1_W911KB19R0007-Attachment_L-6_PWS_GFI_GFM.pdf

SITE RECONNAISSANCE

Fort Glenn CON/HTRW (Multiple Projects)

Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS) – F10AK0298 Umnak Island, Alaska

Final Report

June 2018

Prepared for:

U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska Attn: CEPOA-PM-ESP Room 200 P.O. Box 6898 JBER, Alaska 99506-0898

Contract Number: W911KB-17-C0028

FRMD Number: F10AK029802_02.13_0001_a F10AK029815_02.13_0001_a F10AK029816_02.13_0001_a F10AK029817_02.13_0001_a

1200C PERM

Fort Glenn Site Reconnaissance Report Final i June 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... i

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective

1.2 Scope of Work

1.3 Project Organization and Personnel

1.3.1 Project Manager

1.3.2 Site Superintendent

1.3.3 Field Sample Team Lead

1.3.4 Field Sampler

1.3.5 Project Chemist

1.3.6 Laboratory Project Manager

1.3.7 Archaeology Team

1.3.8 Unexploded Ordinance (UXO) Specialist

1.4 Field Schedule

2. BACKGROUND

2.1 Location

2.2 Site Setting

2.3 Site History

2.4 Land Ownership and Lease History

2.5 Previous Investigations and Activities

3. RECONNAISSANCE FIELD ACTIVITIES

3.1 Permitting and Authorizations

3.1.1 Tanadgusix Corporation Right-of-Entry

3.1.2 Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities

Right-of-Entry

3.1.3 Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fish Habitat Permit

3.1.4 Alaska Cultural Resource Permit

3.2 Project Logistics

3.2.1 Mobilization

3.2.2 Camp Logistics

3.2.3 Demobilization

3.3 Terminology and Nomenclature

3.4 Geospatial Survey

3.5 Field Logbook

3.6 Photographic Records

3.7 Site Assessment and Logistical Evaluation

3.8 Soil Screening and Sampling

3.8.1 Soil Screening

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3.8.2 Soil Sampling

3.8.3 Sample Documentation

3.8.4 Sample Shipping

3.8.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures

3.8.6 Sample Custody

3.8.7 Sample Packaging and Shipping

3.9 Project 02: POL Drums

3.10 Project 15: Tanks with Pipelines and Pumping Stations

3.11 Project 16: Transformers

3.12 Project 17: Miscellaneous Abandoned Machinery

3.13 Other Potential FUDS-Eligible Site Features

3.14 Archaeological Survey

3.15 Waste Management and Disposal

3.16 Daily Quality Control Reports

3.17 Work Plan Deviations

4. RECONNAISSANCE FINDINGS

4.1 General Site Assessment and Logistical Evaluation

4.1.1 Existing Infrastructure

4.1.2 Alterations to Infrastructure

4.1.3 Natural Features

4.2 Project 02: POL Drums

4.3 Project 15: Tanks with Pipelines and Pumping Stations

4.4 Project 16: Transformers

4.5 Soil Sample Results

4.6 Project 17: Miscellaneous Abandoned Machinery

4.7 Other Potential FUDS-Eligible Site Features

4.8 Archaeology

4.9 Chemical Data Quality Review

5. CONCLUSIONS

6. REFERENCES

Final iii June 2018

FIGURES

Figure 1 Site Location Map Figure 2A Site-Wide Road Survey, Helicopter Routes, and Barge Landing Sites Figure 2B Main Airfield Area Road Survey and Helicopter Routes Figure 2C St. George Property Road Survey and Helicopter Routes Figure 2D Northern Airfield Area Road Survey and Helicopter Routes Figure 2E Pacifier Airfield Area Road Survey and Helicopter Routes Figure 3 Main Airfield Area Drum Storage Locations Figure 4 Main Airfield Area Tank, Pipeline, and Pump Station Locations Figure 5 Main Airfield Area Transformer and PCB Sample Locations Figure 6A Site-Wide Abandoned Machinery and Other Site Features Figure 6B Main Airfield Area, Abandoned Machinery and Other Site Features Figure 7 Northern Area Features Figure 8 Pacifier Airfield Features

TABLES

Table 1 Major Work Elements and Task Summary Table 2 Drum Dump Inventory Table 3 Tank Inventory Table 4 Pipeline and Pump Station Inventory Table 5 Transformer Inventory Table 6 Soil Sample PCB Results Table 7 Machinery/Equipment and Other Site Feature Inventory

APPENDICES

Appendix A ADNR Case Abstract Files and Plat Maps Appendix B Permits and Access Authorizations Appendix C Photograph Log Appendix D Field Notes and Forms Appendix E Subarea Maps of Main Airfield, Northern Airfield, and Pacifier Airfield

Areas Appendix F Survey Data Summary Appendix G Chemical Data Quality Review Appendix H Report Comments and Responses

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Final v June 2018

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AAC Alaska Administrative Code ADEC Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation ADF&G Alaska Department of Fish and Game ADNR Alaska Department of Natural Resources ADOT&PF State of Alaska, Department of Department of Transportation and

Public Facilities AGC Army Geospatial Center AHRS Alaska Heritage Resources Survey AST aboveground storage tank ATV all-terrain vehicle BLM Bureau of Land Management BPR Bering Pacific Ranches Ltd.

BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes °C degrees Celsius ChemTrack ChemTrack Alaska, Inc.

