattern mooring be utilized.
B11-2.4 Installation.
B11-2.4.1 Mooring Points for New Rigid Pavement Equal to or Greater Than 150 Millimeters (6 Inches) Thick.
Mooring points for new rigid pavements will be provided by embedding the mooring devices in fresh Portland cement concrete (PCC). The layout of points is shown in Figure B11-3 with mooring points at least 600 millimeters (2 feet) from the new pavement joints. This spacing will require close coordination between the parking plan and the jointing plan. Mooring points should be located a minimum of 600 millimeters (2 feet) from any pavement edge or joint and should provide proper cover for the reinforcing steel. Reinforcing bars should be placed around the mooring points as illustrated in Figure B11-5.
Figure B11-3. Army Rotary-Wing Allowable Mooring Point Spacing
Figure B11-4. Army Rotary-Wing Mooring Points Layout
Figure B11-5. Slab Reinforcement for Army Mooring Point
B11-2.4.2 Mooring Points for Existing Rigid Pavement Equal to or Greater Than 150 Millimeters (6 Inches) Thick and in Uncracked Condition.
The following method should be used to provide mooring points for existing rigid pavement in an uncracked condition. The pavement should have only a few slabs with random cracks and must not exhibit "D" cracking. Mooring points should be provided by core-drilling a 300-millimeter (12-inch) -diameter hole through the pavement and installing a mooring point as illustrated in Figure B11-6.
Figure B11-6. Mooring Point for Existing Rigid Pavement for Pavement Thickness Greater Than 150 Millimeters (6 Inches)
B11-2.4.3 Mooring Points for Areas Not Covered Above.
The following installation options should be used to provide mooring points for rotary-wing aircraft parked on the following pavements: existing rigid pavement less than 150 millimeters (6 inches) thick; existing rigid pavement in a cracked or deteriorated condition; new or existing flexible pavement; turfed areas; and other areas where appropriate.
B11-2.4.3.1 Installation Option 1, Mooring Pad.
This option is the preferred installation method and allows for placement of a new concrete pad with a minimum thickness of 200 millimeters (8 inches). The size of the pad should be a minimum of 7.3 meters (24 feet) wide by 13.4 meters (44 feet) long.
The length and width may be increased to match the existing concrete joint pattern. The mooring pad, with six mooring points, is illustrated in Figure B11-7. The mooring devices should be installed as illustrated in Figure B11-1 and the concrete reinforced as illustrated in Figure B11-5.
B11-2.4.3.2 Installation Option 2, Piers.
This option allows the use of individual concrete piers for each mooring point, as shown in Figure B11-8. The diameter and length of the pier must be based on the strength of the soil, as presented in Table B11-1.
Figure B11-7. Army Rotary-Wing Mooring Pad Detail
Figure B11-8. Army Mooring Point for Grassed Areas, Flexible Pavement, or Rigid Pavement - Thickness Less Than 150 millimeters (6 inches)
Table B11-1. Army Pier Length and Depths for Tiedowns
Cohesive Soils
Pier Diameter Pier Length
Unconfined Compressive Strength
(qu in kg/m2 [lb/ft2) m ft m ft qu < 5,000 kg/m2
(qu < 1,000 lb/ft2)
600 mm 2.0 ft 1,800 mm 6.0 ft
5,000< qu <19,500 kg/m2
(1,000< qu <4,000 lb/ft2)
500 mm 1.5 ft 1,800 mm 6.0 ft qu >18,500 kg/m2
(qu >4,000 lb/ft2)
500 mm 1.5 ft 1,200 mm 4.0 ft
Cohesionless Soils
Pier Diameter Pier Length
Friction Angle in Degrees m ft m ft
Φ < 20° 600 mm 2.0 ft 2,100 mm 7.0 ft
20° Φ 30° 600 mm 2.0 ft 1,800 mm 6.0 ft
Φ > 30° 500 mm 1.5 ft 1,800 mm 6.0 ft
B11-3 EXISTING MOORING POINTS FOR ARMY.
Existing mooring points will be tested for structural integrity and strength as detailed in Figure B11-2. If the existing mooring fails to meet the structural requirements listed herein, replacement of the mooring structure is required. If the existing mooring point has an attached ground rod, its electrical resistance value must be measured. If it fails to meet resistivity requirements, a new static ground rod is required.
B11-3.1 Evaluation of Existing Mooring Points for Structural Adequacy.
B11-3.1.1 Adequate Mooring Points.
Existing 19-millimeter (0.75-inch) -diameter bimetallic, copper-covered steel rods, 1,800 millimeters (6 feet) long are considered adequate for immediate aircraft protection, provided the following conditions are met:
The existing rods are installed in rigid pavement.
The existing rods do not show signs of deformation or corrosion.
The existing rods are inspected for deformation and corrosion at least once a year and after each storm event with winds greater than 90 kilometers per hour (50 knots).
B11-3.1.2 Inadequate Mooring Points.
At Army facilities, any existing rods that exhibit deformation or corrosion will be considered inadequate and require replacement. All existing 19-millimeter (0.75-inch) -diameter, 1,800-millimeter (6-foot) -long rods in flexible (asphalt) pavement, including those with a Portland cement concrete (PCC) block at the surface, require replacement.
B11-3.2 Evaluation of Existing Mooring Points for Resistance.
The maximum resistance measured, in accordance with IEEE Standard 142, of existing grounding points, will not exceed 10,000 ohms under normally dry conditions. If this resistance cannot be obtained, an alternative grounding system will be designed.
B11-4 STATIC GROUNDING POINTS FOR ARMY AND AIR FORCE FIXED-
AND ROTARY-WING FACILITIES.
See UFC 3-575-01 for static ground requirements. One static ground point shall be provided at each rotary-wing parking position, as shown in Figure B11-9.
Figure B11-9. Mooring and Ground Point Layout for Rotary-Wing Parking Space
B11-5 AIR FORCE TIEDOWNS.
B11-5.1 General.
For the Air Force, tiedowns will be constructed in accordance with Figures B11-11 and B11-12 and may be used as a static ground provided they meet the requirements given in UFC 3-575-01. For maximum flexibility, they may be installed in 4.6-meter (15-foot), 6.1-meter (20-foot), or 9.1-meter (30-foot) grids, or offset grids. At minimum, place tiedowns as indicated in aircraft Technical Orders or Facility Requirements Documents.
Ideally, tiedowns will be centered in slabs, but, at minimum, shall not be located less than 914 millimeters (3 feet) from any joint.
B11-5.1.1 If tiedowns are intended to also be used as static grounds, soil conditions may require that a ground rod be installed. When a ground rod is included, bond it to the tiedown bar.
B11-5.1.2 See UFC 3-575-01 for static ground requirements.
B11-5.2 Layout.
Tiedowns shall be configured and spaced in accordance with the requirements of the mission aircraft and will vary from aircraft to aircraft. An example of a multiple fixed-wing aircraft tiedown layout is shown in Figure B11-10.
Figure B11-10. Example of Air Force Multiple Tiedown Layout for Fixed-Wing Aircraft
B11-5.3 Installation.
B11-5.3.1 Pavement Recess Design.
The top of the static ground will be set at pavement grade or not more than 6 millimeters (0.25 inch) below grade. A smooth, rounded-edge recess 75 millimeters (3 inches) wide and not more than 150 millimeters (6 inches) long will be provided in the pavement around the eye for accessibility and attachment of grounding cables. This is shown in Figure B11-12.
Figure B11-11. Air Force Aircraft Tiedown, Profile
Figure B11-12. Air Force Aircraft Tiedown, Plan
B11-6 TIEDOWN MOORING EYES FOR NAVY AND MARINE CORPS.
Requirements, layout, and installation details for Navy and Marine Corps tiedown mooring eyes are found in Figures B11-13, B11-14 and B11-15. Requirements, layout, and installation details for Navy and Marine Corps grounding arrangements are found in UFC 3-575-01. A tiedown mooring eye must be placed at the center of every parking apron slab. For PCC with a thickness greater or equal to 254 mm (10"), the allowable uplift capacity of a T-56 tiedown is 167,698 Newtons (37,700 lbs). For PCC with a thickness greater or equal to 178 mm (7"), but less than 254 mm (10"), the allowable uplift capacity of a T-56 tiedown is 111,206 Newtons (25,000 lbs). These allowable uplift capacities assume a minimum of 40% load transfer efficiency across all doweled and non-doweled joints.
