RFPAttach1_SRD_050813.pdf

PRF-PT-00581

Version 3 i

II

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Revision Date Pages Description

Draft 1.0 31 May 2012 All – Richard Ostrow Initial release- revised by committee with no support group input.

Draft 1.1 15 June 2012 All – Pete Walton Technical revision -update for measurable performance constraints and reference documents.

Draft 1.2 23 August 2012 All – Sara Creely Updated to reflect review feedback.

Final 2 21 December 2012 All – Sara Creely Updated to reflect review feedback.

Final 3 15 March 2013 All – Rachel Overman Updated to reflect legal review updates.

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1. SCOPE

1.1 Overview

1.2 Background

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 Government Documents

2.2 Obtaining Government Documents

2.3 Other Government Documents, Drawings, and Publications

2.4 Obtaining Other Government Documents, Drawings, and Publications

2.5 Other Documents

2.6 Order of Precedence

3. REQUIREMENTS

3.1 EST II System

3.1.1 Key Performance Parameters

3.1.2 Instructor Operator System (IOS)

3.1.2.1 Trainer “Master” Control

3.1.2.2 Built In Test (BIT)

3.1.2.2.1 Daily Operational Readiness for Training Requirements

3.1.2.2.2 Real-Time Performance Monitoring

3.1.2.2.3 Diagnostics

3.1.2.3 Storage and Transfer of Zero Data

3.1.2.4 System Utilization

3.1.2.5 Operational Status

3.1.3 Simulated Weapons

3.1.3.1 Simulated Weapon Safety

3.1.3.2 Legacy Simulated Weapons

3.1.3.3 EST II Simulated Weapons

3.1.3.4 Simulated Weapon System Mounts

3.1.3.5 Simulated Weapon System Accessory Capabilities

3.1.3.6 Boresighting and Zeroing

3.1.3.7 Simulated Weapon Recoil

3.1.3.8 Ballistic Simulation

3.1.3.9 Ammunition

3.1.3.10 EST II Ammunition Types

3.1.3.11 Parallax Error Compensation

3.1.3.12 Rifle and Pistol Cant

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3.1.3.13 Simulated Weapon Diagnostics

3.1.3.14 Simulation of Shooting Positions

3.2 Sub-systems

3.2.1 Visual Simulation

3.2.1.1 Targets

3.2.1.2 Simulation Fidelity

3.2.1.2.1 Friendly and Enemy Forces and their Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques and

Procedures

3.2.1.2.2 Geo-Typical Terrains

3.2.1.2.2.1 Terrain Regions

3.2.1.2.2.2 Terrain Types

3.2.1.2.2.3 Marksmanship Terrains

3.2.1.2.3 Atmospheric, Lighting and Weather Conditions

3.2.1.2.4 Specific enemy, non-combatants, and friendly vehicles, personnel, and equipment

3.2.1.2.5 Dynamic terrain

3.2.1.2.6 The effects of munitions on personnel, vehicles and structures

3.2.1.2.6.1 Personnel

3.2.1.2.6.2 Vehicles

3.2.1.2.6.3 Structures

3.2.1.3 Visual System Image Quality

3.2.1.3.1 Visual System Interface

3.2.1.3.2 Marksmanship Criteria

3.2.1.3.3 Collective Criteria

3.2.1.3.4 EOF Criteria

3.2.1.4 Shots, Hits and Misses

3.2.2 Audio

3.2.3 Authoring Capability

3.3 Training

3.3.1 Marksmanship Training

3.3.2 Collective Training

3.3.3 Escalation of Force (EOF) Training

3.3.4 Scenario Library

3.3.5 Multimedia Training

3.3.6 After Action Review (AAR)

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3.3.6.1 Marksmanship Capabilities

3.3.6.2 Collective/EOF Capabilities

3.4 General Systems Requirements

3.4.1 Safety

3.4.1.1 Eye Safe Laser

3.4.1.2 System Safety

3.4.1.3 Health Hazards

3.4.2 Human Engineering

3.4.3 Quality Construction

3.4.3.1 Parts

3.4.3.1.1 Plug-in Assemblies and Subassemblies

3.4.3.1.1.1 Flammable Materials

3.4.3.1.1.2 Fungus-Inert Materials

3.4.3.1.1.3 Hazardous Materials

3.4.3.1.1.4 Corrosion Resistance

3.4.3.1.1.5 Wood Products

3.4.3.1.1.6 Radioactive Material

3.4.3.1.1.7 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Sensitive Assemblies and Equipment

3.4.3.1.2 Date Related Data

3.4.3.1.3 Workmanship

3.4.3.1.3.1 Threaded Fasteners

3.4.3.1.3.2 Wiring

3.4.3.1.3.3 Shielding

3.4.3.2 Power

3.4.3.3 Power Line Monitoring/Protection

3.4.3.4 Under/Over Voltage

3.4.3.5 Power Loss/Interruption

3.4.4 Information Assurance

3.4.5 System Environment Requirements

3.4.6 Transportability

3.5 System Configuration

3.5.1 Standard Configuration

3.5.2 Post Deployment Software Support (PDSS) Configuration

3.5.3 Authoring Configuration

3.6 Supportability

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3.6.1 Nameplates and Markings

3.6.1.1 EST II Nameplate

3.6.1.2 Unique Identification

3.6.1.3 Marking of Units, Assemblies, Subassemblies, and Parts

3.6.1.3.1 Lowest Replaceable Units (LRU)

3.6.1.3.1.1 Fuse Markings

3.6.1.3.1.2 Printed Circuit Boards (PCB)

3.6.1.3.2 Reference Designators

3.6.1.3.3 Terminals, Terminal Blocks and Strips

3.6.1.4 ESD Marking

3.6.2 Maintenance

3.6.2.1 Maintenance Concept

3.6.2.2 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM)

3.6.2.2.1 Operational Availability (AO)

3.6.2.2.2 Maintainability

3.6.2.2.2.1 Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)