CCV continuing calibration verification CDQR Chemical Data Quality Review COC chain of custody CON/HTRW containerized hazardous, toxic, or radioactive waste COR contracting office representative DERP Defense Environmental Restoration Program DL detection limit DoD Department of Defense DOI Department of Interior DQCR Daily Quality Control Report EA Environmental Assessment EMT Emergency Medical Technician ERS Environmental Remediation Services FSP Field Sampling Plan °F degrees Fahrenheit ft foot/feet ft² square feet Fort Glenn Fort Glenn Formerly Used Defense Site FUDS Formerly Used Defense Site gal gallon GIS geographic information system GNSS global navigation satellite system GPS global positioning system HAZCAT® Hazardous Characterization and Compatibility Testing IC Initial Calibration ICV Initial Calibration Verification ID identification IDW investigation derived waste kVa kilovolt-ampere

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LCS laboratory control sample LCSD laboratory control sample duplicate LOD limit of detection LOQ limit of quantitation m meter µg/kg micrograms per kilogram mg/kg milligrams per kilogram MED Manual for Electronic Deliverables MMRP Military Munitions Response Program MS matrix spike MSD matrix spike duplicate ND non detect NGS National Geodetic Survey NHL National Historic Landmark NPDL North Pacific Division Laboratories NSRS National Spatial Reference System OB/OD Open Burning/Open Detonation OBS Oil Burn Specifications OHA State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources Office of History and Archaeology OPUS Online Positioning User Service PA preliminary assessment PAL Project Action Limit PCB polychlorinated biphenyl PDF Portable Document Format PDOP position dilution of precision PE Professional Engineer PG Professional Geologist PID photoionization detector POA Pacific Ocean Alaska POL petroleum, oil, and lubricants PPE personal protective equipment ppm parts per million QA quality assurance QC quality control QSM Quality Systems Manual Resolve Aviation Resolve Aviation, LLC RI Remedial Investigation ROE right-of-entry RPD relative percent difference RTK real-time kinematic SEDD staged electronic data deliverable SGS SGS North America, Inc.

SI Site Investigation SLR SLR International Corporation SOW scope of work SPCC Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures Plan

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SRB&A Stephen R. Braund & Associates SSI Screening Site Inspection St. George St. George Tanaq Corporation TB trip blank TDX Tanadgusix Corporation URS URS Consultants, Inc.

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency UTV utility terrain vehicle UXO unexploded ordinance VHF very high frequency WWII World War II

Final 1 June 2018

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report describes the activities completed during the 2017 site reconnaissance at Fort Glenn Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS) (Fort Glenn) on Umnak Island, Alaska.

The primary purpose for the reconnaissance was to assess and document containerized hazardous, toxic, or radioactive waste (CON/HTRW) sites for environmental impacts.

The sites included:

Project 02 – Drums

Project 15 – Tanks with Pipelines and Pumping Stations

Project 16 – Transformers

Project 17 – Miscellaneous Abandoned Machinery

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) manages the site investigation efforts related to former military activity at Fort Glenn, and contracted ChemTrack Alaska, Inc.

(ChemTrack) to complete the reconnaissance. ChemTrack was supported by teaming partners SLR International Corporation (SLR) and Stephen R. Braund & Associates

(SRB&A).

During review of previous investigation findings, several discrepancies were identified by USACE related to the presence and absence of CON/HTRW site features prior to this field effort. As such, the site reconnaissance was performed to address these discrepancies and to aid in planning future removal actions. The site reconnaissance project included:

Documentation and evaluation of site access for potential future removal actions;

Inspection of drums, tanks, transformers, abandoned machinery, and other FUDS-eligible features;

Survey of CON/HTRW site features and soil samples; and

Inspection and documentation of archaeological and historic sites and features.

A limited number of soil samples were also collected at transformer locations for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) analysis.

Field activities were performed within three areas at Fort Glenn: Main Airfield, Northern Airfield, and Pacifier Airfield. Additional reconnaissance was completed at St. George Tanaq Corporation (St. George) Central Area property, Cape Idak Gun Position, Berry Field Gun Position, Bering Sea Bomb Target, Ashishik Point, and Tanak Radar Site to the north of the Main Airfield (Figure 1). As part of the overall site assessment, all accessible areas of the FUDS were documented and photographed to the extent practical using all-terrain vehicles/utility terrain vehicles (ATVs/UTVs) and/or on foot.

Areas not accessible via ground transportation, such as the Northern Airfield and locations on Tanadgusix Corporation (TDX) property (Cape Idak, Berry Field, Ashishik Point, and Tanak Radar Site), were accessed by helicopter. Helicopter aerial

Final 2 June 2018 reconnaissance was conducted in areas on St. George controlled land and north and south of the Main Airfield area, including the Pacifier Airfield, where foot and motorized vehicle access was not authorized. Note that during field reconnaissance activities, St.

George property was incidentally accessed approximately 1,260 feet to the north of the ADOT&PF property (Main Airfield Area) via ATVs and on foot. Site reconnaissance information was documented; however, the information collected via ATVs and foot on St. George property is not included within this report.

Survey-grade global positioning system (GPS) was used to direct reconnaissance and inspection activities during fieldwork. The location of assessed items, including soil samples, site features, and roads in the vicinity of fieldwork, were surveyed. Survey equipment with pre-programmed survey coordinates was used to the extent possible to locate previously-identified drums, tanks, and transformers requiring inspection. Survey coordinates of previously-identified drums, tanks, and transformer locations were provided in the work plan and accompanying GIS data (USACE, 2017b). These coordinates were approximated from field sketches provided in the 1987 report (USACE, 1987); obtained from AutoCAD files and field notes provided with the 2001 investigation (Jacobs, 2003); and GIS files provided with the 2014 historical photographic analysis

(USACE, 2014).