Figure B11-13. Navy and Marine Corps T-56 Mooring Eye/Tiedown Detail
Figure B11-14. Navy and Marine Corps T-56 Retrofit Detail Option 1
Figure B11-15. Navy and Marine Corps T-56 Retrofit Detail Option 2
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
| UFC COVER and Front Pages |
| FOREWORD |
| UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)REVISION SUMMARY SHEET |
| CONTENTS |
| FIGURES |
| TABLES |
| CHAPTER 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS |
| 1-1 BACKGROUND. |
| 1-2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE. |
| 1-2.1 Purpose. |
| 1-2.2 Scope. |
| 1-2.2.1 Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS). |
| 1-2.2.2 Objects Affecting Navigable Airspace. |
| 1-2.2.3 Navigational Aids (NAVAIDS) and Lighting. |
| 1-2.2.4 Special Tilt-Rotor Aircraft Considerations (V-22). |
| 1-3 APPLICABILITY. |
| 1-3.1 Existing Facilities. |
| 1-3.2 Modification of Existing Facilities. |
| 1-3.3 New Construction. |
| 1-3.4 Metric Application. |
| 1-3.5 Military Activities on Civil Owned Airfields. |
| 1-3.6 USAFE Installations. |
| 1-3.7 Gravel Runways at Radar Sites. |
| 1-4 GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS. |
| 1-4.1 Explosives Safety. |
| 1-4.2 Physical Security. |
| 1-5 SERVICE REQUIREMENTS. |
| 1-6 THEATER OF OPERATIONS. |
| 1-7 WAIVERS TO CRITERIA. |
| 1-8 USAF WORK ORDER COORDINATION AND AUTHORIZATION. |
| 1-9 FAA NOTICE OF PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OR ALTERATION. |
| 1-10 CONSTRUCTION PHASING PLAN. |
| 1-11 ZONING. |
| 1-12 REFERENCES. |
| 1-13 GLOSSARY. |
| 1-14 USE OF TERMS. |
| CHAPTER 2 AVIATION FACILITIES PLANNING |
| 2-1 APPLICABILITY. |
| 2-1.1 Manual Usage. |
| 2-1.2 Planning Process. |
| 2-1.3 Planning Elements. |
| Figure 2-1. Aviation Facilities Planning Process |
| 2-1.4 Guidance. |
| 2-1.5 Additional Planning Factors. |
| 2-1.6 Space Allowances. |
| 2-2 JUSTIFICATION. |
| 2-2.1.1 Aviation Facilities Planning. |
| 2-2.2 Existing Facility Assessment. |
| 2-2.2.1 Navy/Marine Corps |
2-2.3 Joint Use Facilities.
| 2-3 GENERAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS. |
| 2-3.1 Goals and Objectives. |
| 2-3.2 Requirements. |
| 2-3.2.1 Operational Information. |
| 2-3.2.2 Engineering Information. |
| 2-3.3 Safety. |
| 2-3.3.1 Wildlife Hazards Mitigation. |
| 2-3.4 Design Aircraft. |
| 2-3.5 Airspace and Land Area. |
| 2-3.5.1 Ownership of Clear Zones and Accident Potential Zones. |
| 2-3.5.2 Land Use within the Clear Zone and Accident Potential Zones. |
| 2-3.5.3 Explosives. |
| 2-3.5.4 Landside Safety Clearances. |
| 2-3.5.5 Helipads. |
| 2-3.5.6 Facilities Used by Multiple Services. |
| 2-3.5.7 Air Force Airfield Obstruction Mapping. |
| 2-4 PLANNING STUDIES. |
| 2-4.1 Master Plan. |
| 2-4.2 Land Use Studies. |
| 2-4.3 Environmental Studies. |
| 2-4.3.1 Environmental Assessment (EA). |
| 2-4.3.2 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). |
| 2-4.3.3 Categorical Exclusion (CATEX). |
| 2-4.3.4 Exemption By Law and Emergencies. |
| 2-4.4 Aircraft Noise Studies. |
| 2-4.4.1 Analysis. |
2-4.5 Instrumented Runway Studies.
| 2-5 SITING AVIATION FACILITIES. |
| 2-5.1 Location. |
| 2-5.2 Site Selection. |
| 2-5.2.1 Site Conditions. |
| 2-5.2.2 Future Development. |
| 2-5.2.3 Sites not on DoD Property. |
| 2-5.3 Airspace Approval. |
| 2-5.4 Airfield Safety Clearances. |
| 2-5.4.1 Dimensional Criteria. |
| 2-5.4.2 Air Force Missions at Army Facilities. |
| 2-5.4.3 Prohibited Land Uses. |
| 2-5.4.4 Wake Turbulence. |
| 2-5.5 Storm Water Management Facilities. |
| 2-5.6 Renewable Energy Systems. |
| 2-6 AIRSIDE AND LANDSIDE FACILITIES. |
| 2-7 LANDING AND TAKEOFF SURFACES. |
| 2-7.1 Runways and Helipads. |
| 2-7.2 Number of Runways. |
| 2-7.3 Number of Helipads. |
| 2-7.4 Runway and Helipad Location. |
| 2-7.4.1 Obstructions to Air Navigation. |
| 2-7.4.2 Airspace Availability. |
| 2-7.4.3 Runway and Helipad Orientation. |
| 2-7.5 Runway and Helipad Separation. |
| 2-7.6 Runway Instrumentation. |
| 2-7.6.1 NAVAIDS, Vault, and Buildings. |
| 2-8 AIRCRAFT GROUND MOVEMENT AND PARKING AREAS. |
| 2-8.1 Taxiways. |
| 2-8.1.1 Taxiway System. |
| 2-8.1.2 Taxiway Capacity. |
| 2-8.1.3 Runway Exit Criteria. |
| 2-8.1.4 Dual-Use Facility Taxiways. |
| 2-8.1.5 Paved Taxiway Shoulders. |
| 2-8.2 Aircraft Parking Aprons. |
| 2-8.2.1 Requirement. |
| 2-8.2.2 Location. |
| 2-8.2.3 Capacity. |
| 2-8.2.4 Clearances. |
| 2-8.2.5 Access Taxilanes, Entrances, and Exits. |
| 2-8.2.6 Aircraft Parking Schemes. |
| 2-8.2.7 Departure Sequencing. |
| 2-8.2.8 Apron/Other Pavement Types. |
| 2-9 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE AREA (OTHER THAN PAVEMENTS). |
| 2-9.1 Aircraft Maintenance Facilities. |
| 2-9.2 Aviation Maintenance Buildings and Hangars. |
| 2-9.2.1 Maintenance Hangars. |
| 2-9.2.2 Security and Storage Hangars. |
| 2-9.2.3 Avionics Maintenance Shop. |
| 2-9.2.4 Engine Repair and Engine Test Facilities. |
| 2-9.2.5 Parts Storage. |
| 2-9.3 Maintenance Aprons. |
| 2-9.4 Apron Lighting. |
| 2-9.5 Security. |
| 2-10 AVIATION OPERATIONS SUPPORT AREA. |
| 2-10.1 Aviation Operations Support Facilities. |
| 2-10.2 Location. |
| 2-10.3 Orientation of Facilities. |
| 2-10.4 Multiple Supporting Facilities. |
| 2-10.5 Transient Facilities. |
| 2-10.6 Other Support Facilities. |
| 2-10.6.1 Air Traffic Control Facilities. |
| 2-10.6.2 Radar Approach Control Facilities. |
| 2-10.6.3 Aircraft Rescue and Fire Facilities. |
| 2-10.6.4 Rescue and Ambulance Helicopters. |
| 2-10.6.5 Hospital Helipad. |
| 2-10.6.6 Miscellaneous Buildings. |
| 2-10.7 Aircraft Fuel Storage and Dispensing. |
| 2-10.7.1 Location. |
| 2-10.7.2 Safety. |
| 2-10.8 Service Roadways to Support Airfield Activities. |
| 2-10.8.1 General. |
| 2-10.8.2 Rescue and Firefighting Roadways. |
| 2-10.8.3 Fuel Truck Access. |
| 2-10.8.4 Explosives and Munitions Transfer to Arm/Disarm Pads. |
| 2-11 NAVY/MARINE CORPS EXCEPTIONS FROM CRITERIA NOT REQUIRING NAVFAC DESIGN WAIVERS/EXEMPTIONS FROM UFC 3-260-01 OR NAVAIR AIRFIELD SAFETY WAIVERS. |
| 2-11.1 Visual Air Navigational Facilities. |
| 2-11.2 Radar/Communications Facilities. |
| 2-11.3 Other Facilities and Equipment. |
| 2-12 AIRFIELD UTILITY STRUCTURES. |
| 2-12.1 Load Bearing Pavements and Paved Shoulder Areas. |
| 2-12.2 Unpaved Shoulder Areas. |
| 2-12.3 Other Airfield Areas. |
| CHAPTER 3 RUNWAYS (FIXED-WING) AND IMAGINARY SURFACES |
| 3-1 CONTENTS. |
| 3-2 REQUIREMENTS. |
| 3-3 RUNWAY CLASSIFICATION. |
| 3-3.1 Class A Runways. |
| 3-3.2 Class B Runways. |
| 3-3.3 Special Tilt-Rotor Aircraft Considerations (V-22). |
| Table 3-1. Runway Classification by Aircraft Type |
| 3-3.4 Landing Zones (formerly called Short Fields and Training Assault Landing Zones). |
| 3-4 RUNWAY SYSTEMS. |
| 3-4.1 Single Runway. |
| 3-4.2 Parallel Runways. |
| 3-4.3 Crosswind Runways. |
| Table 3-2. Runways |
| 3-5 RUNWAY ORIENTATION/WIND DATA. |
| 3-6 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR RUNWAY ORIENTATION. |
| 3-6.1 Obstructions. |
| 3-6.2 Restricted Airspace. |
| 3-6.3 Built-Up Areas. |