3.6.2.2.2.2 Maximum Repair Time (Mmax)

3.6.2.2.2.3 Mean Preventive Maintenane Time (Mpt)

3.6.2.3 Special Tools

3.7 Pre-Planned Product Improvements (P3I)

4. VERIFICATION

4.1 Methods of Verification

4.2 Verification of Requirements

5. Packaging, Handling, Storage and Transportation (PHS&T)

6. Notes

6.1 Definitions

6.1.1 Commercial Item

6.1.2 Fire Team (FT) Configuration

6.1.3 Immediate Action

6.1.4 Initial Entry Training (IET) Configuration

6.1.5 Instructor Branch Option (IBO)

6.1.6 Instructor Operator

6.1.7 Non-Developmental Item (NDI)

6.1.8 Open Systems Architecture

6.1.9 Range Indicator

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6.1.10 Scheduled Maintenance

6.1.11 Squad Configuration

6.1.12 Target Marker

6.1.13 Unscheduled Maintenance

6.1.14 Simulated Weapon and Optics Mix

1. SCOPE

This EST II Systems Requirements Document (SRD) establishes the EST II requirements for the development, fabrication, installation, delivery, demonstration and testing of the Engagement

Skills Trainer (EST) II which is used primarily as a unit and institutional, indoor, multipurpose, multilane, small arms, crew served and individual anti-tank training simulator. This effort is primarily a technology refresh that will incorporate both the existing Program of Record (POR) system‟s performance and current advances in simulation technology.

The EST II is intended to extend real-time visualization, situational awareness and After Action

Review (AAR) capabilities thus significantly enhancing the U.S. Army‟s readiness in service weapons and marksmanship training. The EST II is intended to establish a non-proprietary, open standard architecture and interfaces that supports the addition of simulated experimental and new

U.S. Army service weapons while maintaining the form, fit, and functional simulation of the real service weapon (i.e., weight, accuracy, and ballistics).

Units require up-to-date small arms trainers or simulators which can:

Simulate weapon training events which lead to live fire individual and crew service weapon qualification

Simulate training events currently not resourced that contribute to increased weapon, crew, fire team, and squad combat effectiveness; namely, reflexive fire, engagement of moving targets, firing machine guns in crew served weapons firing controlled distribution, and Escalation of Force (EOF) decision training

Simulate squad collective gunnery and tactical tasks for conducting Unified Land

Operations (ULO)

Provide the medium for training leaders of fire teams and squads in command, control, and distribution of fires while in a realistic collective training

Save current required ammunition resources, travel time and cost to and from ranges, other range support resources, while simultaneously providing meaningful, effective training to Soldiers

Support the functional marksmanship training strategies and standards in service weapons training

Support changes in the U.S. Army training doctrine

Support the ability to perform immediate action in the event of triggered malfunctions, including runaways and weapon jams

All Soldiers will use the EST II as part of their marksmanship training strategy, which includes both during Individual Marksmanship Training (IMT) and home station sustainment training.

1.1 Overview

The EST II intended use is as a unit/institutional, indoor, multipurpose, multi-lane, small arms, crew-served, and anti-armor gunnery simulation. Standard Army small arms service weapons including rifles, carbines, pistols, grenade launchers, machine guns, shotguns, and shoulder launched munitions must be simulated under EST II. The EST II shall support training capabilities including: marksmanship, tactical collective, and Escalation of Force (EOF).

In the marksmanship training capability, Army standard tables and Courses of Fire (CoF) for all standard Army small arms service weapons shall be replicated. The EST II shall provide the capability to accurately simulate live fire ranges in daylight and limited visibility conditions utilizing precision-scaled targets, high resolution imagery, and essential simulated weapons‟.

EST II accuracy must compensate for errors (i.e., parallax) and replicate natural trajectory (i.e.

spin drift, effects of wind and gravity). The ability to isolate, capture, and display shots with replay capability that highlights shooters‟ errors is critical in diagnosis and application of the fundamentals of marksmanship training. Replay of aim point trace (before the shot, during the shot, after the shot) is required in order to diagnose shooter problems with aiming, breathing, steady hold, trigger control, and follow through for on-the-spot correction. The ability to visually indicate shooter-induced right or left cant of the simulated weapon, which can possibly result in missed shots, is also required to support training.

When used for the tactical collective training capability, the EST II must provide fully articulated interactive entities with variable scenario outcomes based on a squad‟s action or inaction, or by the instructor‟s choice. The visual displays must accurately represent realistic 3D modeled battlefield terrain, structures and dynamic models and variable environmental effects that include day/night and dawn/dusk, variable weather conditions, illumination and include a limited indirect fire capability.

To enhance training, the EST II must present other special effects to enhance the view of the battlefield to include weapons effects, explosions, and vehicle damage. The EST II must allow the trainer/unit to build scenarios as they would fight to support training of all current and future tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). Feedback provided must include shot-by-shot information tied to each shooter. The EST II must assist in training tactical collective gunnery exercises for the squad, team, and element leaders in fire distribution and control.

When used for the Escalation of Force (EOF) training, the EST II must provide scenarios with multiple branching points to the instructor that will require the trainee to perform EOF procedures IAW current and future Rules of Engagement (ROE) TTPs.

1.2 Background

The EST II will refresh current ESTs, as well as procure additional EST II systems. The fielded

EST is a training system which utilized many Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) products that provided audio and visual presentations, sensing and feedback during training exercises, and simulates the operation of a variety of small arms simulated weapons. The EST is comprised of multiple independent systems that can be combined and configured in various operational training capabilities. The trainer simulates the same physical, functional, and operational characteristics and casualty producing effects of the actual service weapons. Targets move and behave in a realistic fashion. Training performance data is recorded and stored on the EST for replay and later evaluation. The EST simulator utilizes visual display systems, audio systems, aiming detection systems, and pseudo or simulated weapons with a power source interfaced by computer to provide virtual Marksmanship, Unit Collective Squad Level training, and EOF decision training scenarios. The EST safely replicates service weapon training events which lead to live fire individual and crew service weapon qualification and that contribute to increased service weapon, crew, fire team, and squad combat effectiveness training in Army‟s defined scenarios.