For CON/HTRW Project 02, a total of 54 drum dumps (i.e., designated areas for staging and stacking drums) and drum areas (i.e., loosely delineated areas of scattered drums), and 17 isolated, individual drums were inspected and surveyed. An estimated 2,554 drums were identified during the 2017 site reconnaissance. A majority of the drum locations were identified on the Main Airfield. A few drums/drum areas were found at Ashishik Point, Northern Airfield, Pacifier Airfield, and at previously identified drum areas located at St. George Central Area property. Impacts of petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL) were observed at nine drum dumps and drum areas at Fort Glenn.

For CON/HTRW Project 15, a total of 182 tank locations were inspected and surveyed during site reconnaissance. Of this total, 30 locations were newly identified and 152 locations had been previously identified. All tanks were identified on the Main Airfield, except for five located at Ashishik Point, Northern Airfield (one new and one previously-identified), St. George Central Area, and Pacifier Airfield. Tanks were physically present at 63 of the 182 locations and evidence of removed tanks such as containment berms, concrete cradles, metal banding, and piping or pipeline remnants were present at 72 of the 182 locations where no tank was present. Visual signs of POL impacts were observed at 15 of the tank locations. All tank locations with POL impacts were identified during previous investigations. In addition, exposed pipeline segments or single-point exposures used for fuel, water, sewer, or other unknown purposes were surveyed in the Main Airfield (52 segments or single-point exposures) and the Northern Airfield (3 segments or single-point exposures). A total of three former pump stations, including one previously identified, were found and surveyed at the Main Airfield during site reconnaissance. Petroleum hydrocarbon odors were noted from open pipes and soil staining at one pump station.

For CON/HTRW Project 16, a total of 101 transformer locations were inspected and surveyed within the Main Airfield area. Seven of the new transformer locations were

Final 3 June 2018 identified in addition to the 94 previously identified locations. A total of 27 transformers were physically present at 11 locations, including all seven new transformer locations and 4 of the 94 previously-identified locations. Two transformer locations had more than one transformer present. Although transformers were not physically present at the majority of the previously identified transformer locations, the remains of utility poles or transformer stands (e.g., stump, pole, stand, concrete slab) were generally present near each pre-loaded GPS coordinate. Transformers were not present at any of the previously identified transformer locations discussed in the 1987 report (USACE, 1987).

Soil staining, stressed vegetation, or fluids were observed at five transformers and two former transformer locations. A surface soil sample was collected at 30 transformer locations and analyzed for PCBs. PCBs were detected in two soil samples.

For CON/HTRW Project 17, a total of 22 abandoned pieces of machinery/equipment were identified at Fort Glenn. The machinery/equipment includes four generators, two cranes, one excavator, two cable winches, two bulldozers, equipment on tracks (specific type unknown), three vehicles/trucks, one tanker truck, four boilers, and one refrigerator at the Main Airfield; and one drill rig was identified at Ashishik Point. Oil or other fluids were observed in 3 of the 25 abandoned pieces of machinery/equipment: two winches and one bulldozer. Soil staining was observed near four pieces of machinery: two winches, a crane and a tracked piece of equipment (type unknown). Two soil-staining locations are collocated with the two winches where oil was observed.

During site reconnaissance activities, other potentially FUDS-eligible site features were encountered, such as hazardous substances or areas of suspected environmental impact. Eight potentially FUDS-eligible site features were encountered at the Main Airfield, including a vehicle maintenance building, one sewage vault, two areas of batteries, a dump area consisting primarily of steel debris, one magnetic anomaly area potentially indicating buried pipelines, and two unexploded bomb fuse tails. None of the potentially FUDS-eligible site features were removed during project activities.

SRB&A conducted an archaeological survey and cultural resources monitoring of the site reconnaissance fieldwork and potential future logistical access features. SRB&A collected descriptive, spatial, and photographic data about the site features, landscape conditions, any identified access issues, and any archaeological or historic resources that could be affected by future removal or remediation actions. Of the 52 resources identified as potentially impacted by future site cleanup, SRB&A recommended 31 resources are eligible to the NRHP as contributing properties of the NHL, and the remaining 21 resources are not eligible to the NRHP due to lack of integrity.

Subsequently, SRB&A recommended the USACE seek concurrence from the SHPO on a finding of "adverse effect" (36 CFR Part 800.5(d)(2)) for any future removal/remedial actions associated with the 31 potentially affected resources. Although 31 resources could experience adverse effects, SRB&A does not believe that removal/remedial actions to these 31 resources would constitute an adverse effect to the NHL as a whole.

SRB&A recommends USACE consult with SHPO pursuant 36 CFR Part 800.6 regarding potential avoidance, minimization, and mitigation strategies for the 31 affected contributing properties.

Final 4 June 2018

In summary, all previously-identified drum, tank, and transformer locations were inspected, surveyed, and documented on the ground, except for a limited number of locations on the St. George property which could not be accessed on foot due to property access restrictions. For any future cleanup work, the Main Airfield area can be accessed via barge or aircraft. The Northern Airfield and Pacifier Airfield are accessible via helicopter and barge. A majority of the roads within the Main Airfield area are accessible via ATVs/UTVs and four-wheel-drive pickup trucks. However, road repairs may be needed to allow access by heavy equipment within the Main Airfield area to access Pacifier and Northern airfields.

Final 5 June 2018

1. INTRODUCTION

This report describes the activities completed during the 2017 site reconnaissance at Fort Glenn Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS) (Fort Glenn) on Umnak Island, Alaska (Figure 1). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) manages the site investigation efforts related to former military activity at Fort Glenn, and contracted ChemTrack Alaska, Inc. (ChemTrack) to complete these services in accordance with the approved work plan (USACE, 2017b) for the Fort Glenn Containerized Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste (CON/HTRW) under the Environmental Remediation Services (ERS) Contract No. W911KB-17-C0028. ChemTrack was supported by teaming partners SLR International Corporation (SLR) and Stephen R. Braund & Associates (SRB&A).