| 3-6.4 Neighboring Airports. |
| 3-6.5 Topography. |
| 3-6.6 Soil Conditions. |
| 3-6.7 Noise Analysis. |
| 3-7 RUNWAY DESIGNATION. |
| 3-8 RUNWAY DIMENSIONS. |
| 3-8.1 Runway Dimension Criteria, Except Runway Length. |
| 3-8.2 Runway Length Criteria. |
| 3-8.2.1 Army. |
| 3-8.2.2 Air Force. |
| 3-8.2.3 Navy and Marine Corps. |
| 3-8.3 Layout. |
| Table 3-3. Army Class A Runway Lengths |
| 3-9 RUNWAY END SITING REQUIREMENTS. |
| 3-9.1 Runway Ends. |
| 3-9.2 Threshold. |
| 3-9.2.1 Displaced Threshold. |
| 3-9.2.2 Impacts to Runway Length. |
| 3-9.2.3 Other Impacts. |
| 3-9.2.4 Cautions. |
| Figure 3-1. Runway Transverse Sections and Primary Surface |
| Figure 3-2. Clear Zone Transverse Section Detail |
| Figure 3-3. Runway and Overrun Longitudinal Profile |
| Figure 3-4. Army Clear Zone and Accident Potential Zone Guidelines |
| Figure 3-5. Air Force Clear Zone and APZ Guidelines |
| Figure 3-6. Navy and Marine Corps Clear Zone and APZ Guidelines |
| Figure 3-7. Class A VFR Runway Primary Surface End Details |
| Figure 3-8. Class A VFR Runway Isometric Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 3-9. Class A VFR Runway Plan and Profile Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 3-10. Class A IFR Runway Primary Surface End Details |
| Figure 3-11. Class A IFR Runway Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 3-12. Class A IFR Runway Plan and Profile Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 3-13. Class B Army and Air Force Runway End and Clear Zone Details |
| Figure 3-14. Class B Army Runway Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 3-15. Class B Army and Air Force Runway Airspace Plan and Profile Runway Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 3-16. Class B Navy Runway Primary Surface End Details |
| Figure 3-17. Class B Air Force and Navy Runway Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 3-18. Class B Navy Runway Airspace Plan and Profile Runway Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 3-19. VFR and IFR Crosswind Runways Isometric Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 3-20. Plan, Single Runway, Navy Class A, and Basic Training Outlying Field |
| Figure 3-21. Plan, Single Runway, and Navy Class B |
| Figure 3-22. Typical Layout, Navy Dual Class B Runways |
| 3-10 SHOULDERS. |
| 3-11 RUNWAY OVERRUNS. |
| Table 3-4. Overruns |
| 3-12 RUNWAY CLEAR ZONES. |
| 3-12.1 Land Use in Clear Zones. |
| 3-12.2 Clear Zone Mandatory Frangibility Zone (MFZ). |
| Table 3-5. Clear Zones |
| 3-12.3 US Navy Clear Zones. |
| 3-12.3.1 Type I Clear Zone. |
| 3-12.3.2 Type II Clear Zone. |
| 3-12.3.3 Type III Clear Zone. |
| 3-13 ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONES (APZ). |
| 3-14 AIRSPACE IMAGINARY SURFACES. |
| Table 3-6. Accident Potential Zones (APZs) |
| Table 3-7. Airspace Imaginary Surface |
| 3-15 AIRSPACE FOR AIRFIELDS WITH TWO OR MORE RUNWAYS. |
| 3-16 OBSTRUCTIONS TO AIR NAVIGATION. |
| 3-16.1 Aircraft Operating Area (AOA). |
| 3-16.2 Determining Obstructions. |
| 3-16.3 Trees. |
| Table 3-8. Imaginary Surfaces Minimum Clearances over Highway, Railroad, Waterway, and Trees |
| 3-17 AIRCRAFT ARRESTING SYSTEMS. |
| 3-17.1 Navy and Marine Corps Requirements. |
| 3-17.2 Installation Design and Repair Considerations. |
| 3-17.2.1 Configuration and Location. |
| 3-17.2.2 Runway Pavement. |
| 3-17.2.3 Repair of Bituminous Pavements. |
| 3-17.3 Joint-Use Airfields. |
| 3-17.3.1 Agreement to Install. |
| 3-17.3.2 Disagreements. |
| 3-17.3.3 Operating Agency. |
| 3-17.3.4 Third-Party Claims. |
| 3-17.3.5 DoD and FAA Agreements. |
| 3-17.3.6 Operational Agreement. |
3-17.4 Military Rights Agreements for Non-CONUS Locations.
| CHAPTER 4 ROTARY-WING RUNWAYS, HELIPADS, LANDING LANES, AND HOVERPOINTS |
| 4-1 CONTENTS. |
| 4-2 LANDING AND TAKEOFF LAYOUT REQUIREMENTS. |
| 4-3 ROTARY-WING RUNWAY. |
| 4-3.1 Orientation and Designation. |
| 4-3.2 Dimensions. |
| 4-3.3 Layout. |
| 4-3.4 Special Tilt-Rotor Aircraft Considerations (V-22). |
| Table 4-1. Rotary-Wing Runways |
| Figure 4-1. Helicopter VFR Runway |
| Figure 4-2. Helicopter IFR Runway |
| Figure 4-3. IFR Airspace Imaginary Surfaces: IFR Helicopter Runway and Helipad |
| 4-4 HELIPADS. |
| 4-4.1 Standard VFR Helipad. |
| 4-4.2 Limited Use Helipad. |
| 4-4.3 IFR Helipad. |
| 4-4.4 Elevated Helipad. |
| 4-4.5 Helipad Location. |
| 4-4.5.1 Near Runways. |
| 4-4.5.2 Standby Parking Pads. |
| 4-4.6 Dimensional Criteria. |
| Table 4-2. Rotary-Wing Helipads and Hoverpoints |
| 4-4.7 Layout Criteria. |
| 4-5 SAME DIRECTION INGRESS/EGRESS. |
| 4-5.1 Dimensions Criteria. |
| 4-5.2 Layout Criteria. |
| 4-6 HOVERPOINTS. |
| 4-6.1 General. |
| 4-6.2 Dimensions. |
| 4-7 ELEVATED HELIPADS – ARMY AND AIR FORCE ONLY. |
| 4-7.1 General. |
| 4-7.2 Rooftop and Other Elevated Helipads. |
| 4-7.3 Dimensions. |
| Figure 4-4. Elevated Helipad Layout Criteria for UH-60 or Smaller Rotor Diameter Helicopters (8H:1V) |
| Figure 4-5. Elevated Helipad Layout Criteria for CH-47 and Larger Helicopters (8H:1V) |
| Figure 4-6. Elevated Hospital Helipad Layout Criteria for UH-60 or Smaller Rotor Diameter Helicopters (16.4H:1V) |
| Figure 4-7. Elevated Hospital Helipad Layout Criteria for CH-47 and Larger Helicopters (16.4H:1V) |
| 4-7.4 Safety Net. |
| 4-7.5 Access to Elevated Helipads. |
| 4-7.6 Fixed Objects within a Primary Surface. |
| 4-7.7 Obstructions. |
| 4-7.8 Protection Zone. |
| 4-8 ROTARY-WING LANDING LANES. |
| 4-8.1 Requirements for a Landing Lane. |
| 4-8.2 Landing Lane Location. |
| 4-8.3 Touchdown Points. |
| 4-8.4 Dimensions. |
| 4-8.5 Layout. |
| Figure 4-8. Standard VFR Helipad for Army and Air Force |
| Figure 4-9 Standard VFR Helipad for Navy and Marine Corps and Limited Use VFR Helipad for Army and Air Force |
| Figure 4-10. Standard IFR Helipad |
| Figure 4-11. Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps VFR Helipad with Same Direction Ingress/Egress |
| Figure 4-12. Army and Air Force VFR Limited Use Helipad with Same Direction Ingress/Egress |
| Figure 4-13. Army and Air Force IFR Helipad with Same Direction Ingress/Egress |
| Figure 4-14. Helicopter Hoverpoint |
| Table 4-3. Rotary-Wing Landing Lanes |
| Figure 4-15. Rotary-Wing Landing Lane |
| 4-9 AIR FORCE HELICOPTER SLIDE AREAS (OR “SKID PADS”). |
| 4-10 SHOULDERS FOR ROTARY-WING FACILITIES. |
| Table 4-4. Shoulders for Rotary-Wing Facilities |
| 4-11 OVERRUNS FOR ROTARY-WING RUNWAYS AND LANDING LANES. |
| Table 4-5. Overruns for Rotary-Wing Runways and Landing Lanes |
| 4-12 CLEAR ZONE AND ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE (APZ). |
| 4-12.1 Clear Zone Land Use. |
| 4-12.2 Accident Potential Zone (APZ). |
| 4-12.3 Dimensions. |
| 4-13 IMAGINARY SURFACES FOR ROTARY-WING RUNWAYS, HELIPADS, LANDING LANES, AND HOVERPOINTS. |
| Table 4-6. Rotary-Wing Runway and Landing Lane Clear Zone and APZ |
| Table 4-7. Rotary-Wing Imaginary Surface for VFR Approaches |
| Table 4-8. Rotary-Wing Imaginary Surfaces for IFR Approaches |
4-14 OBSTRUCTIONS AND AIRFIELD AIRSPACE CRITERIA.