The Army currently trains Soldiers using actual service weapons on ranges in parallel with the

EST. The U.S. Army uses the EST for Soldier zero, grouping, and down-range feedback through practice qualifications. The EST simulator was designed to support simulated weapons training and allow for realistic target presentations in military operations conducted in varying environments such as desert, forest, and military operations in urban terrains.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 Government Documents

The following specifications, standards, and statutes listed below form a part of the specification to the extent specified herein. As a minimum, the latest revisions of the following documents shall apply at RFP release:

Reference

Number Date Title

21 CFR 1040 1 April 2012 Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Laser Products

ADP 5-0 17-May-12 The Operations Process

ADP 7-0 23 Aug 12 Training Units and Developing Leaders

ANSI Z136.1-

2007 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z136.1-2007 -

American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers

ATTP 3-21.50 28-Feb-11 Infantry Small-Unit Mountain Operations

FM 3-06 26-Oct-06 Urban Operations

FM 3-21.8 28-Mar-07 The Infantry Rifle Platoon And Squad

FM 3-22.27,

C1

14-Sep-06 MK 19, 40-mm Grenade Machine Gun, MOD 3

FM 3-22.31 22-Feb-11 40-mm Grenade Launchers

FM 3-22.37 20-Mar-08 Javelin - Close Combat Missile System, Medium

FM 3-22.40 24-Oct-07 Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, And Procedures For The Tactical

Employment Of Nonlethal Weapons

FM 3-22.65 3-Mar-05 Browning Machine Gun, caliber .50 HB, M2

FM 3-22.65,

C1

C1 11 Apr 2007 Browning Machine Gun, caliber .50 HB, M2

FM 3-22.68 21-Jul-06 Crew-Served Machine Guns, 5.56-mm and 7.62-mm; M249, 5.56-mm Machine Gun; M60, 7.62-mm Machine Gun; 240B, 7.62-mm

Machine Gun

Reference

Number Date Title

FM 3-22.9 12 August 2008, Change 1 dated 10

February 2011

Rifle Marksmanship M16A1, M16A2/3, M16A4, and M4 Carbine

(including C-1, C-2, C3 and C-4)

FM 3-23.30 15-Oct-09 Grenades And Pyrotechnics Signals

FM 3-23.35,

C4

5 Sep 2005, Change 4 dated 12 Aug 2008

Combat Training with Pistols, M9 and M11 (INCL C-1)

FM 3-24 15-Dec-06 Counterinsurgency

FM 3-97.6 28-Nov-00 Mountain Operations

FM 7-15, C9 9-Dec-11 Army Universal Task List

FM 90-5 16-Aug-82 Jungle Operations

N/A 1-Sep-11 Leader‟s Guide to After Action Reviews (AAR) (Replaces TC 25-20)

PAM 350-38 13-May-09 Standards in Weapons Training Fiscal Year (FY) 2003/2004

STP 21-1-

SMCT

May-11 Soldier's Manual Of Common Tasks Warrior Skills Level 1

STP 21-24-

SMCT

Sep-08 Soldier's Manual Of Common Tasks, Warrior Leader, Skill Levels 2, 3, And 4

STP 7-11B1-

SM-TG

Aug-04 Soldier's Manual And Trainer's Guide, Mos 11b, Infantry, Skill Level

STP 7-11B24-

SM-TG

Aug-04 Soldier's Manual And Trainer's Guide, Mos 11b, Infantry, Skills

Level 2, 3, And 4

TC 23-13 20-Jan-67 Crew-Served Weapon Night Vision Sight

TC 25-8 20-May-10 Training Ranges

TC 7-100.2 12/9/2011 Opposing Force Tactics

TC 7-21.10 Jul-09 Infantry And Weapons Company Guide To Training Aids, Devices, Simulators, And Simulations -

TC 90-1 May-08 Training For Urban Operations

Reference

Number Date Title

TM – 11-5855-

306-10

May 2001 MK-19 40 MM Grenade Launcher Operators Manual

TM 11-5855-

213-10

1-Feb-93 Operator‟s Manual for Night Vision Sight, Individual Served

Weapon, AN/PVS-4 (NSN: 5855-00-629-5334)

TM 11-5855-

262-10-1

1-Jun-07 Operator‟s Manual for Night Vision Goggle, AN/PVS-7A (NSN:

5855-01-228-0939)

TM 11-5855-

297-12&

15 Sep 1990 AN/PAQ-4A Aiming Light

TM 11-5855-

306-10

1 Oct 2010 Operator's Manual for Monocular Night Vision Device, AN/PVS-14.

01 June 2000.

TM 11-5855-

308-12&P

15 May 2000 Operator's and Unit Maintenance Manual (Including Repair Parts and

Special Tools List), Target Pointer Illuminator/Aiming Light

AN/PEQ-2A

TM 3-22.31

w/CHG 1

Nov-10 40-MM Grenade Launchers (Incl C1) M203/320A1

TM 3-23.25,

C1

Sep-10 Shoulder-Launched Munitions (Incl C1)

TM 9-1005-

319-10

1-Oct-98 Operator's Manual List for Rifle 5.56-mm, M16A2

TM 9-1240-

413-12&P

March, 2008 Operator's and Unit Maintenance Manual Including Repair Parts and

Special Tools List for M68 Sight, Reflex, w/Quick Release and

Mount

TM 9-1240-

415-13&P

28-Feb-00 Operator, Unit, and Direct Support Maintenance Manual including

Repair Parts and Special Tools List for Telescope, Straight: M145

(NSN: 1240-01-411-6350)

2.2 Obtaining Government Documents

Official Department of Army (DA) publications and forms are managed by the Army Publishing

Directorate (APD) under the direction of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the

Army (AASA). The Army uses the latest publishing technologies to produce high-quality, enhanced, electronic publications and forms. The latest collection of electronic Army publications and DA forms can be found at http://armypubs.army.mil/.

Additional documents can be found at the Federal Business Opportunities website, www.fbo.gov. GFI is posted in the Federal Business Opportunities (FBO) website as an export controlled, explicit access document package “file” link (U.S. Contractors Only). When the

FBO “file” link is clicked, the user is taken to the “packages” sub-tab for the opportunity. To review this controlled Sensitive but Unclassified package, a user is required to have a valid

Marketing Partner Identification Number (MPIN) entered in the system. The MPIN is part of the

Central Contractor Registration (CCR) profile for an entity. The „FBO.GOV Vendor Guide‟, located in the Federal Business Opportunities „www.fbo.gov‟ homepage, provides detailed instructions for the access and review of controlled packages associated with an opportunity.