1.1 OBJECTIVE

The objectives for the Fort Glenn reconnaissance project were as follows:

1. Perform a site assessment and logistical evaluation.

2. Inventory and investigate the following:

a. Project 02: Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant (POL) Drums

b. Project 15: Tanks with Pipelines and Pumping Stations

c. Project 16: Transformers

d. Project 17: Miscellaneous Abandoned Machinery

3. Collect soil samples to evaluate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) contamination at transformer locations.

4. Conduct archaeological monitoring, surveys, and evaluations, as necessary.

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

Field activities were conducted in three main areas: Northern Airfield, Main Airfield, and Pacifier Airfield, as shown on Figure 1.

The Fort Glenn reconnaissance scope of work (SOW) included the following activities:

1. Obtain right of access requirements and permits prior to mobilization.

2. Mobilize equipment, supplies, materials, and personnel from Anchorage to Umnak Island.

3. Complete a site reconnaissance and logistical evaluation of Fort Glenn, including documentation of site access for potential future removal actions.

4. Locate, inspect, and document the following features:

a. Project 02: POL Drums

b. Project 15: Tanks with Pipelines and Pumping Stations

Final 6 June 2018

c. Project 16: Transformers

In addition to inspections, collect 30 soil samples for PCB analysis from current and historical transformer locations.

d. Project 17: Miscellaneous Abandoned Machinery

5. Inspect and document other FUDS-eligible site features observed, such as any CON/HTRW, or area with potentially hazardous substances and/or visible environmental impacts.

6. Survey the location of all observed site features and soil samples collected using global positioning system (GPS) equipment.

7. Inspect and document each location visited for archaeological features.

8. Demobilize personnel, equipment, excess materials, generated waste, and investigation-derived waste (IDW) brought to the site or generated at the site during the work.

1.3 PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL

ChemTrack was the prime contractor responsible for overall management of the project.

ChemTrack was supported by teaming partners SLR and SRB&A. SLR provided planning, field sampling, surveying, and reporting. SRB&A provided archaeological monitoring and survey services. Specific project roles and responsibilities are described below.

1.3.1 PROJECT MANAGER

ChemTrack provided overall project management support to USACE throughout the execution of the SOW. Mr. Steven McCain was the ChemTrack Project Manager. SLR Senior Engineer, Heather Simon, is a Professional Engineer (PE) and provided project management support to ChemTrack with regard to work plan development, sampling and analysis, and reporting, as well oversight to the SLR project team.

1.3.2 SITE SUPERINTENDENT

The Site Superintendent, Mr. Lawrence Lestenkof, a ChemTrack employee, was the field point of contact for the Project Manager and was responsible for procuring materials and equipment, day-to-day field activities, executing site activities detailed in the work plan, communicating the SOW to the field crew, and scheduling crew work tasks. The Site Superintendent was also responsible for reviewing field documentation, pictures, and daily reports. Mr. Lestenkof was assisted by Ms. Harmony Hirsch, a ChemTrack employee designated as the Contractor Quality Control Manager.

Final 7 June 2018

1.3.3 FIELD SAMPLE TEAM LEAD

The project Field Sample Team Leaders were Mr. Stan Flagel, Professional Geologist (PG), and Ms. Heather Simon, PE, who were responsible for execution of all sampling, associated documentation, and field quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC). Both Mr. Flagel and Ms. Simon are SLR employees and Qualified Environmental Professionals as defined by Title 18 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) Chapter 75.33 (18 AAC 75.33; Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation [ADEC], 2017a).

Either the SLR PE or PG was present on site throughout field activities.

1.3.4 FIELD SAMPLER

The project Field Samplers were Mr. Christophe Venot and Mr. Matt Woods of SLR, both Qualified Environmental Professionals as defined by 18 AAC 75.33 (ADEC, 2017). The Field Samplers provided onsite support to the Field Team Leaders and assisted in completion of all sample collection, transportation, shipment, and QA/QC. Two ChemTrack Environmental Technicians, Mr. Cory Runa and Mr. Brendan Anderson- Brodsky, also provided assistance to the sampling team.

1.3.5 PROJECT CHEMIST

SLR Associate Scientist, Jennifer McLean, served as the Project Senior Chemist. She was assisted by SLR Associate Scientist, Jason Gray, and Project Scientist, Sarah Croissant. The Project Chemist was responsible for laboratory and data management and data quality assessment.

1.3.6 LABORATORY PROJECT MANAGER

SGS North America, Inc. (SGS) in Anchorage, Alaska, provided analytical laboratory support to the project. SGS is accredited under the Department of Defense Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program. Mr. Justin Nelson was the SGS Project Manager. Mr. Nelson was responsible for ensuring that the samples collected for the project were analyzed in accordance with the work plan (USACE, 2017b), Department of Defense (DoD) Quality Systems Manual ([QSM]; DoD, 2017), and laboratory requirements.

1.3.7 ARCHAEOLOGY TEAM

Mr. Jake Anders, M.A. (Lead Field Archaeologist), and Ms. Theresa Dutchuk of SRB&A provided onsite archaeological support during the site reconnaissance activities.

Mr. Anders holds a Master’s Degree in Anthropology and meets the requirements of the Secretary of the Interior’s Historic Preservation Professional Qualification Standards (62 Federal Register 33708). Mr. Anders and Ms. Dutchuk were responsible for monitoring site reconnaissance activities and completing an evaluation-level archaeological survey of cultural resources in the project area.