| CHAPTER 5 TAXIWAYS |
| 5-1 CONTENTS. |
| 5-2 TAXIWAY REQUIREMENTS. |
| 5-3 TAXIWAY SYSTEMS. |
| 5-3.1 Basic. |
| 5-3.2 Parallel Taxiway. |
| 5-3.3 High-Speed Taxiway Turnoff. |
| 5-3.4 Additional Types of Taxiways. |
| 5-3.5 Taxilanes. |
| 5-3.6 USAF Taxitraks. |
| Figure 5-1. Common Taxiway Designations |
| 5-4 TAXIWAY LAYOUT. |
| 5-4.1 Efficiency. |
| 5-4.2 Direct Access. |
| 5-4.3 Simple Taxiing Routes. |
| 5-4.4 Delay Prevention. |
| 5-4.5 Runway Exit Criteria. |
| 5-4.6 Taxiway Designation. |
| Figure 5-2. Spacing Requirements: Normal Taxiway Exits |
| 5-5 FIXED-WING TAXIWAY DIMENSIONS. |
| 5-5.1 Criteria. |
| 5-5.2 Transverse Cross-Section. |
| Table 5-1. Fixed-Wing Taxiways |
| Figure 5-3. Taxiway and Primary Surface Transverse Sections |
| 5-6 ROTARY-WING TAXIWAY DIMENSIONS. |
| Table 5-2. Rotary-Wing Taxiways |
| 5-7 TAXIWAYS AT DUAL USE (FIXED- AND ROTARY-WING) AIRFIELDS. |
| 5-7.1 Criteria. |
| 5-7.2 Taxiway Shoulders. |
| Table 5-3. Rotary-Wing Taxiway Shoulders |
| 5-8 TAXIWAY INTERSECTION CRITERIA. |
| 5-8.1 Fillet-Only Dimensions. |
| Table 5-4. Runway/Taxiway Intersection Fillet Radii |
| Table 5-5. Taxiway/Taxiway Intersection and Taxiway Turns Fillet Radii |
| Figure 5-4. Runway/Taxiway Intersection Fillets |
| Figure 5-5. Taxiway/Taxiway Intersection Fillets |
| 5-9 HIGH-SPEED RUNWAY EXITS. |
| 5-10 APRON ACCESS TAXIWAYS. |
| 5-10.1 Parking Aprons. |
| 5-10.2 Fighter Aircraft Aprons. |
| 5-11 SHOULDERS. |
| 5-11.1 Fixed-Wing Taxiways. |
| 5-11.2 Rotary-Wing Taxiways. |
| 5-12 TOWWAYS. |
| 5-12.1 Dimensions. |
| 5-12.2 Layout. |
| 5-12.3 Existing Roadway. |
| 5-13 HANGAR ACCESS. |
| Table 5-6. Towways |
| Figure 5-6. Towway Criteria |
| Table 5-7. Taxitraks |
| CHAPTER 6 APRONS AND OTHER PAVEMENTS |
| 6-1 CONTENTS. |
| 6-2 APRON REQUIREMENTS. |
| 6-3 TYPES OF APRONS AND OTHER PAVEMENTS. |
| 6-4 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS. |
| 6-5 PARKING APRON FOR FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT. |
| 6-5.1 Location. |
| 6-5.2 Size. |
| 6-5.3 Army Parking Apron Layout. |
| 6-5.3.1 Variety of Aircraft. |
| 6-5.3.2 Specific Aircraft. |
| 6-5.3.3 Layout. |
| 6-5.4 Air Force Parking Apron Layout. |
| 6-5.5 Layout for Combined Army and Air Force Parking Aprons. |
| 6-5.6 Tactical/Fighter Parking Apron Layout. |
| Figure 6-1. Apron Nomenclature and Criteria |
| Figure 6-2. Army and Air Force Parking Plan |
| Figure 6-3. Apron with Diagonal Parking |
| 6-5.7 Refueling Considerations. |
| 6-5.8 Parking Dimensions. |
| 6-5.8.1 Jet Blast Considerations. |
| 6-5.8.2 Cargo Loading Considerations. |
| 6-5.9 Tie-downs and Mooring Points. |
| Figure 6-4. Truck Refueling Safety Zone Example |
| Table 6-1. Fixed-Wing Aprons |
| 6-6 TAXIING CHARACTERISTICS ON APRONS FOR FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT. |
| 6-6.1 Apron Taxilanes. |
| 6-6.2 Turning Capabilities (Aircraft Turning and Maneuvering Characteristics). |
| 6-6.3 Departure Sequencing. |
| 6-6.4 Minimum Standoff Distances from Edge Pavements. |
| 6-7 PARKING APRON FOR ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT. |
| 6-7.1 Location. |
| 6-7.2 Apron Size. |
| 6-7.3 Maneuverability. |
| 6-7.3.1 Approach. |
| 6-7.3.2 Undercarriage. |
| 6-7.4 Army Parking Apron Layout. |
| 6-7.4.1 Type 1. |
| 6-7.4.1.1 Parking Space, All Aircraft Except CH-47 and CH-53. |
| 6-7.4.1.2 Parking Space, CH-47. |
| 6-7.4.1.3 Parking Space, CH-53. |
| 6-7.4.2 Type 2. |
| 6-7.4.2.1 Parking Space, Skid-Gear Aircraft. |
| 6-7.4.2.2 Parking Space, Wheeled. |
6-7.4.3 Barricades and Shelters.
| 6-7.5 Air Force Parking Apron Layout. |
| 6-7.6 Refueling Considerations. |
| 6-7.6.1 Aircraft Direct-Refueling System. |
| 6-7.6.1.1 Hot Refueling Criteria and Requirements. |
| 6-7.6.2 Mobile Aircraft Refuelers. |
| 6-7.6.3 Safety Zone. |
| 6-7.6.4 Tie-downs and Mooring Points. |
| 6-7.7 Parking Dimensions. |
| 6-7.7.1 Distances between Parking Spaces. |
| 6-7.7.2 Rotor Blade Clearances. |
| Figure 6-5. Type 1 Parking for All Rotary-Wing Aircraft Except CH-47 |
| Figure 6-6. Type 1 Parking for CH-47 |
| Figure 6-7. Army Type 1 Parking for CH-53 |
| Figure 6-8. Army Type 1 Parking for CH-53 with Protective Barriers or Shelters |
| Figure 6-9. Type 2 Parking for Skid Rotary-Wing Aircraft |
| Figure 6-10. Type 2 Parking for Wheeled Rotary-Wing Aircraft |
| Figure 6-11. Refueling Safety Zone Example for Rotary-Wing Aircraft for Normal (Cold) Refueling Operations |
| Figure 6-12. Refueling Safety Zone Example for Rotary-Wing Aircraft for Hot Refueling |
| Table 6-2. Rotary-Wing Aprons for Army Airfields |
| 6-8 WARM-UP PADS. |
| 6-8.1 Navy and Marine Corps. |
| 6-8.2 Location. |
| 6-8.2.1 At End Turnoff Taxiway. |
| 6-8.2.2 Along Parallel Taxiway. |
| 6-8.3 Siting Considerations. |
| 6-8.3.1 End of Runway. |
| 6-8.3.2 Approach-Departure Clearance Surface. |
| 6-8.3.3 Navigational Aids (NAVAIDS). |
| 6-8.4 Warm-Up Pad Size. |
| 6-8.5 Taxi-In/Taxi-Out Capabilities. |
| Figure 6-13. Warm-Up Pad at End of Parallel Taxiway |
| Figure 6-14. Warm-Up Pad Next to Parallel Taxiway |
| Figure 6-15. Warm-Up Pad Located in Clear Zone |
| Figure 6-16. Warm-Up Pad Located in Approach-Departure Clearance Surface |
| Figure 6-17. Warm-Up Pad/Localizer Critical Area |
| Figure 6-18. Warm-Up Pad/Glide Slope Critical Area |
| Figure 6-19. Warm-Up Pad/CAT II ILS Critical Area |
| Figure 6-20. Warm-Up Pad Taxiing and Wingtip Clearance Requirements |
| 6-8.6 Parking Angle. |
| 6-8.7 Turning Radius. |
| 6-8.8 Taxilanes on Warm-Up Pads. |
| 6-8.9 Tie-Downs and Grounding Points. |
| 6-9 POWER CHECK PAD. |
| 6-9.1 Location and Siting Considerations. |
| 6-9.2 Unsuppressed Power Check Pad Layout. |
| 6-9.2.1 Army and Air Force. |
| 6-9.2.2 Navy and Marine Corps. |
| 6-9.3 Access Taxiway/Towway. |
| 6-9.4 Grading. |
| 6-9.5 Thrust Anchors/Mooring Points. |
| 6-9.5.1 Army and Air Force. |
| 6-9.5.2 Navy and Marine Corps. |
| Figure 6-21. Geometry for Rectangular Power Check Pad |
| Figure 6-22. Geometry for Square Power Check Pad |
| Figure 6-23. Geometry for Circular Power Check Pad |
| Figure 6-24. Power Check Pad Grading |
| 6-9.6 Anchor Blocks. |
| 6-9.6.1 Army and Air Force. |
| 6-9.6.2 Navy and Marine Corps. |
| 6-9.7 Power Check Pad Facilities. |
| 6-9.7.1 Required Facilities. |
| 6-9.7.2 Optional Facilities. |
6-9.8 Noise Considerations.