2.3 Other Government Documents, Drawings, and Publications

The Typical List of Target, Terrain, Weapon, and Scenario Definitions is provided as GFI. In the event there is a conflict between this GFI list and field manuals, the field manuals shall take precedence.

2.4 Obtaining Other Government Documents, Drawings, and Publications

2.5 Other Documents

John Johnson, “Analysis of image forming systems,” in Image Intensifier Symposium, AD

220160 (Warfare Electrical Engineering Department, U.S. Army Research and Development

Laboratories, Ft. Belvoir, Va., 1958), pp. 244–273.

2.6 Order of Precedence

In the event of a conflict between the text of this SRD and the reference cited herein, the text of this specification takes precedence. Nothing in this specification, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations, unless specific exemption has been obtained.

http://www.fbo.gov./

3. REQUIREMENTS

3.1 EST II System

The EST II system shall consist of a modular and reconfigurable Fire Team (FT) configuration that can be combined with other EST II FT configurations to provide marksmanship, collective, and Escalation EOF training capabilities. The EST II shall utilize an open systems architecture.

The EST II shall have a firing lane configuration, which at a minimum, supports the following:

a. Modular and reconfigurable to support a FT (up to 5) Soldiers, a squad (up to 10)

Soldiers, or an Initial Entry Training (IET) group (up to 15) Soldiers using one or more systems (Threshold (T) = Objective (O))

b. Subdividing (breakdown and packaging for transport) suites into separate, independent FT configuration trainers (T = O)

c. Modular master centralized control of the EST II when stand alone or combined

(T = O)

d. Being installed within a facility constraint of at least 40 x 40 x 8 feet for a squad suite and a 40 x 60 x 8 feet for an IET suite. The facility will have one man door for entry and exit that is 3‟ wide, 6‟ 8” tall (T = O)

e. The setup of the squad configuration shall be accomplished by no more than three people in two hours or less (T = O)

f. Modular support for a FT (without degrading the performance of any simulated weapons) the employment of up to two (2) heavy simulated weapons, one (1) medium simulated weapon and two (2) simulated small arms (T = O)

The EST II shall include a computer-driven help menu that shall provide access on contact information and for service trouble shooting which includes requirements and responsibilities (T

= O).

All requirements shall be considered “Threshold” “T” unless otherwise noted with a P3I or designated with an “O” for objective.

3.1.1 Key Performance Parameters

Key Performance

Parameters CCJO

Key Characteristics

Key Performance

Parameter

Production

Threshold

Production

Objective

Precise, Adaptable/Tailorable

KPP 1: Simulation

Fidelity. The EST II simulation must be capable of accurately portraying all battlefield effects, IAW the COE, across the full range of military operations including:

- Friendly and enemy forces and their doctrine, tactics, techniques and procedures.

- All military recognized terrain.

- Atmospheric and weather conditions.

- Specific enemy and friendly vehicles and equipment.

- Dynamic, correlated terrain.

- The effects of munitions on personnel, vehicles, and structures.

Objective = Threshold, except as annotated below:

- Integrating Land

Warrior and/or a

“moving eye point” capability, as applicable.

Interoperable, Adaptable/Tailorable

KPP 2: Weapons

Simulator Fidelity. The

EST II simulation must replicate (form, fit, function / performance) the current family of individual and selected crew-served service weapons, service weapons accessories

(integral to the service weapon itself), and the munitions fired by those service weapons, that are fielded within the

US Army. This includes:

- Capability to perform immediate and/or remedial action.

- Capability to modularize simulated weapons by adding proper optics/sights and aiming devices.

- Adding traversing & elevating mechanisms ring mounts and/or pedestals for machinegun simulator operation.

- Adding sniper rifles and the Javelin medium

(O): Objective =

Threshold, except as annotated below:

- Adding developmental service weapons‟ and munitions as the Army type classifies them.

- Adding the ACOG and/or STORM, as applicable.

- Provide realistic recoil to all simulated weapons using a non-tethered capability.

Key Performance

Parameters CCJO

Key Characteristics

Key Performance

Parameter

Production

Threshold

Production

Objective anti-armor weapon simulators to the simulation. **

- Cross-leveling of simulated weapons within the simulation consistent with the

Army‟s mix of service weapons in the field.

- Simulate realistic recoil to all simulated weapons using a tethered capability.

** Requirement document threshold items are being persued as Pre-Planned Product

Improvement (P3I) opportunities.

3.1.2 Instructor Operator System (IOS)

The EST II shall provide the following features for the instructor to utilize for the effective instruction of the trainee(s) and control of the training system(s):

a. Ability to non-intrusively monitor, select and display (to the trainee) performance analysis data (real-time and AAR)

b. Provide control (examples include stop, freeze, reset, pause/resume, and record/playback as appropriate) of executing scenarios

c. Access to performance data and trainee records including retrieving, reviewing, modifying, digitally exporting, printing or discarding trainee records

d. Automatically save the scenario results for all or select individual trainees after the scenario ends

e. Provide an alert to the Instructor when a trainee has received a “standard not met” for a marksmanship scenario

f. Provide the ability to allow the instructor to define the state of the collective simulation at the start of a scenario, or restart the scenario from failure or discussion point

g. Broadcast information to the trainees through the EST II speakers

h. Select, adjust or clear and view each trainee‟s simulated weapon-specific zero offset values based on the appropriate service weapon FM (such as 200m, 300m, M68 CCO, ACOG, PVS-4, TVS-5, M145 MGO)

i. View the status of all lanes (up to the IET configuration) simultaneously on a single IOS display

j. Ability to support multiple separate simulated weapons per firing lane for transition fire training (i.e. M4 and M9)

k. Provide the capability to view in real-time, a precision-scaled display of the target engaged overlaid with the point of aim and the projected point of impact for all simulated weapon types based on simulated weapon LOS selected (i.e. M4 or

M320 leaf sight for M4/M320 combo simulated weapon)

l. For indirect rounds, provide feedback by showing the point of impact, hit radius, and range to the target closest to the impact point

3.1.2.1 Trainer “Master” Control

Each FT configuration shall have a “master” power switch. The instructor shall have the capability to initialize FT, squad, or IET configurations from an IOS as the “master” control station. The “master” IOS shall allow the instructor to access and control:

a. Firing line/simulated weapon systems

b. EST II major sub-systems

c. Training system

A computer control function shall provide control of the computational system, loading EST II operational programs, initialization to a ready-for-training status, management of EST II diagnostics, training session start, and reset or termination. The full use of the control function shall not require more than one person.