Final 8 June 2018

1.3.8 UNEXPLODED ORDINANCE (UXO) SPECIALIST

Mr. Robert Yancy and Mr. Robert Fortney are certified UXO Specialists and were responsible for inspecting and monitoring the field team working locations, identifying known Military Munitions Response Program (MMRP) areas, recognizing and documenting any munitions encountered, and providing general and site-specific safety training and oversight. UXO Specialists did not disturb or disarm any encountered UXO, in accordance with the SOW.

The site reconnaissance fieldwork was performed by two teams, each consisting of four people: one SLR field sampler, one ChemTrack environmental technician, one SRB&A archaeologist, and one UXO Specialist.

1.4 FIELD SCHEDULE

All field activities were completed in August 2017. Mobilization to Fort Glenn commenced on August 3 and field personnel arrived at Fort Glenn on August 8. Field activities were completed between August 9 and August 22, and demobilization was completed on August 26.

Final 9 June 2018

2. BACKGROUND

2.1 LOCATION

Fort Glenn is located on Umnak Island, approximately 850 miles southwest of Anchorage, Alaska, in the Aleutian Island Chain of the Pacific Ocean. The Fort Glenn property is in the Aleutians West Census Area approximately 70 miles southwest of Dutch Harbor, Alaska. The property is located in the vicinity of Latitude 53° 22' 46" North, 167° 56' 38" West. It is within Alaska's At Large Congressional District, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Region 10, and zip code 99692. In 1985, Cape Field at Fort Glenn (i.e., Main Airfield) was designated as a National Historic Landmark (U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, 1986).

2.2 SITE SETTING

The site description presented in this section was adapted from the Contaminant Inventory and Preliminary Risk Assessment (USACE, 1987).

Fort Glenn is located on the northeastern coast of Umnak Island. It consists of rolling, grassy plains that gradually rise from sea level toward the center of the island where the Okmok volcano is located, at an elevation of 3,619 feet (ft) above sea level. The terrain was formed by both glacial and volcanic processes. Volcanic soils and outwash materials, accompanied by cindery soils with loamy textures, are found in areas of low elevation. These soils usually have high organic content. Depressions are accompanied with peat soils. Most of the Aleutians are underlain by Tertiary and Quaternary basalts and andesite lava flows.

Umnak has a maritime climate with heavy precipitation and fog, and the potential for gale-force winds during all months of the year. The frequency and strength of storms is greatest in winter when average wind speeds often attain 17 to 21 knots. Summer wind speeds average 13 knots, and extreme winds can exceed 100 knots. Periods of calm winds are short, averaging less than 5 percent of the time. Violent storms often result from low-pressure zones centered on the Aleutian Islands. The greatest precipitation occurs from late summer through mid-winter, with an average annual precipitation of 46 inches. Maximum ambient temperatures range from 50 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) to 55°F in the summer season, to 20°F to 36°F in winter.

The vegetation of the area is uniformly composed of grasses and herbaceous plants such as reed grasses, bentgrass, hairgrass, bluegrass and fescues, scattered cow parsnip, angelica, cinquefoil, gleum, and various sedges. Large areas of drier sites are covered with woody plants such as dwarf willow and birch, and heath plants such as blueberry and crowberry. Very wet sites are composed of moist tundra vegetation.

All of the terrestrial mammals on Umnak Island have been introduced by man. Beef cattle and reindeer range freely across the island and were introduced for meat

Final 10 June 2018 harvesting in the early 1900s. Red fox were later introduced during fox farming in the 1930s.

Marine mammals present in the region include sea otter, Stellar's sea lion, and harbor seals. All use the rocky beaches along the shoreline for hauling out and feed in nearshore waters.

A total of 183 species of birds have been recorded in the Aleutian Islands and adjacent waters. These include migrating shorebirds, nesting waterfowl, and pelagic seabirds. A seabird colony is located north of the project site. Terrestrial birds are relatively few in numbers, but include the common Lapland longspur, gray crowned rosy finch, song sparrow, common raven, and bald eagle.

There are numerous fish in the nearby fresh and marine waters. Approximately 135 species occupy nearshore waters. Migrating juvenile and adult salmon are present inshore during the summer months. The most common fish in freshwater streams and ponds include: three spine stickleback, coastal sculpin, dolly varden, char, and pink and silver salmon on a seasonal basis.

There are no known threatened or endangered plants or animal species, or their habitat, on Umnak Island. There are five species of endangered whales, which could occur in marine waters: fin, sei, blue, humpback, and gray whale. Of these, only the humpback and gray whale would be likely to occur in nearshore waters off the project site.

Streams on the northern coast of Umnak Island generally drain from the Okmok volcano and are relatively short, steep, and swift. Several streams are located to the south of Fort Glenn. The general quality of surface waters is good, with low mineral content and less than 5 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids.

2.3 SITE HISTORY

Fort Glenn encompasses more than 100,000 acres and was established as an air base on the northeast coast of Umnak Island during World War II (WWII). The property consists of a main cantonment area and two satellite airfields. In 1942, building began on Umnak with the construction of a 5,000-foot-long by 100-foot-wide airfield near Otter Point (Main Airfield, Figure 1). The Main Airfield was composed of approximately 80,000 perforated steel mats placed directly on the tundra. A layer of volcanic cinder was placed over the steel matting to increase the structural stability of the runways. Two satellite fields were subsequently constructed on Umnak Island, one to the north near Cape Tanak (Northern Airfield, also known as Berry Fields) and one to the southwest between Kettle Cape and Black Rock (Pacifier Airfield, Figure 1). Each satellite field consisted of up to three approximately 5,000- to 7,000-ft runways. The northern field near Cape Tanak was later extended to 7,500 ft in length (USACE, 2017c).