| 6-10 ARM/DEARM PADS. |
| 6-10.1 Navy and Marine Corps Requirements. |
| 6-10.2 Location. |
| 6-10.3 Siting Considerations. |
| 6-10.3.1 Aircraft Heading. |
| 6-10.3.2 Forward Firing Munitions Protection Zone. |
| 6-10.3.3 Electromagnetically Quiet Location. |
| 6-10.4 Arm/Dearm Pad Size. |
| 6-10.5 Taxi-In/Taxi-Out Capabilities. |
| 6-10.6 Parking Angle. |
| 6-10.7 Turning Radius. |
| 6-10.8 Access Road. |
| 6-10.9 Tie-downs and Grounding Points. |
| 6-10.10 Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards. |
| Figure 6-25. Arm-Dearm Pad for F-15 Fighter |
| Figure 6-26. Arm-Dearm Pad for F-16 Fighter |
| Figure 6-27. Arm-Dearm Pad for F-22 Fighter |
| Figure 6-28. Arm-Dearm Pad for F-35 Fighter (JSF) |
| 6-11 COMPASS CALIBRATION PAD (CCP). |
| 6-11.1 Army. |
| 6-11.2 Air Force. |
| 6-11.3 Navy and Marine Corps. |
| 6-11.4 Location. |
| 6-11.5 Siting Consideration. |
| 6-11.5.1 Separation Distances. |
| 6-11.5.2 Preliminary Survey. |
| 6-11.5.3 Magnetic Survey and Re-marking Requirements. |
| 6-11.5.3.1 Magnetic Survey Frequency. |
| Table 6-3. Magnetic Survey Frequency Requirements |
| 6-11.5.3.2 Additional Information. |
| 6-11.6 Compass Calibration Pad (CCP) Size. |
| Figure 6-29. Compass Calibration Pad |
| 6-11.7 Access Taxiway/Towway. |
| 6-11.8 Grading. |
| 6-11.8.1 Perimeter Elevation. |
| 6-11.8.2 Cross Slope. |
| 6-11.9 Tie-Down/Mooring Point. |
| 6-11.10 Embedded Material. |
| 6-11.11 Control Points. |
| 6-11.12 CCP Markings. |
| 6-12 HAZARDOUS CARGO PADS. |
| 6-12.1 Navy and Marine Corps Requirements. |
| 6-12.2 Siting Criteria. |
| 6-12.3 Hazardous Cargo Pad Size |
| 6-12.3.1 Circular Pad. |
| 6-12.3.2 Semicircular Pad. |
| 6-12.3.3 Other Pad Size. |
| 6-12.4 Access Taxiway. |
| 6-12.5 Tie-Down and Grounding Points. |
| 6-12.6 Miscellaneous Considerations. |
| 6-12.6.1 Utilities. |
| 6-12.6.2 Access Road. |
| 6-13 ALERT PAD. |
| Figure 6-30. Hazardous Cargo Pad Other than APOE/Ds |
| Figure 6-31. Typical Hazardous Cargo Pad for APOE/Ds |
| Figure 6-32. Typical Alert Apron for Bombers and Tanker Aircraft |
| Figure 6-33. Typical Alert Pad for Fighter Aircraft |
| 6-13.1 Navy and Marine Corps Requirements. |
| 6-13.2 Location. |
| 6-13.3 Siting Criteria. |
| 6-13.3.1 Airspace Imaginary Surfaces. |
| 6-13.3.2 Explosives Consideration. |
| 6-13.4 Alert Pad Size. |
| 6-13.4.1 General Dimensions. |
| Table 6-4. Minimum Separation Distance on Tanker or Bomber Alert Aprons from the Centerline of a Through Taxilane to a Parked Aircraft |
| 6-13.4.2 Air Force Waivers. |
| 6-13.4.2.1 Wingtip Clearances. |
| 6-13.4.2.2 Wingtip Clearances Based on Taxilane Width. |
| 6-13.5 Design Aircraft. |
| 6-13.6 Alert Aircraft Parking Arrangements. |
| 6-13.6.1 Fighter Arrangements. |
| 6-13.6.2 Non-Fighter Arrangements. |
| 6-13.7 Jet Blast Distance Requirements. |
| 6-13.8 Taxi-In/Taxi-Out Capabilities. |
| 6-13.9 Turning Radius. |
| Figure 6-34. Alert Apron Taxi-In/Taxi-Out Parking |
| Figure 6-35. Alert Apron Back-In Parking |
| 6-13.10 Dedicated Access Taxiway. |
| 6-13.11 Tie-Down and Grounding Points. |
| 6-14 AIRCRAFT WASH RACKS. |
| 6-14.1 Location. |
| 6-14.2 Size and Configuration. |
| Figure 6-36. Wash Rack Selection Chart |
| Figure 6-37. Wash Rack Type “F” |
| Figure 6-38. Wash Rack Type “L” |
| Figure 6-39. Utilities and In-Pavement Structures |
| Figure 6-40. Helicopter Wash Rack (Single Helicopter) |
| 6-14.3 Wash Rack Size. |
| Table 6-5. Wash Rack Clearances From Aircraft to Curb |
| 6-14.4 Wash Rack Facilities. |
| 6-14.5 Wash Rack Grading. |
| 6-14.6 Tie-Down and Grounding Points. |
| 6-14.7 Concrete Curbs. |
| 6-14.8 Service Points. |
| 6-14.8.1 Army and Air Force. |
| 6-14.8.2 Navy and Marine Corps. |
| 6-14.9 Wash Rack Utilities. |
| 6-14.9.1 Required Wash Rack Utilities. |
| 6-14.9.2 Utility Controls Building. |
| 6-14.9.3 Service Utility Connections (Service Points). |
| 6-14.9.4 Lighting. |
| 6-14.9.5 Wastewater Collection/Treatment. |
| 6-14.9.6 Wastewater System Design. |
| 6-14.10 Aircraft Wash Equipment. |
| 6-14.10.1 Storage and Mixing Capability for Aircraft Cleaning Compounds. |
| 6-14.10.2 Pressurized Cleaning Dispensing and Rinse Water Systems. |
| 6-14.11 Safety and Health. |
| 6-14.11.1 Eyewash Units and Emergency Showers. |
| 6-14.11.2 Fall Protection. |
| 6-14.11.3 Personal Amenities. |
| 6-14.12 Aircraft Rinse Facilities – Birdbaths. |
| Figure 6-41. Aircraft Rinse Facility (Birdbath) |
| 6-15 HANGAR ACCESS APRONS. |
| 6-15.1 Dimensions. |
| 6-15.2 Grades for Aircraft Fueling Ramps. |
| 6-15.3 Grades for Aircraft Access into Hangars. |
| Table 6-6. Hangar Access Apron |
| 6-16 TAXIING CHARACTERISTICS ON APRONS FOR ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT. |
| 6-16.1 Hoverlane/Taxilane Width at Army Facilities. |
| 6-16.2 Hoverlane/Taxilane Width at Air Force Facilities. |
| 6-17 FIXED-WING AND ROTARY-WING GRADING STANDARDS. |