3.1.2.2 Built In Test (BIT)

The EST II shall possess a Built-in Test (BIT) fault-isolation capability. The EST II‟s Built-In-Test

(BIT) shall be composed of three components: (1) daily readiness check, (2) real-time performance monitoring (PM), and (3) diagnostics. The BIT shall provide an assessment of the overall EST II‟s integrity in not more than five minutes.

3.1.2.2.1 Daily Operational Readiness for Training Requirements

System initialization shall include an automated diagnostic check, which shall verify system, subsystem, and equipment status. Any diagnostic failures shall automatically enter the system into the diagnostic capability. After initialization, the operator shall have the ability to enter the diagnostic capability and select from any of the available diagnostic, alignment or calibration procedures.

Simulated weapon Line of Sight (LOS) calibration validation shall be part of the initialization procedure. Sight calibration validation shall be accessible in all training modes.

3.1.2.2.2 Real-Time Performance Monitoring

The Performance Monitoring (PM) component shall function in the background, be entirely self-contained, require no external stimuli or measurement equipment, and log these types of events:

a. Error - A significant problem, such as loss of data or loss of functionality (i.e., if a service fails to load during startup, an error will be logged and displayed)

b. Warning - An event that is not necessarily significant, but may indicate a possible future problem (i.e., when disk space is low, a warning will be logged and displayed)

c. Information - An event that describes the successful operation of an application, driver, or service (i.e., when a network driver loads successfully, an Information event will be logged)

The logs shall provide the date, time, source, and category of the error messages.

The EST II shall provide simulated weapon/lane communication status indicators visible to the instructor.

3.1.2.2.3 Diagnostics

The EST II shall provide the operator with the capability to assess EST II health and readiness.

Readiness tests shall generate an EST II health status report that shall be displayed and logged.

The detailed diagnostic capabilities shall include end-to-end (FT, squad, and IET) system functionality testing to identify malfunctioning or mis-calibrated components. Built-in simulated weapon calibration shall be included in diagnostics. Diagnostics shall include a capability for the visual system to verify and demonstrate perspective accuracy and distortion. Detailed diagnostics shall be available for selection by the instructor.

3.1.2.3 Storage and Transfer of Zero Data

The EST II shall be capable of recording and storing zero information for as many as 4,000 different shooters. The zero shall be transferable from one EST II lane/system to another lane/system for the same type simulated weapon (T = O).

The EST II shall export trainee data (i.e., Unique Identifier, simulated weapon zero offset, and simulated weapon zero range) in an industry standard format. Once stored, the EST II shall facilitate operator recall and automatically apply the zero information for the simulated weapon being fired by an individual shooter. Transfer of zero shall be maintained to within +/-0.5 cm on a standard 25 meter scaled zeroing target.

3.1.2.4 System Utilization

EST II utilization information shall be recorded and stored. Summary information by selected date or range of dates shall be generated and available for export. Additionally the EST II shall store the following retrievable data:

a. Date and time on the EST II

b. Number of rounds fired by ammunition and simulated weapon type (non-resettable)

c. Total hours of EST II uptime (non-resettable)

d. Total hours of active training time (non-resettable)

e. Scenario utilization count (non-resettable)

3.1.2.5 Operational Status

The EST II shall provide the Instructor/Operator a listing of which trainees are allocated to the

EST II lanes, which simulated weapons are in each lane, an indication of the current scenario status, and the status (available or unavailable) for each lane. Status includes the following:

a. The simulated weapon rounds remaining in the magazine or belt, as applicable

b. The number of unused magazines or belts, as applicable

c. Whether a simulated weapon is “safe” or “unsafe”

d. Whether a simulated weapon is “ready to fire” by the use of color codes based on service weapon operation and associated with field and technical manuals for each service weapon

3.1.3 Simulated Weapons

The EST II shall replicate (form, fit, function, performance) the current family of individual and selected crew-served service weapons, service weapon accessories, and the munitions fired by those service weapons fielded within the U.S. Army. This includes:

a. Capability to perform immediate action, including the capability to react to malfunctions (T = O)

b. Capability to modularize simulated weapons by adding optics/sights and aiming devices (T = O)

c. Tripods, mounts, and traversing and elevating (T&E) mechanisms shall be compatible with EST II systems, to enable the operation of the simulated M2 machine gun and MK 19 grenade machine gun (T = O)

d. Modular simulated weapon approach that allows combo simulated weapons to be configured based on need (Such as standard M4 or M16 being converted to support M4/M320 or M16/M320 or M4/M26 and M16/M26) (O)

3.1.3.1 Simulated Weapon Safety

All simulated weaponry shall be incapable of chambering live ammunition or blanks and shall be hardened to withstand dropping, rough handling and repeated mechanical functioning (T = O).

Simulated weapons (or equivalent simulators) shall require an evaluation for suitability relative to form, fit and function.

