OIT_RFP2017000243_AttachmentA_SampleNetworkDesign_FINAL_PartVIII.pdf
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- Attached to
- FirstNet CO Alternate Plan RFP
- Solicitation number
- RFP EGBA 2017000243 3
- Issued by
- Denver County, Denver City, Colorado
About this file
This is a sample network design document for a statewide first responder LTE system in Colorado, prepared as part of RFP2017000243 by the Office of Information Technology (OIT). The document presents SiGNALS Analytics, LLC Model #8, a comprehensive network design engineered to provide broadband connectivity to first responders across Colorado in various operational environments. The design addresses five distinct communication venues: in-building, in-vehicle, outdoors, vehicle-mounted antenna, and vehicle-mounted antenna with high-power amplifier (HPA). The system achieves coverage rates of 92.6% to 100% depending on venue and location type, with particular emphasis on in-building penetration in dense urban, urban, suburban, and rural cluttered areas. The network utilizes both commercial sites and greenfield deployments while strategically excluding coverage in areas such as national forests and historic landmarks due to permitting complexity and prohibitive costs.
The design specifications require 640 kbps downlink and 64 kbps uplink for in-building handheld device communications with 90% probability of area coverage across populated morphologies, and 10 Mbps downlink with 1 Mbps uplink from vehicle-mounted roof-top antennas. Engineering assumptions include outdoor standard deviations of path loss ranging from 12 dB in dense urban areas to 4 dB in rural open areas, building penetration margins from 20 dB to 8 dB by morphology, typical device transmit power of 23 dBm, and high-powered device transmit power of 31 dBm. The design utilizes a deployable model leveraging commercial sites where available and incorporates detailed link budget analysis showing expected performance across all five venues and five morphology types, with particular attention to uplink constraints in challenging environments and interference-driven downlink performance.
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Text version
SiGNALS Analytics, LLC
Model #8 Best Server – Statewide View
Model #8, Area and Population Coverage
Model #8, Area and Population Coverage
Model #8, Area and Population Coverage
92.6%
94.9%
98.1% 99.6% 99.9%99.2% 99.5% 99.8% 100.0% 100.0%
50.0%
55.0%
60.0%
65.0%
70.0%
75.0%
80.0%
85.0%
90.0%
95.0%
100.0%
Indoors InVehicle Outdoors Roof RoofHPA
Area
Population
Conclusions on Coverage
• Model #8 provides good coverage of most of Colorado.
• The most significant coverage holes are in areas where we have made a deliberate decision not to deploy terrestrial sites, because of the cost and complexity of doing so.
Excluded areas notably include:
– National Forests, where permitting is extremely difficult, and construction and operational cost are high
– Historic Landmarks, where permitting is extremely difficult and aesthetics are extremely important
• Uplink coverage holes appear primarily in minimally covered mountainous areas in venues that demand a strong signal (e.g. in-building or in-vehicle, with a handheld device, but no permanently installed vehicular modem).
• Downlink coverage is primarily interference driven. It does not vary drastically by venue.
• Model #8 is a “deployable” design that utilizes commercial sites, where available, and Greenfield sites where necessary. It does not deploy sites in areas that would be prohibitively expensive.
Key Engineering Assumptions
Design Concepts (1/2)
• We consider the requirements of first responder in five different venues:
– In-building
– In-vehicle
– Outdoors
– Vehicle-Mounted Antenna
– Vehicle-Mounted Antenna with HPA (31 dBm)
• The venue in which a subscriber is communicating has a profound impact on the system design. The required link budget varies dramatically. Also, environmental factors (e.g. standard deviation of signal strengths) have a significant impact if designing to a statistical coverage objective.
• An LTE system design is much different than an LMR design – if properly done
– because coverage is provided in many locations by more than one site. As a subscriber experiences fading from the serving site he is likely to “see” a usable signal from an adjoining site. The exception is at the edge of the service area.
Design Concepts (2/2)
• In the modeling done to date:
– We specified deep in-building penetration in dense urban, urban, suburban, and rural cluttered areas – to ensure robust in-building voice communications.
– We specified simultaneously high data rates from a vehicle-mounted antenna in all venues
– The more restrictive of these two requirements drives the engineering design in each venue
• Visualizing Results
– Next, we visualized performance in the uplink and in the downlink for each of the five venues (2 directions x 5 venues = 10 maps)
– Finally, we visualized the threshold required for voice communications in a vehicle mounted HPA venue (uplink and downlink). This final scenario asks the question “Can a first responder in an area with poor coverage communicate a distress call (voice or low speed data, such as GPS)?” Its nice to be able to stream video and do high speed file transfers. In a pinch communicating “help” and a GPS location can be life-saving. These voice-only scenarios (2 images) are shown in dark blue.
Assumptions Needed by Venue
Dimension of Specification Indoor In Vehicle Outdoors Vehicle Mounted
UE
Vehicle Mounted
High Power UE
Outdoor Standard Deviation of Path Loss (Log Normal Fading, dB) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Indoor Standard Deviation of Path Loss (dB) Yes No No No No
Building Penetration Margin (dB) Yes No No No No
Vehicle Penetration Margin (dB) No Yes No No No
Vehicle Antenna Gain (dB) No No No Yes Yes
Body Loss (dB) Yes Yes Yes No No
Typical Device Transmit Power (dBm) Yes Yes Yes Yes No
High Powered Device Transmit Power (dBm) No No No No Yes
Assumptions Needed for Calculations – the Numbers
Dimension of Specification DU U S RC RO
Outdoor Standard Deviation of Path Loss (Log Normal Fading, dB)** 12 10 8 6 4
Indoor Standard Deviation of Path Loss (dB)* 8 7 6 5 4
Building Penetration Margin (dB)* 20 16 12 10 8
Vehicle Penetration Margin (dB)* 6 6 6 6 6
Vehicle Antenna Gain (dB)* 5 5 5 5 5
Body Loss (dB)* 3 3 3 3 3
Typical Device Transmit Power (dBm)* 23 23 23 23 23
High Powered Device Transmit Power (dBm)* 31 31 31 31 31
* Note: these items apply to some, but not all use cases.