| 6-17.1 Fixed-Wing Aircraft. |
| 6-17.2 Rotary-Wing Aircraft. |
| 6-17.3 Grades for Aircraft Fueling Ramps. |
| 6-18 SHOULDERS. |
| 6-19 MISCELLANEOUS APRON DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. |
| 6-19.1 Jet Blast Deflectors. |
| 6-19.2 Line Vehicle Parking. |
| 6-19.3 Utilities. |
| 6-20 V-22 APRON CLEARANCES. |
| 6-21 US NAVY AND MARINE CORPS AIRCRAFT BLOCK DIMENSIONS. |
| Figure 6-42. V-22 Apron Clearance Requirements |
| Figure 6-43. Navy/Marine Corps, 90-Degree Aircraft Parking Configuration |
| Table 6-7. Navy/Marine Corps Aircraft Parking Spacing, Helicopter Aircraft, 90-Degree Parking |
| Table 6-8. Navy/Marine Corps Aircraft Parking Spacing, Propeller Aircraft, 90-Degree Parking |
| Table 6-9. Navy/Marine Corps Aircraft Parking Spacing, Jet Aircraft, 90-Degree Parking |
| Figure 6-44. Navy/Marine Corps, 45-Degree Aircraft Parking Configuration |
| Table 6-10. Navy/Marine Corps Aircraft Parking Spacing, Jet Aircraft, 45-Degree Parking |
| CHAPTER 7 LANDING ZONES FOR C-130 AND C-17 |
| 7-1 GENERAL INFORMATION. |
| 7-1.1 Differences in Service Criteria. |
| 7-1.2 Landing Zone Marking and Lighting Standards. |
| 7-1.3 LZ Grade Evaluation. |
| 7-2 DEFINITIONS. |
| 7-2.1 Accident Potential Zone–Landing Zone (APZ-LZ). |
| 7-2.2 Clear Zone-LZ. |
| 7-2.3 Contingency Operations. |
| 7-2.4 Exclusion Area. |
| 7-2.5 Flashing Strobe Light (FSL). |
| 7-2.6 Graded Area. |
| 7-2.7 Imaginary Surfaces-LZ. |
| 7-2.8 Infield Area. |
| 7-2.9 Landing Zone (LZ). |
| 7-2.10 Overrun-LZ. |
| 7-2.11 Maintained Area. |
| 7-2.12 Parking Maximum on Ground (MOG). |
| 7-2.13 Paved Landing Zone (LZ). |
| 7-2.14 Primary Surface-LZ. |
| 7-2.15 Runway End. |
| 7-2.16 Semi-Prepared Landing Zone (LZ). |
| 7-2.17 Turnaround (or Hammerhead). |
| 7-2.18 Visual Landing Zone Marker Panels (VLZMP). |
| 7-3 SITE PLANNING FOR LANDING ZONES (LZ). |
| 7-3.1 Future Development (Land or Aircraft Technology). |
| 7-3.2 Prohibited Land Uses. |
| 7-3.3 APZs not on DoD Property. |
| 7-4 SITING CONSIDERATIONS. |
| 7-4.1 Training Landing Zones (LZs). |
| 7-4.2 Siting Landing Zones (LZs). |
| 7-4.3 FAA Requirements. |
| 7-4.4 Siting LZs in Built-Up Areas. |
| 7-4.5 Siting LZs Superimposed on Class A or B Runways. |
| 7-5 GEOMETRIC CRITERIA FOR RUNWAYS AND OVERRUNS. |
| Table 7-1. Runways for LZs |
| 7-5.1 LZ Runway Lengths. |
| Table 7-2. C-17 LZ Runway Lengths |
| 7-5.2 LZ Runway Widths. |
| 7-5.3 Operating Surface Gradient Allowances. |
| 7-5.4 LZ Shoulders. |
| Table 7-3. Taxiways for LZs |
| Table 7-4. Aprons for LZs |
| Table 7-5. Overruns for LZs |
| 7-5.5 Turnarounds. |
| 7-6 IMAGINARY SURFACES AND LAND USE CONTROL AREAS. |
| Table 7-6. Accident Potential Zones (APZs) and Exclusion Areas for LZs |
| Table 7-7. Runway End Clear Zone for LZs |
| Table 7-8. Imaginary Surfaces for LZs |
| Figure 7-1. LZ Primary Surface End Details |
| Figure 7-2. LZ Details |
| Figure 7-3. LZ with Contiguous Aprons and Turnarounds |
| Figure 7-4. LZ Apron Layout Details |
| Figure 7-5. LZ Runway Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 7-6. LZ Runway, Taxiway, and Apron Sections |
| 7-7 OPERATIONAL WAIVERS TO CRITERIA. |
| 7-8 SEPARATION DISTANCES BETWEEN PERMANENT RUNWAYS/HELIPADS AND LZ RUNWAYS. |
| 7-8.1 Separation Distances between Permanent Runways/Helipads and LZ Runways for Simultaneous Operations. |
| 7-8.2 Separation between Permanent Class A or Class B Runways and LZ Runways for Non-Simultaneous Operations. |
| Table 7-9. Runway Separation for Simultaneous Operations |
| 7-9 SURFACE TYPES. |
| 7-9.1 Runways and Overruns. |
| 7-9.1.1 Semi-prepared Runway and Overrun Surfaces. |
| 7-9.1.2 Paved Runway and Overrun Surfaces. |
| 7-9.1.3 Runway and Overrun Shoulders. |
| 7-9.2 Turnarounds. |
| 7-9.2.1 Paved Turnarounds. |
| 7-9.3 Taxiways. |
| 7-9.3.1 Semi-prepared Taxiways. |
| 7-9.3.2 Paved Taxiways. |
| 7-9.4 Aprons. |
| 7-9.4.1 Semi-prepared Aprons. |
| 7-9.4.2 Paved Aprons. |
| 7-10 VISUAL LANDING ZONE MARKER PANELS (VLSMP). |
| 7-10.1 Minimum Marking Requirements for Temporary Applications. |
| 7-10.1.1 Temporary Panels. |
| 7-10.1.2 Materials and Size. |
| 7-10.1.3 Orientation and Color. |
| 7-10.1.4 Frangibility. |
| 7-10.2 Marking Requirements for Long-Term Applications. |
| 7-10.2.1 Permanent Panels. |
| 7-10.2.2 Materials and Size. |
| 7-10.2.3 Orientation and Color. |
| 7-10.2.4 Foundations. |
| 7-10.2.5 Support Posts. |
| Figure 7-7. Example VLZMP on Concrete Base Detail |
| Figure 7-8. Airfield Marking Patterns (AMP) |
| 7-11 LZ LIGHTING. |
| 7-11.1 Minimum Lighting Requirements for Temporary Applications. |
| 7-11.1.1 Lights. |
| 7-11.1.2 Location. |
| 7-11.2 Lighting Requirements for Permanent Applications. |
| 7-11.2.1 Light Fixtures. |
| 7-11.2.1.1 Runway Lights. |
| 7-11.2.1.2 Taxiway Lights. |
| 7-11.2.1.3 Flashing Strobe Lights (FSL). |
7-11.2.2 Light Bases.