3.1.3.2 Legacy Simulated Weapons

The EST II has the requirement to support U.S. Army EST simulated weapons as listed below:

a. U.S. Army M16A4, 5.56mm Rifle incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle and magazines

b. U.S. Army M16A4/M203, 5.56mm Rifle, 40mm Grenade Launcher incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle, rifle magazines and rounds for grenade launcher

c. U.S. Army M4, 5.56mm Carbine incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle and magazines; M4 shall include a detachable vertical pistol grip

d. U.S. Army M4/M203, 5.56mm Carbine, 40mm Grenade Launcher incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle, carbine magazines and rounds for grenade launcher; M4/M203 shall include a detachable vertical pistol grip

e. U.S. Army M4/M320, 5.56mm Carbine, 40mm Grenade Launcher incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle, carbine magazines, and rounds for grenade launcher; M4/M320 shall include a detachable vertical pistol grip.

f. U.S. Army stand-alone M320, 40mm Grenade Launcher, detachable butt-stock, leaf site, and grenade rounds

g. U.S. Army M9, 9mm Pistol with magazines

h. U.S. Army M249, 5.56mm Machine Gun, in the Automatic Rifle and Light

Machine Gun Role incorporating M1913 Picatinny rail with ammunition belts;

each M249 shall include bipod mount

i. U.S. Army M240B, 7.62mm Machine Gun incorporating M1913 Picatinny rail with ammunition belts; each M240B shall include bipod mount

j. U.S. Army M2, Heavy Barrel Caliber .50 Machine Gun with ammunition belts

k. U.S. Army MK19 MOD3, 40mm Grenade Machine Gun with ammunition belts

l. U.S. Army M136 (AT-4), Launcher and Cartridge, 84mm, High Explosive

Anti-Tank (HEAT)

m. U.S. Army M141 Bunker Defeat Munitions (BDM), Launcher, 83mm, High

Explosive Dual Purpose (HEDP) simulated weapon

n. U.S. Army M1200, 12 gauge shotgun, Remington Model 870, 14 inch barrel, with shotgun shells

o. U.S. Army M4/M26, 5.56mm Carbine incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle, carbine magazines. Shotgun capable of using either a

3 or 5 round magazine (prototype only)

p. U.S. Army stand-alone M26, Shotgun capable of using either a 3 or 5 round magazine (prototype only)

The table below provides EST Legacy Simulated Weapon instrumentation sensors, features, and simulated functionalities.

M2 MK-19 M240B M249 M4 M9 M16 M136 M141 M203 M320 M1200

Ammo Belt ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Ammo Belt Empty

Indicator ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Belt Load Position ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Feed Tray Cover ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Bolt – Slide ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Round Chambered ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Ammo Empty ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Pitch ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Recoil ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Safety ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Handle ◊

Barrel (Removable) ◊ ◊

Cant ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Magazine ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

M2 MK-19 M240B M249 M4 M9 M16 M136 M141 M203 M320 M1200

Semi ◊ ◊ ◊

Burst ◊ ◊

Hammer ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Trigger Pressure ◊ ◊ ◊

Lock Back ◊ ◊ ◊

Trigger ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Flash/Back Blast ◊ ◊

Round ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

Sight (Up/Down) ◊ ◊

3.1.3.3 EST II Simulated Weapons

The EST II simulated weapons shall support a modular open architecture interface design concept. Simulated weapons shall have the ability to be combined to support service weapon configurations in a modular fashion. For example, a M320 installed on an M4 or configured as a stand-alone simulated weapon. Simulated weapons shall replicate the look, feel, physical and operational characteristics to support current and future U.S. Army service weapon configurations:

a. U.S. Army M16A4, 5.56mm Rifle incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle and magazines

b. U.S. Army M4, 5.56mm Carbine incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle and magazines; M4 shall include a detachable vertical pistol grip

c. U.S. Army M4/M320, 5.56mm Carbine, 40mm Grenade Launcher incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle, carbine magazines, and rounds for grenade launcher; M4/M320 shall include a detachable vertical pistol grip.

d. U.S. Army stand-alone M320, 40mm Grenade Launcher, detachable butt-stock, leaf site, and grenade rounds

e. U.S. Army M9, 9mm Pistol with magazines

f. U.S. Army M249, 5.56mm Machine Gun, in the Automatic Rifle and Light

Machine Gun Role incorporating M1913 Picatinny rail with ammunition belts;

each M249 shall include bipod mount

g. U.S. Army M240, 7.62mm Machine Gun incorporating M1913 Picatinny rail with ammunition belts; each M240 shall include bipod mount

h. U.S. Army M240B, 7.62mm Machine Gun incorporating M1913 Picatinny rail with ammunition belts; each M240B shall include bipod mount

i. U.S. Army M2, Heavy Barrel Caliber .50 Machine Gun with ammunition belts

j. U.S. Army MK19 MOD3, 40mm Grenade Machine Gun with ammunition belts

k. U.S. Army M136 (AT-4), Launcher and Cartridge, 84mm, High Explosive

Anti-Tank (HEAT)

l. U.S. Army M141 (BDM), Launcher, 83mm, High Explosive Dual Purpose

(HEDP) weapon

m. U.S. Army M1200, 12 gauge shotgun, Remington Model 870, 14 inch barrel, with shotgun shells

n. U.S. Army M4/M26, 5.56mm Carbine incorporating rail system with covers, removable carrying handle, carbine magazines. Shotgun capable of using either a

3 or 5 round magazine

o. U.S. Army stand-alone M26, Shotgun capable of using either a 3 or 5 round magazine

p. Any newly type-classified service weapon system (O), additional weapons or nonlethals as required (i.e. nonlethal taser, sniper rifles, FMS weapons, XM weapons)

3.1.3.4 Simulated Weapon System Mounts

The simulated weapons shall be compatible with standard U.S. Army vehicle and tripod mounts when applicable.

3.1.3.5 Simulated Weapon System Accessory Capabilities

The EST II simulated weapons system accessories shall support a modular open architecture interface design concept that provides the ability to attach simulated components or accessories associated with a given service weapon type. The EST II shall provide high fidelity simulation of

ACOG and CCO. The EST II shall provide high fidelity simulation of laser illuminator, laser designator, thermal Infrared (IR), Night Vision Devices (NVD), and optical service weapon accessories as a P3I enhancement. The table below provides a matrix of laser and optic accessory capabilities by service weapon type.