When fully operational, the Fort Glenn area, including Nikolski, supported over 10,000 officers and enlisted personnel, plus a medical detachment and civilian construction employees. Housing on Fort Glenn consisted primarily of Quonset huts with arched, Final 11 June 2018 corrugated metal roofs, typically constructed within bermed depressions. Warehouse storage constructed between 1942 and 1944 included a total of 205,000 square feet (ft²) consisting of aircraft hangars, shops, a small hospital, and technical facilities. Aircraft assigned to Fort Glenn included twelve P-40 fighters, six B-26 bombers, six PBY Catalinas used primarily for reconnaissance, and two B-18 bombers (USACE, 2017c).

Fuel storage capacity at Fort Glenn was constructed to contain 2,075,000 gallons (gal) of reserve and tactical Army Air Corps gasoline; 504,000 gal for general use gasoline;

and 1,310,000 gal of diesel oil, which was stored in fifteen 2,000-barrel wood stave tanks and two 25,000-gal welded steel tanks. In addition, 25,000 gal of aviation gasoline was stored at the north satellite field. Barge docks and a ship dock (tanker moorage) were built at Pustoi Bay (Figure 2B). The dock facilities were heavily damaged during a storm in 1942 and subsequently rebuilt (USACE, 2017c).

Power for Fort Glenn was provided by diesel-fueled generators in a main powerhouse. In addition to the main powerhouse, each individual encampment had its own electrical distribution system and two auxiliary diesel generators. The electrical system used transformers with dielectric fluid that may have contained PCBs (USACE, 2017c).

Transfer of men and materials by sea during (and after) construction of the Umnak facilities was difficult due to severe weather and the lack of a suitable harbor on the island. As a result, most of the sea-borne freight was offloaded in Chernofski Harbor on the Island of Unalaska, approximately 12 miles east of Fort Glenn. Transfer of freight required lightering to Umnak Island and often involved hand labor in unloading operations, which resulted in a considerable loss of freight. Troops began being shipped out of Fort Glenn in 1943, and by late 1944, little more than a care-taking detachment and a communications mission remained. In all, over 700 buildings were constructed during the time that the DoD occupied the island (USACE, 2017c).

Various types of munitions are known to exist on Umnak Island. An Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) Area (MRS-04) is designated on State of Alaska, Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT&PF) property located west of the Main Airfield area [USACE, 2013; (Figures 6A and 6B)].

2.4 LAND OWNERSHIP AND LEASE HISTORY

The property was excessed between 1952 and 1955 to the U.S. Department of Interior (DOI), Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and subsequently transferred to numerous owners, both public and private in the 1960s.

Post-WWII in the late-1950s, Reeve Aleutian Airways was granted the right to use, operate, and maintain the Main Airfield until sometime before 2000, when Reeve ceased operations. In 1966, BLM conveyed the Northern Airfield (1,780 acres) and Main Airfield (7,550 acres), and granted a 200-ft right-of-way along the road between these two airfields to the State of Alaska. As part of the 1966 deed, several buildings were conveyed to the State of Alaska as well, including H-16 hangar, P-18 power house, BLH- 17 boiler house, MAS-2 frame house, D and HSP-38 dispensary, and W-21 warehouse.

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Copies of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources (ADNR) Case Abstract Files for the Northern Airfield (Case File ID: OSL 333) and Main Airfield (Case File ID: OSL 334), including plat maps, are provided in Appendix A.

Current property owners include: ADOT&PF, Tanadgusix Corporation (TDX) (surface), St. George Tanaq Corporation (surface), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (surface), Aleut Corporation (subsurface), and BLM (subsurface).

Bering Pacific Ranches Ltd. (BPR) of Priddis, Alberta, Canada, leases the property and operates a certified organic cattle and reindeer ranching operation with headquarters at Pustoi Bay. BPR’s operations began in 1993, but ranching on Umnak Island is known to date back to the early 19th century when Russian settlers first brought over cattle.

2.5 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AND ACTIVITIES

Multiple visits and investigations have been conducted on the Fort Glenn property by government employees and contractors. The project areas within Fort Glenn are referred to by different names within each report summarized below. For this report, there are three primary areas of interest, as shown on Figure 1 and designated as follows:

Main Airfield, which includes the primary cantonment;

Northern Airfield located to the north of the primary cantonment at the northern extent of the FUDS; and

Pacifier Airfield located to the southwest of the primary cantonment near the southern extent of the Fort Glenn FUDS.

Past work relevant to this project is described below.

Inventory Report, Defense Environmental Restoration Account, Umnak Island, Alaska (Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1985)

In 1985, a debris inventory was conducted at each of the four main areas:

Fort Glenn main base, also referred to as the Main Airfield;

Northern Satellite Airstrip, also referred to as the Northern Airfield;

Southwest Satellite Airstrip, also referred to as the Pacifier Airfield; and

Nikolski.

This report details a site inspection and inventory at abandoned military installations located on Umnak Island. The work was conducted using a helicopter and ground surveillance. No analytical sampling was conducted.

The largest percentage of debris was located within the Fort Glenn main base site (Main Airfield). Various outposts containing debris were also found north and southwest of Fort Glenn near the coastline. In general, all debris except concrete foundations was in a

Final 13 June 2018 very advanced stage of rusting. Many of the buildings had collapsed and were partially overgrown with tundra and grasses. Roads were overgrown to a large extent, except for those used during post-WWII ranching operations. Unused runways and taxiways were also overgrown. Pipeline trenches and drainage ditches had become completely overgrown, although they were still visible from the air due to visual differences in vegetation.