| 7-11.3 Light Locations. |
| 7-11.3.1 AMP-1. |
| 7-11.3.2 AMP-2. |
| 7-11.3.3 AMP-3. |
| 7-11.3.4 Turnaround, Taxiway, and Apron Edge Lights. |
| 7-11.3.5 Overrun Edge Lights. |
| 7-11.4 Light Circuits and Controls. |
| 7-11.4.1 Ferro-Resonant Regulators. |
| 7-11.4.2 Multi-Regulator Systems. |
| 7-11.4.3 Single-Regulator Systems with Addressable Lights. |
| 7-11.5 Light Reflector Panels (Optional). |
| Figure 7-9. Lighting Plans |
| Figure 7-9. Lighting Plans (continued) |
| 7-11.6 AMP-3 (Visual Spectrum) LZ Lights Superimposed on Standard Operational Runways. |
| 7-11.6.1 LZ Light Fixtures. |
| 7-11.6.2 LZ Location on the Runway. |
| 7-11.6.3 LZ Lighting Conflicts with Standard Runway Markings. |
| 7-11.6.4 LZ Lighting Conflicts with Approach Lights and Touchdown Zone (TDZ) Lights. |
| 7-11.7 Infrared (IR) AMP-3 and AMP-2 Lights. |
| 7-11.7.1 Installation. |
| 7-11.7.2 IR Light Fixtures. |
| Table 7-10. Infrared Transmitting Filter Specifications |
| 7-11.8 Snowplow Rings. |
| 7-12 PAVEMENT MARKINGS. |
| 7-12.1 Minimum Requirements. |
| 7-12.2 Markings on Semi-Prepared LZs. |
| 7-12.2.1 Paint. |
| 7-12.2.2 Alternate Markings. |
| Figure 7-10. Stake Chasers for Marking Edges of Semi-Prepared LZs, Taxiways and Turnarounds |
| 7-12.3 Marking Requirements for Long-Term Use on Pavements. |
| 7-12.3.1 Marking Material. |
| 7-12.3.2 Threshold Bar. |
| 7-12.3.3 LZ Edge Stripes. |
| 7-12.3.4 Taxiway Centerline. |
| 7-12.3.5 Taxiway, Apron, and Turnaround Edge Stripes. |
| 7-12.3.6 Holding Position Markings. |
| 7-12.3.7 Touchdown Box Markings (Optional). |
| 7-12.3.8 Runway Designation Markings. |
| 7-12.3.9 Runway Centerline (Optional). |
| Figure 7-11. LZ Painted Marking Layout |
| Figure 7-12. Typical Turnaround Marking and Lighting Plan |
| Figure 7-13. Typical Bi-Directional Runway/Taxiway Marking and Lighting Layout |
| Figure 7-14. Light and Marker Panel Layout Detail on a Landing Zone with Combination AMP-1, AMP-3 (Visual Spectrum) and Infrared AMP-3 |
| 7-12.4 LZ Markings on Class A or B Runways. |
| 7-12.4.1 LZ Marking Dimensions. |
| 7-12.4.2 LZ Location on the Runway. |
| 7-12.4.3 LZ Marking Conflicts with Standard Runway Markings. |
| Figure 7-15. AMP-3 Lighting and Marking Scheme for LZ Superimposed on Class A or B Runway |
| Figure 7-16. AMP-3 Visible and Infrared Lighting and Marking Layout Detail for LZ Superimposed on Class A Runway |
| Figure 7-17. AMP-3 Visible and Infrared Lighting and Marking Layout Detail for LZ Superimposed on Class B Runway |
| CHAPTER 8 FIXED-WING SHORT TAKEOFF AND VERTICAL LANDING (STOVL) FACILITIES |
| 8-1 GENERAL INFORMATION. |
| 8-1.1 Chapter Organization. |
| 8-1.2 Facility Concepts. |
| 8-1.3 Basis of Design. |
| 8-1.4 Background. |
| 8-2 DEFINITIONS. |
| 8-2.1 Accident Potential Zone–STOVL (APZ-STOVL). |
| 8-2.2 Approach Clearance Surface. |
| 8-2.3 Apron-STOVL. |
| 8-2.4 Clear Zone-STOVL. |
| 8-2.5 Departure Clearance Surface (DCS)-STOVL. |
| 8-2.6 Forward Operating Base (FOB) STOVL Facility. |
| 8-2.7 Foul Line. |
| 8-2.8 High Temperature Concrete. |
| 8-2.9 Imaginary Surfaces-STOVL. |
| 8-2.10 LHD STOVL Facility. |
| 8-2.11 Primary Surface-STOVL. |
| 8-2.12 Runway Centerline-STOVL. |
| 8-2.13 Safety Zones. |
| 8-2.14 STOVL Facility. |
| 8-2.15 STOVL Pavement Surface Types. |
| 8-2.16 Vertical Landing Pad (VL Pad. |
| 8-3 STOVL FACILITY PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS. |
| 8-3.1 Site Conditions. |
| 8-3.2 Future Development (Land or Aircraft Technology). |
| 8-3.3 Prohibited Land Uses. |
| 8-3.4 APZs not on DoD Property. |
| 8-3.5 SITING CONSIDERATIONS. |
| 8-3.5.1 Site Considerations. |
| 8-3.5.2 Obstructions. |
| 8-3.5.3 Orientation. |
| 8-3.5.4 Restricted Airspace. |
| 8-3.5.5 Noise Analysis. |
| 8-3.5.5.1 Analysis. |
| 8-3.5.6 Built-Up Areas. |
| 8-3.5.7 Clear Zones. |
| 8-3.5.8 Explosives. |
| 8-3.5.8.1 General. |
| 8-3.5.8.2 Separation Distance Requirements. |
| 8-3.5.8.3 Prohibited Zones. |
| 8-3.6 FAA Requirements. |
| 8-3.7 Airspace Approval |
| 8-3.8 Environmental. |
| 8-3.9 Taxiway Connections. |
| 8-3.9.1 Basic. |
| 8-3.9.2 Parallel Taxiway. |
| 8-3.9.3 Layout. |
| 8-3.9.3.1 Efficiency. |
| 8-3.9.3.2 Direct Access. |
| 8-3.9.3.3 Simple Taxi Routes. |
| 8-3.9.3.4 Delay Prevention. |
| 8-3.9.4 Taxiway Shoulders. |
| 8-3.9.5 Aircraft Movement. |
| 8-4 LHD STOVL FACILITIES. |
| 8-4.1 LHD Concept. |
| 8-4.2 LHD Standard Drawings. |
| 8-4.3 LHD Background. |
| 8-4.3.1 Assumptions. |
| 8-4.4 LHD Geometry |
| 8-4.4.1 Deck, Overrun and Safety Zone Descriptions. |
| 8-4.4.2 Deck Length. |
| 8-4.4.3 Deck Width. |
| 8-4.4.4 Gradients of Operational Surfaces. |
| 8-4.4.5 Forward Safety Zone Length. |
| 8-4.4.6 Forward Safety Zone Width. |
| 8-4.4.7 Shoulder Length. |
| 8-4.4.8 Shoulder Width. |
| 8-4.4.9 Approach Safety Zone Length. |
| 8-4.4.10 Approach Safety Zone Width |
| 8-4.4.11 Supporting Facilities. |
| 8-4.5 LHD Separation Distances. |
| 8-4.6 LHD Clear Zones, Imaginary Surfaces, and APZs. |
| 8-4.6.1 Clear Zones. |
| 8-4.6.2 Imaginary Surfaces. |
| 8-4.6.3 Accident Potential Zones. |
| 8-4.7 LHD Pavement Marking. |
| 8-4.8 LHD Lighting. |
| 8-4.8.1 LSO Tower on LHD STOVL Facility. |
| 8-4.8.1.1 LSO Tower Structural Features. |
| 8-4.8.1.2 LSO Tower Cab Features. |
| 8-4.8.1.3 LSO Tower Lighting Features. |
| 8-4.8.1.4 LSO Tower Communications Systems. |
| 8-4.8.1.5 LSO Tower HVAC Systems. |
| 8-4.8.1.6 LSO Tower Weather Systems. |
| 8-4.9 LHD Pavement Surface Types. |
| Table 8-1. LHD STOVL Facility Deck Criteria |
| Table 8-2. LHD STOVL Facility Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Table 8-3. LHD STOVL Facility Clear Zone and APZs |
| Figure 8-1. LHD STOVL Facility Outline |
| Figure 8-2. LHD STOVL Facility Safety Zones |
| Figure 8-3. LHD STOVL Facility Longitudinal Gradient |
| Figure 8-4. LHD STOVL Facility Transverse Section |
| Figure 8-5. LHD STOVL Facility Departure Clearance Surface and Clear Zone |
| Figure 8-6. LHD STOVL Facility Departure Clear and Accident Potential Zones |
| Figure 8-7. LHD STOVL Facility Departure Surface Isometric View |
| Figure 8-8. LHD STOVL Facility Departure Surface and Transverse Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 8-9. LHD STOVL Facility Approach Path Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 8-10. LHD STOVL Facility Approach Surface Isometric View |
| Figure 8-11. LHD STOVL Facility Approach Path Clear Zones and APZs |
| Figure 8-12. LHD STOVL Facility Approach Path Clear Zones |
| Figure 8-13. LHD STOVL Facility Approach End Details |
| Figure 8-14. LHD Overall Marking |
| Figure 8-15. LHD Marking Details |
| Figure 8-16. LHD Overall Lighting |
| Figure 8-17. LHD Aft Deck Lighting |
| Figure 8-18. LHD Forward Deck Lighting |
| Figure 8-19. LHD Landing Spot Lighting Detail |
| Figure 8-20. LHD LSO Tower Elevation Detail |
| Figure 8-21. LHD Pavement Surface Types |
| Figure 8-22. LHD Pavement Surface Types Detail |
| 8-5 F-35B VERTICAL LANDING (VL) PADS. |
| 8-5.1 VL Pad Concept. |
| 8-5.2 VL Pad Standard Drawings. |
| 8-5.3 VL Pad Background. |
| 8-5.3.1 Assumptions. |
| 8-5.4 VL Pad Geometry. |
| 8-5.4.1 Pad and Safety Zone Descriptions. |
| 8-5.4.2 Size. |
| 8-5.4.3 Shoulder Width. |
| 8-5.4.4 Grading. |
| 8-5.5 VL Pad Separation Distances. |
| 8-5.6 VL Pad Clear Zones, Imaginary Surfaces, and APZs. |
| 8-5.6.1 Clear Zones. |
| 8-5.6.2 Imaginary Surfaces. |
| 8-5.6.3 Accident Potential Zones. |