Laser Capability Optic Capability

Typical Devices

Illuminator Designator

Thermal

(IR) NVD Magnification

M4

AN/PVS13 (WFOV/NFOV)/ACOG

(3.5x/4x)/CCO M68(1x)/PAQ-4/PEQ-

2/PEQ-15

M16

AN/PVS13 (WFOV/NFOV)/ACOG

(3.5x/4x)/CCO M68(1x)/PAQ-4/PEQ-

2/PEQ-15

M4/M320

AN/PVS13 (WFOV/NFOV)/ACOG

(3.5x/4x)/CCO M68(1x)/PAQ-4/PEQ-

2/PEQ-15

Laser Capability Optic Capability

Typical Devices

Illuminator Designator

Thermal

(IR) NVD Magnification

M249

MWS

AN/PVS13 (WFOV/NFOV)/ M145

MGO(3.4x) / PEQ-2/ PAQ-4/ PEQ-15

M240B

MWS

AN/PVS13 (WFOV/NFOV)/ M145

MGO(3.4x) / PEQ-2/ PAQ-4/ PEQ-15

M2

HBMG

PAQ-4/AN/TVS-5

MK-19

GMG

AN/PVS13 (WFOV/NFOV)

M136 AT-

PAQ-4/AN/PVS13 (WFOV/NFOV)

M141

BDM

PAQ-4/AN/PVS13 (WFOV/NFOV)

3.1.3.6 Boresighting and Zeroing

The EST II shall replicate the boresighting and zeroing procedures of the respective service weapon systems, optical sights, night sighting devices, and service weapon-mounted lasers at the

.95 confidence level. EST II simulated weapons shall provide immediate recall and automatic application of zeroing information for the simulated weapon being fired (T).

The system shall display to the user the active zero range/type applicable to the simulated weapon configuration.

3.1.3.7 Simulated Weapon Recoil

The EST II shall provide realistic recoil to all simulated weapons. The EST II shall simulate net-force service weapon recoil as judged by service weapons subject matter experts. The power source shall not be a source of corrosion. Recoil shall be accomplished without use of blanks, caps, or other combustible or polluting material. Recoil simulator power source shall have the capacity to support one or more simulated weapons without degradation of recoil effect throughout the training period. If simulated weapon recoil is provided by an air compressor, then the air shall be moisture-free and operate at a noise level that does not detract from training

(below 60 dB), AAR, or presentations (T). This is measured from the training area. The air compressor shall be capable of supporting the heavy crew served weapons marksmanship and collection training scenarios all firing simulateously by one EST II system within the specific type of scenario.

The EST II shall provide realistic recoil without tethering the simulated weapons (O). Any proposed tetherless simulated weapons, shall identify end-to-end engineering analysis, requirements, verification methods, reliability, consumables and logistics requirements.

3.1.3.8 Ballistic Simulation

The EST II will have the same ballistic ammunition characteristics (trajectories, flight times, wind effects, tracers, hit probabilities, dispersion) as the service weapons simulated (T = O). The simulated weapon system‟s ballistic dispersion shall be capable of being turned on or off. The simulated weapons ballistic accuracy shall be consistent everywhere in the projected scene. The simulated weapon system accuracy for the M4 and M16 rifles (not including simulated weapon ballistic dispersion modeling) shall be within 0.2 mils (equivalent to plus or minus 0.5 cm on a

25 m target). The simulated weapon accuracy for additional weapons (M9, MK19, M1200, M26, M320, M136, M141, M2, M240, M240B, M249 and M203) shall be based on the ARDEC ballistic data within 0.7 mils or better to meet the accuracy of the weapon based on the target distance, ammunition simulated that replicates the actual weapon behaviors, and their effective range.

Physics based modeling shall take the effects of wind, gravity, altitude and temperature into consideration. The physics based models shall be validated against ARDEC ballistic tables and

U.S. Army Subject Matter Expert (SME) verification.

3.1.3.9 Ammunition

The EST II shall simulate the basic load characteristics of service weapons and be adjustable by the operator (T = O).

The EST II shall require magazine or belt changing for simulated weapons supporting magazines or belts (or both) (T = O).

3.1.3.10 EST II Ammunition Types

The EST II shall support both lethal and non-lethal ammunition types and shall support the use of the ammunition in the tracer to ball ratios based on the U.S. Army field manuals and training standards identified in the appropriate field manuals for each service weapon type.

3.1.3.11 Parallax Error Compensation

The EST II shall compensate for parallax and sensing error for all simulated weapons simulated

(T = O). The EST II shall provide ability to turn on and display a real time line of sight (LOS) calibration validation indicator. The function of the indicator shall be to display the adjusted line of sight for each simulated weapon based on where the simulated weapon is pointed. The LOS shall be available as a quick check (within ten (10) seconds) to validate end to end hit detect system and simulated weapon sensor calibration function. The LOS indicator shall be available upon command. All lanes with simulated weapons enabled shall be available to validate LOS calibration when this feature is active. The EST II shall support options to validate each LOS calibration on multiple LOS simulated weapons (i.e. such as combo simulated weapons

M4/M320).

3.1.3.12 Rifle and Pistol Cant

The EST II shall provide a capability that detects, records, and displays rifle, carbine and pistol cant and facilitates IOS remedial instruction to the shooter for correction (T = O).

3.1.3.13 Simulated Weapon Diagnostics

The EST II shall provide the capability to verify simulated weapon normal operation, usage data, calibration status and to diagnose individual simulated weapon faults.

3.1.3.14 Simulation of Shooting Positions

The EST II shall provide for all shooter and crew firing positions in accordance with supported

DOD field and technical manuals.

3.2 Sub-systems

3.2.1 Visual Simulation

3.2.1.1 Targets

Targets for individual and crew-served marksmanship training shall simulate the same characteristics as depicted in the U.S. Army standard Courses of Fire (CoF) and be precision-scaled to the trainee eye point. All other targets for individual/situational/collective training

(reflexive fire, engagement of moving targets, firing machine guns in pairs, EOF training, tactical collective training) shall have a resolution and quality consistent with mission training requirements. As a minimum, these scenarios shall require real life resolution and quality consistent with naked eye, optical and night vision abilities/capabilities including:

a. Friend/threat personnel recognition/identification

b. Recognition/identification of fleeting and stationary threat personnel partially obscured by objects

c. Recognition/identification of all personnel depicted in the scenario (friend, threat, allied, civilian personnel)

d. Recognition/identification of threat or civilian personnel that may or may not be armed with concealable weapons such as knives and pistols

e. Recognition/identification of personnel in low-light and other marginal conditions

f. Recognition/identification of facial expressions on selected personnel

g. Recognition/identification of a variety of combat and non-combat vehicles

(T = O)

3.2.1.2 Simulation Fidelity

The EST II shall accurately portray all battlefield effects, IAW the Contemporary Operating

Environment (COE), across the full range of military operations. This includes, but is not limited to, accurate representations of:

a. Friendly and enemy forces and their doctrine, tactics, techniques and procedures

b. Geo-typical terrains

c. Atmospheric and weather conditions

d. Specific enemy, non-combatants, and friendly vehicles, personnel, and equipment

e. Dynamic terrain

f. The effects of munitions on personnel, vehicles and structures

3.2.1.2.1 Friendly and Enemy Forces and their Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques and

Procedures

The EST II shall model friendly and enemy forces and their doctrine, tactics, techniques and procedures based on U.S. Army standard doctrine and procedures found in the U.S Army manuals identified in section 2.1 Government documents.