Debris types, categories, and quantities were estimated for each of the four sites. The quantities given were only approximate, although debris types and quantities were field-checked on the ground. All areas were photographed for further documentation.

Key information on a project-by-project basis is presented below:

Project 02: POL Drums. POL barrels (POL drums) were identified at the Fort Glenn main base site (Main Airfield). A total of approximately 5,600 POL drums were identified. Approximately 4,900 drums were located at Fort Glenn in four major subdivided areas at the site. At the Northern Satellite Airstrip site (Northern Airfield), an additional approximately 200 POL drums were identified, and at the Southwest Satellite Airstrip site (Pacifier Airfield), an additional approximately 500 POL drums were identified. Most drums were reported to be severely rusted with erosion or rust holes. All of the drums investigated were empty or, if standing upright, contained water. The report also states that any fuel left behind at the end of the war was likely reused during ranching operations; however, it can be assumed that small amounts of fuel and oil may remain in some drums.

Project 15: Tanks with Pipelines and Pumping Stations. A total of 41 tanks were identified in the 1985 inventory report. The following tanks were identified at the Fort Glenn main base site (Main Airfield): eight tanks, small metal; 22 tanks, 25-ft diameter, metal; one tank, 33-ft diameter, metal; two tanks, wood, 10-ft diameter; one tank, wood, 25-ft diameter. At the Northern Satellite Airstrip site (Northern Airfield), inspections documented five tanks, small metal; and two tanks, 25-ft diameter, metal. One pumping station was identified at the Fort Glenn main base site (Main Airfield).

Project 17: Miscellaneous Abandoned Machinery. A total of 20 pieces of machinery were identified in the 1985 inventory report. The following machinery were identified at the Fort Glenn (main base) site (Main Airfield): four fuel trucks, two cranes, six engines, four cat tractors, two trailers, one wrecked aircraft. One crane was identified at the Northern Satellite Airstrip site (Northern Airfield).

Contaminant Inventory and Preliminary Risk Assessment, Fort Glenn, Alaska

(USACE, 1987)

The USACE conducted a Contaminant Inventory and Preliminary Risk Assessment at Fort Glenn in 1987. The report describes the following relevant observations:

A legacy of abandoned Quonset huts, buildings, foundations, drums, and materials; buildings were completely gutted with very little extraneous debris cluttering the surroundings.

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Nearly 5,000 drums were estimated to exist. All of the POL drums are stacked in groups of approximately 100 and were located in several locations. Drums were empty except for residual POL, and most soils around the barrel pile were free of visible POL contamination, with the exception of sludge spills at two locations (03SM and 08SM). Sludge-contaminated soil pooled 2 to 3 inches thick was observed. Surface area ranged from approximately 500 ft2 to 5,000 ft2 at two main locations. Soil samples were collected at drum areas/piles 03SM, 08SM, 12SM, 16SM, and 20SM. Sample results detected soil contamination at 03SM and 20SM.

Approximately 20, 10,000-gal fuel tanks and two 1,000-gal tanks were noted at Fort Glenn. These tanks were empty, except for a few inches of water/fuel mixture, and were severely rusted. Two other smaller fuel tanks were found empty.

Buildings of concern regarding toxic and hazardous materials included the hangar and the generator building. The generator building contained asbestos insulation on the two generators. The hangar was reported to contain a sludge spill in the northwest corner of the building.

Two empty transformers were found at transformer platforms on telephone poles near the hangar (location 02SM). Two transformers containing oil were found inside the hangar (location 24TR). Six transformer platforms were located along power line corridors throughout Fort Glenn, including locations 02SM, 04SL, 05SM, 06SM, 14SM, and 18SM. Soil samples were collected from below each of the platforms and were tested for PCBs. One soil sample result was 19.0 parts per million (ppm; location 04SL) and one soil sample result was 0.66 ppm PCBs (location 18SM). A sample of transformer oil from a transformer contained in the hangar was 4.2 ppm PCBs (24TR).

Samples were collected from throughout the Fort Glenn area. Focus areas included drum piles, fuel tanks, transformer platforms, hangar, garage and generator buildings, Reeve Aleutian Airways shed area, Area 3 Soil Contamination, and creeks and a pond.

Preliminary Assessment Report, Fort Glenn, Umnak, Alaska (URS, 1996)

A preliminary assessment (PA) site visit was conducted on July 17, 1996 by URS Consultants, Inc. (URS). URS was contracted by the USEPA to prepare a PA report for Fort Glenn. The PA would document any threat or potential threat to public health or the environment posed by the site, identify whether a potential emergency situation existed that required an immediate response, document the presence or absence of uncontained or uncontrolled hazardous substances on the site, and confirm site characteristics and area receptor information.

The PA noted that most of the former military infrastructure, except for the concrete foundations, was in an advanced state of decay. Many of the buildings had collapsed and were partially overgrown with tundra and grasses. Roads were overgrown to a large

Final 15 June 2018 extent, except those used frequently by cattle ranchers. Drums observed during the site visit were severely damaged.

Fuel storage capacity at Fort Glenn was estimated to have been over 2 million gal:

504,000 gal of general use gasoline (aka MOGAS) and 1.3 million gal of diesel oil. In addition, an estimated 25,000 gal of aviation fuel was stored at each satellite field.

Anecdotal reports from onsite workers and persons familiar with Umnak Island stated that most of the fuel left behind by the military was scavenged and used by private and commercial air carriers.