** Before adjusting for fluctuations in elevation or for fading due to foliage / forestation.
Depth of Coverage Requirements (both must be met)
Specification Morphologies Description
In-Building Coverage*
• Dense Urban
• Urban
• Suburban
• Rural Cluttered
• 640 kbps (down) / 64 kbps (up)
• Handheld device
• 90% probability of area coverage in-building**
Roof-top Antenna, Vehicle Mounted UE
• Dense Urban
• Urban
• Suburban
• Rural Clutter
• Rural Open
• 10 Mbps (down) / 1 Mbps (up)
• LTE radio installed in vehicle
• End user devices connected via Wi-Fi or a wired connection (e.g. Ethernet)
• This data rate is exceeded, on average, over the geographic area of the county or tribe.**
* This very strict specification applies only in DU, U, S, and RC morphologies. Building penetration losses, body losses, and margin for a 90% probability of coverage makes this standard much more difficult to meet than a simple 10 Mbps average performance.
** 3dB noise rise due to adjacent sector and out of cell interference.
Area means that portion of the county (perhaps 100%) designated to be covered.
Coverage Expectations (1/2)
• The following slides visualize the coverage specification. They show the uplink requirements:
– Indoor specification for DU, U, S, RC morphologies
– Vehicle with Roof Antenna specification for DU, U, S, RC, and RO morphologies
– The binding specification for each morphology (e.g. which of these two requirements is stricter) is identified with text notations
– The expected results, based on a statistical model, are shown in a final set of slides
• The upcoming slides are intended to convey an important set of concepts.
Exact coverage results appear in the GIS files that show performance based on a 30-meter pixel radio system design. Results are calculated for each venue.
• The coverage and capacity statistics, shown in the previous section, are calculated by venue from the 30-meter pixel results, a realistic high resolution data set.
Coverage Expectations (2/2)
• The following slides focus on an uplink specification
– The uplink is much more likely than the downlink to be link budget constrained
– The downlink is much more likely to be interference constrained
– The graphs on the following page, therefore, imagine a 10:1 ratio of downlink to uplink data flows and show potential performance in this context.
– A minimum data rate in each direction is required for any TPC-IP connection to work
– The conceptual bar graphs that follow show a set of link budget specifications. They do not necessarily describe a system under load or under high interference conditions.
– The graphs are helpful in describing the relationship between venues and understanding a multi-dimensional speciation (e.g. two or more requirements that must simultaneously be satisfied). A modest performance requirement in a difficult venue (e.g. indoors) translates into a very strong requirement in any other venue.
– Statistical distributions greatly influence data rates and probabilities of coverage.
Indoor Specification
Indoor Specification (64k Uplink Indoors, Cell Area), Dense Urban
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
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Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Exceeds the 90% probability / 10 Mbps Vehicle w. Antenna requirement of the second specification.
In-building specification
Indoor Specification (64k Uplink Indoors, Cell Area), Urban
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
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Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
In-building specification
Exceeds the 90% probability / 10 Mbps Vehicle w. Antenna requirement of the second specification.
Indoor Specification (64k Uplink Indoors, Cell Area), Suburban
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
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Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
In-building specification
Exceeds the 90% probability / 10 Mbps Vehicle w. Antenna
Indoor Specification (64k Uplink Indoors, Cell Area), Rural Cluttered
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
| o | |
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re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
In-building specification
Exceeds the 90% probability / 10 Mbps Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle with Roof Antenna Specification
In-Vehicle Roof Antenna (1,024 Uplink, Cell Area), Dense Urban
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
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re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Roof Antenna Specification
Important: This is not the “binding” specification in dense urban areas. The in-building specification demands a much greater depth of coverage.
In-Vehicle Roof Antenna (1,024 Uplink, Cell Area), Urban
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
| o | |
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re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Roof Antenna Specification
Important: This is not the “binding” specification in urban areas. The in-building specification demands a much greater depth of coverage.
In-Vehicle Roof Antenna (1,024 Uplink, Cell Area), Suburban
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
| o | |
| f | A |
re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Roof Antenna Specification
Important: This is not the “binding” specification in suburban areas. The in-building specification demands
In-Vehicle Roof Antenna (1,024 Uplink, Cell Area), Rural Cluttered
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
| o | |
| f | A |
re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Roof Antenna Specification
Important: This is not the “binding” specification in rural cluttered areas. The in-building specification demands
In-Vehicle Roof Antenna (1,024 Uplink, Cell Area), Rural Open
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
| o | |
| f | A |
re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Roof Antenna Specification
Expected Performance
Expected Performance (over Area), Dense Urban
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
| o | |
| f | A |
re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Expected Performance (over Area), Urban
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
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re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Expected Performance (over Area), Suburban
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
| o | |
| f | A |
re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Expected Performance (over Cell Area), Rural Cluttered
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
| o | |
| f | A |
re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
Expected Performance (over Cell Area), Rural Open
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
.64 / .06 Mbps 2.5 / .25 Mbps 5 / .5 Mbps 10 / 1 Mbps 20 /2 Mbps
Pr ob ab ili ty
| o | |
| f | A |
re a Co ve ra ge
Threshold Data Rate (Downlink / Uplink, Mbps)
Indoor
Outdoor
Vehicle
Vehicle w. Antenna
Vehicle w. Antenna w. High Power
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