| 8-5.7 VL Pad Pavement Marking. |
| 8-5.7.1 Diagonal Line-up Cue Markings. |
| 8-5.8 VL Pad Lighting. |
| 8-5.9 VL Pad Pavement Surface Types. |
| Table 8-4. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Criteria |
| Table 8-5. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Table 8-6. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Clear Zone and APZs |
| Figure 8-23. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Facility Outline with Safety Zones |
| Figure 8-24. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Facility Cross Section Gradient |
| Figure 8-25. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Facility Clear Zone and Accident Potential Zone |
| Figure 8-26. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Approach Surface Isometric |
| Figure 8-27. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Facility Clear Zone and Accident Potential Zone for F-35B Only |
| Figure 8-28. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Markings |
| Figure 8-29. Vertical Landing (VL) Pad Lighting |
| Figure 8-30. VL Pad Pavement Surface Types |
| 8-6 FORWARD OPERATING BASE (FOB) STOVL FACILITY. |
| 8-6.1 FOB Concept. |
| 8-6.2 FOB Standard Drawings. |
| 8-6.3 FOB Background. |
| 8-6.3.1 Assumptions. |
| 8-6.4 FOB Geometry. |
| 8-6.4.1 Runway, Overrun, and Safety Zone Descriptions. |
| 8-6.4.2 Runway Length. |
| 8-6.4.3 Runway Width. |
| 8-6.4.4 Gradients of Operational Surfaces. |
| 8-6.4.5 Overrun Length. |
| 8-6.4.6 Overrun Width. |
| 8-6.4.7 Shoulder Length. |
| 8-6.4.8 Shoulder Width. |
| 8-6.5 FOB Separation Distances. |
| 8-6.6 FOB Clear Zones, Imaginary Surfaces, and APZs. |
| 8-6.6.1 Clear Zones. |
| 8-6.6.2 Imaginary Surfaces. |
| 8-6.7 Accident Potential Zones. |
| 8-6.8 FOB Pavement Markings. |
| 8-6.8.1 Threshold Bar. |
| 8-6.8.2 Edge Stripes. |
| 8-6.8.3 Taxiway Centerline. |
| 8-6.8.4 Taxiway, Apron and Turnaround Edge Stripes. |
| 8-6.8.5 Holding Position Marking. |
| 8-6.8.6 Touchdown Box Markings (Optional). |
| 8-6.8.7 Runway Designation Markings. |
| 8-6.8.8 Runway Centerline (Optional). |
| 8-6.9 FOB Lighting. |
| 8-6.10 FOB Pavement Surface Types. |
| Table 8-7. Forward Operating Base (FOB) STOVL Runway Criteria |
| Table 8-8. Forward Operating Base (FOB) STOVL Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Table 8-9. Forward Operating Base (FOB) STOVL Facility Clear Zone and APZs |
| Figure 8-31. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Outline |
| Figure 8-32. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility with Clearance Zones |
| Figure 8-33. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Longitudinal Gradient |
| Figure 8-34. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Transverse Section |
| Figure 8-35. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Departure Clearance Surface and Clear Zone |
| Figure 8-36. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Departure Clear Zones and APZs |
| Figure 8-37. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Isometric |
| Figure 8-38. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 8-39. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Runway End Detail |
| Figure 8-40. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Markings |
| Figure 8-41. Forward Operating Base STOVL Facility Lighting |
| Figure 8-42. STOVL FOB Pavement Surface Types |
| 8-7 V-22 TILT-ROTOR OUTLYING LANDING FIELD (OLF) FACILITY FOR TRAINING. |
| 8-7.1 OLF Concept. |
| 8-7.2 OLF Standard Drawings. |
| 8-7.3 OLF Background. |
| 8-7.3.1 Assumptions. |
| 8-7.4 OLF Geometry. |
| 8-7.4.1 OLF Runway, Overrun, and Safety Zone Descriptions. |
| 8-7.4.2 Runway Length. |
| 8-7.4.3 Runway Width. |
| 8-7.4.4 Gradients of Operational Surfaces. |
| 8-7.4.5 Overrun Length. |
| 8-7.4.6 Overrun Width. |
| 8-7.4.7 Shoulder Length. |
| 8-7.4.8 Shoulder Width. |
| 8-7.5 OLF Separation Distances. |
| 8-7.6 OLF Clear Zones, Imaginary Surfaces, and APZs. |
| 8-7.6.1 Clear Zones. |
| 8-7.6.2 Imaginary Surfaces. |
| 8-7.6.3 Accident Potential Zones. |
| 8-7.7 OLF Pavement Markings. |
| 8-7.8 OLF Lighting. |
| 8-7.9 OLF Pavement Surface Types. |
| Table 8-10. Tilt-Rotor Outlying Landing Field (OLF) Facility Criteria |
| Table 8-11. Tilt-Rotor Outlying Landing Field (OLF) Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Table 8-12. Tilt-Rotor Outlying Landing Field (OLF) Clear Zone and APZs |
| Figure 8-43. Tilt-Rotor Outlying Landing Field (OLF) Facility Outline |
| Figure 8-44. OLF Facility with Clear Zones |
| Figure 8-45. OLF Facility Longitudinal Gradient |
| Figure 8-46. OLF Facility Transverse Section |
| Figure 8-47. OLF Facility Approach-Departure Clearance Surface and Clear Zone |
| Figure 8-48. OLF Facility Clear Zones and APZs |
| Figure 8-49. OLF Facility Isometric |
| Figure 8-50. OLF Facility Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 8-51. Tilt-Rotor OLF Pavement Surface Types |
| CHAPTER 9 UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (UAS) |
| 9-1 CONTENTS. |
| 9-2 REQUIREMENTS. LAND USE AND AIRSPACE APPROVAL. |
| 9-3 RUNWAY. |
| 9-4 AIRCRAFT COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER. |
| 9-5 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS. |
| 9-6 AIRFIELD DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA. |
| 9-6.1 Airfields/Heliports Used by Both Manned and Unmanned Aircraft. |
| 9-6.2 Permissible Deviations from Design Criteria. |
| 9-6.3 UAS Runway Co-located with an Active Army Airfield, Army Heliport, Air Force, Navy or Marine Corps Runway. |
| 9-6.3.1 Separation Criteria. |
| 9-6.3.2 New Pavements. |
| Table 9-1. Separation Distance Between Runways |
| 9-6.4 UAS-only Facilities. |
| 9-6.4.1 New Pavements. |
| 9-6.4.2 Runway Designation. |
| 9-6.4.3 Tactical Shadow Facility. |
| Table 9-2. UAS Runways |
| Figure 9-1. MQ-1/9 Predator/Gray Eagle/Reaper Primary Surface End Details |
| Figure 9-2. RQ-7Bv2 Shadow Primary Surface End Details |
| Figure 9-3. MQ-1/9 Predator/Gray Eagle/Reaper Approach-Departure Clearance Surface Profile |
| Figure 9-4. RQ-7Bv2 Shadow Approach-Departure Clearance Surface Profile |
| Figure 9-5. MQ-1/9 Predator/Gray Eagle/Reaper Runway Isometric Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| Figure 9-6. MQ-1/9 & RQ-7Bv2 Runway Plan and Profile Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| 9-6.5 Runway Overruns. |
| Table 9-3. UAS Overruns |
| 9-6.6 Runway Clear Zones. |
| 9-6.6.1 Treatment of Clear Zones. |
| 9-6.6.2 Clear Zone Mandatory Frangibility Zone (MFZ). |
| 9-6.6.3 Prohibited Land Uses. |
| Table 9-4. UAS Clear Zones |
| Table 9-5. UAS Accident Potential Zones |
| Table 9-6. UAS Airspace Imaginary Surfaces |
| 9-7 TAXIWAYS. |
| 9-7.1 Basic. |
| 9-7.2 Parallel Taxiway. |
| 9-7.3 Taxiway Intersection Criteria. |
| 9-7.4 Hangar Access Taxiways. |
| 9-7.5 Shoulders. |
| Table 9-7. UAS Taxiways |
| 9-7.6 Towways. |
| 9-7.6.1 Dimensions. |
Table 9-8. UAS Towways
| 9-8 APRONS AND OTHER PAVEMENTS. |
| 9-8.1 Apron Requirements. |
| 9-8.1.1 Location. |
| 9-8.1.2 Size. |
| 9-8.2 Types of Aprons and Other Pavements. |
| 9-8.3 RQ-4A/B Global Hawk Parking Apron. |
| 9-8.3.1 Location. |
| 9-8.3.2 Size. |
| 9-8.4 Hangar Access Apron. |
| 9-8.4.1 MQ-1C. |
| 9-8.4.2 Specific Aircraft. |
| 9-8.4.3 Layout. |
Table 9-9. UAS Hangar Access Apron
| 9-9 MOORING AND GROUNDING POINTS. |
| 9-9.1 Layout. |
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