Aleutian Air Limited, a small charter company, was reported to maintain and use a small grass runway on the Fort Glenn site where Runway B was located. The air charter company was observed to store an all-terrain vehicle and several drums of POL in a small shed near the runway for emergency maintenance and fuel needs.

Screening Site Inspection, Fort Glenn, Umnak, Alaska (URS Greiner, 1997)

The screening site inspection (SSI) sampling event and photo documentation was performed in 1997 by URS Greiner, under contract to the USEPA to prepare an SSI as a supplement to the PA (URS, 1996) for Fort Glenn. The SSI report summarized the samples collected during the property investigation and evaluated the analytical results for potential contaminants on the Fort Glenn property.

Soil, surface water, and sediment samples were collected. Surface and subsurface soil samples were collected from the Fort Glenn site at locations selected based on best professional judgment, where wastes were suspected to have been spilled, and on USEPA direction. A total of 22 surface soil samples (FG15, FG25 through FG39, FG42 through FG44, and FG46 through and FG48) and 3 subsurface soil samples (FG25D, FG45 and FG49). Soil samples FG29 and FG30 were collected near location of a bulldozer and crane, respectively and FG35 was collected near two fuel trucks. To assess impacts of past site practices, near-shore marine sediment samples and surface water samples were collected from island water bodies (e.g., stream, lake, near-shore marine).

Samples were analyzed for a broad suite of analytes. The only PCB result detected (52 micrograms per kilogram [µg/kg]) in the Fort Glenn sample effort was reported from a sample located northwest of Birchwood Hangar, collected beneath the 10 kilovolt-ampere (kVa) transformer (location FG31). Other soil sample results indicated POLs from heavy equipment (FG29 and FG30), drums and tanks.

Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact, Fort Glenn, Umnak Island, Alaska (USACE, 2001)

In 2001, the USACE, Alaska District, assessed the environmental effects of the Fort Glenn remedial investigation (RI) in an environmental assessment (EA) in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended. The EA was conducted prior to the RI planned for the summer of 2001, as detailed below.

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The EA determined that the proposed RI activity would not result in significant environmental impacts. No threatened or endangered species, critical habitat, marine mammals, wetlands, or cultural resources would be adversely impacted by the project.

Essential fish habitat would not be substantially altered. These determinations were coordinated with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), National Marine Fisheries Service, and State Historic Preservation Office. Discharge into wetlands and other waters would comply with the substantive requirements of the Department of the Army Nationwide Permits 5 (scientific measuring devices), 6 (survey activities), and 18 (minor discharges) issued pursuant to December 13, 1996, Federal Register, Final Notice of Issuance, Reissuance, and Modification of Nationwide Permits. The EA supported the conclusion that the project did not constitute a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, and it was determined that an environmental impact statement was not necessary to perform the RI at Fort Glenn.

Remedial Investigation Report, Umnak Island, Alaska (Jacobs, 2003)

Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. (Jacobs) performed an RI and site reconnaissance in 2001 at Fort Glenn, with focus on the Main Airfield area. RI soil, groundwater, sediment, and surface water samples were compared to applicable ADEC standards. Key information is listed below on a project-by-project basis:

Project 02: POL Drums. The approximate locations of two drum piles were delineated north of Pustoi Point [also known as drum piles 12SM and 16SM in 1987 (USACE, 1987)]. Drum piles were investigated for residual contamination and/or soil stains. Approximately 12 drum storage areas were identified. Each area or pile contained empty 55-gal drums and ranged in size from 20 – 200 drums per pile. Drums were stored horizontally and were rusted out. A visual inspection of the inner contents of the drums was performed. No sign of drum contents or visible contamination, including stressed vegetation or stained soil, were apparent. Several 55-gal drums were also noted on the southwest corner of Lake Manila; all drums were empty. Thirty-Three Creek was also noted to be littered with drums near the Operations Reserve Tank Farm. Additionally, a “pile of empty 55-gal drums” was noted in this vicinity. Camp Creek also contained drum and debris piles containing approximately 100 to 125 drums surrounded by a dark orange and red-yellow sludge-like substance. A Hazardous Characterization and Compatibility Testing (HAZCAT®) analysis was conducted on the orange sludge, and it was determined that the substance was not an oxidizer, contained neutral pH, was slightly combustible, and was chlorinated (may contain PCBs). Oil Burn Specifications (OBS) constituents were also evaluated, and it was determined that the substance was within applicable used oil specifications. A cluster of nine drum storage areas was noted at the Birchwood Hangar. Drums were rusted and stacked horizontally among overgrown vegetation, were all found to be dry, and no signs of surrounding contamination were evident.

Project 15: Tanks with Pipelines and Pumping Stations. The RI performed a reconnaissance and investigation of fuel tanks present at the Fort Glenn Main Airfield area. Areas of POL contamination were identified in media surrounding

Final 17 June 2018 fuel storage tanks, fill stands, and fueling pits. POL contamination was delineated both horizontally and vertically at select locations. Presence and quantity of fuel remaining in fuel storage tanks that could be accessed safely was determined.

The RI identified a total of 66 fuel tanks. Forty-two of 66 fuel tanks and former locations of fuel tanks were not investigated due to safety constraints. The 24 total tanks investigated were located at the Quartermasters Gasoline Tank Farm.

Tanks were vertically standing cylinders measuring 22 ft in diameter and 8 ft in height (approximately 10,000-gal capacity). Twelve of the aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) were empty, one AST had a negligible amount of liquid (approximately 0.05 ft deep), and nine ASTs contained a mixture of sludge and liquid ranging in volume…