3.2.1.2.2 Geo-Typical Terrains

The depth of the virtual terrain shall support the maximum ballistic ranges.

3.2.1.2.2.1 Terrain Regions

The EST II shall, at a minimum, model terrain from the following five regions:

1. Western

2. Middle-Eastern

3. South American

4. African

5. Southwest Asian

3.2.1.2.2.2 Terrain Types

The EST II shall, at a minimum, model two (per region) of the following terrain types:

a. Urban terrains

b. Urban interior terrains

c. Rural terrains

d. Mountainous terrains

e. Desert terrains

f. Grassy plain terrains

g. Woodland terrains

h. Subterranean terrains

i. Jungle terrains

3.2.1.2.2.3 Marksmanship Terrains

Basic Rifle Marksmanship (BRM) ranges shall provide photorealistic textured views based on the geo-specific terrains for the U.S. Army Initial Entry Training (IET) locations defined in TC

25-8 (currently Ft. Benning, Ft. Knox, Ft. Sill, Ft. Jackson, and Ft. Leonard Wood).

Marksmanship terrains shall be reconfigurable and support ability to easily modify terrain features (such as berm locations, bunkers, etc.) to support realistic looking target presentations showing correct placement, movement and spacing without visual anomalies such as floating or embedded targets.

3.2.1.2.3 Atmospheric, Lighting and Weather Conditions

The EST II shall model at a minimum the following equivalent atmospheric and weather conditions:

a. Weather: clear, and variable conditions for rain, snow, hail, smoke or fog

b. Time of day: dawn, day, dusk, night (invoking a unique default ambient and diffuse light levels and color balance settings)

c. Fog visibility: 0-100% (when weather other than clear is selected)

d. Enable/disable Night Vision Devices (NVD) training capability. NVD training capability shall simulate a very low level lighting condition suitable for training with light-amplifying night vision devices (such as the AN/PVS-4 or the

AN/TVS-5)

e. Customized lighting levels with separate lighting level provided for ambient and diffused light. The ratio of ambient to diffused light levels shall be capable of being locked allowing simultaneous adjustment of both levels

f. Controllable wind speed and direction

g. Altitude, humidity and temperature changes

h. Artificial illumination by use of both ground and aerial flares

i. Dynamic shadow effects

3.2.1.2.4 Specific enemy, non-combatants, and friendly vehicles, personnel, and equipment

The EST II shall be capable of displaying and supporting a minimum of 100 simultaneous dynamic targets.

The EST II shall be capable of importing visual models selected from the SECORE-2009-CM2-

0001_CM2_Master_List_Status, the Common Moving Models (CM2) list.

3.2.1.2.5 Dynamic terrain

The EST II shall provide dynamic terrain to simulate battlefield effects under real training environments.

3.2.1.2.6 The effects of munitions on personnel, vehicles and structures

Models of personnel, vehicles, and structures shall reflect appropriate damage based on ammunition type.

The EST II shall utilize commercially available physics-based effects, modeled entities, and battlefield effects to depict real training and battlefield environments (i.e., environmental conditions and damage models).

3.2.1.2.6.1 Personnel

At a minimum, personnel models shall exhibit the following realistic automatic features:

a. Male and female personnel models with multiple clothing and ethnicity options to reflect the Contemporary Operating Environment (COE)

b. Both armed and unarmed versions

c. Each personnel model shall be capable of exhibiting individual behaviors (i.e.

firing weapon, throwing rocks, putting hands up, walking, running, crawling, standing, lying prone, kneeling, and taking cover)

d. When hit, personnel shall react based upon the ammo type utilized and expected lethality

e. Personnel behaviors shall react to contact appropriately

f. Personnel behaviors shall be capable of being scripted to override automatic behaviors

3.2.1.2.6.2 Vehicles

At a minimum, vehicles shall exhibit the following realistic automatic features:

a. Armed vehicle targets shall be capable of aiming and returning fire

b. Friendly and enemy models shall utilize multiple color options to reflect the COE

c. Both armed and unarmed military and civilian/non-combat vehicles

d. Each model shall be capable of exhibiting individual behaviors

e. When hit, vehicle behaviors shall reflect the appropriate state based upon the ammo type utilized and expected lethality

f. Vehicle behaviors shall react to contact appropriately

g. Vehicle behaviors shall be capable of being scripted to override automatic behaviors

3.2.1.2.6.3 Structures

Structures shall reflect an appropriate and realistic state based upon the ammo type utilized.

3.2.1.3 Visual System Image Quality

The visual system shall display training scenarios including detectable, classifiable, and identifiable potential targets and simulated weapons effects. At a minimum, an EST II FT configuration shall support HDTV 1920 x 1080 60 Hz refresh rate across a 28 degree Field of

View (FOV) with 60 frames per second. Visual artifacts shall not detract from training.

Marksmanship targets shall be accurately scaled to the trainee eye point based on the firing lane assigned. Collective and EOF scenarios shall present targets with a centered eyepoint for single or combined EST II(s). Multi-screen views, if used, shall be synchronized so that the viewer sees one continuous image.

3.2.1.3.1 Visual System Interface

The EST II visual system interface shall utilize the Common Image Generator Interface (CIGI) version 3.3 or later. CIGI is an interface designed to promote a standard way for a host device to communicate with an Image Generator (IG).

3.2.1.3.2 Marksmanship Criteria

The visual system shall provide resolution…